The Enduring Challenge of Concentrated Poverty in America: Case Studies from Communities Across the U.S

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Enduring Challenge of Concentrated Poverty in America: Case Studies from Communities Across the U.S The Enduring Challenge of Concentrated Poverty in America: Case Studies from Communities Across the U.S. A JOINT PROJect OF THE COMMUNITY AFFAIRS OFFICES OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM AND THE METROPOLItaN POLICY PROGRAM at THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION The Enduring Challenge of Concentrated Poverty in America: Case Studies from Communities Across the U.S. A JOINT PROJect OF THE COMMUNITY AFFAIRS OFFICES OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM AND THE METROPOLItaN POLICY PROGRAM at THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION Metropolitan Policy Program at BROOKINGS © 2008 The Federal Reserve System and The Brookings Institution The Enduring Challenge of Concentrated Poverty in America: Case Studies from Communities Across the U.S. EDITORS David Erickson, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Carolina Reid, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Lisa Nelson, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland Anne O’Shaughnessy, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland Alan Berube, Brookings Institution AUTHORS AND RESEARCHERS Alan Berube, Brookings Institution Courtney Anderson Mailey, Federal Reserve Bank Jeremiah Boyle, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago of Richmond Ana Cruz-Taura, Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta Carl Neely, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond Naomi Cytron, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Lisa Nelson, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland Wenhua Di, Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas Harriet Newburger, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia Kelly Edmiston, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City Yazmin Osaki, Federal Reserve Bank of New York David Erickson, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Carolina Reid, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Ellen Eubank, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Keith Rolland, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia Jeff Gatica, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland Anita Sands, ARI Planning & Research, Inc. Sandy Gerber, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Steven Shepelwich, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City Dan Gorin, Federal Reserve Board of Governors Alexandra Forter Sirota, Federal Reserve Bank of New York DeAnna Green, Federal Reserve Bank of Boston Sibyl Slade, Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta Michael Grover, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Elizabeth Sobel, Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas Elizabeth Kneebone, Brookings Institution John Wackes, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia Matt Lambert, Federal Reserve Board of Governors Sue Woodrow, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Jessica LeVeen Farr, Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta Roger Zalneraitis, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City Roy Lopez, Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas The views expressed herein are those of the editors and individual case study authors. These views are not necessarily those of the Federal Reserve Banks, the Federal Reserve System, or the Brookings Institution. i Copyright © 2008 by the Federal Reserve System and the Brookings Institution. Printed October 2008 by the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond. All rights reserved. This publication, in part or entirely, may not be reproduced, stored, or transmitted in any manner without permission from the editors or individual case study authors. (See http://www.frbsf.org/cpreport) ISBN 978-0-615-25428-9. To learn more about the activities of the Federal Reserve System’s Community Affairs Offices, go to a specific Federal Reserve Bank’s website or to http://federalreserve.gov. To learn more about the Brookings Institution’s Metropolitan Policy Program, go to http://www.brookings.edu/metro. ii A THE COMMUNITY AFFAIRS RESEARCH TEAM, C KNOWL Acknowledgments which developed the research framework for the case studies, including Wenhua Di of the Federal Reserve E DGM Bank of Dallas; Kelly Edmiston of the Federal Reserve E The Community Affairs Officers of the Bank of Kansas City; David Erickson of the Federal N T S Federal Reserve System would like to Reserve Bank of San Francisco; Dan Gorin of the Fed- eral Reserve Board of Governors; Michael Grover of the acknowledge the following individuals Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis; Michael Minor, and organizations, whose expertise, formerly of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis; Lisa Nelson of the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland; Harriet insights, and support were critical to Newburger of the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia; the completion of this report: Carolina Reid of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Fran- cisco, and Sherrie Rhine, formerly of the Federal Reserve THE caSE STUDY AUTHORS, Bank of New York; who spent a significant amount of time learning about ELIZABETH KNEEBONE OF poverty and its effects on the communities represented herein, and who tell the stories through a balanced mix THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION, of statistics and community insights; who analyzed much of the quantitative data used in this report; THE INDIVIDUALS RESIDING AND WORKING IN THESE COMMUNITIES THE CONCENTRateD POVERTY who shared their knowledge about what it’s like for SteeRING COMMIttee, people to live in, and be surrounded by, such marked comprised of Community Affairs Officers Ruth Clevenger poverty. Their understanding of and insights into the of the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, Sheila Maith of issues affecting areas of high poverty provide a view that the Federal Reserve Board of Governors, Alfreda Nor- simply can not be captured by data alone; man of the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, Scott Turner DaVID ERICKSON AND CAROLINA REID, of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, and Jack Richards and Dan Tatar, formerly of the Federal Reserve both of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, who Banks of San Francisco and Richmond, respectively, provided overall direction for and management of this proj- which provided overall leadership for this project and ect and whose patience, perseverance, and guidance were essential in seeing this project through to completion; was instrumental in moving it forward; ALAN BERUBE OF ec ONOMIS T S THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION, Dan Aaronson of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, who was instrumental in conceiving of and executing this Glenn Canner of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors, report, and whose reasoned thinking, clear writing, and Andrew Haughwout of the Federal Reserve Bank of New knowledge regarding urban poverty are present through- York, Bhashkar Mazumder of the Federal Reserve Bank out the document; of Chicago, Ned Prescott of the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, and Mark Schweitzer of the Federal Reserve LISA NELSON AND ANNE O’SHAUGHNESSY, Bank of Cleveland, who reviewed multiple drafts of this both of the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, who report and provided instructive comments on each; incorporated reviewer and author comments into drafts of the report, performed fact-checking and overall editing, and oversaw design and production of the final report; iii A C JEFFREY LacKER, PRESIDENT OF THE KNOWL FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF RICHMOND, E whose guidance and support of this project was crucial DGM and who provided helpful comments on the draft reports, E N as well as Richard Fisher, president of the Federal T S Reserve Bank of Dallas, and Charles Evans, president of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, who also reviewed and provided useful comments on the draft reports; THE NUMEROUS EXTERNAL EXPERTS we turned to for assistance in writing the report, including Scott Allard, Brown University; Cynthia Duncan, University of New Hampshire; Paul Jargowsky, University of Texas at Dallas; John Iceland, University of Maryland; Laura Lein, University of Texas; Dan Lichter, Cornell University; John Quigley, University of California, Berkeley; and Sudhir Ven- katesh, Columbia University, whose collective expertise in rural and urban poverty ideally suited them to offer valuable perspectives on this effort; while this report has benefited from these external experts, neither they nor their organiza- tions necessarily endorse the findings of this report; SaLLY BURKE AND MICHELE LacHMAN, of the Federal Reserve Banks of Philadelphia and Cleve- land, respectively, who provided editorial assistance; NAOMI CYTRON, of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, who pro- vided research, editorial, and design assistance through- out this project; DaN Di FRANCO AND VIVIAN PacHecO, of the Federal Reserve Banks of Chicago and San Francisco, respectively, who assisted in the fact-checking process; Matt LaMBERT, of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors, who pre- pared the literature review of poverty studies throughout the Federal Reserve System that comprises Appendix B; MARK KUNZELMANN AND Becca MARSHALL, of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, who created the layout and helped direct production of the final report; and THE FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF RICHMOND, which printed, bound, and distributed this publication. iv Message from Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke I am pleased to present this report on concentrated poverty, which has been developed by the Community Affairs staff of the Federal Reserve System in collaboration with the Brookings Institution. The project combines data analysis with qualitative evaluations to provide texture to the understand- ing of economic and social dynamics in these communities. This in-depth exploration considers the interrelationships between public services and private investments, and provides important insights that will inform the work of the Federal Reserve in promoting economic growth. It also contributes to our understanding of the interplay between the broader economic context for private investments and public policy interventions in distressed communities. This report was developed by staff from the
Recommended publications
  • This Constitution: a Bicentennial Chronicle, Nos. 14-18
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 300 290 SO 019 380 AUTHOR Mann, Shelia, Ed. TITLE This Constitution: A Bicentennial Chronicle, Nos. 14-18. INSTITUTION American Historical Association, Washington, D.C.; American Political Science Association, Washington, D.C.; Project '87, Washington, DC. SPONS AGENCY National Endowment for the Humanities (NFAH), Washington, D.C. PUB DATE 87 NOTE 321p.; For related document, see ED 282 814. Some photographs may not reproduce clearly. AVAILABLE FROMProject '87, 1527 New Hampshire Ave., N.W., Washington, DC 20036 nos. 13-17 $4.00 each, no. 18 $6.00). PUB TYPE Collected Works - Serials (022) -- Historical Materials (060) -- Guides - Classroom Use - Guides (For Teachers) (052) JOURNAL CIT This Constitution; n14-17 Spr Sum Win Fall 1987 n18 Spr-Sum 1988 EDRS PRICE MFO1 Plus Postage. PC Not Available from EDRS. DESCRIPTORS Class Activities; *Constitutional History; *Constitutional Law; History Instruction; Instructioral Materials; Lesson Plans; Primary Sources; Resource Materials; Secondary Education; Social Studies; United States Government (Course); *United States History IDENTIFIERS *Bicentennial; *United States Constitution ABSTRACT Each issue in this bicentennial series features articles on selected U.S. Constitution topics, along with a section on primary documents and lesson plans or class activities. Issue 14 features: (1) "The Political Economy of tne Constitution" (K. Dolbeare; L. Medcalf); (2) "ANew Historical Whooper': Creating the Art of the Constitutional Sesquicentennial" (K. Marling); (3) "The Founding Fathers and the Right to Bear Arms: To Keep the People Duly Armed" (R. Shalhope); and (4)"The Founding Fathers and the Right to Bear Arms: A Well-Regulated Militia" (L. Cress). Selected articles from issue 15 include: (1) "The Origins of the Constitution" (G.
    [Show full text]
  • “Sonny” Martin, Jr. Career Army Officer, World War II 1995 OH
    Wisconsin Veterans Museum Research Center Transcript of an Oral History Interview with Orville W. “Sonny” Martin, Jr. Career Army Officer, World War II 1995 OH 624 1 OH 624 Martin, Orville W., (1923-1999). Oral History Interview, 1995. User Copy: 9 sound cassettes (ca. 489 min.); analog, 1 7/8 ips, mono. Master Copy: 4 sound cassettes (ca. 489 min.); analog, 1 7/8 ips, mono. Transcript: 0.1 linear ft. (1 folder). Abstract: Orville W. “Sonny” Martin Jr., an Oshkosh, Wisconsin native, describes his experiences growing up in a military family; serving in the 3 rd Platoon, A Company, 59 th Armored Infantry Battalion, 13 th Armored Division during World War II; training the 4th Field Artillery Battalion and the 35 th Quartermaster Pack Company during the Korean War; serving in Taiwan in 1959; and working at the Pentagon during the Vietnam War. Martin describes the service of his father, a Neenah (Wisconsin) native, during World War I and his parents’ wedding at Camp Stotsenburg (Clark Air Force Base) in the Philippines. Martin touches upon his military ancestry including a great-great-uncle, “General” Warren Healy, who was a drummer boy during the Civil War and became Paymaster General of New York during the Spanish-American War. Martin grew up an “Army brat” on various bases, including: West Point (New York), Fort Ethan Allen (Vermont), Fort Sill (Oklahoma), Schofield Barracks (Hawaii), Fort Hoyle (Maryland), Baton Rouge (Louisiana), and Fort Leavenworth (Kansas). He discusses at length his schooling and social interactions among children of officers and enlisted men. Martin details family life on the base which he calls a “very moral society.” Martin tells stories of corporal punishment and officers disciplining others’ children, a practice that faded in the 1960s.
    [Show full text]
  • Apple Education Professional Services. Turning Technology Into Educational Solutions
    Apple Education Professional Services. Turning technology into educational solutions. Apple Education Professional Services is uniquely qualified to help your institution deliver on the promise of educational technology: more effective schools and higher student achievement. We’ve been committed to providing products that transform learning as well as professional services to education for more than 30 years. Today, our professional services experts are among the industry’s most experienced and respected. Drawing on our experience in education as well as industry certification training, our experts will help you leverage your technology investments to make an educational difference. Services tailored to your specific educational needs. Whether you’re in a K–12 school, at the district, or on a university campus, Apple Apple Integration Services Education Professional Services has a complete array of offerings to meet the diverse Add our experts to your staff. needs of education. Here are a few examples of what we can help you do: Apple Project Management • Plan and implement a full Apple 1 to 1 Learning Program The road to successful deployments. • Deploy wikis, blogs, or Podcast Producer • Create a new campuswide technology solution or integrate our technology with Apple Setup Services your existing systems Ready, set up, and go. • Mentor your technical staff so they get the most out of your specific Mac OS X Server installation and custom configuration Not only can we offer solutions for integrating iMac and MacBook into your curriculum, we’ll show you how iPod touch and iPad can transform learning, too. In other words, whatever your educational technology needs, we can help.
    [Show full text]
  • June 2018 June 3Rd, 2018 19 Men and 6 Women NBC's Meet the Press
    June 2018 June 3rd, 2018 19 men and 6 women NBC's Meet the Press with Chuck Todd: 5 men and 1 woman Frm. Mayor Rudy Giuliani (M) PM Justin Trudeau (M) Joshua Johnson (M) Peggy Noonan (W) Rich Lowry (M) Ben Rhodes (M) CBS's Face the Nation with Margaret Brennan: 5 men and 2 women Gov. John Kasich (M) Rep. Will Hurd (M) Frm. Amb. Robert Gallucci (M) Dr. Jung Pak (W) David Nakamura (M) Susan Page (W) Michael Crowley (M) ABC's This Week with George Stephanopoulos: 5 men and 2 women Frm. Mayor Rudy Giuliani (M) Frm. Amb. Bill Richardson (M) Tom Bossert (M) Sue Mi Terry (W) Frm. Speaker Newt Gingrich (M) Karen Finney (W) Patrick Gaspard (M) CNN's State of the Union with Jake Tapper: *With Guest Host Dana Bash 1 man and 1 woman Rep. Kevin McCarthy (M) Minister Chrystia Freeland (W) Fox News' Fox News Sunday with Chris Wallace: 3 men and 0 women Corey Lewandowski (M) Guy Benson (M) Larry Kudlow (M) June 10th, 2018 13 men and 6 women NBC's Meet the Press with Chuck Todd: No Data Available CBS's Face the Nation with Margaret Brennan: 4 men and 4 women Frm. Amb. Susan Rice (W) Dir. Larry Kudlow (M) Sen. Edward Markey (M) Evan Osnos (M) Seung Min Kim (W) Selena Zito (W) Molly Ball (W) Kenneth Starr (M) ABC's This Week with George Stephanopoulos: 1 man and 0 women Jonathan Cheng (M) CNN's State of the Union with Jake Tapper: 1 man and 2 women Dir.
    [Show full text]
  • (Medicaid) Physician-Related Services/Health Care Professional
    Washington Apple Health (Medicaid) Physician-Related Services/Health Care Professional Services Billing Guide May 1, 2020 Every effort has been made to ensure this guide’s accuracy. If an actual or apparent conflict between this document and an agency rule arises, the agency rules apply. Physician-Related Services/Health Care Professional Services About this guide* This publication takes effect May 1, 2020, and supersedes earlier guides to this program. The Health Care Authority (agency) is committed to providing equal access to our services. If you need an accommodation or require documents in another format, please call 1-800-562- 3022. People who have hearing or speech disabilities, please call 711 for relay services. Washington Apple Health means the public health insurance programs for eligible Washington residents. Washington Apple Health is the name used in Washington State for Medicaid, the children's health insurance program (CHIP), and state- only funded health care programs. Washington Apple Health is administered by the Washington State Health Care Authority. What has changed? Subject Change Reason for Change Entire document Housekeeping changes To improve usability Are clients enrolled in an Added a note box to identify the Billing clarification agency-contracted managed professional fees the agency pays care organization (MCO) for through fee-for-service eligible? Pre-operative visit before a Added language regarding the To improve clarity client receives a dental primary care physician’s role in service under anesthesia
    [Show full text]
  • Truman, Congress and the Struggle for War and Peace In
    TRUMAN, CONGRESS AND THE STRUGGLE FOR WAR AND PEACE IN KOREA A Dissertation by LARRY WAYNE BLOMSTEDT Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY May 2008 Major Subject: History TRUMAN, CONGRESS AND THE STRUGGLE FOR WAR AND PEACE IN KOREA A Dissertation by LARRY WAYNE BLOMSTEDT Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Approved by: Chair of Committee, Terry H. Anderson Committee Members, Jon R. Bond H. W. Brands John H. Lenihan David Vaught Head of Department, Walter L. Buenger May 2008 Major Subject: History iii ABSTRACT Truman, Congress and the Struggle for War and Peace in Korea. (May 2008) Larry Wayne Blomstedt, B.S., Texas State University; M.S., Texas A&M University-Kingsville Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Terry H. Anderson This dissertation analyzes the roles of the Harry Truman administration and Congress in directing American policy regarding the Korean conflict. Using evidence from primary sources such as Truman’s presidential papers, communications of White House staffers, and correspondence from State Department operatives and key congressional figures, this study suggests that the legislative branch had an important role in Korean policy. Congress sometimes affected the war by what it did and, at other times, by what it did not do. Several themes are addressed in this project. One is how Truman and the congressional Democrats failed each other during the war. The president did not dedicate adequate attention to congressional relations early in his term, and was slow to react to charges of corruption within his administration, weakening his party politically.
    [Show full text]
  • Publications Using the HMD in Years 1997 – 2013
    Publications Using the HMD in Years 1997 – 2013 Table of Contents Official Reports ................................................................................................................................................... 1 Books and Book Chapters .............................................................................................................................. 4 Journal Articles ................................................................................................................................................ 12 Dissertations and Theses .............................................................................................................................. 63 Technical Reports, Working, Research and Discussion Papers ......................................................... 67 Introduction The following comprises a list of publications that rely on data from the Human Mortality Database. It resorts to the Google Scholar web search engine1 using “Human mortality database” and “Berkeley mortality database” as the search expressions. The expressions may appear anywhere in the publication (title, abstract, body). Works that used the BMD are identified by “[BMD]” at the end of the citation; all other publications used the HMD. This version of the HMD reference list concentrates on scholarly articles and books, dissertations, technical reports and working papers published from January 1997 up to the end of November 2013. The list also includes all publications by the HMD team members based on analyses of
    [Show full text]
  • Statistics on Spotlight: World Statistics Day 2015
    Statistics on Spotlight: World Statistics Day 2015 Shahjahan Khan Professor of Statistics School of Agricultural, Computational and Environmental Sciences University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, AUSTRALIA Founding Chief Editor, Journal of Applied Probability and Statistics (JAPS), USA Email: [email protected] Abstract In the age of evidence based decision making and data science, statistics has become an integral part of almost all spheres of modern life. It is being increasingly applied for both private and public benefits including business and trade as well as various public sectors, not to mention its crucial role in research and innovative technologies. No modern government could conduct its normal functions and deliver its services and implement its development agenda without relying on good quality statistics. The key role of statistics is more visible and engraved in the planning and development of every successful nation state. In fact, the use of statistics is not only national but also regional, international and transnational for organisations and agencies that are driving social, economic, environmental, health, poverty elimination, education and other agendas for planned development. Starting from stocktaking of the state of the health of various sectors of the economy of any nation/region to setting development goals, assessment of progress, monitoring programs and undertaking follow-up initiatives depend heavily on relevant statistics. Only statistical methods are capable of determining indicators, comparing them, and help identify the ways to ensure balanced and equitable development. 1 Introduction The goals of the celebration of World Statistics Day 2015 is to highlight the fact that official statistics help decision makers develop informed policies that impact millions of people.
    [Show full text]
  • Housing & Neighborhoods
    HOUSING & NEIGHBORHOODS “Civilization needs an honorable dwelling place, and the conditions of making that place ought to depend on what is most honorable in our nature: on love, hope, generosity, and aspiration” – James Howard Kunstler 5555 MILWAUKEEMIMILLWWAAUUKKEEE CITYWIDECCIITTYYWWIIDEDE PPOLICYOOLLICICY PPLPLANLAANN VISION FOR OVERVIEW AND INTRODUCTION Milwaukee has a long and rich history of ethnic SUCCESS settlements that have created strong diverse neighborhoods throughout the city. The traditional This plan envisions the active urban pattern of development in the city located good quality housing near employment centers and public preservation and support of Milwaukee’s transit options. The most dynamic city neighborhoods many safe, diverse, thriving, culturally tend to have strong neighborhood centers, vibrant commercial main streets, parks, churches and schools, rich and walkable neighborhoods that and cultural facilities all of which supported a core sense provide residents with ample housing, of community and neighborhood identity. These strong urban neighborhoods have been retained as Milwaukee recreational, and lifestyle alternatives. has grown and redeveloped through the years and have ensured that Milwaukee has a wide range of housing and traditional neighborhood choices. The vision of success for Housing and Neighborhoods includes: HOUSING Housing is an important land use occupying 41% of the developable land area of the city and accounting for Quality Housing Choices approximately 70% of the assessed value. The City of Milwaukee has over 249,000 housing units, according Neighborhoods will have a range of high- to the 2008 U.S. Census American Community Survey, quality, well maintained housing options 70% of which are single family, condominium or duplex buildings, the remaining 30% are in multifamily buildings.
    [Show full text]
  • Democratic Primary Preview: Iowa, New Hampshire, South Carolina CLINTON PRESSED in IOWA, but HOLDS WIDE LEADS ELSEWHERE
    NEWS Release 1615 L Street, N.W., Suite 700 Washington, D.C. 20036 Tel (202) 419-4350 Fax (202) 419-4399 FOR RELEASE: MONDAY, DECEMBER 3, 2007 10:00AM Democratic Primary Preview: Iowa, New Hampshire, South Carolina CLINTON PRESSED IN IOWA, BUT HOLDS WIDE LEADS ELSEWHERE A Survey Conducted in Association with The Associated Press Also inside… Iraq, health care top issues Clinton by far the most electable But electability matters less than in ‘04 Clinton, Obama split black vote in South Carolina FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Andrew Kohut, Director Scott Keeter, Director of Survey Research Carroll Doherty and Michael Dimock, Associate Directors Pew Research Center for the People & the Press 202/419-4350 http://www.people-press.org Democratic Primary Preview: Iowa, New Hampshire, South Carolina CLINTON PRESSED IN IOWA, BUT HOLDS WIDE LEADS ELSEWHERE Democrats enter the presidential primary campaign upbeat about their candidates and united in their views on major issues. Sen. Hillary Clinton is the clear frontrunner in New Hampshire and South Carolina, where she holds 19-point and 14-point leads, respectively. However in Iowa she is in a statistical tie with Barack Obama. Clinton has a clear advantage on the key issue of Democratic Horse Race health care, and leads among Democratic women voters in Based on Likely Voters* all three states – where women constitute majorities of the Natl IA NH SC likely caucus and primary electorates. Her lead is also % % % % Clinton 48 31 38 45 particularly wide among older voters – voters over age 50 in Obama 22 26 19 31 all three states favor her over Obama by more than two-to- Edwards 11 19 15 10 Richardson 3 10 10 1 one.
    [Show full text]
  • Poverty and Place in the Context of the American South by Regina
    Poverty and Place in the Context of the American South by Regina Smalls Baker Department of Sociology Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ David Brady, Co-Supervisor ___________________________ Linda M. Burton, Co-Supervisor ___________________________ Eduardo Bonilla-Silva ___________________________ Kenneth C. Land Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Sociology in the Graduate School of Duke University 2015 ABSTRACT Poverty and Place in the Context of the American South by Regina Smalls Baker Department of Sociology Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ David Brady, Co-Supervisor ___________________________ Linda M. Burton, Co-Supervisor ___________________________ Eduardo Bonilla-Silva ___________________________ Kenneth C. Land An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Sociology in the Graduate School of Duke University 2015 Copyright by Regina Smalls Baker 2015 Abstract In the United States, poverty has been historically higher and disproportionately concentrated in the American South. Despite this fact, much of the conventional poverty literature in the United States has focused on urban poverty in cities, particularly in the Northeast and Midwest. Relatively less American poverty research has focused on the enduring economic distress in the South, which Wimberley (2008:899) calls “a neglected regional crisis of historic and contemporary urgency.” Accordingly, this dissertation contributes to the inequality literature by focusing much needed attention on poverty in the South. Each empirical chapter focuses on a different aspect of poverty in the South. Chapter 2 examines why poverty is higher in the South relative to the Non-South.
    [Show full text]
  • WNBC/Marist Poll Poughkeepsie, NY 12601 Š Phone 845.575.5050 Š Fax 845.575.5111
    WNBC/Marist Poll Poughkeepsie, NY 12601 Phone 845.575.5050 Fax 845.575.5111 www.maristpoll.marist.edu EMBARGOED FOR RELEASE: Wednesday 6:00 p.m. February 22, 2006 All references must be sourced WNBC/Marist Poll Contact: Dr. Lee M. Miringoff Dr. Barbara L. Carvalho Marist College 845.575.5050 National Poll: Campaign 2008 Hillary Clinton and Condoleezza Rice Are Top Contenders Among Their Party’s Faithful But Is America Ready for a Woman President? This WNBC/Marist Poll reports: • Hillary Clinton is the Democratic presidential primary frontrunner and most voters think she is going to run: Hillary Clinton is a formidable favorite among Democrats for her party’s presidential nomination. A majority of Democrats like her more than they did just two years ago. Democrats generally think she is ideologically about right, neither too liberal nor too conservative. Most of them would like to see her enter the presidential contest in 2008, and many think she will. But like the other potential Democratic and Republican presidential candidates for 2008, Senator Clinton faces a general electorate that is divided over who they would like to see in the race. She is competitive, though politically polarizing, against two of the three Republican presidential frontrunners. But most registered voters do not think she is likely to win. A majority of both Democrats and independents believe she will be treated more harshly on the campaign hustings than other potential presidential candidates. ¾ Senator Hillary Clinton outpaces the field of potential Democratic candidates nationwide for the party’s 2008 presidential nomination. Clinton receives 40% among Democrats and Democratic leaning independents.
    [Show full text]