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France Or the Network Hannibal in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland Confirms EUROPOL’S Alarming Surveys on the Growing Danger of Right-Wing Terrorism

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France Or the Network Hannibal in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland Confirms EUROPOL’S Alarming Surveys on the Growing Danger of Right-Wing Terrorism y gathering 39 local scholars, experts, and civil society activists specialized in racism and human rights, the fourth edition of the European Islamophobia Report addresses a still timely and politically important issue. All 34 country Breports included in this book follow a unique structure that is convenient, first, for com- EUROPEAN paring country reports and, second, for selected readings on a particular topic such as politics, employment, or education with regards to Islamophobia across Europe. ISLAMOPHOBIA The present report investigates in detail the underlying dynamics that directly or indirectly support the rise of anti-Muslim racism in Europe. This extends from Islamophobic state- ments spread in national media to laws and policies that restrain the fundamental rights REPORT of European Muslim citizens. As a result, the European Islamophobia Report 2018 dis- cusses the impact of anti-Muslim discourse on human rights, multiculturalism, and the 2018 state of law in Europe. This fourth edition of our report highlights how European societies are challenged by the ENES BAYRAKLI • FARID HAFEZ (Eds) rise of violent far-right groups that do not only preach hatred of Muslims but also partici- pate in the organization of bloody terror attacks. The rise of far-right terrorist groups such as AFO (Action of Operational Forces) in France or the network Hannibal in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland confirms EUROPOL’s alarming surveys on the growing danger of right-wing terrorism. This year, SETA worked in cooperation with the Leopold Weiss Institute, an Austrian NGO based in Vienna dedicated to the research of Muslims in Europe. In addition, the Euro- pean Union has funded the European Islamophobia Report 2018 through the program EUROPEAN ISLAMOPHOBIA REPORT 2018 “Civil Society Dialogue Between EU and Turkey (CSD-V)”. ds) About SETA Foundation for Political, Economic and Social Research (SETA) is a non-profit research institute based in Turkey dedicated to innovative studies on national, regional and interna- tional issues. SETA is the leading think tank in Turkey and has offices in Ankara, Istanbul, Washington D.C. and Cairo. The objective of SETA is to produce up-to-date and accu- rate knowledge and analyses in the fields of politics, economy, and society, and inform policy makers and the public on changing political, economic, social, and cultural condi- tions. Through research reports, publications, brain storming sessions, conferences and policy recommendations, SETA seeks to guide leaders in government, civil society, and business, and contributes to informed decision making mechanisms. ENES BAYRAKLI • FARID HAFEZ (E ANKARA • ISTANBUL • WASHINGTON D.C. • CAIRO • BERLIN • BRUSSELS EUROPEAN ISLAMOPHOBIA REPORT 2018 ENES BAYRAKLI • FARID HAFEZ (Eds) This publication was produced with the financial support of the European Union. Its contents are the sole responsibility of the authors of the national reports; and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Union and and Ministry of Foreign Affairs-Directorate for EU Affairs. COPYRIGHT © 2019 by SETA All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, without permission in writing from the publishers. ISBN: XX First Published in 2019 Cover: Erkan Söğüt Proofreading: Dr. Eva Stamoulou Oral SETA | FOUNDATION FOR POLITICAL, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL RESEARCH Nenehatun Caddesi No: 66 GOP Çankaya 06700 Ankara TÜRKİYE Phone:+90 312.551 21 00 | Fax :+90 312.551 21 90 www.setav.org | [email protected] | @setavakfi SETA | İstanbul Defterdar Mh. Savaklar Cd. Ayvansaray Kavşağı No: 41-43 Eyüpsultan İstanbul TÜRKİYE Phone: +90 212 315 11 00 | Fax: +90 212 315 11 11 SETA | Washington D.C. 1025 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Suite 1106 Washington, D.C., 20036 USA Phone: 202-223-9885 | Fax: 202-223-6099 www.setadc.org | [email protected] | @setadc SETA | Cairo 21 Fahmi Street Bab al Luq Abdeen Flat No 19 Cairo EGYPT Phone: 00202 279 56866 | 00202 279 56985 | @setakahire SETA | Berlin Französische Straße 12, 10117 Berlin GERMANY Phone: +49 30 20188466 SETA | Brussels Avenue des Arts 27, 1000 Bruxelles, BELGIQUE www.setav.org/en | [email protected] ABOUT EDITORS Enes Bayraklı Enes Bayraklı earned his BA, MA and PhD from the Department of Political Science at the University of Vienna, and conducted research for his PhD thesis at the Uni- versity of Nottingham in Britain between 2009 and 2010. He was a deputy director at the Yunus Emre Turkish Cultural Center in London in 2011-2013. Bayraklı also served as the founding director of the Yunus Emre Turkish Cultural Centers in Con- stanta and Bucharest, Romania in August-December 2012. He has been a faculty member at the Department of Political Science and International Relations at the Turkish-German University since 2013. Currently he is also the coordinator of SETA Brussels office and director of European Studies at SETA Foundation. His fields of- re search include Islamophobia in Europe, far-right movements in Europe, the transfor- mation of Turkish foreign policy, foreign policy analysis, and German foreign policy. Farid Hafez Farid Hafez, PhD (Political Science, University of Vienna), is currently lecturer and researcher at the University of Salzburg, Department of Political Science and So- ciology and senior researcher at Georgetown University’s “The Bridge Initiative” at the School of Foreign Service. He defended his habilitation thesis on “Islam-Politics in the Second Republic of Austria” at the University of Salzburg. In 2017, he was a Fulbright visiting professor at the University of California, Berkeley and in 2014, he was a visiting scholar at Columbia University, New York. Since 2010 he has been the editor of Islamophobia Studies Yearbook, and since 2016 the co-editor of European Islamophobia Report. Hafez has received the Bruno Kreisky Award for the “Political Book of the Year” for his anthology Islamophobia in Austria (co-edited with John Bunzl). He has more than 80 publications in leading journals such as Politics and Religion, Patterns of Prejudice, and German Politics and Society. His latest publica- tions are Islamophobia in Muslim Majority Societies (Routledge, co-edited with Enes Bayrakli) and Feindbild Islam. Über die Salonfähigkeit von Rassismus (Böhlau). For more information about the EIR: www.islamophobiaeurope.com [email protected] ISLAMOPHOBIA IN france ISLAMOPHOBIA IN FRANCE NATIONAL REPORT 2018 LÉONARD FAYTRE islamophobiaeurope.com • @islamophobiaEIR 319 EUROPEAN ISLAMOPHOBIA REPORT 2018 320 setav.org ISLAMOPHOBIA IN france The Author Léonard Faytre graduated from Sciences Po Paris University with degrees in both Political Science (BA) and Urban Policy (MA). After moving to Istanbul in 2013, he continued his studies and completed a second MA in Argumentation The- ories (Münazara) at the Alliance of Civilization Institute (Ibn Khaldun University) in 2018. His research focuses on political theory, French foreign affairs, and French immigration policy. Besides French, he speaks English, Turkish, and Arabic. Cur- rently, Faytre works as a research assistant at the European Studies Department of SETA (Istanbul Office). E-mail: [email protected] Disclaimer: Statements of fact and opinion in the national reports of the European Islamophobia Report are those of the respective authors. They are not the expression of the editors or the funding institutions and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Union and Ministry of Foreign Affairs-Directorate for EU Affairs. To cite this report: Léonard Faytre: Islamophobia in France: National Report 2018, in: Enes Bayraklı & Farid Hafez, European Islamophobia Report 2018, Istanbul, SETA, 2019, pp. 319-368. islamophobiaeurope.com • @islamophobiaEIR 321 EUROPEAN ISLAMOPHOBIA REPORT 2018 Executive Summary Islamophobia kept rising in 2018. According to the Collectif contre l’islamophobie en France (CCIF), 676 Islamophobic incidents were documented in 2018 against 446 in 2017 (increase of 52%). Among these 676 incidents, 20 concern physical attacks (3%), 568 concern discrimination (84%), and 88 concern hate speech (13%). Islamophobia is not disconnected from the other forms of racism. The CCIF notices that 70% of the victims of Islamophobic acts are women. The National Ad- visory Commission on Human Rights (CNCDH) in its 2018 report on the state of racism in France also highlights that Islamophobic acts go along with aversion to feminist and secular values. In other words, Islamophobic acts do not only target Muslims but also women, melting pot values, and what is perceived as “the other.” Islamophobia in France relies on nationalistic discourse and far-right imaginary of race, land and culture, not on the defence of freedom and secular values as Islamo- phobes pretended. Islamophobia in 2018 was illustrated by violent attacks against Muslim women, the emergence of far-right terror groups, and the deterioration of public discourse against Muslim people. Examples of these three trends are the physical attack on a young woman in the streets of Lille by members of the far-right group Génération Identitaire; the dissolution of the terror group AFO that was planning major terror attacks against Muslim civilians; and the use of violent expressions such as “civil war” by many polemists, journalists, and politicians who aim to point out the supposed polarization of French society between non-Muslims and Muslims. Last but not least, recurrent terror attacks and the ongoing counterterrorism
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