Prostate Cancer

EDITED BY Prokar Dasgupta Consultant Urological Surgeon Department of Urology King’s College London Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospital NHS Foundation Trust London, UK Roger S. Kirby Consultant Urologist The Prostate Centre, London, UK

Foreword by Peter T. Scardino

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

ABC of prostate cancer / edited by Prokar Dasgupta, Roger S. Kirby ; foreword by Peter T. Scardino. – 1st ed. p. ; cm. -- (ABC series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-1-4443-3437-1 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 1-4443-3437-9 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Prostate – Cancer. I. Dasgupta, Prokar. II. Kirby, R. S. (Roger S.) III. Series: ABC series (Malden, Mass.) [DNLM: 1. Prostatic Neoplasms. WJ 762] RC280.P7A23 2012 616.99463 – dc23 2011015319

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

This book is published in the following electronic formats: ePDF 9781444346909; ePub 9781444346916; Mobi 9781444346923

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1 2012 Contents

Contributors, vii Foreword, ix 1 Applied Anatomy of the Prostate, 1 Prasanna Sooriakumaran, Karl-Dietrich Sievert, Abhishek Srivastava and Ashutosh Tewari 2 Pathology of Prostate Cancer, 5 Murali Varma and Ashish Chandra 3 Biology of Prostate Cancer, 8 R. William G. Watson and John M. Fitzpatrick 4 Prostate Cancer Diagnosis, 11 Robin Weston, Anthony J. Costello and Declan G. Murphy 5 Imaging of Prostate Cancer, 14 James Halls and Uday Patel 6 Screening for Prostate Cancer, 18 Richard J. Bryant and Freddie C. Hamdy 7 Active Surveillance, 22 Judith Dockray, Pardeep Kumar, Lars Holmberg and Gordon Muir 8 Open Radical Prostatectomy, 25 Wim van Haute and Hein van Poppel 9 Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy, 29 Pardeep Kumar and Declan Cahill 10 Robotic Radical Prostatectomy, 33 Ben Challacombe and Jim Peabody 11 Prostate Brachytherapy, 37 Peter Acher and Rick Popert 12 HIFU, 40 Louise Dickinson, Hashim U. Ahmed and Mark Emberton 13 Cryotherapy for Prostate Cancer, 44 Alastair Henderson and John Davies 14 Advances in External Beam Radiotherapy, 48 David Landau, Nadia Walsh and Asad Qureshi 15 Recent Advances in Hormonal Therapy, 51 Heather Payne, Reena Davda and Mark R. Feneley

v vi CONTENTS

16 Management of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer, 54 Roger S. Kirby, Prokar Dasgupta and John M. Fitzpatrick 17 Immunology of Prostate Cancer, 57 Oussama Elhage, Christine Galustian, Richard Smith and Prokar Dasgupta 18 New Approaches to Prostate Cancer, 63 Megan S. Schober, Roger S. Kirby and Prokar Dasgupta Index, 67 Contributors

Peter Acher Mark Emberton Specialist Registrar in Urology, Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospital NHS Professor of Interventional Oncology, University College London and Foundation Trust, London, UK Honorary Consultant Urological Surgeon, University College Hospital London, London, UK Hashim U. Ahmed MRC Fellow in Uro-oncology and Clinical Lecturer in Urology, Division of Mark R. Feneley Surgery and Interventional Sciences, University College Hospital London, Consultant Urologist, University College Hospital London, London, UK London, UK John M. Fitzpatrick Richard J. Bryant Professor of Surgery, UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, Mater NIHR Clinical Lecturer in Urology, Nufﬁeld Department of Surgical Misericordiae University Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin, Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Ireland

Declan Cahill Christine Galustian Consultant Urological Surgeon, Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospital NHS King’s College London, London, UK Foundation Trust, London, UK

Ben Challacombe James Halls Consultant Urological Surgeon, Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospital NHS Specialist Registrar Radiology, Department of Radiology, St George’s Foundation Trust, London, UK Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK

Ashish Chandra Freddie C. Hamdy Consultant Pathologist, Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospital NHS Foundation Nufﬁeld Professor of Surgery, Professor of Urology and Head, Nufﬁeld Trust, London, UK Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

Anthony J. Costello Wim van Haute Professorial Fellow, Department of Urology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Urological Surgeon, Department of Urology, St Rembert Hospital, Torhout; The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia St Jan Hospital, Bruges, Belgium

Prokar Dasgupta Alastair Henderson Consultant Urological Surgeon, Department of Urology, King’s College Consultant Urological Surgeon, Maidstone and Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust, London, Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, Maidstone, UK UK Lars Holmberg Reena Davda Professor of Cancer Epidemiology, Division of Cancer Studies, Medical Specialist Registrar in Clinical Oncology, University College Hospital School, King’s College London, London, UK London, London, UK Roger S. Kirby John Davies Consultant Urologist, The Prostate Centre, London, UK Consultant Urological Surgeon, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK Pardeep Kumar Louise Dickinson Specialist Registrar in Urology and Intuitive Fellow in Robotics, Guy’s and Clinical Research Fellow in Urology, Division of Surgery and Interventional St Thomas’ Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK Sciences, University College Hospital London, London, UK

Judith Dockray David Landau King’s College London, London, UK Consultant Clinical Oncologist, Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK Oussama Elhage Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, King’s College Gordon Muir London, London, UK King’s College London, London, UK

vii