Our Hofmann Ancestors Version 24

Sean A. IRVINE Valerie WILLIAMS [email protected] b.1932-12-01 181 Boyd Road d.2011-02-11 RD 1 Hamilton 3281 New Zealand October 29, 2018

Acknowledgments

The following people have directly contributed information: Sandie BAIN, Chris BENNETT, Mer- lene BENSEMANN, Amanda BORTONE, Lee COATSWORTH, Trish CORNEY, Sarah CULLEN, Judy DAWSON-WOODS, Nerolee DEVERY, Julia FOOTE, Glenys FRASER, Linda GEORGE, Rebecca HOBBS, David HOFFMAN, Heather HOFFMAN, John HOFFMAN, Judy and Stephen HOFFMAN, Nicky HOFFMAN, Tracey HOFFMAN, Karyn HOFMANN, Malcolm HOFMANN, Paul HOFMANN, Sharman HOFMANN, Sue HUNTER, Bill and Bev IRVINE, Graeme KENYON, Annie LA HOGUE, Jess MALIGIERI, Keith McMECKING, Anna NEWLAND, Liz O’SULLIVAN, Janice ROBINSON, Helen and Les SNOWBALL, Laraine SOLE, Barbara and Bernie WAY, Colleen WHETTON, Jane WHITTON-DU FEU, Nicky WILLIAMS, Kay WYATT.

1 Introduction

This document is a summary of information we have collected about Carl HOFMANN and Sophia Charlotte Elizabeth STEINHAUSER¨ and their descendants. This couple arrived in Nelson, New Zealand, in 1858, promptly married and set about making a family. The pursuit of family connections is an addictive activity with many tempting side- tracks. Our family history will always remain a work in progress with new avenues to explore and new achievements by family members. As you read through, you will find places where information is incomplete or where additional detail could be given. Please forward such snippets to us, so they can be included in future versions for the benefit of everyone. In order to keep some focus, we have concentrated on Carl, Sophia, and their immediate descendants. The full set of descendants, numbering over 600 people, contains many people who have achieved in a variety of activities as well as a few tragedies. In time we hope to add further notable stories about subsequent generations of the family. We have tried to maintain a clear separation between speculation and fact. This is not always so simple, because even official written records are not error free. In our family, a particular complication is the multiple spellings of HOFMANN and the fact that our ancestors freely meddled with the order and spelling of their first names. Sophia is a good example, her name is rendered many different ways with different combinations of her first names. It appears that, in New Zealand, she mostly went by the name Eliza or Elizabeth, but because of the number of other Elizabeths in the family, we have opted to use the less ambiguous Sophia. Figure 1 shows the extent of these variations. In accordance with usual

1 genealogical convention we have capitalized surnames except when quoting directly from other sources. In previous versions of this document, “HOFFMAN” was used in the title, since this was the spelling used by my immediate family. However, from version 20 onwards the spelling “HOFMANN” has been adopted in the title, to better reﬂect the spelling used by Carl.

Sophia Charlotte Elise STEINHAUSER¨ 1858 Marriage cert. Sophia Charlotte Elise HOFMANN 1859 Birth cert. of Anna Dorothea Elisabeth HOFMANN Sophia HOFMANN 1860 Birth cert. of Anna Frederike Charlotte HOFMANN Sophia Charlotte STEINHAUSER 1861 Naturalization record Sophia HOFMANN 1863 Birth cert. of Henriette Margretta Elizabeth HOFMANN Eliza HOFMANN 1865 Birth cert. of Olga Catherina Margaretta HOFMANN Eliza HOFMANN 1867 Birth cert. of Charles William Dietrich HOFMANN Elizabeth HOFMAN 1896 Electoral roll Sophie Charlotte HOFMANN 1870 Birth cert. of Anna Magdalena HOFMANN Sophie Elizabeth HOFMANN 1871 Birth cert. of Marie Louise Magdalena Emilia HOFMANN Sophie Charlotte Elizabeth HOFMANN 1874 Birth cert. of Friedrick August Gottleib HOFMANN Sophia Elizabeth HOFMANN 1880 Birth cert. of Alfred Joseph HOFMANN Elizabeth HOFFMAN 1890 Marriage cert. of Charles William Dietrich HOFFMAN Charlotte Sophie Elizabeth STEINHAUSER 1896 Marriage cert. of Anna Magdalena HOFFMAN Charlotte Sophy Elizabeth HOFFMANN 1899 Pension award (newspaper article) Elizabeth HOFMAN 1900 Electoral roll Charlotte Sophia Elizabeth STEINHAUSER 1902 Death cert. of Carl HOFMANN Charlotte Sophia Elizabeth STEINHAUSER 1915 Death cert. of Anna Frederike Charlotte HOFMANN Sophia Charlotte Elizabeth HOFMANN 1919 Electoral roll Elizabeth 1920 Headstone on her grave Elizabeth Sophia HOFFMANN 1920 Death cert. Sophia Charlotte Elisabeth HOFMANN 1950 Death cert. of Anna Dorothea Elisabeth HOFMANN Elisabeth HOFMANN 1959 Death cert. of Joseph Alfred HOFMANN

Figure 1: Various renderings of Sophia’s name.

Valerie was a great-granddaughter of Carl and Sophia and collected HOFMANN family information for over thirty years. Her collection comprised material obtained from her Aunt Bessie, the Nelson Museum, and many individual family members. Val had four children and ﬁve grandchildren. Sean is a great-great-great-grandson of Carl and Sophia and father of two of the newer family members. Dates in this documented are formatted according to the ISO convention of YYYY- MM-DD.

2 German Immigration

It comes as no surprise to learn that our HOFMANN ancestors originated in present day Germany. At the time of Carl’s birth in 1830 the region he lived in was actually part of Prussia. Therefore, it is more precise to refer to the family origins as Prussian. Prussia did not become a formal part of the German Empire until about 1867. Nevertheless, it is usual practice to refer to immigrants from this region as German. In 1813, Friedrich III of Prussia created an ofﬁcial state church which became known as the Union Church. The Lutheran church was ofﬁcially abolished in 1823 and by 1830 a new ‘Agenda’ was made compulsory in all churches. As a result, many Lutherans emigrated so they could continue to practice their faith. In 1840, Wilhelm IV abolished the ‘Agenda’ allowing old religious practices to resume, but the emigration continued for many years

2 afterward. The early 1800s were also a time of war, poverty, and famine in Prussia due to constant battles with Napoleon’s French Empire. Once some of members of a family became established in a colony it was common to send for relatives and assist in their emigration. Most German emigration was to the United States because this was a shorter and cheaper trip. Nevertheless, many German’s did emigrate to Australia and New Zealand. In 1843, the ship Sankt Pauli arrived in Nelson with 140 German immigrants. They settled in the Moutere area, just south of Nelson. The settlers were mainly Lutheran Protes- tants and a few Bavarian Catholics. The colony struggled and by 1844 many of the original immigrants had left the area. Those who remained were bolstered by the arrival of the Ski- old in September 1844. In August 1845, a large number of the remaining immigrants left for Australia on the Palmyra. It was not until the 1850s that immigrants began returning to the area. Some of those who had gone to Australia returned and they were joined by other immigrants arriving on several different ships. See The Road to Sarau: From Germany to Upper Moutere [2] and The Extended Com- munity [5] for general information about the colony and other early German settlers. Nel- son: A History of Early Settlement [1] also contains a chapter devoted to German settlers. Pastor HEINE (who later performed the marriage ceremony for Carl and Sophia), came out on the Sankt Pauli. He wrote to the government listing the names of several German families he wanted to encourage to New Zealand. Carl was not on this list, although mention is made of Sophia’s relatives. The following extract from this letter indicates typical reasons for immigration:

The ﬁrst Germans who came to Adelaide were induced to emigrate on account of the violent suppression of the Luth. Church by the Prussian Government. After having suffered for several years incarceration and other hardships the opposers of the new organized state Church in Prussia were allowed to emigrate. Two Parishes went with their Ministers to Adelaide, which they effected by the assistance of friends who advanced to them money for the outﬁt, but which they repaid within a few years. When the Country and resources of Adelaide became known in Germany two merchants established a regular Emigration thence. . . I believe that a similar large Emigration from Germany to New Zealand may now be opened after the Land question becomes settled, if the Country and its resources is made properly known there.

The full letter is reproduced in Section 19.

3 3 Carl and Sophia HOFMANN

Carl HOFMANN b. 1830-06-28, Neuwied, Prussia – d. 1902-10-30, Upper Moutere

Sophia Charlotte Elizabeth STEINHAUSER¨ b. 1833?, Dassow, Germany – d. 1920-07-08, Moutere

Carl HOFMANN was born on 1830-06-28 in Neuwied, Prussia (part of present day Germany). It is likely, that he was born at the village Holzbach in Neuwied Province since this is where his father and grand-father were born. Alternatively, he could have been born in Neuwied town itself. His father was Johann Nicolaus HOFMANN and his mother Dorothea Phillippine LICHTFERS. It is likely that Carl had at least one other name, perhaps Johann, since it was normal German practice at that time to assign three or more first names. In New Zealand, Carl was sometimes referred to as Charles. There was some family belief that Sophia was a Belgian Jew, but this is not supported by official records. According to her death certificate, Sophia Charlotte Elizabeth STEIN- HAUSER was born about 1833 in Dassow, Germany. The place name is hard to read, but is Dassow, because on 1869-02-15 Carl HOFMANN and J. B. C. DUCKER lodged an application for assisted immigration to Nelson of a Frederick STEINHAUSER, of Dassow, Mecklenburg, Schwerin, Germany. An earlier 1856 nomination for assisted immigration by Carl HAMMERICH and F. HAMMERICH lists Frederich STEINHAUSER (adult), Lizzy (adult) and Mary (adult) of Dassow. Her death certificate also indicates that her mother’s maiden name was HAMMERICH and that her father was a bootmaker. Dassow lies on the Baltic Coast and during the time of the Berlin Wall it lay in a restricted zone where pho-

4 tography was prohibited. The death certiﬁcate of her son Joseph gives her maiden surname as STEINHAUSEN. A 1867 census from the Mecklenburg-Schwerin region of Germany lists in Dassow, Friedrich STEINHAUSER¨ born 1804 (Schuhmaker, i.e. shoemaker) with a wife Katharina born 1829, and children Wilhelmine (born 1835), Friedrich (born 1831), Doris (born 1843), and Heinrich (born 1848). There are no other STEINHAUSERs¨ listed in Dassow, so this is a good candidate for Sophia’s family. The birth date of Katharina is confusing, it doesn’t make sense in terms of when the children were born, so either the date is wrong (maybe its her marriage date) or perhaps Katharina was a second marriage for Friedrich. They are Lutheran, again consistent with the church Sophia attended in New Zealand. For Carl, we have no evidence at all of any siblings either in New Zealand or remaining in Prussia. We will return to this topic later. Nothing is known of their childhood or when they met. Possibly Carl travelled to Dassow to learn the carpentry trade and met Sophia. In any case they arrived in New Zealand aboard the Cresswell which sailed to New Zealand from London. Newspaper reports indicated the Cresswell came direct to New Zealand, but it remains a possibility that it called at other ports. It remains unclear if our couple boarded in London or elsewhere, and if they did board in London, how did they get there? The most likely scenario is that they took passage from Kiel, Germany to London. The following extracts from London newspapers are the only timely references found so far: From The Morning Chronicle, 1857-09-04, extract:

SHIPS CARRYING LETTERSTO SAILTHIS MONTH . . . for Wellington and Nel- son, Cresswell, on the 20th, from Gravesend . . .

Advertisement from Lloyd’s Weekly Newspaper, 1857-10-04:

NEW ZEALAND WILLIS and Co.’s LINE of PACKETS, established 1843; loading in St. Katherine’s Docks. For AUCKLAND direct the beautiful full-poop clipper Ship TAMAR, A 112 years, 1,000 tons burden, J. ROSS, Commander; to sail about October 3. For WELLINGTON and NELSON, the well-known and favourite Packet CRESS- WELL, A 1,600 tons burden, W. BARNETT, Commander; to sail about October 5. For CANTERBURY and OTAGO, the clipper Ship ROEHAMPTON, A 1,800 tons burden, R. BRADSHAW, Commander; to sail about October 25. For AUCKLAND direct, the well-known and favourite clipper Ship JOSEPH FLET- CHER, A 1 for 13 years, 1,000 tons burden, JOHN POOK, Commander; to sail about November 5. These splendid vessels are ﬁtted in the usual superior manner of this line for all classes of passengers, and will be the best opportunities offering for shippers to the above mentioned ports. They will carry experienced surgeons, and (if required) call at Plymouth to embark passengers. The dietary scales are most liberal, and the rates of passage and freight will be found very moderate. Passage money—chief cabin, £42 and upwards; second cabin, £26; steerage, £20 and £22;—For further information apply to A. WILLIS, GANN, and Co., Insurance Brokers, 3, Crosby-square, Bishopgate-street, E.C.

From The Standard, 1857-10-19, extract:

CUSTOM HOUSE, LONDON, Oct. 17

VESSELS CLEAREDWITH CARGO

The Raven for Martinique—Cresswell for Wellington and Nelson, New Zealand

5 On 10 February 1858, the Nelson Examiner and New Zealand Chronicle carried the following shipping report (emphasis added):

[February 8], barque Cresswell, 575, Barnett, from London, with 1 box, 2 cases, A. Fell and Co.; 1 case, 20 hhds., 13 cases, N. Edwards and Co.; 11 cases, Morri- son and Sclanders; 608 iron rails, D. Sclanders and W. R. Nicholson; 75 casks, 30 cases, Curtis Brothers; 3 boxes, C. and J. Elliott; 6 cases, 2 wheels, 2 packages wheels, 2 bottles quicksilver, 4 iron bolts, 46 packages machinery, George Willis; 4 cases, 3 packages, George Hooper; 2 cases John Ward; 2 cases, Mrs. Thorpe; 12 packages, 9 cases, 1 bale, 8 cases, George Baker; 1 cask, 1 case, W. C. Riley; 1 package, Captain Fearon, 32 packages, H. C. Daniell; 1 case, 1 cask, 3 bundles, S. W. Strong; 32 cases, 1 hhd., A. Weyergang; 4 casks, Charles Deneker; 12 cases, 2 boxes, 1 chest, 1 package, 2 trunks, 1 washing machine, as addressed. Passengers—ﬁrst-class—Mr. and Mrs. George Hooper and daughter, Miss Dodson, Mr. and Miss Wright, Mr. Arthur Bamford, Messrs. Charles and Thomas Cottrell, Henry Albes, Williams, Willis, Monro, Miss Glen, Master Wright, Misses Wright (2); second and steerage—Katherine Jay, Ellen Jay, Thomas Ayers, Thomas Adey, John McLachlan wife and 2 children, William Mc- Call and wife, George Talbot and wife, Edwin Steed, Henry Blackett wife and 4 children, George Lane and wife, Charles Hoffman and wife, Edward Gear and wife, G. Browning wife and daughter, Ann Smith, Hannah Hornibrook, Edward Jones, William Hayward, Edward Dee, John Jackson, William and David Hodson. For Wellington:— 1 case, Rev. J. Buller; 3 cases, Robert Stokes; 22 cases, 5 trunks, 10 boxes, 2 wheels, 1 cask, 7 packages, as addressed; 45 quarter-casks, 162 cases, 20 casks, 11 hhds., 395 bars iron, 65 bundles ditto, 60 axle-trees and arm-moulds, 60 boxes ditto, 130 boxes, 5 bales, bundles, 37 packages, Order; 19 packages, 33 casks, 3 cases, 60 boxes, W. G. Turnbull and Co.; 1 case, Miss Turnbull; 80 hhds., 14 packages, 36 cases, W. B. Rhodes and Co,; 9 packages, Henry Nathan; 40 hhds., 1 trunk, 35 tons coals, Bethune and Hunter; 23 crates, D. Anderson; 7 packages, G. Pickett and Co.; 49 packages, 10 bales, W. W. Taylor; 6 cases, Mary Taylor; 3 packages H. Spratt; 1 case, Holgate; 1 case, G. Kelham; 1 chest, H. Symons; 35 trunks, J. H. Wallace; 5 cases, Pharazyn; 100 cases, 100 kegs, Joseph; 1 box, 8 cases, 1 cask, 72 bars iron, 3 bundles steel, 30 grind- stones, 10 quarter-casks, 6 bales, 1 cask, 1 case, Levien and Co.; 1 case, W. Rowlands; 1 trunk, Johnson and Co.; 11 packages, Hewitt; 3 keys, Stokes; and 40 passengers. The barque Cresswell, from London, occupied a period of 111 days from thence to this port.

This report is typical of the times. All ships, even domestic ships, tended to have passenger listings (although often steerage passengers were not individually named). Ships from overseas often carried cargo reports. In the above ‘hhds.’ is an abbreviation for ‘hogsheads’ a measure of liquid capacity. It appears the ship carried the kinds of things needed for a ﬂedgling colony, raw materials like coal, steel, and alcohol. The arrival of the Cresswell marks the arrival of Carl and Sophia in New Zealand. The ship also carried one other person of interest: Edward DEE, whose son later married one of Carl and Sophia’s daughters. The Cresswell was a barque of 574 tons and made several trips to New Zealand. The 1858 voyage had a relatively small number of passengers. It was operated by Willis, Gann, and Co. The above was reported as a direct crossing from London. We have been unable to locate a picture of this ship. It is unclear exactly why they opted to come to New Zealand. However, among the passengers of the Skiold, were members of the HAMMERICH family. These were almost certainly related to Sophia and it seems likely Carl and Sophia came to New Zealand at the behest of the HAMMERICHs. We will explore Sophia’s connection to the HAMMERICHs in more detail later. In any case, they arrived in Nelson and quickly became members of the German speaking community at Upper Moutere. This settlement, also called Sarau, was the ﬁnal result of a plan by the New Zealand Company to have German’s emigrate to New Zealand.

6 Although the newspaper reports “Charles HOFFMAN and wife” a marriage for them was performed on 1858-03-19 at the Upper Moutere School House by Pastor John William Christopher HEINE. The witnesses were Charles KELLING and Cordt Heinrich BENSE- MANN. From their marriage certificate, Figure 2, it can be seen that both were able to sign their names. It is possible that it was easier to arrange passage to New Zealand by acting as a married couple. Alternatively, they may have been married in a civil ceremony in Germany or even on the ship and had the marriage solemnized according to the Lutheran Church on arrival. Finally, it remains possible that the newspaper article was simply inaccurate. Their naturalization in New Zealand was gazetted in 1861 with Sophia using her maiden name [6]. Investigation into the subsequent life of Carl and Sophia was made easier because there were no other HOFMANNs living in or near Nelson. Indeed there are no other HOF- MANNs in the passenger lists of the Sankt Pauli, Skiold, or Palmyra. This is fortunate because some records only list surnames of the parties involved. With few exceptions, any reference to HOFMANN in the Nelson region before about 1950 can safely be assumed to be relevant to our family. The nearest person of potential confusion is Charles Lud- wig HOFFMAN, a piano tuner of Wellington. Some domestic shipping records indicate he made visits to the South Island. There were other HOFMANNs living in Greymouth, Auckland, Canterbury, and Poverty Bay. There may have been some relationship to the HOFMANNs of Greymouth because there are shipping records of trips between Nelson and Greymouth. Pastor HEINE cut off a four-acre section from Part-section 175 and leased it to Carl with a right of purchase. The transaction was not officially registered at the Deeds Office until 1865-01-04, but the HOFMANNs lived there well before this date. Two pieces of evidence suggest they were in residence there by 1860 at the latest. First, Charles HOFMANN, qualified to have his name listed on the electoral roll for Motueka District in 1860. His qualification was 1 Leaseholder and 2 Householders (on the same property). The address is given as Upper Moutere, rural section 175 (part of). The property appears to have been shared with Francis HAMMERICH [Nelson Examiner and New Zealand Chronicle, 1860- 04-11.] Second, in 1861, his house on this section had a rateable value of forty pounds. Road rates were computed as one penny in the pound on the assessed value and assessments for HOFMANN taken from the Nelson Examiner and New Zealand Chronicle appear in Figure 3. In general these assessments seem to be at the lower end of the scale, although Carl was not in arrears like some of his contemporaries. In addition to road rates, education rates were levied, but this was a fixed amount of 20 s. per household plus 5 s. for each child between the ages of 5 and 14. This first dwelling was a clay and wooden dwelling described in later years as an adobe house by Edwin BENSEMANN who lived in it as a small child. The door lintels were only 173 cm high and presented a constant danger to tall people. The house withstood the 7.8 Murchison and 7.1 Arthur’s Pass earthquakes of 1929. On 1860-12-05, Carl co-signed a Memorial requesting Moutere Representation on the Nelson Provincial Council. This was subsequently granted, and Charles KELLING took up this position. The existing German settlers lodged further applications for assisted immigration to Nelson of other Germans. When this was done, it appears at least two people had to act as sureties. Specific applications where Carl acted as sureties are given Figure 4. It is uncertain as to whether either of these requests were granted, it seems unlikely since neither name appears in New Zealand naturalization records. It is almost certainly the case that Frederick STEINHAUSER was a relation of Sophia’s, perhaps a brother or maybe her father. On 1871-01-04, Carl’s named appeared (along with many others) attached to the following advertisement in the Nelson Examiner and New Zealand Chronicle requesting rep-

7 Figure 2: Marriage certiﬁcate for Carl and Sophia.

8 Year Assessment Equivalent property value 1859 HOFMANN not listed 1861 3 s. 4 p. £40 1862 3 s. 4 p. £40 1869 2 s. 6 p. £30 1871 4 s. 2 p. £50 1873 4 s. 2 p. £50

Figure 3: Road rates assessments for Carl HOFMANN.

1869-02-15 Name: Frederick STEINHAUSER (adult) Addr: Dassons [Dassow?], Mecklenburg, Schwerin Sureties: C. HOFMANN and J. B. C. DUCKER

1869-02-15 Name: Christian DICKMAN, wife and family Addr: Gravesmuhler, Mecklenburg, Schwerin Sureties: J. B. C. DUCKER and C. HOFMAN

Figure 4: Applications for assisted immigration to Nelson. resentation by Sir David MONRO. The advertisement ran for several weeks in that newspaper. It is interesting because the election of MONRO forms a bit of controversy in New Zealand political history.

TO SIR DAVID MONRO SIR—We the undersigned Electors of Motueka, conscious of the importance of being efﬁciently represented in the ensuing Parliament, will feel gratiﬁed by your becom- ing a Candidate for our District; and in the event of your complying with out wishes, we will use our best endeavours to secure your Election.

A response was carried in the same papers:

TO HENRY REDWOOD, Esq., and the other Gentlemen signing the Requisition. GENTLEMAN—I cannot but feel much ﬂattered by seeing so numerously-signed a requisition to represented you in the next Parliament. I value it all the more that I observe in it the names of many whom I have known for many years, and who were associated with myself in the early work of making a cultivated country out of a wilder- ness. Some months since I had, from various reasons, abandoned all intention of entering the House of Representatives again. I am assured by your kind requisition, that you consider that I may still do you service. I will take an early opportunity of inviting you to listen to my views upon public matters; and if you should be of the same opinion when the day of election arrives, I shall be in the fortunate position of representing the district in which I ﬁrst settled some eight-and-twenty years since; and in the happiness of which, as of the whole colony, I can never cease to feel the greatest interest. I have the honour to be, Gentlemen. You obedient servant, D.MONRO.

MONRO had previously been the Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representa- tives from 1861 to 1870. MONRO contested the Motueka seat in the 1871 elections, and was declared elected. A subsequent petition, however, overturned this result. The committee that made the ruling had a government majority, and some of its ﬁndings have been

9 deemed ‘legally dubious’, with many believing that the decision was taken for political reasons. MONRO nevertheless succeeded in re-entering Parliament through a by-election in Waikouaiti. Like all pioneers Carl had to perform a variety of work. His vocation is variously listed as a builder, carpenter, cabinetmaker, and farmer. It is likely that he built both his houses. In 1874 he worked on the homestead called Kendal Grove when it was owned by Tom HEWETSON. This is known because Carl signed his name and date on a stud within the building. Anna DIERKS kept extensive diaries from 1875 of her time in Moutere. Her diaries contain a few references to the HOFMANNs. On 1875-10-17, Mrs HOFMANN is listed among the sick people she had visited that day. On the 19th her mother visited Mrs HOFF- MAN, noting that her small son is sick. She also notes that on 1877-06-27, C. HOFMANN was elected an elder of the Lutheran church. In 1881, Carl undertook some repair work for the Lutheran congregation. This is known because Carl left a German invoice for the work, Figure 5. Perhaps this was typical of the carpentry work that he undertook and hopefully the damage wasn’t caused by one of his own children.

English translation

Upper Moutere, September 22, 1881

Reckoning

For the Committee of Lutheran Congregation at Sarau from C. Hofmann

School window repaired Chair glued 5 s. 6 p. C. Hofmann

Figure 5: Invoice for work done (courtesy of Merlene BENSEMANN).

Carl appears on the electoral roll from 1893 as ‘Charles HOFMAN, farmer, of Upper Moutere’. Sophia does not appear until 1896, where she is listed as ‘Elizabeth HOFMANN, domestic duties, Upper Moutere’. Women ﬁrst got the right to vote in 1893, and although Sophia did not, at least two of her daughters were registered in 1893. On 1894-11-01, the HOFFMANs were granted lease on Section 3, block IV, Wai-iti. This section was about 59 acres in size. The rate of the lease was 10 s. per acre. This was published in the Colonist (1894-11-02). The Crown Grant of this land was registered in Sophia’s name. This land is situated towards the foot of the Moutere Hill below the Mahana intersection and at a later date passed to members of the BENSEMANN family, as did almost all the land north of the road to the village. Figure 6 is a picture of this house from this location. The photograph was taken while the property was covered in snow. Although it is hard to see much detail, it appears to have been partially two storey. Sophia was said to be a keen member of the choir and several of her grandchildren were musically talented. During World War I, several German families in Moutere slightly changed their names to make them appear less German. Among those to drop a second ‘n’ were BENSE- MANN, BOCKMANN, BOSSELMANN, and HOFMANN. Not all family members made the change and in the case of HOFMANN a second ‘F’ was often inserted. The end result

10 Figure 6: HOFMANN house, Main Road, Upper Moutere. is that when searching historical records it is often fruitful to check all the variants HOF- MAN, HOFFMAN, HOFFMANN, and HOFMANN. Despite this general trend, variations in the name had been occuring for a long time. For example, on Anna Frederike Char- lotte HOFMANN’s birth registration, Carl’s name is rendered ‘Charle HOFFMAN’ while Sophia is ‘Sophia HOFMANN late STEINHAUSER’ giving two different spellings on the same document! Together Carl and Sophia raised a family of six daughters and three sons. These children became known by the Anglicized names of Dora, Charlotte, Polly, Elizabeth, Olga, Charles, Anna, Fred, and Joe. Church records for their births are given in Figure 7. Actu- ally, there are two birth dates recorded for Anna Dorothea HOFFMANN: 1860-06-28 and 1859-06-28. The latter is correct according to her ofﬁcial birth registration. The Lutheran Church records from Upper Moutere are known to be inaccurate. This occurred because in 1886, after serious ongoing disagreement, a Pastor KOWERT left for America taking some of the records with him. It was not until the 1930s that any serious attempt was made to reconstruct the missing records.

birth death Anna Frederike Charlotte HOFMANN 1859 Anna Dorothea HOFMANN 1860-06-28 1952-08-19 Henritta Margretta Elizabeth HOFMANN 1863 Olga Catherina HOFMANN 1865 Charles William Dietrich HOFMANN 1867-10-08 Anna Magdalena HOFMANN 1870-01-17 Mary Ann HOFMANN 1872-01 Friedrich August Gottlieb HOFMANN 1874-06-05 Alfred Joseph HOFMANN 1880-06-12

Figure 7: Lutheran Church birth records (courtesy of Merlene BENSEMANN).

All of Carl and Sophia’s children were born well after birth records were ofﬁcially kept. Various bits of collaborating evidence suggest this list of nine children is complete. The best dates appear in Figure 8. In 1894, Charles HOFFMAN was listed in Wise’s Directory as living at Moutere.

11 birth death Anna Dorothea Elizabeth HOFFMAN 1859-06-28 1950-08-19 Anna Frederike Charlotte HOFFMAN 1860-10-21 1915-06-07 Henriette Margretta Elizabeth HOFMANN 1863-11-18 ?1933-04-04 Olga Catherina HOFMANN 1865-09-16 1954-02-14 Charles William Diedrich HOFFMAN 1867-10-08 1958-08-26 Anna Magdalena HOFFMANN 1870-01-19 1968-11-13 Maria Louise Magdalena Emilia HOFMANN 1871-10-11 1949-08-14 Friedrick August Gottleib HOFFMANN 1874-06-05 1940-04-26 Alfred Joseph HOFMANN 1880-07-06 1959-03-04

Figure 8: Ofﬁcial lifespans of generation 2.

The newspaper Colonist 24 February 1899 includes the following information:

Charles Hoffmann, 68 years of age, 40 years in the Colony, pension of £10 per year. Charlotte Sophy Elizabeth Hoffman, 65 years of age, 40 years in the Colony, full pension of £18 a year.

Women invariably seemed to receive £18, while the rate for men varied from £1 to £18. The value was not related to time in the Colony, since others with a longer time received smaller pensions. Nor was 40 years the minimum, some people with 36 years in the Colony also received a pension. All recipients were at least 65. According to The Reserve Bank inﬂation calculator, £10 in 1889 is the equivalent of $1600 in 2010. We are fortunate to have a letter written by Carl to his son Charles in 1901, just over a year before his death. The letter is reproduced in Figure 9 and transcribed below. English was a second language for Carl, so this letter demonstrates his mastery of English.

Upper Moutere June 4th 1901. Dear Charte! I now sit down to wright a few lines to you and hope this will ﬁnd you all in good health. We was very pleased to get a letter from you and that you are well. We have killed one pig, but we have a little pig to kill later on. If it was so far mother could can over to you and show you to make Wurst. I can do nothing at all as my Reumatisum is not getting better. Mother was ill a good while, but she is better now, and can do some work now, it was good Dora was here that time, or I would not know what to do. My ﬁngers getting stiff so I cant write ? well as formely. We have only one cow now, and ? her at home, we cant fetch the cows now as we used to do. Joe is still in town and learning Carpenter I think it better for him it is not much to do at the moutere. Now I conclude with best love from Mother and myself to you and Lizzie and the Children and remain your loving father C Hofmann

A copy of Carl’s last will and testament was found in Archives New Zealand, Figure 10. It was written just over a month before he died. We do not believe the will is written in Carl’s hand, but possibly that of his daughter Anna Magdalena who is a witness to the will. The will reads:

This is the last Will & Testament of me Charl Hofmann of Upper Moutere in the provincial District of Nelson New Zealand. I give devise & bequeath all my real & personal estate whatsoever & wheresoever situate unto my wife Sopia C. E. Hofmann abosolutely And I appoint my said Wife Sole executrix of this my will. Should my wife die before me I devise & bequeath my homestead property part of Section No 175 — equally to my daughter Dora Hofmann & my son Joseph Hofmann. The property situate on the Moutere Hills being Section No 3 Block IV Wai-iti Survey District.

12 Figure 9: Letter written by Carl HOFMANN in 1901.

13 Figure 10: Last testament of Carl HOFMANN.

14 I leave to my son Joseph Hofmann. In witness whereof I the said Charles Hofmann have hereunto set my hand this 21 Day of September 1902.

Signed Charles Hofmann.

Signed by the testator Charles Hofmann as & for his Last Will & testament in the presence of us who in his presence & at his request & in the presence of each other have hereunto subscribed our names as mitnesses 1 — Edward Albert Ernest Dee 2 — Anna Madgelena Dee.

On 1902-11-12, Sophia assigned the Public Trustee the Executor of the will in her place. The reassignment was witnessed by her son-in-law Albert DEE, Tailor, Nelson. Several postcards written in Sophia’s hand are still kept by various family members. Figure 11 is such a postcard, sent by Sophia to her son Charles on 1911-12-28. It says: Neue jahr gluck¨ [New Years Luck] to all the family from Mutter.¨ Other postcards she wrote were entirely English. We have another possible sample of Sophia’s handwriting, in the form of her last will and testament (Figure 12). As with Carl’s will, we think it is possible that the will was actually written by her daughter Anna Magdalena. The document also contains signatures of two of her daughters, Olga and Anna Magdalena, it says:

Upper Moutere March 22/1916 This is the last Will and Testament of me C S E Hofmann Upper Moutere Nelson NZ After payment of all my just debts funeral & testamentary expenses I give devise? & bequest unto my Daughter Anna Dorathea Elisabeth Hofmann absolutely All my real & personal estate whatsoever & wheresoever situate. And I appoint the public Trustee sole executor of this my will as witness my hand this twenty second day of March 1916. Signed by the testator C S E Hofmann as & for her last will and testament in the presence of us both being present at the same time who in her presence at her request & in the presence of each other have subscribed our names as witnesses [Signed Olga Bridges, Window, Aramoho, Wanganui] [Signed Anna Magdalena Dee, Married, Nelson]

In the probate of her will, there is an affidavit that states: “9. That I am informed by Frederick August Gottleib Hofmann a son of the said deceased, and verily believe that the said deceased was born in Germany of German parents, and had been resident in New Zealand for over sixty years.” Another affidavit by her son-in-law Edward Albert Ernest DEE attests she died “on or about the 8th day of July, 1920, as I am able to depose from having seen her dead body after death.” A third affidavit by Anna Magdalena DEE states:

1. THAT I knew and was well acquainted with the said deceased who died on the 8th day of July, 1920, for many years before and down to the time of her death and that during such period I have frequently seen her write and also subscribe her name to writings, whereby I have become well acquainted with her manner and character of handwriting and subscription and having now carefully perused and inspected the paperwriting now produced and shown to me and marked ‘A’ purporting to be and contain the last Will and testament of the said deceased bearing date the 22nd day of March, 1916, and being subscribed thus ‘C.S.E. Hofmann’ I further make oath that I believe the saud signature ‘C.S.E. Hofmann’ subscribed thereto as aforesaid, to be of the true handwriting of the said deceased. 2. THAT the true and correct name of the said deceased was Sophia Charlotte Elizabeth Hofmann.

15 Figure 11: Postcard penned by Sophia.

Figure 12: Last will and testament of Sophia.

16 There is also some mention of “The War Regulations Act, 1914”. This might have been because of her German ancestry, as this act included provision for forfeiture of enemy estates to the Crown. However, this did not happen in Sophia’s case presumeably because of the length of time she had been in New Zealand. Carl died on 1902-10-30 aged 72 of some kind of rheumatism (Figure 13). Sophia outlived Carl by eighteen years then succumbed to the inﬂuenza epidemic on 1920-07-08, aged 86 (Figure 14). Her exact cause of death was listed as thrombosis of mesenteric artery and cardiac failure. Carl’s death was recorded in the Wanganui Herald, Colonist, and Nelson Evening Mail. He is buried at Plot 24a, Upper Moutere Lutheran Cemetery. Sophia is buried at Plot 24b, Upper Moutere Lutheran Cemetery. Their grave is arranged as in Figure 15. His estate was managed by the Public Trustee with the following notice appearing in the Colonist, 1902-12-06:

In the Administration of the Estate of CHARLES HOFMANN, of Upper Moutere, Carpenter, deceased.

—

It is requested that all amounts payable to this estate be paid to E. P. WATKIS, Dis- trict Agent of the Public Trustee, Nelson, or lodged to the credit of the Public Trustee’s Account at any Postal Money-order Office. All accounts against this estate may be rendered to the Agent of the Public Trustee, as above, on or before WEDNESDAY, the 7th day of January next, on the printed forms, which can be obtained for the purpose from any Agents of this Office. Any account not sent in by the day named may be rejected. J. W. POYNTON, Public Trustee. Public Trust Office, Wellington, 3rd December, 1902.

Upper Moutere Lutheran Cemetery operated from 1867 to 1973. It is situated on the main road at the Upper Moutere village surrounding St. Paul’s Lutheran Church. In the Waimea County, approximately twenty miles from Nelson, on the Nelson-Motueka Inland Highway. There are several mentions of the HOFMANN children in Nelson, Whanganui, and Wellington newspapers. In the 1870s, they are variously reported for their school achievements. Indeed the family seems to do well academically frequently featuring in the top few positions at Sarau School and Nelson College. Later in 1890s right through to the 1910s, there is frequent mention of ‘Miss HOFFMAN’ or ‘Miss HOFFMAN (2)’ on domestic sailings to Wanganui, Wellington, and Greymouth. In March 1895, there must have been a family outing since ‘Mrs HOFFMAN and family (7)’ travelled from Nelson to Wellington on the Rotorua. It is likely that all the HOFMANN children attended Sarau school and some specific academic results were reported in Nelson newspapers. The first schoolroom was built in 1856 on land donated by J. W. C. HEINE before the HOFMANNs arrived. A new schoolroom, Figure 16, was built in 1878. This room served until 1924 when it was replaced with a new building. The 1878 building was then removed and was later destroyed by fire. Carl had a small bible written in German. The cover has been lost, but an initial page is intact with his name and a German inscription, Figure 17. This concludes the information we have pertaining directly to the lives of Carl and Sophia. All their immediate children were born and died in New Zealand, and we now proceed to examine each of the children in turn.

17 18 When and where died: October 30th, 1902, Upper Moutere Name and occupation: Carl Hofmann, Carpenter Sex and Age: Male, 72 years Cause of death: Rheumatic Arthritis Asthenia Duration of illness: Ten months Medical attendant: Henry O’B. Deck, M. B., B. S., May 24, 1902 Name of father: Johann Nicolaus Hofmann Name of mother: Dorothea Phillippine Hofmann formerly Lichtfers Profession of father: Kanzelist Chancery Clerk When and where buried: November 1st, 1902, Upper Moutere Lutheran Cemetery Burial witness: Pastor Thiel, Lutheran Minister Where born: Neuwied, Germany How long in New Zealand: 45 years Where married: Upper Moutere At what age married: 27 years To whom married: Charlotte Sophia Elizabeth Steinhauser Living children: Nine, 3 males, 35, 29, 23; 6 females, 43, 42, 39, 37, 32, 31 Signature of informant: Joseph Heine, Upper Moutere His description: ? (duly authorized in writing) Signature of the registrar: H. A. Tarrant Date of registration: October 31st, 1902

Figure 13: Death certiﬁcate of Carl HOFMANN.

When and where died: 8th July 1920, Upper Moutere Name and occupation: Elizabeth Sophia Hoffmann, manual? ? Sex and Age: Female, 86 years Cause of death: Thrombosis of mesenteric artery, cardiac failure Medical attendant: H. ?. Waskbourne? Name of father: — Steinhauser Name of mother: — Hammerich Profession of father: Bootmaker When and where buried: 10th July 1920, Upper Moutere Cemetery Burial witness: F. Bensemann, H. Bensemann, A. Hart?, ? Where born: Dassow, Germany How long in New Zealand: 62 years Where married: Upper Moutere At what age married: 24 To whom married: Charles Hoffmann Living children: M. 53, 44, 40; F. 61, 57, 55, 50, 38 Signature of informant: ? His description: ajoint? authorized in writing ? the undertakers, Motueka Signature of the registrar: ? Date of registration: July 9, 1920

Figure 14: Death certiﬁcate of Sophia STEINHAUSER.

19 Figure 15: HOFMANN grave Upper Moutere Lutheran Cemetery. Photo courtesy of Colleen WHETTON.

Figure 16: Schoolroom, Sarau School, 1878 [7]. Although no names are mentioned, it is likely some of the younger of the HOFMANN children appear in this photograph.

Figure 17: Bible belonging to Carl HOFMANN.

20 4 Anna Dorothea Elizabeth HOFFMAN

Anna Dorothea Elizabeth HOFFMAN b. 1859-06-28, Moutere – d. 1950-08-19, Nelson

The first daughter of Carl and Sophia went by the name of Dora. She never married and is buried with her parents in Plot 24c, Upper Moutere Lutheran Cemetery. Lutheran Church records mention two birth dates 1859-06-28 and 1860-06-28 for Dora. Her official birth record confirms that the earlier date is correct. As mentioned earlier, some Church records were reconstructed many years after the event. In 1867, she was awarded second prize for the Sixth Class of Upper Moutere School. The 1896 electoral roll describes her as a housemaid living at the Royal Oak Hotel in Wellington. This hotel was destroyed by fire on 1898-12-10 including the loss of two lives. Dora’s name did not appear among the list of those in the building at the time. We know from Carl’s letter in Figure 9 that in 1901 she was helping her mother and father in Moutere. She is listed in the 1926 edition of Wises Postal Directory. She died 1950-08-19 at Ngawhatu Mental Hospital of bronchopneumonia, myocardial degeneration, and senility. It is hard to read, but the bronchopneumonia may have lasted for 14 hours. Her address prior to admission to the hospital appears to have been 238 Hardy Street, Nelson.

5 Anna Frederike Charlotte HOFFMAN

Anna Frederike Charlotte HOFFMAN b. 1860-10-21, Upper Moutere – d. 1915-06-07, Nelson

Isaac (Joe) TAYLOR

21 b. 1850-11-06, Nelson – d. 1916-07-17, Nelson

Carl and Sophia’s second daughter went by the name of Charlotte. She married Isaac TAYLOR on 1881-11-17 and had seven children. The marriage was recorded in the Nelson Evening Mail (1881-11-25):

TAYLOR—HOFMANN.—On November 17, at the residence of the Rev. J. W. L. Heine, Upper Moutere, Isaac Taylor of Washington Valley, Nelson, to Charlotte, second daughter of Mr Charles Hofmann, Upper Moutere. Isaac was the son of Joseph TAYLOR (1815–1896) and Dinah BOWE (1814–1877). Both Joseph and Dinah arrived in Nelson aboard the Thomas Harrison in 1842, although they married only after arrival in New Zealand. Joseph TAYLOR was born in January 1815 at Redford, Nottinghamshire. Joseph lost and eye and an arm in two separate incidents. A whakapapa has been constructed of the descendants of Joseph and Dinah TAYLOR and because of the marriage above, this whakapapa also contains all the descendants of Charlotte. Many of their descendants remained in the Nelson region. Charlotte’s eldest daughter, Mildred, was a ﬂower girl at Anna Magdalena HOFMANN’s wedding. Mildred married Francis Edward DU FEU who came to New Zealand from Jer- sey in the Channel Islands. All the DU FEU family currently in New Zealand are descended from this couple. Isaac TAYLOR may have been present at the death of a colleague. The Colonist (1907- 02-25) carried the following report:

A fatal accident occurred at the works of the Nelson Brick, Pottery, and Tile Com- pany on 31st January, a workman named Alexander Lonsdale Baldero, being killed instantaneously. From the particulars available we learn that Baldero was employed as brakesman at the works, his duty being to apply a hand brake to steady the descent of the trucks loaded with clay as they came down an incline to the mill. Baldero’s station was on an upper ﬂoor and in the same room another workman named Isaac Taylor was employed shovelling clay into the hoppers. Taylor hearing a sudden crash looked round and saw the stand of the brake carried forwa[r]d and Baldero lying near by. Taylor was not more than ten feet away at the time and he had not even his back turned to Baldero, being sideways on to the latter and so sudden was the smash that he did not actually see anything happen. He ran across to Baldero and lifted his head but found him quite dead, death being instantaneous. . . . Charlotte dies of toxaemia, heart failure, and cancer of liver in Nelson Public Hospital on 1915-06-07 and Isaac died in Nelson about a year later on 1916-07-17.

6 Henriette Margretta Elizabeth HOFMANN

Henriette Margretta Elizabeth HOFMANN b. 1863-11-18, Upper Moutere – d. 1933-04-02, Wellington

22 John Robert TAYLOR b. c.1861, ? – d. 1935-11-18, Wellington

Carl and Sophia’s third daughter went by the name of Eliza or Elizabeth. She is the most enigmatic of all the first generation children and details of her life remain sketchy. It had been generally believed that she never married (for example, [5]). No official marriage can be found for her and she does not appear in the New Zealand Genealogical Society marriage index (which indexes NZ marriages from many sources). Further, absence of any death record for her under any variant of the name HOFFMAN meant it was tricky to discover her fate. We now know that she died 1933-04-02 in Wellington Hospital and was buried 1933- 04-04 in Karori Cemetery. Her death certificate is under the name “Elizabeth Henrietta Marguerite TURNER” and lists “John Robert TURNER” as her husband. The listed causes of death include subarachnoid haemorrage (a type of stroke), atheroma, and breast cancer. Her death certificate indicates she married at age 36 meaning she married either very late in 1899 or in 1900. Her usual residence is given as 391 Main Road, Lower Hutt. Finally, the first names of her parents are not listed, only that their surnames were HOFFMAN and that her father was a carpenter. This is somewhat strange as she had plenty of living siblings, including Dora who lived in Wellington. In addition to her official death certificate, a notice was published in The Evening Post 1933-04-03:

TURNER.—On April 2, 1933, at Wellington Hospital, Elizabeth Henrietta Mar- guerite, beloved wife of John Robert Turner, 391 Main Road, Lower Hutt; aged 69 years.

A similar notice appeared, in The Evening Post on 1935-11-18, to mark the death of her husband:

TURNER.—On November 18, 1935, at Wellington, John Robert Turner, late of 391 Main Road, Lower Hutt, beloved husband of the late Elizabeth H. M. Turner; aged 74 years.

No births resulting from this relationship have been identified. However, in John’s will he leaves all his estate to his daughter Jane ELLIOTT. Most like this is her married name, but we have been unable to positively identify any further details about this Jane including whether or not she was a daughter of Henriette, possibly adopted by them, or from some other relationship. There are two registered births for a Henrietta Eliza and John Gemmell TURNER, but this couple is now established to be different from our family members. Only a few other facts are known about Henriette’s life. On 1869-03-31 she was awarded second prize in the Sixth Class at Upper Moutere School. On 1873-12-10 she was awarded second prize in the First Class at Sarau School. Both these prizes are in fact the same school, and only reflects name change of the settlement. There are a few other potential contemporary mentions of John Robert TURNER in The Evening Post. A 1908 appplication to construct a tramway. In 1927 a fine for £1 for failing to notify change of ownership for a motor vehicle.

23 7 Olga Catherina Margaretta HOFMANN

Olga Catherina Margaretta HOFMANN b. 1865-09-16, Upper Moutere – d. 1954-02-14, Whanganui

Clifford Lawrence BRIDGES b. 1865, Auckland – d. 1915, New Zealand

In 1874, Olga was awarded ﬁrst prize in the Third Class at Sarau School. Olga moved to the Manawatu and married Clifford Lawrence BRIDGES on New Years Day 1877. The marriage was noted in the Wanganui Chronicle (1887-01-04):

BRIDGES—HOFMANN.—At Wanganui, on January 1st, by the Rev. Mr Tinsley, Clifford L. Bridges, of Auckland, to Olga Cathrine Hofmann, of Upper Moutere, Nel- son. Auckland and Nelson papers please copy.

They had three sons, Lawrance, Archibald, and Gordon. Laraine SOLE author of Aramoho: the Community on the River (to be published) kindly provided the following notes:

The Bridges built a two-roomed cottage at No 5 London Street—the first dwelling between Kaikokopu Rd and Spier St. Mr BRIDGES arranged for George SMITH to sink a well—water at 350 feet, crystal clear, with enough flow to supply 40 buildings (homes and shops) at £1 p.a. BRIDGES was a keen poultry man, successfully exhibit- ing for many years. Bridges’ shop was built at the corner of Seddon and Kaikokopu. Notes on an old photograph indicate the shop relocated to Ballance St. Finally it was moved with draughthorses and rollers into the shopping centre in Somme Parade. After all their efforts, they could not get one of the rollers out from under the middle of the floor and it had a slight hump in the middle for the next 84 years. Laurie BRIDGES would recall that as a lad he was employed to sell Chronicles on the passenger trains plying between Wanganui and Palmerston North, and Wanganui and New Plymouth. He recalled dashing off down to the railway station with the morning Chronicle to catch the early train to Taranaki or Palmerston North. He and others who did the same job travelled free, sold papers on the trains and threw papers out to houses along the line. They sold the Taranaki paper between Hawera and New Ply- mouth, stayed the night at New Plymouth, and then came down again with the train the next morning. They also sold books as well as papers. Laurie also sold Chronicles on what he called his horse-run out Mosstown way. He would collect the papers early in the morning, ride up Wicksteed St, across to Tayforth and Mosstown then up the sandy hill which is now Parson’s St, down Virginia Road and Halswell St and back home. The shop was enlarged in 1900 and used in the evenings by the Chess Club and Aramoho Druids and probably other organisations. C. L. BRIDGES had the bookstall

24 in the railway station for £7. In addition to selling books he started a hairdressing salon around 1901, and by 1902 was advertising his hairdresser was an “up to date professor of the Tonsorial Art.” Lawrence BRIDGES took over the business from his father in 1905 advertising himself as a hairdresser, tobacconist and news agent. He had learned the hairdressing trade with a Mr SMIDT in Victoria Avenue before starting on his own account at Aramoho. He married Annie YOUNG in 1909 and Annie ran the business while Laurie was on service overseas during WWI. In this time she stayed in Putiki with her parents and used to bike to the shop with her small daughter Joan. After the war the business was described as being well-appointed, with two modern chairs. The shop carried a well-assorted stock of tobacco, cigarettes, cigars, pipes, etc., also newspapers, magazines, and stationery, and as in previous years was the social centre of Aramoho, as like his father, Laurie took a keen interest interest in all local affairs, and was a member of several social clubs. Laurie was the patron of the Aramoho Rowing Club and up to his death donated prizes for their annual prize giving. He also had a long association with the Aramoho Swimming and Cricket Clubs. The business was taken up by Doug BRIDGES, Laurie’s son who ran it with the same enthusiasm his father and grandfather had shown. Even after he sold the business he retained a keen interest in it and often called in to chat to the new owners. Ken and Moira McGIFFERD took over the buisiness in 1973 and relocated it into the new shopping centre when the old shops were demolished. They in turn sold Graeme MANSON: Aramoho Mags and Lotto. Jan 1914 Mr. BRIDGES, of Aramoho, has earned considerable distinction by pos- sessing “Aramoho Bob,” the champion of the dog shows of the coast, and also champion prize birds at poultry shows. Mr. BRIDGES is now adding another department to his live stock industry, namely, that of breeding pigeons for table use. Pigeon pies have developed wonderfully in Australia and America, and Mr. BRIDGES has determined that Wanganui will be able to have its share in the delicacy. The young pigeons are so fat when they leave the nest that they are ready for the dish. Mr. BRIDGES imported a few birds and they have proved such proliﬁc breeders that his feathered family has increased by a few hundred per cent, in six months. Roberta (Bette) HYATT nee´ MUTIMER added:— Aramoho was a great place to live in. I remember going to Evensong with my parents when I stayed weekends with them. I remember the awful brown hat I had to wear, hats always being worn to church in those days. I enjoyed the Girl Guides meeting at the Methodist Hall learning all sorts of things. Afterwards we would buy a penny bag of broken biscuits from the Maypole Shop. Guide camps were a lot of fun. When the river was in ﬂood my father and mates used to haul in the logs and leave them to dry before sawing them up on the saw bench and stowing the wood for winter and mum’s copper on washing day. My grandfather, L. E. BRIDGES, an old identity of Aramoho, had the newsagent and hairdresser and tobacconist business for many, many years. We could guarantee a packet of gum to chew when we called into the shop on our way home from work, and at times a free read of some comics. We used to go to the pictures every Saturday afternoon for free as the Duchess Theatre booking plans were at the shop. As a lad Grandad helped deliver the papers on the train to New Plymouth. He rowed for Aramoho and his brother Arch swam in the bridge-to-bridge race. Rowing was fantastic to watch, especially the eights which we followed down the riverbank on our bikes. Grandad was patron of the Rowing Club and our school. One year he had the pleasure of presenting my elder brother Jim with a prize for Dux of the school. Grandad donated a prize every year. He also once a month went to the orphanage at Gonville and cut the orphans hair for free. My grandmother Annie BRIDGES was a wonderful person and baked bread, scones and savouries. This was not only for her family. She used to organise suppers with piles of sandwiches every week for card evenings at Hylton Hall, and card afternoons at her home in Ballance St to raise money for charities. She would cook hot meals at the shop during the week for anyone who was there. She would cycle round to the shop with a

25 basket full of food to prepare for the meal and cycle home after. She helped any person who needed it. Nothing was too much trouble for her—a real gem. Aramoho School was a lovely school. We left home at 8:00 am each morning and walked from Barrack St, picking up others on our way, arriving at the gates just before the first bell rang. It was quite a way and when it was wet, we went by tram for one penny. There was a huge front lawn where we performed folk dancing and practised Red Cross and lifesaving and sports. Nearly each year our school picnics were up-river where we were taken by paddle steamers. The school had beautiful swimming baths which were used every day in summer. Sometimes after school my girlfriends and I would sit on a bench at the railway station to watch the steam trains coming and going, letting off clouds of steam and getting a thrill when the driver sounded the whistle, then running madly to the crossing to see the train curve around the bend and over the bridge by the river. Some weekends we would visit friends on a farm at Raorikia. The men would go hunting in the hills while the women baked, chattered and cooked a big meal for their return. All the kids got on famously and had heaps to occupy them, like netting fresh water crayfish—only baby ones—and catching eels, playing cricket—all sorts. We would sing around the piano and later the adults would play cards. There was a deep gorge where we could have a swim if it was very hot. I loved collecting samples of plants and mosses to give morning talks to my class. I was taught to ride a horse and fall off. Those were the days! The beautiful blossom trees growing along the banks of the river were a big temp- tation. Occasionally during spring, Mum would be horrified to see me come through the door with an armful of pink and white gorgeous blooms. They were swiftly put into vases and hidden in the front room. Why? Because there was a fine for picking them! We loved the pepper trees which we climbed looking for the big fat Australian moth caterpillars with different coloured tufts down their backs. We had them crawling all over our arms then into shoe boxes to form cocoons to emerge as huge soft furry moths. The Kaikokopu Stream was the one we as children always went eeling in—also where we used to catch kokopu, the fresh water native fish.

Clifford was a bankrupt, Figure 18.

Figure 18: Clifford bankruptcy discharge application, Wanganui Herald, 1904-10-06.

Gordon married Mary (Mollie) Campbell QUINLAN in 1910 and they had a son and two daughters. The three children formed the Bridges Trio and were well-known in the New Zealand and Australian musical scene from the 1930s. The following item from the Evening Post, 1930-06-30 is a typical report of their early performances:

26 MUNICAPAL TRAMWAYS BAND Last evening, in St. James Theatre, the Tramways Band gave their sixth recital before a crowded house. A special feature of the concert was the engagement of the Bridges trio from Wanganui. Miss Francis Bridges played the xylophone, Miss Nancy Bridges the violin, and Mr Clifford Bridges the piano. Their ﬁrst number was a trio entitled “Jolly Robbers.” They had to respond twice with “Lonesome Little Doll” and “Painting the Clouds,” and then gave a trio with their steel guitars, “South Sea Rose” and “Forget me Not.” Both numbers delighted the audience. Miss Francis Bridges gave a splendid xylo solo entitled “La Belle Helene,” and for a recall a duet was beautifully played, “Mack and Mack.” Mrs. Ody (contralto) sang “My Ain Folk” and “Curly Headed Baby.” Mr. E. C. Glading (baritone) was heard to advantage in “Arise, O Sun,” and “Friend of Mine.” The band, under Mr. Franklin, gave a well-chosen programme, as follows: Hymn, selected; quartet, “Rigoletto,” and selection, “Pathetique,” played in three parts. Prior to the concert a gramophone recital was given by Messrs. Will Gordon, Ltd, Mr. J. Haydock was at the piano.

The son, Clifford, served as a ﬁghter and bomber pilot in the RAF as the following article indicates (provenance unknown):

LANDED IN TURKEY FORMER WANGANUI AIRMAN MEMBER OF BRIDGES TRIO A member of the well-known Bridges trio, Warrant-Officer Clifford Bridges, formerly of Wanganui, who is serving as a bomber pilot with the R.A.F., was shot up and chased by two German fighters during an operational flight over German occupied ter- ritory. He was subsequently posted as missing, but in the meantime had safely landed his damaged aircraft in Turkey. The bomber was shelled for two hours before Warrant-Officer Bridges could estab- lish his identity. Eventually, he landed at Istanbul at two o’clock in the morning, using the headlamps of motor transports for a flight path. Then the Turks gave Warrant-Officer Bridges and his crew—two Englishmen, two Scotsmen and a New Zealander—a great welcome. After being feted and officially interned for two weeks they were allowed to return to the Middle East. It is three years since Warrant-Officer Bridges enlisted and left a bright musical career as a member, with this two sisters, of the Bridges Trio. The Trio is now an all- girl combination, Nancye and Babe Bridges, with Rosemary Driscoll, under contract to the Tivoli Circuit, which has theatres in Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide and Brisbane. The trio has proved popular in professional and charitable entertainments. Mrs. Bridges and family now live in Rose Bay, Sydney. They left Wanganui nine years ago, and have just returned to Rose Bay after playing 10 weeks in Brisbane, two weeks of which were spent on a 200-mile bond-selling tour of Queensland with the American comedian, Will Mahoney. They travelled by Army staff car War bonds to the value of ? ? during the tour.

The State Library of New South Wales holds writings by Nancye BRIDGES amounting to 1.48 metres of material including diaries, manuscripts, poems (with pseudonym N. M. QUINLAN) and sound recordings. Summary notes:

Nancye Margaret BRIDGES, variety artist, concert entrepreneur and author was born in Wanganui, New Zealand on 12 December 1922, daughter of Gordon Francis BRIDGES and his wife Mary. She was educated at St Mary’s Convent, Wanganui and at the NSW Conservatorium of Music, where she attained the level of Licentiate of the Trinity College of London, in violin. Nancye BRIDGES’ career as an entertainer began in New Zealand as a member of the Bridges Trio, with Nancye playing violin, her sister Babe [Frances], harp, and brother Clifford, piano. The Trio also performed a unique act where all three played the maribma (a 2.5m xylophone). While still teenagers, the Trio began broadcasting recitals of popular music from radio station 2YA, Wellington. The family moved to Australia in the late 1930s following the death of father, Gordon. With the assistance of entrepreneur Sir Benjamin FULLER, the Trio entered the Australian

27 variety and broadcasting scene, playing on the Tivoli and other circuits for twelve years. They broadcast for the Australian Broadcasting Commission and Nancye had her own light music show, ‘The After Dinner Show’, on radio 4QG, Brisbane. Clifford enlisted in the RAAF during World War II and did not return to the Trio. He was replaced by Rosemary RAIELLA [DRISCOLL]. Nancye and Babe toured the variety theatres of and broadcast in Britain for four years from 1951, also touring Germany and the Nether- lands. They returned to Australia in 1957 and continued playing the Tivoli Circuit in addition to giving club and television performances. Nancye began her entrepreneurial activities in the 1970s. She staged the ﬁrst performances of ballet and opera in NSW clubs, and organised and produced the Festival of the People, for the Sydney Waratah Festival in 1971 and 1972. The BRIDGES sisters ceased performing on the club and variety circuit in 1975, when Nancy began organising Old Fashioned Shows at the Syd- ney Opera House and in Brisbane, Canberra and provincial centres, using such veteran performers as Queenie PAUL, Buster NOBLE and Jenny HOWARD. In 1975 Nancye founded Concertcare. Funded by the Community Arts Board of the Australia Coun- cil, Concertcare staged concerts for the sick, elderly and disadvantaged in hospitals, nursing homes and shelters, until 1987. Special guests such as Queenie ASHTON and Smoky DAWSON were engaged, as well as regular professional artists. Bridges wrote two books with journalist Frank CROOK: Curtain Call [3], about Australia’ variety and musical stars from the 1920s to the 1960s and Wonderful Wireless (1983), reminis- cences of the stars of Australia’s live radio. The story of the Sydney Showboats was a work in progress at the time of her death. Bridges received two awards in 1986: the Order of Australia Medal, General Division, for services to the community, and the 1986 Archbishop of Sydney Citation for an outstanding contribution to quality enter- tainment furthering Christian ideals in the media. Nancye BRIDGES died in Sydney on 15 November 1998.

In the Prologue of Curtain Call [3], Nancye explains how she and her siblings entered showbiz:

‘DON’T put your daughter on the stage, Mrs Worthington’ was the plea of Noel Coward that my mother failed to heed. She didn’t have a drop of showbiz in her blood but she loved the theatre. She went to New Zealand and married a businessman whose family, again, was entirely non-showbiz. My father died when my brother [Clifford] and I were very young, and three months before my sister, Babe [Frances], was born. As we grew older, my mother and aunt took us to every musical and theatrical performance that visited our home city, Wanganui. Mum always booked four front row seats, one each for herself and Aunt Margaret, with we three and our cousin, Alex, squashed two to a seat. [Almost certainly these are relations on the QUINLAN side.] My ﬁrst appearance was at the age of seven when I was invited on stage to hold part of a trick for the magician, Carter the Great. I received a box of chocolates for my efforts. That seemed to spur Mum on. We were sent to the best teachers of dancing, music and elocution. She was laying plans of which we were entirely unaware. On a holiday trip to Auckland we went to a Humphrey Bishop Musical Show and were dazzled by a man who played the xylophone with amazing dexterity. In the middle of a particularly fast routine, the top of a hammer ﬂew off into the audience. Babe scrambled to pick it up and handed it back to the great man on stage. That small incident sealed our fate. Mum studied xylophone and marimba literature and imported the biggest possible marimba from Deagan in Chicago. Babe had to stand on a high box to play it. Even- tually the three of us played it simultaneously, an assured applause-getter later in our musical variety act. In 1942, a few years after we had come to Sydney to ‘try our luck’, we were playing in a big Red Cross Charity Show at the Theatre Royal on the same bill as. . . you guessed it. . . Noel Coward, the very man whose advice Mum had disregarded to good effect.

28 8 Charles William Dietrich HOFMANN

Charles William Dietrich HOFMANN b. 1867-10-08, Upper Moutere – d. 1958-08-28, Whanganui

Elizabeth Cecilia ANDREW b. 1869-04-23, Takaka – d. 1931-02-10

The Lutheran Church in Upper Moutere recorded a marriage between Charles and Louisa KARIZIGON on 16 September 1886. However, the ofﬁcial marriage record indicates this marriage was for a different Charles HOFMANN. Most likely this represents an error in reconstructed church records.

16 September 1886, Wellington. Charles Hofmann, age 48, bachelor, a cook, from Hamburgh Germany, son of Ludwick Hofmann and Mary Hofmann (formerly Smith) married Louisa Karizigon, age 40, a widow from Prussia, daughter of Christian Karizigon and Rozina Karizigon (formerly Adam).

The correct marriage took place on 1890-04-08 in Wellington. Charles married Eliza- beth Cecilia ANDREW daughter of Robert ANDREW and Ann SMITH. Robert and Ann came to New Zealand under the Assisted Immigrants scheme on the Queen of the Avon 1 arriving in Nelson on 1859-07-27. They arrived in New Zealand with one son who was 1 2 at the time. Robert and Ann had a total of six children, but Robert was not a great father. Ann accidently suffocated during an epiletic ﬁt in 1877 at the Nelson lunatic asylum when Elizabeth was only ten years old. Robert had up and left so the children were fostered out. It is thought Elizabeth might have been in the care of a CAMPBELL family. In July 1896, Charles registered a complaint with the Manawatu County Council claim- ing that the pound keeper had impounded a horse owned by him. At the Council meeting, it was decided the pound keeper should be written to and an explanation requested. Charles was sometimes called Charlie and worked as a newsagent for the Herald. Sev- eral times he was voted Chairman at various political meetings. He was active on the Aramoho School Committee and on at least one occasion complained about the smell of a nearby meat works (Wanganui Chronicle, 1900-04-03 and Wanganui Herald, 1900-04-20):

Aramoho, 2nd April 1900. To the Chairman and members of the Waitotara County Council. Gentlemen,—

We would inform you that the smell from the deposits from the Aramoho Meat Works has continued very offensive in our neighbourhood on several occasions during the last week when the wind was in our direction. Besides, the other places we would particularly mention a very offensive deposit placed in the old Shed, and we are much

29 disappointed at this being allowed to remain after the resolutions come to at the last meeting of you Council. We are, Gentlemen, Yours respectfully, John T. Stewart H. A. Lomax John Walker John Walker, Sen., H. C. Field H. M. Rockell A. Brandon D. Harding T. J. Johns C. W. Hoffman Sam. T. Fitzherbert J. Randal.

In April 1901, he was trying to sell two purebred Minorcoa Cockerels for 5 s. each. In August 1905, he had a cow for sale, which he described as a “quiet cow, coming into proﬁt, good milker”. Charles was noted for his gardening ability. In 1903 he won a prize for this Giant Rocco onions and a second prize for his sweet peas. The following snippet is taken from the Wanganui Herald on 1906-02-28:

We were shown to-day a very fine sample of tubers, dug from the roots of the famous “Northern Star” potato, by Mr C. W. Hoffman, Kaitoke. From five pounds of seed Mr Hoffman dug over two hundred weight of potatoes all marketable with the exception of five pounds at the outside. The specimen tubers shown to us were most excellent in appearance and may be seen in Messrs J. Laird and Sons shop window in the Avenue.

His son Wilfred operated a well-known red bus until his untimely death in 1928. After his death Charles appears to have taken over running the bus. At some point, some competition started up and Charles hatched and carried out a plan to blow up the competition’s bus. Charles was tried and sentenced to reformative detention. From the Evening Post, 3 June 1932:

MOTOR BUS WRECKED TERRIFIC EXPLOSION (By Telegraph.—Press Association.) WANGANUI, 2nd June. A twenty-seater empty motor-omnibus, owned by Mr. L. S. Weld, proprietor of the Royal Bus Service, was wrecked by an explosion at 6.35 p.m. this evening, when standing outside No. 6, Grey street, Marton. The roof of the bus was blown off, the side blown out, and all the windows shat- tered, but the petrol tank and engine were undamaged. The terriﬁc force of the explosion left a hole in the road.

From the Evening Post, 27 June 1932:

RIVAL BUSES FOUL PLAY ALLEGED A CHARGE OF BOMBING (By Telegraph.—Press Association.) MARTON, This Day At the Marton Court to-day Charles W. Hoffman was charged that on 2nd June he blew up the bus of his opponent, L. S. Weld, on the Marton to Palmerston run, and also had in his possession a bomb with intent to to [sic] commit a crime.

30 Twenty-six witnesses are to be heard. Only four have so far been disposed of. L. S. Weld said the Hoffman had made efforts to put him off the road. He had found sugar in the benzine tank of his bus. Three other witnesses said that Hoffman had made threats to blow up or burn the bus. “If he can’t be got by fair means, he can be got by foul,” was one statement Hoffman allegedly made, while two of the witnesses told of an offer made to them if they would burn the bus.

From the Evening Post, 27 June 1932:

BUS WRECKED RESULT OF RIVALRY BOMBING ADMITTED (By Telegraph.—Press Association.) MARTON, 27th June On the evening of Thursday, 2nd June, a terriﬁc explosion caused by a gelignite charged badly wrecked an empty 20-seater motor-bus left unattended in Grey street Marton, by its driver, Mr. L. S. Weld, proprietor of the Royal Bus Service, operating between Palmerston North and Marton. So great was the detonation that a hole was blown in the road. One side of the vehicle was forced out, and the front seat was hurled out on to the roadway. The explosion was heard over a wide area, and considerably startled residents. The sequel was heard in the Marton Police Court to-day, when Charles W. Hoffman, aged 65, formerly proprietor of an opposition bus service, pleaded guilty to a charge of blowing up the bus, and also with having in his possession a bomb, with intent to commit a crime on the night of the explosion. Detective Barling, of Palmerston North, detailed a search which he made of the accused’s premises on the night of the explosion. He found a bomb, a coil of fuse, a plug of gelignite, and other articles. Hoffman later denied having explosives, but when shown them he said he had bought the detonators and fuse twelve years ago. He said the gelignite and wrappings must have been placed in his garage to put the blame on him. DISCOVERY OF A NOTE Constable H. J. Thompson said that he immediately went to Hoffman’s house after the explosion. Hoffman was not at home, but a little later he found him riding a push- cycle without a light. He said he had been to the station to see a friend off; he would [not] give the name of the friend. Two days after the explosion the accused was arrested, and when he was searched a note in Hoffman’s handwriting was found as follows:— “To the Marton police: The writer of this note wishes to say that Mr. Hoffman is not responsible for the blowing up of the bus. I also placed gelignite in his shed.” Handwriting experts gave evidence regarding the note, while several witnesses de- posed that they had not seen Hoffman at or near the railway on the night of the explosion. William Ivory, inspecting ordnance ofﬁcer of the Defence Department, said that he had examined the fuse found in the accused’s house, and a piece of fuse found at the scene of the explosion. The structure of both pieces was identical. Constable Hercock said that the accused was in his charge in the police station on the night of the occurrence for some hours. In the course of conversation he made the following remarks: “Weld has done his best to ruin me; he has nearly done it.” “The lousy —— deserves all that is coming to him if his bus is blown up.” “I didn’t do it. I admit I have threatened to do it. But whoever did it would be in sympathy with me.” The accused pleaded guilty and was committed for sentence, bail being refused. The charge under the Arms Act was withdrawn.

From Auckland Star, 28 June 1932:

BLOWING UP A BUS. MAN ADMITS ATTEMPT RIVAL OWNER’S PROPERTY.

31 REMARKABLE MARTON CASE (By Telegraph—Special to “Star.”) MARTON, this day. Early on the evening of June 2 the residents of Marton were startled by an explosion in Grey Street, which is about 500 yards from the main business area, and it was later as- certained that a bus used by Mr. L. S. Weld on his Palmerston North-Marton service had been practically wrecked. On the following Monday morning Charles William Hoff- man, proprietor of an opposition bus service, appeared in Court charged with having in his possession a bomb. Hoffman was later charged in Wanganui with having blown up the bus, and in the Marton Court yesterday he appeared before Messrs. F. C. Wilson and E. J. Wilde, J.P.’s, to answer both charges. He pleaded guilty. Lance Sydney Weld, owner of the wrecked bus, said he had been in Hoffman’s employ for two years on the Palmerston North run, being put off owing to Hoffman’s desire to save money. He commenced a run on his own account, and some six months after had occasion to complain to Hoffman about the latter’s driving, threatening to report the matter to the inspector. Hoffman made an insulting remark. The police had previously interrogated Hoffman concerning sugar placed in witness’ petrol tank. Hoffman had appealed to the Transport Board against the licensing of Weld’s bus, but lost, and acting on information received after this witness parked his bus in a garage overnight, his practice prior to this being to leave it standing outside his residence. About 6.15 on the night of the happening he left his bus outside the house, and during his tea heard a deafening explosion, coming out to ﬁnd the bus practically wrecked and a peculiar smell about it. In answer to the police Weld said that he had carried no explosives, and there was no suggestion of the explosion being caused by the benzine, as the tank itself was intact.

Previous Threats.

Clarence Howlett, aged 17, who had been working for Hoffman up to June 2, told the Court that Hoffman was always threatening to blow up Weld’s bus. “He told me that he had two sticks of gelignite to put in Weld’s bus,” continued witness, “and once he said it was then too moonlight to blow it up, and that he would have to wait till the next month.” Hoffman had also said that he would ruin Weld, and having tried fair means he was going to use foul. Cross-examined, witness said that Hoffman took him into his confidence about blowing up Weld’s bus. He denied counsel’s suggestion that he did not take it seriously. Lloyd Silvester Signal, motor mechanic, said he had found sugar in Weld’s benzine tank, and explained the damage it might have done. Witness had attended the Transport Board sitting, and that day Hoffman came up to him and said: “— liar. I’ll fix him yet—robbing my living.” Accused walked towards Weld and pointed at him. He was in a rage abd his teeth were bared. Seymour Ensom, mechanic, said he had done work for Hoffman at various times, but ceased because Hoffman asked him to burn Weld’s bus. Witness considered Weld was an obsession with Hoffman. Frank Fawcett, lorry driver, related how Hoffman approached him one morning in October, 1930, saying: “You are not getting much work these days. I know where you can earn £5 in three minutes. You know that other — on the Palmerston North run is poisoning me. Will you go and burn Weld’s bus? There is a two-gallon tin of benzine ready. Just pour it on the bus and set fire to it.” Hoffman practically repeated the request later on. Witness said he refused.

What Detectives Found.

Detective Barling said that, with Senior Detective Quirke, he searched the bus and later the residence of accused. He discovered a bomb (produced) in an outbuilding of Hoffman’s house, while a search of another building revealed a coil of fuse, one end of which was old and the other apparently new. Five plugs of gelignite and a tin containing detonators were also found there, and were in a clean condition, whereas the other articles in the shed were dusty. Hoffman denied having explosives in his

32 possession, but on being shown what the detectives found, he denied knowledge of these, and then said he had purchased them in Wanganui some years before to blow up a stump in his garage. The gelignite he denied all knowledge of, and said it must have been placed in the garage to put the blame on him. Constable Thompson said that while he and Senior Detective Quirke were searching Hoffman, the latter tried to tear up a piece of paper. The paper, much crumpled, was addressed to the Marton police, and read: “The writer of this note wishes to say that Mr. Hoffman is not responsible for the blowing up of the bus. I also placed gelignite in his shed.” This note had been written by Hoffman.

“Gelignite or Dynamite.”

William Ivory, inspecting ordannce ofﬁcer of the Defence Department, said he inspected an aluminium container, alleged by the police to have been a bomb. He sawed off the top and found it contained blasting powder, which weighed two pounds. It was so made as to indicate that the maker was not ignorant of the elementary principles of blasting powder. On examining a hole, said to have been made where the explosion took place, and also the wrecked bus, he did not think that this damage could have been done by an instrument of the type produced in Court. This and the evidence relating to the smell at the scene of the explosion inclined him to the belief that gelignite or dynamite were the explosives employed. The bomd produced in Court would have demolished the motor shed and also done considerable damage to the house and other buildings in the vicinity. After much other police evidence the case for the prosecution was closed. Asked if he had anything to say, Hoffman said in a scarcely audible voice. “No,” and pleaded guilty.

Bail Refused.

Counsel suggested that the charge of being in possession of a bomb be withdrawn, also the subsequent charge under the Arms Act. The three charges had been taken together, but the charge of blowing up the bus overshadowed the others. The charge under the Arms Act was withdrawn, and counsel then made an application for bail, pointing out that Hoffman was in ill-health. Senior Detective Quirke opposed bail, saying that the man was dangerous. The Bench: If it were a matter of accused remaining in gaol for some considerable time awaiting sentence while in a state of ill-health we would have considered bail, but as it is we take a serious view of this bombing business, and must refuse bail. Accused will be committed to the Supreme Court, Wellington, for sentence on two charges.

From the Evening Post, 5 July 1932: BUS BLOWN UP MARTON SENSATION PRISONER’S DENIAL DETENTION ORDERED

Although he had pleaded guilty at Marton to charges of wilfully placing an explo- sive in a bus and being knowingly in possession of a bomb, with intent to commit a crime, Charles William Hoffman, aged 65, denied the offences when he appeared before Mr. Justice Blair in the Supreme Court to-day for sentence. Reformative detention for a period of three years was ordered. Counsel said that, while he realized the gravity of the offences, they were materially mitigated by the circumstances. Hoffman’s previous character had been unblemished. He had been carrying on a bus service between Marton and Palmerston North, and after the dismissal of the driver had taken on the driving himself. A rival service was then established by the former driver, and from that time onwards the rivalry developed into hatred on Hoffman’s part. One misfortune followed another, and the hatred became an obsession. During the last few years Hoffman’s bus had been tampered with on numerous occasions.

33 His Honour: “The evidence shows that the other bus was tampered with.” Counsel: “Yes, but I understand his own bus was tampered with, too.” His Honour: “Where do you get that from?” Counsel: “I am only repeating my instructions.”

“Veiled Imputations.”

“There is no evidence of that,” remarked his Honour. “The only source of that information is the prisoner himself. I won’t listen to imputations, veiled though they are, coming from an accused person against a third person. From my point of view, it is not helpful, and it won’t help the prisoner.” Counsel went on to say that the rival’s licence had been renewed while Hoffman had been unable to renew his and had appealed unsuccessfully. The obsession became overwhelming, and, to a certain extent, his mind was affected, leading him to commit the offences.

“An Innocent Man.”

Speaking from the dock, the prisoner asserted that he had never placed any explosives in the bus and was fully a mile and a half from the scene of the explosion when it occurred. He could not understand how the explosives came to be in the shed where he was working. He had told the police at Marton that he was being brought to Wellington an innocent man. He knew of two men who had expressed their intention of destroying the bus and he had had an uphill ﬁght trying to dissuade them. His Honour said that as far as he was concerned the prisoner had pleaded guilty, although he was free to have the case tried in the ordinary way if he wanted to. It was quite probable there was another explanation of the case, because it was an ex- traordinary affair which seemed almost inexplicable. The placing of gelignite in the bus involved not only the damage to the vehicle itself, but the explosion might well have happened when people were passing and a large number might have been injured. There were mental aspects in the case which made it explainable, and he would frame the sentence so that the matter could be reviewed from time to time by the Prisons Board. Hoffman was sentenced to three years’ reformative detention on each charge, the terms to be concurrent.

The incident was also reported in the Australian press, appearing in at least the Cairns Post and Townsville Daily Bulletin. Thus Charles achieved international notoriety. When he could not afford to buy a pipe, Charles, aged 73, made his own:

When he could not get a pipe for love of money, a 73-year-old New Plymouth resident, Mr. C. Hoffman, set to work and made himself one. Choosing closely-grained honeysuckle, he cut and ﬁnished a bowl that when varnished had all the appearance of a shop-made article—and better smoking qualities, according to its owner, than most pipes that can be bought these days. This pipe has been in use for many weeks now.

Charles died on 1958-08-26 at the Wellington Public Hospital. His cause of death is listed as bilateral bronchopneumonia, 4 days; chronic bronchitis, many years; congestive heart failure, many years; fractured neck of left femur, 5 weeks. Elizabeth had died in 1931. Charles and Elizabeth had seven children. One, Horace HOFFMAN, lived only thirteen days. Wilfrid Conrad HOFFMAN died in 1928 of pneumonia. The other ﬁve children appear in Figure 19. The children appear in contemporary school records in Whanganui. The children attended Aramoho School and Kaitoke School. All the children frequently were near the top of their class. Bernard is remembered fondly by a large part of the family and after his wife Alice died he travelled frequently making contact with lots of family. Bernard lost two of his ﬁngers and would tell various stories about how that happened, but the likely truth is that they were lost while working in a biscuit factory some time before World War II.

34 Bernard Carl HOFFMAN, Elizabeth Cecilia HOFFMAN, Norman Rodger HOFFMANN, Gwendolyn HOFFMAN, Albert Steinhouse HOFFMAN

Figure 19: Children of Charles and Elizabeth HOFFMAN.

9 Anna Magdalena HOFMANN

Anna Magdalena HOFMANN b. 1870-01-19, Upper Moutere – d. 1968-11-13, Nelson

Edward Albert Ernest DEE b. 1869-09-03, Nelson – d. 1950-08-27, Nelson

Anna married Edward Albert Ernest DEE, son of Edward William DEE and Lydia ORGAN. E. W. DEE had arrived in New Zealand on the Cresswell along with Carl and Sophia. The marriage was on 1896-04-06 at the Baptist Church in Nelson. They had four children. An account of their marriage was useful in piecing together some of the family history [Nelson Evening Mail (7 April 1896)]:

Mr Ernest Dee, fourth son of Mr E. W. Dee, was married at the Baptist Church, Nelson, yesterday to Miss Hoffman, daughter of Mr Hoffman, builder, of Moutere. The Rev R. S. Gray performed the ceremony, and Miss Dee, organist at the Church and sister to the bridegroom, played the “Wedding March.” The bridesmaids were the Misses Hoffman (2), sisters to the bride, and the ﬂower girls were Mildredth Taylor, neice [sic] of the bride, and Lydia Dee, neice of the bridegroom. The best man was

35 Mr W. Dee. After the marriage the party were driven to Mr Hoffman’s at the Moutere, where the wedding breakfast was held, 50 guests being present. The newly married couple have gone on a visit to Motueka and Takaka for the honeymoon tour. The bride was beautifully dressed in ivory silk crepon´ trimmed with laces and ribbons to match, and the bridesmaids and flower-girls worn fawn and brown. The bride carried a handsome bouquet of white chrysanthemums and maidenhair ferns. The wedding presents came from all parts of New Zealand, from old friends and new, and they form a useful and valuable collection. Anna and Ernest had four children, three of whom remained in the Nelson area. The eldest Ken spent time in the military and married in England. When Ken died in 1928, his only child, Noreen, was bought up by other family members. Anna died 1968-11-13 at Shangri La Hospital in Tahunaui of cerebral thrombosis at the venerable age of 98. Her husband Edward had died in 1950. Misfortune struck the family, when one of Anna’s granddaughters was accidently killed [Evening Post, 1934-10-01]: CHILD’S DEATH RUN OVER BY LORRY DRIVER EXONERATED An inquest was held at Lower Hutt on Saturday afternoon by the Coroner, Mr. E. Gilbertson, into the circumstances of the death of Yvonne Ann Dawson, aged five, who was knocked down by a motor-lorry in High Street, Lower Hutt, on Friday morning after alighting from a bus, and died shortly afterwards. Mr. G. Findlay represented the driver of the lorry, E. A. King. Senior-Sergeant G. Sivyer represented the police. Constable R. G. Jones said that the child was dead when he arrived at the scene of the accident. King was perfectly sober. The skid mark of the lorry was 18 ft 9 in [5.7 m] to the point of impact and 18 ft after it. The lorry was on the correct side of the road. It was raining, and the road was greasy. Dr. H. W. Nash said that the girl was suffering from severe shock and internal hemorrhage. The father of the child, Mr. H. W. Dawson, said that he had often advised the child not to run across the road without looking for traffic. George Bernard Jackson, bus-driver, stated that on the morning of the accident he pulled up at the intersection of High Street and Boulcott Street to let children alight. The little girl was about the first to leave. He told the children to go round the back of the bus, but the little girl ran round the front. It was raining, and the girl had her head down. He saw a motor-lorry approaching at about 25 m.p.h. about 20 yards away, and he sounded his horn to draw the driver’s attention to the children. King almost immediately applied his brakes, but the child ran on in front of the lorry, and the front head-lamp seemed to strike her. In his opinion the fatality was purely an accident because of the girl’s running round the front of the bus without looking. Edward John Taylor, a bus-driver, said that at the time of the accident he was sitting behind the driver of the bus. He did not notice the lorry swerve or pull up because he was watching the child running. After passing over the child the lorry stopped within three feet. His impression was that the fatality was a pure accident. Michael Joseph Gilhooly, a relief worker, who was riding with King in his lorry, said that King did his best to stop the collision. The cause of the accident was that the child ran across the road without looking where she was going. King did his best to avoid an accident. Ernest Alfred King said that about 8.53 a.m. on Friday he was driving his motor- lorry in High Street, and when crossing the intersection of Boulcott Street he noticed a bus standing at the corner. The bus driver sounded his horn, and almost immediately he noticed a little girl running across the road, and she was about three feet in front of the lorry. He immediately applied his brakes and the lorry pulled up in its own length, but the rear right-hand wheel passed over the girl’s stomach. He had slowed down to fifteen miles an hour when he struck the child, and he had no chance of seeing her prior to that. He was keeping a proper look-out. Visibility was poor, and the road was greasy.

36 Mr. Findlay expressed King’s regret at the accident. King, he said, had driven a lorry for many years without accident prior to the present one. The verdict of the Coroner was that the child’s death was accidental. He remarked that he was satisﬁed that there was no carelessness on the part of the driver. Visibility was poor and the road was greasy, and the driver was not travelling excessively fast. He did not blame him for the accident.

10 Maria Louise Magdalena Emilia HOFMANN

Maria Louise Magdalena Emilia HOFMANN b. 1871-10-11, Nelson – d. 1949-08-14, Wellington

James CHALMERS b. ? – d. ?

Maria was usually called Polly, Mary, or Amelia. On 1882-12-29, Mary HOFMANN was awarded fourth prize in the Second Class as Sarau School. On 1895-09-19, Mary HOFMANN was awarded a prize in a cake making competition. Before marriage, using the name Amelia she had two short-lived daughters. The first, Clara Stanway HOFFMANN, was born 1894-11-28 at Bulls. She was adopted by Charlotte and William STANWAY but died on 1895-05-16 of meningitis and was subsequently buried on 1895-05-11 at Bulls. There is a wooden cross bearing the word “CLARA” marking her grave. Clara’s birth was not registered until 1895-01-26. Her original birth name is not recorded by was changed to Clara Stanway on the authority of William STANWAY. No details of the father are recorded on Clara’s birth certificate. Her other daughter was also short-lived, Irene Wilhelmina HOFMANN born 1908-12- 22 in Wellington. No father is recorded on Irene’s birth certificate, but her father was James CHALMERS. Irene died aged 5 months on 1909-05-30. The day after her death Amelia married James CHALMERS so that Irene could be buried with the CHALMERS name.1 Irene’s official record has the name HOFMANN but she was buried as Irene W. CHALMERS on 1909-06-01 at Karori Cemetery. Maria and James lived in Wellington and had a son, James, who was a piano player. The son James played at Val’s wedding. Valerie knew of a family tradition that one of Polly’s children had been cared for by Henriette. It is unclear if this was Irene or some other child and no corroborating evidence has been found. 1Information from Julia FOOTE.

37 11 Friedrick August Gottleib HOFMANN

Friedrick August Gottleib HOFMANN b. 1874-06-05, Upper Moutere – d. 1946-04-07, Whanganui

Emily Ann Isabell DIXON b. 1876, New Zealand – d. 1940, New Zealand

Friedrick was usually called Fred. In 1882, awarded third in the Fourth Class, Sarau School. His marriage to Emily Ann Isabell DIXON was recorded in the Feilding Star (1900- 04-18):

HOFMANN—DIXON—On April 16th, at the residence of the bride’s parents, Mar- ton, by the Rev G. W. J. Spence, Frederick August Gottleib Hofmann, second son of Carl Hofmann, Upper Moutere, Nelson, to Emily Ann Isabell Dixon, second daughter of the late William Francis Dixon, schoolmaster, Rangitikei.

One of their wedding gifts was a combined clock, therometer, and barometer from Fred’s fellow railway workers. Fred and Emily raised seven children in the Manawatu. In a tragic accident one of the children drowned in the Whanganui River on 30 November 1916. The story was carried in various forms in a number of newspapers:

ANOTHER RIVER VICTIM SCHOOL-GIRL DROWNED The Wanganui River claimed still another victim yesterday, when a little 1 girl, Rita Maud Hoffmann, aged 8 2 years was drowned at Aramoho. It appears that the child, who attends the Aramoho School, and whose parents reside at No. 12 Barrack Street, was coming home from school at about 3.30. When opposite the Aramoho Post Ofﬁce, she ran down to the pontoon by the wharf, in company with some other school children, and apparently over-balanced and fell into the river. An alarm was raised at once, but no further signs of the victim could be seen, she apparently being carried under the pontoon by the current. Dragging operations were quickly undertaken by Constable Egan, and the body was recovered at 5.30 p.m., and removed to the residence of the deceased’s parents. Mr Hoffmann, who is ganger at the railway gravel pit at Wangaehu, is at present on leave in Nelson. To him and to the bereaved mother and family we extend our sympathy in their sudden and tragic bereavement. An inquest will probably be held this afternoon.

The other six children, Figure 20, went on to raise their own families. Bill lost a couple of ﬁngers possibly due to a sawmill incident.

38 William Francis (Bill) HOFFMANN, Frederick Charles HOFFMANN, Cyril Gifford HOFFMANN Joyce Isabel HOFFMANN, Evelyn May HOFFMANN, Celia Louise HOFFMANN

Figure 20: Children of Frederick and Emily HOFFMAN, c.1960.

12 Alfred Joseph HOFMANN

Alfred Joseph HOFMANN b. 1880-07-06, Upper Moutere – d. 1959-03-04, Foxton

Mary Emma Valentina (May) ANDRESEN b. 1886, New Zealand – d. 1952-06-17, Foxton

Elsie Rachel McKAY b. 1895 – d. 1966

Alfred Joseph HOFMANN went by his middle name and was usually called Joe. Sophia would have been forty-seven when Joe was born indicating that birth in the forties is not a modern phenomenon. Joe married twice. His ﬁrst marriage was into the ANDRESEN family and all his children are from this marriage. It is Joe’s ﬁrst wife, May, that is depicted above. Figure 21 shows him with a horse drawn hearse outside his premises. We do not know which of the two men he is. Figure 22 is a group photograph. Joe and May raised seven children in Foxton and many descendants are still living in Foxton and Levin today. There are a few mentions of the family in Foxton 1888–1988: The First 100 Years [4].

39 Figure 21: Joe A. HOFMANN (courtesy Foxton Historical Society).

Figure 22: Roy ANDRESEN, Violet ANDRESEN (in cart), Dolly ANDRESEN, Hans AN- DRESEN, Alfred Joseph HOFMANN, Reginald HOFMANN, Alfred HOFMANN, Rhoda Muriel HOFMANN, Vincent HOFMANN (in pushchair), Rosino ANDRESEN (behind pushchair). c.1920, outside Hans ANDRESEN’s property on the corner of Union and John- son Streets, Foxton. (Courtesy Foxton Historical Society)

40 Figure 23: Emma Frances BLY, Mary Emma Valentina (May) ANDRESEN, Rhoda Muriel HOFMANN holding Monica Ellicia HOFMANN, Susannah COOKE.

Joe was an undertaker in Foxton from around 1918, right through the 1920s and possibly later. There are death notices in the Evening Post listing J. HOFMANN, undertaker, until at least 1935. His premises were on the south side of Union Street, Foxton, midway between Johnston and Brown Streets. There was another undertaker, Mr JOHNSON who lived in Avenue Road. Mr JOHNSON had a statue of a woman in his front yard which he obtained from the Hidrabad after it sank at Waitarere Beach. The statue was later given to a museum in Wellington. Both undertakers had horse-drawn hearses and funerals pro- cessions typically went through the Main Street to the cemetery. The bereaved would walk behind the hearse and people along the route would pull their curtains as a mark of respect. The flu epidemic, of 1915–20 (the same flu that killed Sophia) led to many deaths in Foxton, but the HOFMANN family escaped unscathed. The family believed this was due to a chemical mixture called “The Formulas” specifically produced by Mr E. HEALEYS Chemist for Joe for use in cleaning the hearse. Sulphur was also used as a flu preventative. The content of this mixture is now unknown, but was said to ‘stink to high heaven and back’. Because of the high number of deaths, the Catholic school hall was used for laying people out as Joe had insufficient room in his own building. In those days a single occupation was often not enough to support a large family, so Joe also worked as a cabinet maker, carpenter, and builder. May milked cows at their Union Street address and the children helped with milk de- livery using a horse and cart to take milk from local farms to householders. After the death of May, Joe married Elsie Rachel McKAY, herself the widow of Ronald Gavin WATSON. On 1997-06-26 the following article appeared in the “Foxton Life” section of the Foxton paper together with the photograph in Figure 23: Through the eyes of five generations by Gaye Peta While many families can trace their lineage back one or two generations in New Zealand, the Hofmann family of Foxton is unique – it goes back five generations with a direct female link. Ian Hofmann [sic, should be Joe] was living in Foxton in the early 1800s when the rest of the family joined him and made the town their home. The hub of the family is now Rhoda Easton and her brother Garnet Hofmann, who recall early memories of the settlement. Mrs Easton and her daughter Monica Fenton now head the second set of the female line, while Mr Hofmann leads his branch of the family into its fifth generation.

41 “Our father, Joe Hofmann, served as an undertaker in this town for many years,” Mrs Easton said. “When the community was hit by an influenza epidemic (known locally as the black plague) in the 1920s, most local families suffered tragic losses. “Our family was lucky. As children our task was to clean out the funeral carriage with a formula purchased from the chemist. It seemed to give us an immunity to sick- ness.” Joe Hofmann was also a builder, and he made his own coffins. “I helped to line them with “tau” (fibre from flax) and calico,” Mrs Easton said. “We would pad them so they were soft as cushions.” People were quite versatile in those days. When the horse and dray hearse was replaced by a motorised hearse, Mrs Easton’s grandfather, Hans Andersen, used the horse and dray to give people a ride to the beach – for a fee, of course. Garnet Hofmann recalls when the family owned a large tract of land around Futter, Union and Reeve Streets. “It was all farm land. My job was to take four 12 gallon milk cans around town on my old push bike. My son Brian would be peddling flat out on his little bike behind me.” Mr Hofmann said the town has always had a good community spirit, though it is certainly different today from those days when the population was about 1760 residents who all knew each other. He said white bait was easier to gather then. His grandfather would go to the railway station armed with kerosene tins full of white bait to be sold around the country. “The train was known as the ‘White bait Express’.” Mr Hofmann recalls when Seaview Park was built. The native trees were donated by a Mr and Mrs Ogilvie in the 1930s. “The park used to be alive with beautiful flower gardens, fish ponds and bands would play there,” he said. “It was a very busy park, I’d hate to see those trees come down. They are part of Foxton’s history.” Memories are long, Mr Hofmann and Mrs Easton recall the days when fire destroyed a large part of the business area; when ships filled Foxton’s port; when trains made daily trips to the town; and the flax industry was booming. Today, 82-year-old Garnet Hofmann is content to spend time at home with his wife and enjoys family get-togethers – especially Christmas gatherings.

13 Carl HOFMANN’s Ancestors

The best information we have about Carl’s birth is the information on his death certificate. This gives his birth place as Neuwied, Germany. Using the International Genealogy Index of the Later Day Saints, we have found several earlier generations of his family at Holzbach, Germany. This has established two earlier HOFMANN generations and up to five earlier generations if we step outside the HOFMANN family. The following tree represents the descendants of Hans Nickel THEIS and his wife Maria Eva of unknown surname. This tree has been built from marriage and birth records for the Evangelisch, Holzbach, Rheinland, Prussia. It should be noted that this putative tree has been constructed from indexes only, the original records have not been verified.

42 1. Hans Nickel THEIS = Maria Eva ? 2. Maria Margretha THEISS (1690-) 2. Johann Peter THEISS (1692-) 2. Anna Catharina THEYSS (1695-) = Johann Peter SCHERER 3. Maria Regina SCHERER (1717-) 3. Johann Henrich SCHERER (1722-) = Anna Maria ? 4. Johan Peter SCHERER (1750-) 4. Johan Henrich SCHERER (1753-) 4. Anna Catharina SCHERER (1756-) = Johann Barthel HOFMANN 5. Anna Maria HOFFMAN (1780-) 5. Johann Henrich HOFFMANN (1782-) 5. Anna Magdalena HOFFMANN (1785-) 5. Peter Frantz HOFMANN (1787-) 5. Catharina Margaretha HOFMANN (1789-) 5. Johann Nicolaus HOFMANN (1792-) = Dorothea Phillippine LICHTFERS 6. Carl (Charles) HOFMANN (1830-1902) = Sophia Charlotte Elizabeth STEINHAUSER (1833-1920) 5. Maria Eva HOFMANN (1796-) 5. Johann Peter HOFFMANN (1798-) 4. Johannes Peter SCHERER (1759-) 4. Maria Magdalena SCHERER (1762-) 4. Catharina Margretha SCHERER (1765-) 3. Anna Margaretha SCHERER (1724-) 2. Johann Joerg THEISS (1697-) 2. Johann Christian THEYSS (1700-) 2. Johannes Nickel THEYSS (1701-) 2. Johann Jacob THEYSS (1704-) 2. Maria Catharina THEYSS (1707-) Carl HOFMANN (1830-1902) It is possible that other descendants of these HOFMANNs came to New Zealand. De- scendants of the SCHERER family apparently still live in the Holzbach area and some still attend the same church, but as yet limited attempts to contact them have been unsuccessful.

14 Sophia STEINHAUSER’s Ancestors

Figure 24 is a photograph of Sophia’s parents. Although we have this photograph we do not know the ﬁrst names of her mother. Sophia’s father was a bootmaker and her mother’s maiden name was HAMMERICH. A 1867 Mecklenburg-Schwerin census strongly sug- gests that Sophia’s father was Friedrich STEINHAUSER¨ a Schuhmaker (shoemaker) in Dassow.

Figure 24: Sophia’s parents.

Nevertheless, some of Sophia’s ancestry has been pieced together. It is known that, one of Sophia’s grand-daughters Elizabeth Cecilia HOFFMAN (daughter of Charles William HOFFMAN) was at one time engaged to a Charles JONES son of George and Mary JONES. In the end the marriage did not take place because Charles JONES wanted Eliz- abeth to live up the Whanganui River and this she was not willing to do. But, more im- portantly from our perspective, it was known that Charles JONES was Elizabeth’s third cousin. Tracing his line backwards establishes a connection between the HOFFMANs and

43 HAMMERICHs. Putting this information together the following tree is believed correct. 1. Johann Hinrich DOHSE (?-1771) = Katharina Hedwi ? (?-1793) 2. Schack Johann DOHSE (1751-) 3. Johanna Maria Isabe DOHSE = Johann Benedict HAMMERICH 4. Carl Johann Heinrich HAMMERICH (1810-) = Catherina Maria Margaritha STELLE (1817-1907) 5. Amelia Dora Wilhelmine HAMMERICH (1841-1882) = David Waters GUNN (1846-1921) 5. Louise Marie HAMMERICH (1846-1929) = Joseph Thomas BRAY (1846-1902) 5. Louise Marie HAMMERICH (1846-1929) = Hans Johann Heinrich EGGERS (1837-1921) 5. Anna Dorothea Emilea Wilhelmine HAMMERICH (1848-) 5. Sahra Fredericke Wilhelmine HAMMERICH (1849-) 5. Anna Christina Cathrina HAMMERICH (1851-1869) 5. Dorothea Sophia Cathrina (Dora) HAMMERICH (1852-) = Charles M. CRONK 5. Annie Dorothea Francise HAMMERICH (1856-) = George M. STOUT 5. Fedor Charles Henry HAMMERICH (1863-) 4. Franz Hans Fredrich HAMMERICH (1812-1889) = Elizabeth Sophie Cathrina DUCHER¨ 5. Heinrich Christian Friedrich HAMMERICH (1851-1883) 5. Maria Elizabeth Dorothea (Mary) HAMMERICH (1854-) = John JONES 5. Carl Peter Christian HAMMERICH (1855-1920) = Rebecca DALZIEL (?-1910) 5. Johann Joachim HAMMERICH (1857-1944) 5. Anna Eleanora HAMMERICH (1859-) 5. Bertha HAMMERICH (1861-1925) 5. Anna Margaretha Dorothea HAMMERICH (1866-1938) = Herbert SNOW (c.1860-1888) 5. Anna Margaretha Dorothea HAMMERICH (1866-1938) = George HICKS 4. ? HAMMERICH = ? STEINHAUSER 5. Sophia Charlotte Elizabeth STEINHAUSER (1833-1920) = Carl (Charles) HOFMANN (1830-1902) Dorothea Sophia Cathrina HAMMERICH (1852-) Maria Elizabeth Dorothea HAMMERICH (1854-) Carl HOFMANN (1830-1902)

15 Other HOFFMANs and Notes

There are several other groups of HOFFMANs in New Zealand. Shipping records existing for HOFFMANs arriving in Auckland and elsewhere. David HOFFMAN sent me a quite large tree of HOFFMANs that came from Ireland. Another HOFFMAN family lived in Canterbury and often feature in sporting articles in Canterbury papers. I have very little information about Carl’s mother, Dorothea Phillippine LICHTFERS. Her name appears on Carl’s death certificate but we have no other formal reference to it. LICHTFERS is a comparatively rare surname so it is likely that other occurrences of the name near Neuwied are relatives. Of particular note is a Carl Wilhelm LICHTFERS born 1790-01-21. His father Johann Georg LICHTFERS was a teacher and leader of the Lutheran congregation in Neuwied. He wrote of this son (in German) “Wilhelm studied hard and practiced intensively on piano and organ. At an age of almost ten year the boy was taken into the church musical accompaniment.” At age 15, shortly after confirmation, Wilhelm LICHTFERS began an apprenticeship as Kolbenz booksellers Pauli. After a stay in Elberfeld, he joined in 1814 as a soldier in the Nassau services, but fell ill at the siege of Mainz. There a pastor from Neuwied took care of him bringing him to Wiesbaden, where he could recover. But the war did not let him go, and in 1815 he was recalled to take part in the Battle of Waterloo. Arriving in Paris, he ended up spending four months in hospital before he returned to his hometown. On return he took up his work with the booksellers Pauli again. There he met Sibille (Sybilla) KUPPER,¨ whom he married in September 1816. His father had now acquired a printing press, which he pursued with Pauli. After marriage, Wilhelm received a portion of his father’s investment and was now responsible for the editorial staff of the Neuwied weekly paper, together with a partner [pos. FAUST], he also ran a writing materials and book store. One of Carl’s publications was a book of psalms Gesangbuch zum Gottesdienstlichen Gebrauch. Neue Auflage. Carl Wilhelm LICHTFERS died 1865-11-14. On 1795-01-01, Johann Georg LICHTFERS wrote as a New Year’s message: “Give peace, since the war almost all of Europe smokes, put down the sword and spear and take up the plow.” [Excuse my poor translation.]

44 It is possible that the above Carl Wilhelm LICHTFERS was a brother to Dorothea and that her father may have been none other than Johann Georg LICHTFERS. But without further evidence this remains speculation. Including the above LICHTFERS—KUPPER¨ marriage, the following ‘katholisch’ (Catholic) marriage records exist for Neuwied:

1790 Wilhelm LICHTFERS Ann Sybilla KUPPER¨ 1790 N. N. LICHTFERS Maria Agnes Thec. . . LAMP

1857 Heinrich ETSCHEIDT Thecla Engelbert. . . LICHTFERS 1869 Johann WURGES¨ Thecla Engelbert. . . LICHTFERS

1848 Laurenz KROLL¨ Anna LICHTFERS? 1848 ? ETSCHEIDT Anna LICHTFERS?

Carl and Sybilla had at least one son who moved to the United States:

FREDERICK A. LICHTFERS, farmer, Section 35, P. O. Lawrence, was born in Neuwied, Prussia, September 5, 1820, son of William Lichtfers and Sibylla Kuepper. He came to the United States in 1849, and after visiting various points, settled in De- troit, Mich. He came to Kansas in 1856, and settled in Eudora Township. Owns 240 acres, improved; keeps stock as his principal business. He is a successful farmer, and by his industry and economy has acquired a good property. He was married, in Lawrence, Kan., September 30, 1858, to Miss Anna C., daughter of Henry Stevens and Anna L. Weber. They have eleven children – George M., born March 13, 1860; Charles, Au- gust 20, 1861; Louis, February 6, 1863; Mary E., May 20, 1864; Gertrude, October 31, 1865; Emma, September 16, 1868; Josephine, April 25, 1870; Anna, February 12, 1876; Frederick, August 9, 1877; Nettie, April 11, 1879, and Henry, January 1, 1881. Built his house in 1881, at a cost of $1 200.

In an effort to ﬁnd further detail, I wrote to Ute and Horst LICHTFERS in Germany, one of very few living people I was able to locate with the LICHTFERS surname. He writes:

When I received your letter a few weeks ago, I was really surprised about your inquisitions into the surname “Lichtfers”. I asked my father (Horst Lichtfers) about your questions and he told me that he also received a letter from you! You wrote, that Johann Hofmann & Dorothea Lichtfers lived in or near Neuwied. This place is quite close to the city where my grandfathers family lived. The city is called Andernach, located in West Germany, close to the river Rhein. All my father knows is, that the grandparents of my grandfather owned a hotel in Andernach. My grandfather (Karl August Lichtfers) was born in 1909 and died in 2005. Because of this and the fact that “Lichtfers” is a very rare surname a connection between you and my family is possible, although we do not know much about the generations of Lichtfers who lived before 1900. I hope this information helps you a little bit in your genealogical research. Best regards from Germany and Merry Christmas & Happy New Year. [signed] Ute Lichtfers

Possibly the surname can also be written LICHTFUSS or LICHTFUß.

16 How Was This Document Written

The process began with the collection of oral information from family members. To the extent possible such information was veriﬁed and extended by on-line searches and ob- taining various ofﬁcial birth, death, and marriage records. The Lutheran Church records,

45 kindly search and forwarded by Merlene BENSEMANN were a useful adjunct to the official records. A significant portion of Val’s collection came from her Aunt Bessie when she died. Bessie was something of a hoarder and we are the better for it. Some stories were gathered or verified through the Papers Past website, which pro- vides on-line searchable access to a collection of New Zealand newspapers from 1839 to 1932. Because these have been scanned and indexed by optical character recognition, it is sometimes necessary to be inventive when thinking up keywords to search. Other information has been sourced from published books, manuscripts held at the Alexander Turnbull Library, the Foxton Historical Society, and Archives New Zealand. Digital photographs were taken of the old prints and imported into this document. This has proven to be a quite successful way of getting these images and is comparable to the quality of a good scanner. Sean is able to provide digital copies of any of the prints in this document. Many family members of recent generations were located through Facebook and the old friends websites. There is a private Facebook group for the family having over fifty members and additional photographs.

17 Extract from The Extended Community

The The Extended Community [5] makes several references to the HOFMANNs. The following extract from pp. 77–78, is the most interesting.

Heine cut off a third 4 acre section from Part-section 175 and sold it on similar terms to Carl (Charles) Hofmann. The conveyance was registered the same day as Stelle’s [4 January 1865] and again the new owner had been in residence some years before the Deeds Ofﬁce record. An 1861 rateable value of forty pounds indicates that by that date Hofmann had erected his dwelling. It was a clay and wooden dwelling described in later years as an adobe house by Edwin Bensemann who lived in it as a small child. Charles Hofmann (1830 – 30 October 1902) and Sophia Charlotte Elizabeth Stein- hauser (1833 – 8 July 1920), boarded the Cresswell at Kiel and arrived at Nelson, 8 February 1858. The maiden name of Sophia’s mother was Hammerich. The couple were married by Pastor Heine in Upper Moutere schoolhouse, 19 March 1858, and raised a family of six daughters and three sons. These children became known by the Anglicized names of Dora, Charlotte, Polly, Elizabeth, Olga, Charles, Anna, Frederick and Alfred. In adulthood the three sons and Olga settled in the Manawatu and Polly in Wellington, while Charlotte and Annie married into the Nelson families of Du Feu and Dee. Dora and Elizabeth remained unmarried and Dora is buried beside her parents at Upper Moutere Lutheran church cemetery. Charles Hofmann was a builder and as earlier mentioned, signed his name on a stud on the 1874 extension of Hewetson’s ‘Kendal Grove’. He was elected an elder of the Lutheran church, while Sophia was a keen member of the choir. Several of her grandchildren were musical, notably James, son of Polly, who was a Wellington pianist and Olga’s sons who were singers known for many years about Wanganui as ‘The Bridges Trio’. Former Tasman descendants of the Hofmanns include Noeli Morris and Joan Tucker. Noeli’s late husband, George, was many times the bugler at local Anzac Day parades. Charles and Sophia moved to a 59 acre block, Section 3 Moutere Hills, the Crown Grant of which was registered in Sophia’s name. This land is situated towards the foot of the Moutere Hill below the Mahana intersection and at a later date passed to members of the Bensemann family, as did almost all the land north of the road to the village. Sophia Hofmann outlived her husband by eighteen years then succumbed to the inﬂuenza epidemic in 1920.

46 The comment about the Bridges Trio is incorrect. The Bridges Trio were actually relations of Cliff’s and not direct HOFMANN descendants. Val WILLIAMS inadvertently gave McMURTY incorrect information and this ended up in the published book.

18 Signatories to Memorial Requesting Moutere Repre- sentation

Figure 25, taken from [2], is a list of the legible names from the memorial requesting Moutere representation on the Nelson Provincial Council. A copy of the memorial is also included in [5].

Walter GUY James ROBSON Rich. TANNANT Charles KELLING F. STADE James DRUMMOND Henry Alex TARRANT Henry POWELL W. COOK William HAINSELL Daniel TALBOT Robert TALBOT [mark] Alfred ANTHONY [mark] Charles THOMPSON W. A. WEIGHTMAN G. HAMMERICH F. HAMMERICH John BROUGHAM James A. CROSS G. LIMMER Charles HARLEY George JORDAN Bernard GAPPER J. A. BENSEMANN C. H. BENSEMANN G. M. TAYLOR William DRUMMOND J. CLAUSEN C. DROGMULLER D. WILKENS C. HOFMANN A. BENSEMANN Henry F. CLARKE C. BENSEMANN [mark] W. SATHERLEY John EGGERS George HARVEY Richard FUNNELL [mark] William BEST Thomas GIFFORD J. W. C. HEINE Humphrey GIFFORD P. STELLE I. W. BARNICOTT E. RICE Thomas J. THOMPSON F. STADE Christian DENCKER Christian ROSE J. DAVIES T. ROSE James ROSS Charles SIXTUS J. P. PRIMMER William SIXTUS James COOK Henry PRESTIDGE Alexander DRUMMOND James DRUMMOND, Jr. George YOUNG Robert FRANKLIN William LOCKLEY Richard MAUN Joseph HEWETSON Walter FUNNELL Henry YOUNG

Figure 25: Signatories to the Memorial requesting Moutere Representation on the Provin- cial Council.

47 19 Letter Written By J. W. C. HEINE

Here is the full text of the letter written by Pastor J. W. C. HEINE to the then government in support of German immigration to New Zealand.

To His Honor, The Superintendant etc., Nelson Ranzau Waimea East, July 14, 1853 Sir, Having had the Honor to acquaint you that the Germans of this Settlement are very desirious of getting their friends and relations out from Germany to this place I beg leave to state to your Honor how this might be best carried out, in my opinion, and at the same time be opened a general Emigration from Germany to New Zealand. In doing this I wish to mention how the Emigration from Germany to Adelaide originated and was then proceeded with so that more than Eight thousands Souls arrived there from Germany within a few years. The ﬁrst Germans, who came to Adelaide were induced to emigrate on account of the violent suppression of the Luth. Church by the Prussian Government. After having suffered for several years incarceration and other hardships the opposers of the new organized state Church in Prussia were allowed to emigrate. Two Parishes went with their Ministers to Adelaide, which they effected by the assistance of friends who advanced to them money for the outﬁt, but which they repaid within a few years. When the country and resources of Adelaide became known in Germany two Mer- chants established a regular Emigration thence. One of the Merchants is called Mr Delius of Bremen, he charged 100 $ or about 15 £ St. per adult, which the Emigrants paid within two or three years after arrival in the Colony; the other Merchant is named Mr Godefro of Hamburg who charged but 80 dollars or about 12 £ St. per adult to be paid in the same manner. Among others there went also a party of miners from the Harz mines. I. I believe that a similar large Emigration from Germany to New Zealand may now be opened after the Land questions becomes settled, if the Country and its resources is made properly known there. II. As the Germans belong to the same Race of which English men are come from, they soon harmonize in customs and manners, on which account an Emigration from Germany should be preferred for that of China, which is spoken of in newspapers. III. If a vessel was laid on in Hamburg say by Mr Godefro or somebody else to bring out the Relatives and friends of the Germans here wish to come out, the charge for the Passage would I believe be cheaper than by coming over England, while New Zealand would be more talked of in Germany. I remain, Sir, your very Obedient Servant, J. W. C. Heine, Luth. Minister, Nelson. N.B. Here is a List of those the Germans wish to come if a vessel should come directly from Hamburg. List of Families the Germans wish to come here and for whom they will become surety that half of the Passage money shall be repaid within a year after arrival if they can come by Hamburg directly. Bensemann for a friend named Biermann 38 years with wife children not none, a cousin Anna Meyer, 19 years. Hammerich a brother Hammerich 30 with wife also a sister. Scheinker a brother in law with wife. Titjen two sons of 14 & 17 years. Anton Schroder¨ his brother in law Kruger¨ with wife and 4 children above 14 years if more. Children he does not know but thinks it likely. Anton Schroder¨ 3 cousins named Temp with wives, whether they have children he does not know. Henry Siggelkow two brothers with wives & two brothers in law with wives and 14 children above 14 years, of more he does not know. Wendleborn one brother with wife & two cousins with wives of one he is not certain whether he is married but is likely; he does not know how many children they have.

48 H. Fanzelow 1 son of 28 years 2 daughters one married of the other not known, brother in law with wife and 3 children above 14 years. All of these are Agricultural labourers. Several others have spoken to me of having their Relations out as Balk, Brunning, Schass, Lange, etc. but have given no deﬁnite statement. The Germans have not heard of their Relations since eight years in consequence they do not know how large the families are at present. J. W. C. Heine, Luth. Minister.

20 Naturalization Record

Carl and Sophia’s naturalization was recorded in The New Zealand Gazette on 1861-02- 20 [6]:

A PROCLAMATION For the Naturalization of certain persons.

By His Excellency COLONEL THOMAS GORE BROWNE, Companion of the Most Honorable Or- der of the Bath, Governor and Commander-in- Chief in and over Her Majesty’s Colony of New Zealand and its Dependencies, and Vice-Admiral of the same, &c., &c. WHEREAS by “The Naturalization Act, 1860,” it is enacted that every person who shall be declared to come within the operation of that Act by any Proclamation to be issued in that behalf by His Excellency the Governor, shall as from the time in such Proclamation specified, be deemed and taken until the termination of the next Session of the General Assembly, to be, and to have been from such specified time, a Natural- born subject of Her Majesty within the Colony of New Zealand, as fully to all intents and purposes as if his name had been inserted in the Schedule to that Act annexed. Provided always that every such Proclamation shall contain the description, occupation or calling, of every person therein named, and his place of residence at the date of such Proclamation. Now therefore, I, the Governor of New Zealand, in pursuance of the power and authority in me vested by the said Act, do hereby proclaim and declare that the persons who are particularly described in the Schedule hereunto annexed, shall come within the operation of the said Act from the dates therein specified, viz.:— Given under my hand at the Government House at Auckland, and issued under the Seal of the Colony of New Zealand, this 18th day of February, in the year of our Lord, One thousand eight-hundred and sixty-one. THOMAS GORE BROWNE. By His Excellency’s command, HENRY JOHN TANCRED. GOD SAVE THE QUEEN!

References

[1] Ruth M. Allan. Nelson: A History of Early Settlement. A. H. & A. W. Reed, Welling- ton, 1965. [2] Jenny Briars and Jenny Leith. The Road to Sarau: From Germany to Upper Moutere. J. Briars and J. Leith, Nelson, New Zealand, 1993.

[3] Nancye Bridges. Curtain Call. Cassell Australia Ltd, North Melbourne, Victoria, 1980.

49 SCHEDULE.

Date from which Name. Native of Occupation Residence Naturalization is to take effect. Christian Dencker Holstein Farmer Waimea May 1855 John Henry Claasen Hanover do. Moutere 21st May, 1856 Christopher Drogem¨ uller¨ do. do. do. do. Dorothy Drogem¨ uller¨ do. Wife of the above do. do. William Drogem¨ uller¨ do. Children of the do. do. Christopher Drogem¨ uller¨ do. above do. do. Dorothy Drogem¨ uller¨ do. do. do. John Frederick Bockmann¨ Mecklenburg Labourer Waimea June 1860 Maria Bockmann¨ do. Servant do. do. Magdalena Bockmann¨ do. do. do. January 1857 John Frederick Bockmann¨ do. Labourer do. June 1860 Hans Henry Eggers do. do. do. 16th April, 1859 Dorothy Christina Plath do. Servant do. do. Frederick John Ewers do. Labourer Moutere do. Dorothy Margaret Schutt¨ do. Servant do. do. Jurgen¨ Henry Rover¨ Hanover Labourer do. do. John Henry Rover¨ do. do. do. do. Christian Ehrenfried Reichelt Prussia do. do. November 1859 Charles Hafmann Mecklenburg Carpenter do. March 1858 Sophia Charlotte Steinhauser do. Servant do. do. Christopher Stade do. Farmer do. January 1857 Maria Stade do. Wife of the above do. do. Christopher Stade do. Son of the above do. do. John Stade do. Farmer do. do. Frederick Stade do. do. do. do. Frederick Rose do. do. do. do. Maria Rose do. Wife of the above do. do. Maria Rose do.  Wairau do. Henry Rose do.  Waimea do. Magdalena Rose do.  Children of the Moutere do. Johannah Rose do. above do. do. John Rose do.  do. do. Eliza Rose do. do. do. John Frederick Henry Lange do. Farmer Waimea do. Frederick Lange do. Labourer do. do. Louise Cathrine Kolst do. Farmer do. do. John Kruger¨ do. Labourer do. 25th April, 1859 Anna Kruger¨ do. Wife of the above do. do. Sophia Kruger¨ do. Children of the do. do. John Henry Kruger¨ do. above do. do. Maria Kruger¨ do. do. do. Frederick William Henry Bergmann do. Labourer Moutere June 1860 Magdalena Bergmann do. Dghtr of the above do. do. Sophia Dorothy Bergmann do. Servant do. do. Maria Cathrine Ducker¨ do. do. do. do. William Henry Ducker¨ do. Labourer do. do. Fritz Ducker¨ do. do. do. do. Maria Sophia Schwarz do. Servant Waimea do. Albert Bensemann Hanover Labourer Moutere do. Anna Margaret Bensemann do. Servant Waimea do. Dorothy Bensemann do. do. Waimea do. Margaret Bensemann do. do. do. do. Anna Bensemann do. do. Moutere do. John Bensemann do. do. do. do.

50 [4] A. N. Hunt, editor. Foxton 1888–1988: The First 100 Years. Foxton Borough Council, Foxton, 1987. [5] George McMurtry. The Extended Community. R. G. C. McMurtry, Upper Moutere, Nelson, New Zealand, 2000.

[6] New Zealand Government. A proclamation. The New Zealand Gazette, 8, February 1861. [7] Upper Moutere School. Upper moutere school 125th jubilee, 1857–1982: Commemo- rative booklet, 1982.

21 Descendants of Carl and Sophia

Figure 26 counts the number of known descendants in each generation starting from Carl and Sophia. Generation 2 is complete and generation 3 is almost certainly complete. There could yet be undiscovered members of later generations and, of course, these later generations will expand the family in the future.

Generation 2 11 Generation 3 47 Generation 4 98 Generation 5 214 Generation 6 301 Generation 7 152 Generation 8 13 Total 836

Figure 26: Number of individuals in each generation.

The following tree contains all the descendants of Carl and Sophia that we have at least some details for. The abbreviation m. denotes a marriage (or assumed marriage) and def. a de facto relationships. A presence of an m. does not imply that two people are still married, divorces and annulments are not explicitly shown. The abbreviations s/o and d/o are used for ‘son of’ and ‘daughter of’ respectively. Please help ﬁll this out. There are several children who have been adopted into or out of the family. They are not identiﬁed as such in the tree. The majority of the descendants live or lived in New Zealand. Many live in Australia, a few in the United States, and a sprinkling spread around the world. Others have spent time abroad, but few appear to have spent much time in Germany.

51 Index

ADAM Magdalena, 50 Rozina, 29 Maria, 50 Adelaide, 48 BOWE ADEY Dinah, 22 Thomas, 6 BRADSHAW ALBES R., 5 Henry, 6 BRANDON ANDERSEN A., 30 Hans Beck, 42 BRAY ANDERSON Joseph Thomas, 44 D., 6 BRIDGES ANDRESEN Clifford Alexander, 27 Dolly, 40 Clifford Lawrence, 24 Hans, 40 Douglas Haig, 25 Mary Emma Valentina, 39, 41 Francis Mary, 27, 28 Rosino, 40 Gordon Francis, 26, 27 Roy, 40 Lawrence Edward, 25 Violet, 40 Nancye Margaret, 27 ANDREW Bridges Trio, 26, 27 Elizabeth Cecilia, 29 BROUGHAM Robert, 29 John, 47 ANTHONY BROWNE Alfred, 47 Thomas Gore, 49 Aramoho, 24, 34, 38 BROWNING Arthur’s Pass, 7 G., 6 ASHTON BULLER Queenie, 28 J., 6 Auckland, 7 bus incident, 30 AYERS Thomas, 6 CAMPBELL, 29 Canterbury, 7 BACK Carter the Great, 28 Alice May, 34 CHALMERS BAIN James, 37 Sandie, 1 Channel Islands, 22 BAKER CLAASEN George, 6 John Henry, 50 BALDERO CLARKE Alexander Lonsdale, 22 Henry F., 47 BAMFORD CLAUSEN Arthur, 6 J., 47 BARLING Concertcare, 28 Detective, 31 COOK BARNETT James, 47 W., 5, 6 W., 47 BARNICOTT COOKE I. W., 47 Susannah, 41 BENNETT COTTRELL Christopher Ronald, 1 Charles, 6 BENSEMANN Thomas, 6 A., 47 COWARD Albert, 50 Noel, 28 Anna, 50 Cresswell, 5, 6, 35, 46 Anna Margaret, 50 CRONK C., 47 Charles M., 44 Cordt Heinrich, 7, 47 CROOK Dorothy, 50 Frank, 28 Edwin, 7, 46 CROSS F., 19 James A., 47 H., 19 CULLEN J. A., 47 Pamela Kay, 1 John, 50 Margaret, 50 DALZIEL Merlene, 1, 10, 11, 46 Rebecca, 44 BERGMANN DANIELL Frederick William Henry, 50 H. C., 6 Magdalena, 50 Dassow, 4, 19 Sophia Dorothy, 50 DAVIES BEST J., 47 William, 47 DAWSON BLACKETT Herbert William Alexander, 36 Henry, 6 Judy Ann, 1 BLY Smoky, 28 Emma Frances, 41 Yvonne Ann, 36 BOCKMANN DECK John Frederick, 50 Henry O’B., 19

52 DEE FITZHERBERT Edward Albert Ernest, 6, 15, 35 Sam. T., 30 Edward William, 35 FOOTE Kenneth Albert, 36 Julia, 1, 37 Lydia, 35 Foxton, 39, 41 Noreen Barbara, 36 FRANKLIN W., 36 Mr., 27 DELIUS Robert, 47 Mr., 48 FRIEDRICH III, 2 DENCKER FULLER Christian, 47, 50 Benjamin, 27 DENEKER FUNNELL Charles, 6 Richard, 47 DICKMAN Walter, 47 Christian, 9 DIERKS GAPPER Anna, 10 Bernard, 47 DIXON GEAR Emily Ann Isabell, 38 Edward, 6 William Francis, 38 GIFFORD DODSON Humphrey, 47 Miss, 6 Thomas, 47 DOHSE GILBERTSON Johann Hinrich, 44 E., 36 Johanna Maria Isabe, 44 GILHOOLY Schack Johann, 44 Michael Joseph, 36 DOMB GLADING Judith Ngaire, 1 E. C., 27 DOUGLAS GLEN, 6 Heather Rebecca, 1 GODEFRO DRISCOLL Mr., 48 Rosemary, 28 GORDON DROGEMULLER Will, 27 Christopher, 50 GRAY Dorothy, 50 R. S., 35 William, 50 Greymouth, 7 DROGMULLER GUNN C., 47 David Waters, 44 DRUMMOND GUY Alexander, 47 Walter, 47 James, 47 William, 47 HAINSELL DU FEU William, 47 Francis Edward, 22 HAMMERICH, 6, 19, 43 DUCHER Amelia Dora Wilhelmine, 44 Elizabeth Sophie Cathrina, 44 Anna Christina Cathrina, 44 DUCKER Anna Dorothea Emilea Wilhelmine, 44 Fritz, 50 Anna Eleanora, 44 J. B. C., 4, 9 Anna Margaretha Dorothea, 44 Maria Cathrine, 50 Annie Dorothea Francise, 44 William Henry, 50 Bertha, 44 Carl Johann Heinrich, 44 EGAN Carl Peter Christian, 44 Constable, 38 F., 47 EGGERS Fedor Charles Henry, 44 Hans Henry, 50 Francis, 7 Hans Johann Heinrich, 44 Franz Hans Fredrich, 44 John, 47 G., 47 ELLIOTT Heinrich Christian Friedrich, 44 C., 6 Johann Benedict, 44 J., 6 Johann Joachim, 44 ENSOM Louise Marie, 44 Seymour, 32 Maria Elizabeth Dorothea, 43 ETSCHEIDT Sahra Fredericke Wilhelmine, 44 Heinrich, 45 HANSON EWERS Henrietta Eliza, 23 Frederick John, 50 HARDING D., 30 FANZELOW HARLEY H., 49 Charles, 47 FAWCETT HART Frank, 32 A., 19 FEARON HARVEY Captain, 6 George, 47 FENTON HAYDOCK Patricia Muriel, 1 J., 27 FIELD HAYWARD H. C., 30 William, 6 FINDLAY HEINE G., 36 John William Christopher, 3, 7, 17, 22, 46, 47

53 HERCOCK Holzbach, 4 Constable, 31 HOOPER HEWETSON George, 6 Joseph, 47 HORNIBROOK Tom, 10 Hannah, 6 HICKS HOWARD George, 44 Jenny, 28 HODSON HOWLETT David, 6 Clarence, 32 William, 6 HUGHES HOFFMAN Elizabeth Ann, 1 Albert Steinhouse, 35 HUNTER Anna Dorothea Elizabeth, 12 Amanda Gaye, 1 Anna Frederike Charlotte, 12, 21 Anna Maria, 43 inﬂuenza, 42 Barbara Ellen, 1 Ireland, 44 Bernard Carl, 35 IRVINE Beverley Anne, 1 Sean Allistair, 2 Charles Ludwig, 7 William Stephen, 1 Charles William Diedrich, 12 IVORY Charles William Dietrich, 33, 43 William, 31, 33 David, 1, 44 Elizabeth Cecilia, 35, 43 JACKSON Glenys Maree, 1 George Bernard, 36 Gwendolyn, 35 John, 6 Horace, 34 Nerolee Quested, 1 Janice May, 1 JAY John, 1 Ellen, 6 Lee Janet, 1 Katherine, 6 Nicky Rae, 1 Jersey, 22 Nicola Jane, 1 JOHNS Stephen Leslie, 1 T. J., 30 Susan Bernadette, 1 JONES Tracey Kathleen, 1 Charles, 43 Wilfrid Conrad, 34 Edward, 6 HOFFMANN George, 43 Anna Dorothea Elizabeth, 11, 21 John, 44 Anna Magdalena, 12, 15, 43 R. G., 36 Celia Louise, 39 JORDAN Cyril Gifford, 39 George, 47 Evelyn May, 39 Joseph Fletcher, 5 Frederick Charles, 39 Friedrick August Gottleib, 12, 15 ¨ Johann Henrich, 43 KUPPER Johann Peter, 43 Ann Sybilla, 45 Joyce Isabel, 39 Sibille, 44 Norman Rodger, 35 Sybilla, 45 Rita Maud, 38 Kaitoke, 34 William Francis, 39 KARIZIGON HOFMANN Christian, 29 Alfred, 40 Louisa, 29 Alfred Joseph, 12, 15, 39–41 KELHAM Anna Magdalena, 22, 35 G., 6 Brian Henry, 42 KELLING Carl, 1, 4, 6, 15, 19, 22, 35, 38, 46, 47, 50 Charles, 7, 47 Catharina Margaretha, 43 KENYON Charles, 29 Graeme Wilfred, 1 Charles William Dietrich, 29, 30 Kiel, 5, 46 Elizabeth Cecilia, 2 KING Friedrick August Gottleib, 38 Ernest Alfred, 36 Henriette Margretta, 12 KOLST Henriette Margretta Elizabeth, 22 Louise Cathrine, 50 Irene Wilhelmina, 37 KOWERT Johann Barthel, 43 Pastor, 11 ¨ Johann Nicolaus, 4, 19, 43 KROLL Karyn May Anne, 1 Laurenz, 45 ¨ Ludwick, 29 KRUGER Malcolm Garnett, 1 Anna, 50 Maria Eva, 43 John, 50 Maria Louise Magdalena Emilia, 12, 37 John Henry, 50 Melvin Garnett, 41 Maria, 50 Monica Ellicia, 41 Sophia, 50 Olga Catherina, 12, 15 Olga Catherina Margaretta, 24 LA HOGUE Paul Keith Walter, 1 Annie, 1 Peter Frantz, 43 LAIRD Reginald, 40 J., 30 Rhoda Muriel, 40, 41 LAMP Vincent, 40 Maria Agnes, 45 HOLGATE, 6 LANE

54 George, 6 NICHOLSON LANGE W. R., 6 Frederick, 50 NOBLE John Frederick Henry, 50 Buster, 28 Levin, 39 LICHTFERS ODY Anna, 45 Mrs, 27 Carl Wilhelm, 44 OGILVIE Charles, 45 Mr and Mrs, 42 Dorothea Phillippine, 4, 19, 43, 44 Order of Australia, 28 Emma, 45 ORGAN Frederick, 45 Lydia, 35 Frederick A., 45 George M., 45 Palmerston North, 31 Gertrude, 45 Palmyra, 3 Henry, 45 PAUL Johann George, 44 Queenie, 28 Josephine, 45 PETA Louis, 45 Gaye, 41 Mary E., 45 PHARAZYN, 6 N. N., 45 PLATH Nettie, 45 Dorothy Christina, 50 Thecla Engelbert, 45 POOK Wilhelm, 45 John, 5 William, 45 Poverty Bay, 7 LIMMER POWELL G., 47 Henry, 47 LOCKLEY PRESTIDGE William, 47 Henry, 47 LOMAX PRIMMER H. A., 30 J. P., 47 Putiki, 25 Mahana, 10 MAHONEY Queen of the Avon, 29 Will, 27 QUINLAN MANSON Mary Campbell, 26, 27 Graeme, 25 QUIRKE maribma, 27 Senior Detective, 32 Martinique, 5 Marton, 30 ¨ MASTERS ROVER Colleen, 1, 20 Jurgen¨ Henry, 50 MAUN John Henry, 50 Richard, 47 RAIELLA MAW Rosemary, 28 Rebecca Ann, 1 RANDAL McCALL J., 30 William, 6 Raorikia, 26 McGIFFERD Raven, 5 Ken, 25 REDWOOD Moira, 25 Henry, 9 McGLINCHEY REICHELT Anna, 1 Christian Ehrenfried, 50 McKAY RHODES Elsie Rachel, 39, 41 W. B., 6 McLACHLAN RICE John, 6 E., 47 McMECKING RILEY Keith Alistair, 1 W. C., 6 McMURTY ROBSON George, 47 James, 47 MEYER ROCKELL Anna, 48 H. M., 30 MONRO, 6 Roehampton, 5 David, 9 ROSE MORRIS Christian, 47 Margaret Helen, 1 Eliza, 50 Murchison, 7 Frederick, 50 MUTIMER Henry, 50 Roberta Mary Ann, 25 Johannah, 50 John, 50 Magdalena, 50 NASH Maria, 50 H. W., 36 T., 47 NATHAN Rose Bay, 27 Henry, 6 ROSS Neuwied, 4, 19 J., 5 NEVILLE James, 47 Valerie Lois, 37 ROWLANDS Valeries Lois, 2 W., 6 Ngawhatu Mental Hospital, 21

55 Royal Bus Service, 30 S. W., 6 Royal Oak Hotel, 21 Sydney, 27 SYMONS Sankt Pauli, 3 H., 6 Sarau, 6, 17 SATHERLEY Takaka, 29 W., 47 TALBOT SCHUTT¨ Daniel, 47 Dorothy Margaret, 50 George, 6 SCHERER Robert, 47 Anna Catharina, 43 Tamar, 5 Anna Margaretha, 43 TANCRED Catharina Margretha, 43 Henry John, 49 Johan Henrich, 43 TANNANT Johan Peter, 43 Rich., 47 Johann Henrich, 43 TARRANT Johann Peter, 43 H. A., 19 Johannes Peter, 43 Henry Alex, 47 Maria Magdalena, 43 TAYLOR Maria Regina, 43 Edward John, 36 SCHRODER¨ Elizabeth Mildred, 22, 35 Anton, 48 G. M., 47 SCHWARZ Isaac, 22 Maria Sophia, 50 Joseph, 22 SCLANDERS Mary, 6 D., 6 W. W., 6 SCRIMSHAW THEIS Sharman Louise, 1 Hans Nickel, 42, 43 Seaview Park, 42 THEISS SIGGELKOW Johann Joerg, 43 Henry, 48 Johann Peter, 43 SIGNAL Maria Margretha, 43 Lloyd Silvester, 32 THEYSS SIVYER Anna Catharina, 43 G., 36 Johann Christian, 43 SIXTUS Johann Jacob, 43 Charles, 47 Johannes Nickel, 43 William, 47 Maria Catharina, 43 Skiold, 3, 6 THIEL, Pastor, 19 SMIDT, 25 Thomas Harrison, 22 SMITH THOMPSON Ann, 6, 29 Charles, 47 George, 24 H. J., 31 Mary, 29 Thomas J., 47 SNOW TINSLEY Herbert, 44 Rev., 24 SNOWBALL Tivoli, 28 Leslie Bernard, 1 Tramways Band, 27 SOLE TUCKER Laraine, 1, 24 Joan, 46 SPENCE Turkey, 27 G. W. J., 38 TURNBULL SPRATT W. G., 6 H., 6 TURNER STADE John Gemmell, 23 Christopher, 50 John Robert, 23 F., 47 Frederick, 50 Upper Moutere, 6 John, 50 Maria, 50 WURGES¨ STEED Johann, 45 Edwin, 6 WADE STEINHAUSER¨ Sarah, 1 Sophia Charlotte Elizabeth, 1, 4, 15, 19, 46, 50 Wai-iti, 10 STEINHAUSER WALKER Frederick, 4, 7 John, 30 Sophia Charlotte Elizabeth, 43, 44 WALLACE STELLE J. H., 6 Catherina Maria Margaritha, 44 Wangaehu, 38 P., 47 WARD STEVENS John, 6 Anna C., 45 WASKBOURNE Henry, 45 H., 19 STEWART WATKIS John T., 30 E. P., 17 STOKES WATSON Robert, 6 Ronald Gavin, 41 STOUT WAY George M., 44 Bernard Francis, 1 STRONG

56 WEBER Anna L., 45 WEIGHTMAN W. A., 47 WELD Lance Sydney, 30, 32 WEYERGANG A., 6 white bait, 42 WHITTON Jane Lu-cretia, 1 WILDE E. J., 32 WILHELM IV, 2 WILKENS D., 47 WILLIAMS, 6 Jacinta Kathleen, 1 Linda Elsie, 1 WILLIS, 6 George, 6 WILSON F. C., 32 WRIGHT, 6 Mr. and Miss, 6

YOUNG Annie, 25 George, 47 Henry, 47