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Response of the Moss Racomitrium Lanuginosum to Changes in Sheep Grazing and Snow-Lie Due to a Snow-Fence

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Response of the Moss Racomitrium Lanuginosum to Changes in Sheep Grazing and Snow-Lie Due to a Snow-Fence Applied Vegetation Science 10: 229-238, 2007 © IAVS; Opulus Press Uppsala. - RESPONSE OF THE MOSS RACOMITRIUM LANUGINOSUM TO CHANGES IN SHEEP GRAZING - 229 Response of the moss Racomitrium lanuginosum to changes in sheep grazing and snow-lie due to a snow-fence Scott, David1,*; Welch, David1,3; van der Wal, René1,4 & Elston, David A.2 1NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Banchory Research Station, Hill of Brathens, Banchory, AB31 4BW, Scotland, UK; 3E-mail [email protected]; 4E-mail [email protected]; 2Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Environmen- tal Modelling Unit, Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB9 2QJ, Scotland, UK; E-mail [email protected]; *Corresponding author; Fax +44 1330823303; E-mail [email protected] Abstract Introduction Question: What are the responses of Racomitrium lanuginosum moss to altered snow-lie and sheep use? Large herbivores influence the composition and Location: A Carex bigelowii-Racomitrium lanuginosum heath structure of plant communities worldwide (Augustine & on a Scottish montane plateau affected since 1986 by a fenced McNaughton 1998). Their impact, however, is most ap- ski corridor. Methods: Permanent quadrats were set up along transects 45 parent when grazing pressure increases in ecosystems that m long perpendicular to the snow-fence. Cover was assessed generally sustain only low densities of large herbivores over a 12-year period from 1990. Pellet-group clearance counts (Zimov et al. 1995). Livestock grazing has intensified in provided data on sheep usage between 1990 and 1996. Snow-lie many parts of the world leading to increased exploitation was mapped in the springs of 1991-1996. of natural and semi-natural ecosystems (Milchunas & Results: The snow-fence created a gradient in sheep use Lauenroth 1993). Moss-dominated vegetation seemingly and altered the duration of snow-lie. At the start of moni- exemplifies a grazer-sensitive ecosystem component that toring Racomitrium cover was lower immediately adjacent is often transformed into grasslands (e.g. Zimov et al. to the fence, and after 12 years its cover was significantly 1995; Olofsson et al. 2001). Here, we report on the proc- reduced within 10 m of the fence. Further away from the fence Racomitrium cover was relatively stable. The loss of ess of plant-species change in a grazer-sensitive European Racomitrium was correlated both with increased snow-lie moss heath, dominated by Racomitrium lanuginosum, and heavier sheep usage. Grass cover increased near the that was subjected to increasing grazing pressure. fence and was related to sheep use. Dicranum fuscescens Racomitrium lanuginosum has a wide world distri- responded differently to Racomitrium, increasing signifi- bution but its altitudinal range lowers progressively as cantly near the fence. latitude increases, from mountains in the tropics to near Conclusions: We found that changes in snow-lie and grazing sea level in the arctic (Tallis 1958; Kallio & Heinonen pressure quickly brought about vegetation change in this mon- 1973). The community type studied with Carex bigelowii tane ecosystem. Racomitrium was the most sensitive species the main vascular plant – U10 in the British National to the changes in grazing and snow-lie caused by the fence, having the biggest initial changes. Loss of Racomitrium per- Vegetation Classification (Rodwell 1992) – occurs in mitted increases of species more resistant to grazing including oceanic parts of Europe including Britain, Iceland and Dicranum fuscescens and grasses. western Norway (Ratcliffe & Thompson 1988). It is the most extensive near-natural plant community in Britain, even though it is now mostly restricted to Scottish sum- Keywords: Grazing; Montane plateau; Moss heath; Ski mit plateaux (Thompson & Brown 1992). Historically its development; Snow; Vegetation dynamics. distribution was probably much wider, but on many of the plateaux south of the Scottish Highlands Racomitrium moss heath has been replaced by grass-dominated heath Nomenclature: Stace (1997) for vascular plants; Smith (1978) or grassland (Ratcliffe & Thompson 1988). Several for mosses. causes for this decline have been proposed, including the effects of increased nitrogen deposition and grazing (Thompson et al. 1987; Jones et al. 2002; Pearce & van der Wal 2002; van der Wal et al. 2003). Racomitrium heaths have significant conservation value, being threatened by global warming due to the intolerance of R. lanuginosum to higher temperatures 230 SCOTT, D. ET AL. (Kallio & Heinonen 1973), and containing several spe- is well drained, with ranker soils and acidic rock types of cies themselves under threat. For instance, the dotterel graphitic schist or slate. The vegetation comprises Carex (Eudromias morinellus), a rare bird in Britain listed under bigelowii and mosses, mainly Racomitrium lanuginosum, Annex 1 of the EC Birds Directive, much depends upon Dicranum fuscescens and Polytrichum alpinum and is this habitat both for nesting and feeding (Galbraith et of relatively short stature (height in 1990-1992 = 6 cm al. 1993). Changes in the composition of these heaths (overall mean) and 7 cm where Racomitrium had > 20% may impact on some of the preferred prey of dotterel, cover). The main herbivores using the site are Scottish such as the crane fly (Tipula montana) whose larvae Blackface sheep (Ovis aries), which graze the plateau require dense bryophyte mats for shelter from predation during the summer months, mountain hares (Lepus tim- (Smith et al. 2001). Reduced prey availability may affect idus) and occasional red deer (Cervus elaphus). A mean nesting and breeding success of dotterel (Thompson & density of ca. 1 sheep/ha from May to October has been Whitfield 1993), as well as other montane birds such as estimated for the plateau (Welch & Scott 2001). snow bunting (Plectrophenax nivalis). The ski corridor runs for 750 m along a ridge ex- One such area of Racomitrium heath used for breed- tending north from the plateau, starting at an altitude ing by dotterel and grazed by sheep is the summit plateau of just above 1020 m and falling gradually to 940 m. of Glas Maol, a 1068 m mountain in the eastern Scottish The snow-fencing consisted of vertical wooden palings Highlands. The vegetation of the plateau is principally standing about 1.3 m high. When in good condition this Carex bigelowii - Racomitrium lanuginosum moss heath fencing formed an effective barrier to sheep but not to and is grazed by sheep between May and October (Welch deer, which were capable of jumping the fences, or hares, & Scott 2001). Since 1986 the plateau has been affected that could pass easily between the gaps in the palings. by a ski corridor and uplift tow, which has changed sheep ranging behaviour; the snow-fencing acts as both a barrier to movement and a source of shelter (Welch & Methods Scott 2001). The erection of this fencing triggered two main concerns, both predicted to drive changes in the Vegetation recording vegetation: (1) grazing pressure would be altered and have a detrimental affect on the existing plant communi- Transects spaced at random distances along the cor- ties, and (2) increased duration of snow-lie would allow ridor (15 in total) were set out at right angles to its east more snow-tolerant species such as mat grass (Nardus fence, and permanently marked. Vegetation quadrats stricta) to establish. were set out along the south side of each transect at 0-1, This paper examines the response of Racomitrium 2-3, 5-6, 9-10, 19-20 and 39-40 m from the fence, giving to the changes in snow-lie and sheep grazing pressure a total of 90 quadrats. Each quadrat measured 1 m by observed on Glas Maol, while Welch et al. (2005) de- 0.5 m with its long axis parallel to the transect. In the scribed the overall changes in the species composition quadrats we recorded plant species cover, occurrence of of the vegetation, especially the increase of grasses in dead material (including standing dead and litter) and positions of prolonged snow-lie and heavy grazing. amount of bare ground. Cover was assessed using a pin Distribution patterns for snow-lie and sheep grazing at frame with five pins each 10 cm apart, the frame being the study site were presented in Welch et al. (2005), and placed at 10 cm intervals along the transect. All species detailed information on the sheep grazing was given in hitting a pin were scored and bare ground was recorded Welch & Scott (2001). Our aim in the present paper is only when no species or dead material hit a pin. Recording to describe and explain the response of Racomitrium, was first done in July 1990, four years after the erection the key species of this montane community. of the ski corridor, and was repeated at the same time each year up to 1996, with one further recording in July Study site 2002. The study was conducted on a 6 ha section of the Sheep use and snow-lie summit plateau of Glas Maol (56°53'02'' N, 03°22'02'' W) affected by the skiing corridor. The climate of Glas Sheep use was estimated using dung clearance Maol is wet and cold; it was assigned by Birse (1971) counts. Because dung could introduce seeds and act as to his hemi-oceanic, extremely humid, lower oro-arctic a fertiliser, and frequent trampling from counting and type (defined as having 0 mm annual potential water clearing of dung could impact on the vegetation, separate deficit and receiving yearly 300-500 day degrees C). The dung quadrats were located on the north side of transects, plateau is an area of gently sloping ground partly sur- away from the vegetation quadrats at distances of up to rounded by steep escarpments, cliffs and boulder scree. It 45 m from the fence. We used 10 m × 2 m quadrats, with - RESPONSE OF THE MOSS RACOMITRIUM LANUGINOSUM TO CHANGES IN SHEEP GRAZING - 231 the long axis running parallel with the fence (Welch & day (Welch 1982).
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