DOCSLIB.ORG

Phanerozoic Atmospheric CO Change

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Phanerozoic Atmospheric CO Change Earth-Science Reviews 54Ž. 2001 349–392 www.elsevier.comrlocaterearscirev Phanerozoic atmospheric CO2 change: evaluating geochemical and paleobiological approaches Dana L. Royer a,), Robert A. Berner a,1, David J. Beerling b,2 a Kline Geology Laboratory, Yale UniÕersity, P.O. Box 208109, New HaÕen, CT 06520-8109, USA b Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, UniÕersity of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK Accepted 8 November 2000 Abstract The theory and use of geochemical modeling of the long-term carbon cycle and four paleo-PCO2 proxies are reviewed and discussed in order to discern the best applications for each method. Geochemical models provide PCO2 predictions for the entire Phanerozoic, but most existing models present 5–10 m.y. means, and so often do not resolve short-term excursions. Error estimates based on sensitivity analyses range from "75–200 ppmV for the Tertiary to as much as "3000 ppmV during the early Paleozoic. 13 The d C of pedogenic carbonates provide the best proxy-based PCO2 estimates for the pre-Tertiary, with error estimates ranging from "500–1000 ppmV. Pre-Devonian estimates should be treated cautiously. Error estimates for Tertiary reconstructions via this proxy are higher than other proxies and models Ž."400–500 ppmV , and should not be solely relied upon. We also show the importance of measuring the d13C of coexisting organic matter instead of inferring its value from marine carbonates. The d13C of the organic remains of phytoplankton from sediment cores provide high temporal resolutionŽ up to 1034 –10 " " year.Ž , high precision 25–100 ppmV for the Tertiary to 150–200 ppmV for the Cretaceous . PCO2 estimates that can be near continuous for most of the Tertiary. Its high temporal resolution and availability of continuous sequences is advantageous for studies aiming to discern short-term excursions. This method, however, must correct for changes in growth ; rate and oxygen level. At elevated PCO2 Ž.750–1250 ppmV , this proxy loses its sensitivity and is not useful. The stomatal density and stomatal index of land plants also provide high temporal resolution Ž-102 year. , high " precision Ž.10–40 ppmV for the Tertiary and possibly Cretaceous PCO2 estimates, and so also is ideal for discerning short-term excursions. Unfortunately, this proxy also loses sensitivity at some level of PCO2 above 350 ppmVŽ which, currently, is largely undetermined. Our analysis of the recently developed d11B technique shows that it currently is not yet well constrained. Most importantly, it requires the assumption that the boron isotopic composition of the ocean remains nearly constant through ) Corresponding author. Fax: q1-203-432-3134. E-mail addresses: [email protected]Ž. D.L. Royer , [email protected] Ž R.A. Berner . , [email protected] Ž.D.J. Beerling . 1 Fax: q1-203-432-3134. 2 Fax: q44-0114-222-0002. 0012-8252r01r$ - see front matter q 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. PII: S0012-8252Ž. 00 00042-8 350 D.L. Royer et al.rEarth-Science ReÕiews 54() 2001 349–392 time. In addition, it assumes that there are no biological or temperature effects and that diagenetic alteration of the boron isotopic composition does not occur. A fifth CO2 proxy, based on the redox chemistry of marine cerium, has several fundamental flaws and is not discussed in detail here. q 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: carbon dioxide; paleoatmosphere; paleoclimatology; indicators 1. Introduction mination of the composition of air trapped in glacial iceŽ. e.g., Friedli et al., 1986; Petit et al., 1999 . During the last decade, numerous methods for However, this method is only useful for the past 400 evaluating past concentration of atmospheric carbon ka because of the absence of ice older than this. r dioxideŽ. PCO2 have been developed and or re- Thus, other methods have been applied to the older fined. The most reliable method has been the deter- geologic record. Quantifying paleo-CO2 is vital for Nomenclature: Symbols commonly used in text ) Ca2PCO ) 3 Cs2soil COŽ. mol cm C37:2 diunsaturated long-chained alkenones ) 2 y1 Ds2diffusion coefficient for soil COŽ. cm s r piap ratio of internal:ambient CO 2 S CO2 contributed by biological respiration z depth in a soil profileŽ. cm z characteristic CO2 production depthŽ. cm adiffand ´ diff fractionation factor for diffusion during carbon fixationŽ. ‰ affand ´ kinetic fractionation factor for carbon fixationŽ. ‰ a PPand ´ combined fractionation for carbon fixationŽ. ‰ 13 dda C of the atmosphereŽ. ‰ 13 ddcc C of pedogenic carbonateŽ. ‰ 13 ddi2C of CO at the site of carbon fixationŽ. ‰ 13 ddocc C of marine carbonateŽ. ‰ 13 ddom C of organic matterŽ. ‰ 13 ddp C of photosynthateŽ. ‰ 13 dds2C of soil COŽ. ‰ 13 ddf C of soil-respired CO2 Ž. ‰ 11 ddÝB B of total dissolved BŽ. ‰ ´ free air porosity in soil ´a ambient atmospheric partial pressure of water vapor ´i intercellular partial pressure of water vapor ) y1 y3 fs2CO production rateŽ. mol s cm m growth rateŽ. dy1 r tortuosity D.L. Royer et al.rEarth-Science ReÕiews 54() 2001 349–392 351 understanding climate dynamics, most notably its basis is dominated by the exchange of carbon be- effect on global temperatureŽ e.g., Sloan and Rea, tween rocks and the surficial reservoir consisting of 1995; Kothavala et al., 1999. through the so-called the atmosphereqbiosphereqoceansqsoils, and the ‘greenhouse effect’. PCO2 affects many other as- processes involved in the long-term cycle are differ- pects of the biosphere including particularly the ent from those that are involved in the short-term physiology, productivity and distribution of terres- cycle, which considers only the exchange of carbon trial vegetation. This in turn influences our interpre- within the surficial reservoirŽ. see Berner, 1999 . tation of the plant fossil recordŽ. Beerling, 1998b and Because the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere is exerts an important impact on the feedback between exceedingly small compared to the carbon fluxes vegetation and climate by changing the exchange of into and out of it, it is very difficult to calculate energy and water vapor between the land surface and changes in PCO2 due to imbalances between these the overlying atmosphereŽ. e.g., Bounoua et al., 1999 . fluxes over millions of yearsŽ Berner and Caldeira, Quantifying the PCO2 of the ancient atmosphere, 1997. Calculations of PCO2 from imbalances via therefore, provides a firmer basis for assessing the time-dependent modeling have been madeŽ Berner et linkages between PCO2 and the biosphere that are al., 1983; Lasaga et al., 1985. , but they require urgently required for understanding the geologic past treatment of fluxes of additional elements such as Ž.Beerling, 2000 . Ca, Mg, and S, as well as fluxes of carbon between Here, we critically consider the underlying theory, the ocean and atmosphere as well as between rocks practice, and applicability of geochemical modeling and the surficial reservoir. Because of their complex- of the long-termŽ. multimillion year carbon cycle ity, these models will not be covered here. Instead, and four paleo-PCO2 proxies. Several of the proxies simpler models dealing only with carbon, principally were developed for and first applied to the Quater- the GEOCARB and similar modelsŽ Budyko et al., nary, but their application to the pre-Quaternary 1987; Berner, 1991, 1994; Caldeira and Kasting, record will be emphasized here. The four proxies are 1992; Franc¸ois and Walker, 1992; Kump and Arthur, the d13C of phytoplankton, the d13C of pedogenic 1997; Tajika, 1998; Berner and Kothavala, 2001; carbonatesŽ. including the goethite method , stomatal Wallman, 2001. , will be discussed. Several other density and stomatal index, and the d11 B of marine modeling approaches to the long-term carbon cycle calcium carbonate. In considering the applicability of have been made, but they do not actually calculate the various approaches to the geologic record, their CO2 concentrations and will not be discussed here associated temporal resolutions and precision of ŽWalker et al., 1981; Caldeira, 1992; Raymo and PCO2 estimates will be emphasized. Ruddiman, 1992; Godderis and Franc¸ois, 1995, 1996; Derry and France-Lanord, 1996; France-Lanord and Derry, 1997; Gibbs et al., 1997, 1999; Kump and 2. Geochemical modeling of the long-term carbon Arthur, 1999; McCauley and DePaolo, 1997; Raymo, cycle 1997; Franc¸ois and Godderis, 1998. The GEOCARB model considers the input of The level of atmospheric CO2 over geologic time CO2 to the atmosphere from the thermal breakdown can be estimated by constructing mass balance ex- of carbon in rocks resulting in volcanic, metamor- pressions for all the processes that bring about inputs phic, and diagenetic degassing. Additional CO2 in- and outputs of CO2 to and from the atmosphere. This put comes from the weathering of organic matter in is a daunting task at any timescale. The best one can rocks exposed on the continents. Carbon dioxide is do is to construct theoretical models and attempt to removed from the atmosphere by the weathering of devise rates and rate laws for processes involved in Ca–Mg silicate and carbonate minerals to form dis- the carbon cycle and how these rates may have solved bicarbonate in groundwater, followed by y changed over time. Since this review is concerned transport of the HCO3 by rivers to the oceans where y with pre-Quaternary PCO2 , only models that treat the HCO3 is removed as Ca–Mg carbonates in CO2 changes over millions of years will be dis- bottom sediments. Thus, carbon is transferred from cussed. The carbon cycle on a multimillion year the atmosphere to carbonate rocks. In some models 352 D.L. Royer et al.rEarth-Science ReÕiews 54() 2001 349–392 s Ž.e.g., Wallman, 2001 , direct weathering of Ca–Mg where: Fwc, F wg rate of release of carbon to the silicates to carbonates on the seafloor is also consid- atmosphereqbiosphereqoceansqsoils system via ered.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Understanding Longterm Carbon Cycle Trends: the Late Paleocene Through
    PALEOCEANOGRAPHY, VOL. 28, 1–13, doi:10.1002/palo.20060, 2013 Understanding long-term carbon cycle trends: The late Paleocene through the early Eocene N. Komar,1 R. E. Zeebe,1 and G. R. Dickens2,3 Received 13 June 2013; revised 5 September 2013; accepted 12 September 2013. [1] The late Paleocene to the early Eocene (58–52 Ma) was marked by significant changes in global climate and carbon cycling. The evidence for these changes includes stable isotope records that reveal prominent decreases in ı18Oandı13C, suggesting a rise in Earth’s surface temperature (4ıC) and a drop in net carbon output from the ocean and atmosphere. Concurrently, deep-sea carbonate records at several sites indicate a deepening of the calcite compensation depth (CCD). Here we investigate possible causes (e.g., increased volcanic degassing or decreased net organic burial) for these observations, but from a new perspective. The basic model employed is a modified version of GEOCARB III. However, we have coupled this well-known geochemical model to LOSCAR (Long-term Ocean-atmosphere Sediment CArbon cycle Reservoir model), which enables simulation of seawater carbonate chemistry, the CCD, and ocean ı13C. We have also added a capacitor, in this case represented by gas hydrates, that can store and release 13C-depleted carbon to and from the shallow geosphere over millions of years. We further consider accurate input data (e.g., ı13C of carbonate) on a currently accepted timescale that spans an interval much longer than the perturbation. Several different scenarios are investigated with the goal of consistency amongst inferred changes in temperature, the CCD, and surface ocean and deep ocean ı13C.
    [Show full text]
  • Newsletter 56
    Newsletter of the International Association of GeoChemistry Number 56, May 2012 FROM THE PRESIDENT IAGC members, 2011 has been a good, successful year for our organisation. The GES-9 (Geochemistry * * * * * at the Earth‟s Surface) and the AIG-9 (Applied Isotope Geochemistry) Working Groups symposia were well attended and - - NEWS FLASH - - the participating members I had the chance to talk with were very satisfied with both events. In a way, both meetings demonstrated that there is a need for such smaller conferences, with 100-300 participants and a well-defined topic. They just provide better chances to meet and hold discussions with fellow scientists having similar interests, and it‟s easier to make new friends than at many of the major events with thousands of participants (though Council sometimes discusses whether it would not be nice for IAGC to have such a major money earning event Applied Geochemistry vol.27 no.5 contains rather than having to sponsor a diversity of contributions from the special session small meetings). honouring Professor Iain Thornton at the SEGH 2010 conference on 'Environmental 2012 is one of those years where most of Quality and Human Health'. These include our awards are bestowed, starting with our papers on soil ingestion, arsenic and lead most prestigious award, the Vernadsky distribution and exposure, and in situ vs ex medal. You will find the announcements for situ measurements. Athens passwords all awards in this issue of the Newsletter needed for offsite access. For more details, and I congratulate all award recipients on see page 17. behalf of the IAGC.
    [Show full text]
  • Sedimentology and Stratigraphy of the Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene El
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Master's Theses Graduate School 2002 Sedimentology and stratigraphy of the Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene El Molino Formation, Eastern Cordillera and Altiplano, Central Andes, Bolivia: implications for the tectonic development of the Central Andes Richard John Fink Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses Part of the Earth Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Fink, Richard John, "Sedimentology and stratigraphy of the Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene El Molino Formation, Eastern Cordillera and Altiplano, Central Andes, Bolivia: implications for the tectonic development of the Central Andes" (2002). LSU Master's Theses. 3925. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/3925 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Master's Theses by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SEDIMENTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF THE UPPER CRETACEOUS- PALEOCENE EL MOLINO FORMATION, EASTERN CORDILLERA AND ALTIPLANO, CENTRAL ANDES, BOLIVIA: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE TECTONIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE CENTRAL ANDES A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in The Department of Geology and Geophysics by Richard John Fink B.S., Montana State University, 1999 August 2002 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Drs. Bouma, Ellwood and Byerly for allowing me to present and defend my M.S. thesis in the absence of my original advisor.
    [Show full text]
  • Review of the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous Stratigraphy in Western Cameros Basin, Northern Spain
    Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Oct 08, 2021 Review of the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous stratigraphy in Western Cameros basin, Northern Spain Vidal, Maria del Pilar Clemente Published in: Sociedad Geologica de Espana. Revista Publication date: 2010 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Vidal, M. D. P. C. (2010). Review of the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous stratigraphy in Western Cameros basin, Northern Spain. Sociedad Geologica de Espana. Revista, 23(2-3), 101-143. http://www.sociedadgeologica.es/publicaciones_revista.html General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. 101 Revista de la Sociedad Geológica de España 23 (3-4) REVIEW OF THE UPPER JURASSIC-LOWER CRETACEOUS STRATIGRAPHY IN WESTERN CAMEROS BASIN, NORTHERN SPAIN Pilar Clemente Department of Civil Engineering, Centre for Energy Resources Engineering (CERE) Denmark Technical University (DTU Byg), Brovej, building 118, DK - 2800 Kgs.
    [Show full text]
  • GEOCARBSULF: a Combined Model for Phanerozoic Atmospheric O2 and CO2
    Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 70 (2006) 5653–5664 www.elsevier.com/locate/gca GEOCARBSULF: A combined model for Phanerozoic atmospheric O2 and CO2 Robert A. Berner * Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8109, USA Received 13 June 2005; accepted in revised form 1 November 2005 Abstract A model for the combined long-term cycles of carbon and sulfur has been constructed which combines all the factors modifying weathering and degassing of the GEOCARB III model [Berner R.A., Kothavala Z., 2001. GEOCARB III: a revised model of atmospher- ic CO2 over Phanerozoic time. Am. J. Sci. 301, 182–204] for CO2 with rapid recycling and oxygen dependent carbon and sulfur isotope fractionation of an isotope mass balance model for O2 [Berner R.A., 2001. Modeling atmospheric O2 over Phanerozoic time. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 65, 685–694]. New isotopic data for both carbon and sulfur are used and new feedbacks are created by combining the models. Sensitivity analysis is done by determining (1) the effect on weathering rates of using rapid recycling (rapid recycling treats car- bon and sulfur weathering in terms of young rapidly weathering rocks and older more slowly weathering rocks); (2) the effect on O2 of using different initial starting conditions; (3) the effect on O2 of using different data for carbon isotope fractionation during photosyn- 13 thesis and alternative values of oceanic d C for the past 200 million years; (4) the effect on sulfur isotope fractionation and on O2 of varying the size of O2 feedback during sedimentary pyrite formation; (5) the effect on O2 of varying the dependence of organic matter and pyrite weathering on tectonic uplift plus erosion, and the degree of exposure of coastal lands by sea level change; (6) the effect on CO2 of adding the variability of volcanic rock weathering over time [Berner, R.A., 2006.
    [Show full text]
  • Discriminating Between Tectonism and Climate Signatures in Palustrine Deposits: Lessons from the Miocene of the Teruel Graben. NE Spain
    Discriminating between tectonism and climate signatures in palustrine deposits: Lessons from the Miocene of the Teruel Graben. NE Spain Ana M. Alonso-Zarza a. M , Alfonso Melendez c, Rebeca Martin-Garcia b, M' Josefa Herrero a, Andrea Martin-Perez a • Departamento de Petro[ogfa y Geoqufmica, Fae, CC, Geol6gicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, C/Jose Antonio Novais, 28040, Madrid, Spain b Instituto de Geociencias, UCM-CSIC, C/Jose Antonio Novais, 28040, Madrid, Spain C Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain ABSTRACT The Upper Miocene (Vallesian-Turolian) Unit II of the Teruel Graben comprises at its top a 25 m-thick se­ quence of palustrine deposits. Deposition of the entire unit commenced some 9 to 7 Ma ago in a half­ graben basin. Here, via a recent quarry, we examine in detail the lateral and vertical distribution of Unit II's palustrine facies and their features to determine the palaeogeography and main controls on deposit forma­ tion. Our findings suggest the deposits formed at a low-gradient lake margin with different energy levels. Keywords: Continental carbonates These energy levels controlled the type of primary deposit within the lake; wackestone to packstone sedi­ Palustrine ments formed in low-energy conditions, whereas cross-bedded rudstones to floatstones formed under higher Climate energy conditions, by erosion and redeposition of prior lacustrine deposits. Pedogenic and diagenetic modi­ Tectonism fications of the primary sediments took place during sedimentary discontinuities (SO) when the lacustrine Teruel Graben sediments were subaerially exposed. These processes serve to explain the formation of eight different pal us­ Geochemistry trine limestones: limestones with root traces, mottled limestones, brecciated limestones, flat pebble breccias, granular limestones, micro-karstified limestones with laminar ca1cretes, carbonate mounds and clayey lime­ stones with laminar ca1cretes.
    [Show full text]
  • XXII Jornadas De La Sociedad Española De Paleontología
    XXII Jornadas de la Sociedad Española de Paleontología y simposios de los proyectos PICG 493, 503, 499, y 467 Libro de Resúmenes E. Fernández-Martínez (Editora) Diseño y maquetación: Antonio Buil Dibujos de portada y contraportada: Cristina García Núñez © Universidad de León Secretariado de Publicaciones © Los autores I.S.B.N. : 84-9773-293-6 Depósito Legal: LE-1584-2006 Impresión: Universidad de León. Servicio de Imprenta XXII Jornadas de la Sociedad Española de Paleontología Organizado por: Universidad de León Sociedad Española de Paleontología Con la colaboración de: Caja España Programa Internacional de Correlación Geológica (IUGS, UNESCO) Conjunto Paleontológico de Teruel - Dinópolis Diputación de León Ayuntamiento de León Ayuntamiento de Los Barrios de Luna Ayuntamiento de La Pola de Gordón Comité Organizador Dra. Esperanza M. Fernández Martínez (Secretaria). Universidad de León. Dra. Rosa Mª. Rodríguez González. Universidad de León. Dra. Mª Amor Fombella Blanco. Universidad de León. Dr. Manuel Salesa Calvo. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC). Sra. Mª Dolores Pesquero Fernández. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC). Coordinación de Proyectos PICG Dr. Patricio Domínguez. Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Dr. José Antonio Gámez Vintaned. Universidad de Zaragoza. Dr. J. Ignacio Valenzuela Ríos. Universidad de Valencia. Dra. Ana Márquez-Aliaga. Universidad de Valencia. Coordinación de excursiones Excursión A Dr. Jenaro Luis García-Alcalde. Universidad de Oviedo. Dra. Isabel Méndez-Bedia. Universidad de Oviedo. Dr. Luis Pedro Fernández. Universidad de Oviedo. Dra. Esperanza M. Fernández Martínez. Universidad de León. Dr. Francisco M. Soto Fernández. Universidad de Oviedo. Excursión B Dr. Carlos Aramburu. Universidad de Oviedo. Dr. Miguel Arbizu Senosiain. Universidad de Oviedo.
    [Show full text]
  • Unusual Sauropod Tracks in the Jurassic-Cretaceous Interval of the Cameros Basin (Burgos, Spain)
    Journal of Iberian Geology 41 (1) 2015: 141-154 http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/rev_JIGE.2015.v41.n1.48660 www.ucm.es /info/estratig/journal.htm ISSN (print): 1698-6180. ISSN (online): 1886-7995 Unusual sauropod tracks in the Jurassic-Cretaceous interval of the Cameros Basin (Burgos, Spain) F. Torcida Fernández-Baldor1*, I. Díaz-Martínez2, R. Contreras1, P. Huerta1,2, D. Montero1, V. Urién1 1Museo de Dinosaurios de Salas de los Infantes y Colectivo Arqueológico-Paleontológico de Salas, Pza. Jesús Aparicio, 09600 Salas de los Infantes (Burgos), Spain. 2CONICET - Instituto de Investigación en Paleobiología y Geología, Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, c/ General Roca 1242, 8332 Fisque Menuco-General Roca (Río Negro), Argentina. 3Departemaneto de Geología, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Ávila, Universidad de Salamanca, 05003 Ávila, Spain. e-mail addresses: [email protected] (F.T.F.-B., corresponding author); [email protected] (I.D.M.); [email protected] (R.C.); [email protected] (P.H.); [email protected] (D.M.); [email protected] (V.U.) Received: 15 January 2014 / Accepted: 18 December 2014 / Available online: 25 March 2015 Abstract The Las Sereas site includes at least 14 ichnological outcrops along 5.6 km, in the Lara area, southwest Burgos Province. 67 ichnites of dinosaurs are documented at Las Sereas 7, identified as theropod and sauropod trackways occurring in shallow carbonates of lacustrine en- vironment. Sauropod trackways have intermediate-gauge and low heteropody, and show different anatomical features to other tracks found in the ichnological record, especially in the disposition and orientation of pes digits. They are similar to Polyonyx from the Middle Jurassic of Portugal.
    [Show full text]
  • Sedimentology. Diagenesis and Ichnology of Cretaceous and Palaeogene Calcretes and Palustrine Carbonates from Uruguay Ana M
    Sedimentology. diagenesis and ichnology of Cretaceous and Palaeogene calcretes and palustrine carbonates from Uruguay Ana M. Alonso-Zarza a.*, large F. Genise b, Mariano Verde C • Dept Petro[ogfa y Geoqufmica, Fae cc Geol6gicas, IG£-CSIC, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain b CONlCET,Division Icn%gia, Museo Argentina de Ciencias Naturales, Angel Gallardo 470,1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina c SNI-ANII Departamento de Evoluci6n de Cuencas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Urnguay ABSTRACT The Cretaceous (Mercedes Formation) and Paleogene (Queguay Formation) deposits cropping out in Wand S Uruguay comprise two terrestrial limestone units that are very rich in trace fossils. The study of these units permits to propose a sedimentological model for palustrine limestones and ca1cretes in which the distribution of different types of trace fossils is considered. The study units include three main types of deposit: lacustrine limestones, palustrine limestones and ca1cretes. The lacustrine limestones are relatively homogeneous and contain gastropods, charophytes and ostracods, but no trace fossils. They were deposited in a relatively more perennial lacustrine environment. The palustrine limestones include four different facies: desiccated Keywords: mudstones, nodular limestones, granular limestones and gravel-sheets. The desiccated mudstones indicate Calcretes a lesser degree of pedogenic modification and the granular limestones a higher degree. The gravel-sheets are Lacustrine carbonates an indication of the reworking of previous limestones deposits during low lakewater levels. Most of the Trace fossils palustrine limestones (except the gravel sheets) contain the same bioclasts as the lacustrine limestones plus a Silicification variety of trace fossils such as Rebuffoichnus sciutto� Fictovichnus gobiensis and different ichnospecies of Chaco-Paranense Basin Celliforma.
    [Show full text]
  • John Vanden Brooks
    John Michael VandenBrooks Department of Physiology Work Phone: 623-572-3683 Midwestern University Cell Phone: 203-494-9881 19555 N. 59th Ave. Fax: 623-572-3673 Glendale, AZ 85308 Email: [email protected] EDUCATION 2007 Ph.D., Geology and Geophysics, Yale University Advisors: Dr. Elisabeth Vrba, Dr. Robert Berner 2004 M. Phil., Geology and Geophysics, Yale University 2001 B.S. Chemistry with High Honors and Distinction, University of Michigan PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE Current 2014-present Assistant Professor, Midwestern University Department of Physiology/College of Veterinary Medicine 2014-present Adjunct Assistant Professor, Arizona State University School of Life Sciences Previous 2007-2013 Postdoctoral Research Associate, Arizona State University Supervisor: Dr. Jon Harrison 2011-2013 Lecturer, Arizona State University Courses Taught 2013 BIO 360: Animal Physiology, Arizona State University 2013 BIO 370: Vertebrate Zoology, Arizona State University 2013 BIO 100: The Living World, Arizona State University 2012 BIO 461: Comparative Animal Physiology, Arizona State University 2011-13 BIO 181: General Biology I, Arizona State University Other 2008 BIOMED 330: Physiology I Lecturer, Midwestern University 2008 BIO 201: Human Anatomy and Physiology Lecturer, Arizona State University 2005 Introduction to Geochemistry Teaching Fellow, Yale University 2004 History of Life Teaching Fellow, Yale University 2002 Global Environmental Change Teaching Fellow, Yale University 2001-2002 Paleontological Student Discussion Group Coordinator, Yale University 2000-2001 Chemistry Research Assistant, University of Michigan Advisor: Dr. Omar Yaghi AWARDS AND HONORS Postdoctoral (2007-13) Award for Recognition of Outstanding Service to the University, Arizona State University American Physiological Society Research Recognition Award Ametek-Edax Best Poster Award John M. VandenBrooks, curriculum vitae, page 2 of 12 Awards and Honors cont.
    [Show full text]
  • Pedogenic and Lacustrine Features of the Brushy Basin
    Volumina Jurassica, 2014, Xii (2): 115–130 Doi: 10.5604/17313708 .1130134 Pedogenic and lacustrine features of the Brushy Basin Member of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation in western Colorado: Reassessing the paleoclimatic interpretations Lawrence H. TANNER1, Kenneth G. GALLI2, Spencer G. LUCAS3 Key words: Aridisol, Inceptisol, calcrete, palustrine, lacustrine, pedogenesis. Abstract. Study of the pedogenic features of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation in western Colorado, USA, shows a clear difference in the types of paleosols between the strata of the lower and upper Brushy Basin Member. Lower Brushy Basin paleosols are mostly cal- careous Aridisols with Stage I through Stage III calcrete Bk horizons, abundant root traces, occasional vertic features, but only rarely with ochric epipedons. Upper Brushy Basin paleosols are mainly thicker and commonly display ochric epipedons and well-developed Bt and Bw horizons. We assign these paleosols to the order Inceptisol. Limestones occur in the Brushy Basin Member and include both uniformly micritic limestones and limestones with strongly brecciated textures. The former contain sparse body fossils and charophyte debris, while the latter are characterized by clotted-peloidal fabrics with circumgranular cracking and silica replacement. We interpret these limestones as the deposits of carbonate in small water bodies on a low-gradient flood plain, with the textures resulting from pedogenic reworking of the carbonate sediment. We find no evidence for the presence of extensive lacustrine or wetlands (Lake T’oo’dichi’) deposits in the study area. The paleoclimate suggested by all of these features is strongly seasonal, but subject to variations on orbital (precessional and higher) timescales causing intervals of semi-aridity during weaker monsoons, to alternate with sub-humid periods during stronger monsoons.
    [Show full text]
  • Stratigraphy and Sedimentology of Distal-Alluvial and Lacustrine
    Citation: Larena, Z., Arenas, C., Baceta, J.I., Murelaga, X., Suarez-Hernando, O., 2020. Stratigraphy and sedimentology of KPZ[HSHSS\]PHSHUKSHJ\Z[YPULKLWVZP[ZVM[OL^LZ[LYUJLU[YHS,IYV)HZPU5,0ILYPHYLnjLJ[PUN[OLVUZL[VM[OLTPKKSL4PVJLUL Climatic Optimum. Geologica Acta, 18.7, 1-26, I-III. DOI: 10.1344/GeologicaActa2020.18.7 Stratigraphy and sedimentology of distal-alluvial and lacustrine deposits of the western-central Ebro Basin (NE Iberia) reflecting the onset of the middle Miocene Climatic Optimum This paper is dedicated to the memory of our colleague and friend Joaquín Villena Morales, who passed away recently. He was an enthusiastic pioneer of “Tectosedimentary Units”, working in the Cenozoic of the Ebro Basin Z. Larena1 C. Arenas2* J.I. Baceta1 X. Murelaga1 O. Suarez-Hernando1 1Department of Stratigraphy and Palaeontology. Science and Technology Faculty. University of the Basque Country/EHU Barrio Sarriena, s/n. 48940 Bizkaia, Spain. Larena E-mail: [email protected] Baceta E-mail: [email protected] Murelaga E-mail: [email protected] 2Stratigraphy Division. Department of Earth Sciences, Institute for Research on Environmental Sciences of Aragón (IUCA) and GEOtransfer Group. University of Zaragoza Calle Pedro Cebuna, 12. 50009 Zaragoza, Spain. E-mail: [email protected] *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Stratigraphic and sedimentological study of distal alluvial and lacustrine deposits in the Plana de la Negra-Sancho Abarca area (western-central Ebro Basin, NE Iberia) within the early and middle Miocene allows five main lithofacies to be characterized and mapped within two tectosedimentary units, construction of a sedimentary facies model and discussion on allogenic controls on sedimentation. In this area, the boundary between tectosedimentary units T5 and T6 appears to be conformable and is marked by the change from dominant clastics to carbonates.
    [Show full text]