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“FRANCE DESERVES to BE FREE”: CONSTITUTING FRENCHNESS in MARINE LE PEN's NATIONAL FRONT/NATIONAL RALLY Submitted By THESIS “FRANCE DESERVES TO BE FREE”: CONSTITUTING FRENCHNESS IN MARINE LE PEN’S NATIONAL FRONT/NATIONAL RALLY Submitted by Lauren Seitz Department of Communication Studies In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado Summer 2020 Master’s Committee: Advisor: Karrin Anderson Julia Khrebtan-Hörhager Courtenay Daum Copyright by Lauren Nicole Seitz 2020 All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT “FRANCE DESERVES TO BE FREE”: CONSTITUTING FRENCHNESS IN MARINE LE PEN’S NATIONAL FRONT/NATIONAL RALLY This thesis employs constitutive rhetoric to analyze French far-right politician Marine Le Pen’s discourse. Focusing on ten of Le Pen’s speeches given between 2015 and 2019, I argue that Le Pen made use of Kenneth Burke’s steps of scapegoating and purification as a way to rewrite French national identity and constitute herself as a revolutionary political leader. Le Pen first identified with the subjects and system that she scapegoats. Next, she cast out elites, globalists, and immigrants, identifying them as scapegoats of France’s contemporary identity split. Finally, by disidentifying with the scapegoats, Le Pen constituted her followers as always already French patriots and herself as her leader. This allowed her to propose a new form of French national identity that was undergirded by far-right ideals and discourse of revolution. This thesis presents several implications for understanding contemporary French national identity, the far right, and women politicians. It also contributes to the project of internationalizing public address research in Communication Studies. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First, thank you to my advisor, Kari Anderson. I truly could not have completed this thesis without your guidance, encouragement, and advice. I also want to thank you for helping me with PhD applications and decision-making. Second, thank you to my committee members, Dr. Khrebtan-Hörhager and Dr. Daum. Dr. Khrebtan-Hörhager, I’ve loved having someone who I can speak French with and who can understand the cultural context of my research. Dr. Daum, your knowledge and understanding of women in politics is unparalleled; I want to thank you for contributing your valuable insights on my research from a different academic perspective. Thank you to my wonderful Communication Studies colleagues at Colorado State, especially Michelle Matter, Katie Patterson, Ben Pettis, and Taylor Weigel, for providing encouragement and advice, even as we all completed our theses from afar. Thank you to my fiancé Andrew Campbell for all the support you’ve given me over the past two years of my Master’s program—and for the next five years as I complete my PhD! Thank you for dealing with my stacks of library books in our office, for letting me talk your ear off about my research, and for helping me when technology and Microsoft Word formatting were not working properly. Thank you to all members of my family. Thank you to my parents for pushing me to continue my education in graduate school and for always wanting to hear about my work. I also want to thank my brother and grandparents for their encouragement and support. And, of course, thank you to my high school French teacher Elaine Jensen. You are responsible for cultivating my love of learning languages and traveling to different cultures. Without your passion for teaching, I never would have had the experiences that led me to graduate school and to a future career utilizing French language skills in my research. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... iii Chapter 1: Introduction ....................................................................................................................1 Literature Review.................................................................................................................3 Globalization ............................................................................................................3 Nationalism ..............................................................................................................7 National Identity ....................................................................................................11 Women’s Political Leadership ...............................................................................15 Critical Methodology .........................................................................................................21 Chapter Outline ..................................................................................................................25 Chapter 2: Context .........................................................................................................................26 French Foundations ............................................................................................................26 French National Identity ........................................................................................28 French Political Identity .........................................................................................30 French Politics and Governance in the Fifth Republic ..........................................32 Contemporary French Issues..................................................................................33 Fracturing French Identity .....................................................................................35 Gender and French Politics ................................................................................................37 Feminist Issues in French Identity .........................................................................39 Like Father Like Daughter: Nearly Fifty Years of Le Pen Leadership .............................42 Marine Le Pen Transforms the Party .....................................................................45 The Far-Right’s National Identity ..........................................................................49 Chapter 3: Analysis ........................................................................................................................52 Initial Identification ...........................................................................................................53 Division and Casting Out ...................................................................................................58 Elites ......................................................................................................................59 Globalists ..............................................................................................................64 Immigrants and Immigration .................................................................................68 Purification .........................................................................................................................81 Unifying and Redefining the Purified French People ............................................82 Performance of Patriotic Citizenship .....................................................................89 Living by Le Pen’s Rules .......................................................................................93 Right-Wing Revolution ..........................................................................................98 Chapter 4: Conclusion..................................................................................................................104 Endnotes .......................................................................................................................................117 iv Chapter 1: Introduction In May 2017, the world held its breath as the results of the French presidential election were announced. The two candidates could not be more different: Emmanuel Macron, a young centrist and former banker representing the new En Marche! (On the Move!) party versus Marine Le Pen, a far-right populist representing the Front National (National Front) party. At 8pm news sources announced an overwhelming victory for Macron, who won 66.1% of the vote compared to Le Pen’s 33.9%.1 Although this was Le Pen’s second failed bid for president, the party did not lose momentum. Two years later, in May 2019, Le Pen’s party, the newly-renamed Rassemblement National (National Rally) won more seats in the European Parliamentary election than any other French party, including that of President Macron, with 5.2 million votes. This massive electoral difference in only two years is the result of a split in France, “between Mr. Macron’s France ‘and peripheral France, which considers itself a victim of globalization,’” according to political historian Jean Garrigues.2 The latter view is that of the National Rally. A far-right party that was first founded in 1972 by Marine Le Pen’s father, Jean-Marie Le Pen, the group has been known for its extreme anti-Semitic, Islamophobic, anti-European, and populist views. After Jean-Marie stepped down from party leadership in 2011, Marine Le Pen took over, winning a large percentage of the vote for party president. Although Marine’s goal was to “de-demonize” the National Front, “the party remains faithful to the values of the National Front of Jean-Marie Le Pen.”3 As the rift within France continues to grow, the National Rally seems poised to take over political
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