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Biotherapeutic Antibodies for the Treatment of Head and Neck Cancer

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Biotherapeutic Antibodies for the Treatment of Head and Neck Cancer REVIEW published: 26 November 2020 doi: 10.3389/fonc.2020.559596 Biotherapeutic Antibodies for the Treatment of Head and Neck Cancer: Current Approaches and Future Considerations of Photothermal Therapies Edited by: Rasha Abu Eid, Mohammed M. Al Qaraghuli 1,2* University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom 1 SiMologics Ltd., Glasgow, United Kingdom, 2 Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Reviewed by: Glasgow, United Kingdom Iain James Nixon, National Health Service Scotland, United Kingdom Head and neck cancer (HNC) is a heterogeneous disease that includes a variety of tumors Sven Brandau, originating in the hypopharynx, oropharynx, lip, oral cavity, nasopharynx, or larynx. HNC is University of Duisburg-Essen, the sixth most common malignancy worldwide and affects thousands of people in terms Germany Marija Kovacevic-Sarmiento, of incidence and mortality. Various factors can trigger the development of the disease University of Duisburg-Essen, such as smoking, alcohol consumption, and repetitive viral infections. HNC is currently Germany, in collaboration with reviewer SB treated by single or multimodality approaches, which are based on surgery, radiotherapy, *Correspondence: chemotherapy, and biotherapeutic antibodies. The latter approach will be the focus of this Mohammed M. Al Qaraghuli article. There are currently three approved antibodies against HNCs (cetuximab, [email protected] nivolumab, and pembrolizumab), and 48 antibodies under development. The majority of Specialty section: these antibodies are of humanized (23 antibodies) or human (19 antibodies) origins, and This article was submitted to subclass IgG1 represents a total of 32 antibodies. In addition, three antibody drug Head and Neck Cancer, conjugates (ADCs: telisotuzumab-vedotin, indatuximab-ravtansine, and W0101) and a section of the journal fi Frontiers in Oncology two bispeci c antibodies (GBR 1372 and ABL001) have been under development. Received: 06 May 2020 Despite the remarkable success of antibodies in treating different tumors, success was Accepted: 03 November 2020 limited in HNCs. This limitation is attributed to efficacy, resistance, and the appearance of Published: 26 November 2020 various side effects. However, the efficacy of these antibodies could be enhanced through Citation: conjugation to gold nanoparticles (GNPs). These conjugates combine the high specificity Al Qaraghuli MM (2020) Biotherapeutic Antibodies for the Treatment of antibodies with unique spectral properties of GNPs to generate a treatment approach of Head and Neck Cancer: known as photothermal therapy. This approach can provide promising outcomes due to Current Approaches and fi Future Considerations of the ability of GNPs to convert light into heat, which can speci cally destroy cancer cells Photothermal Therapies. and treat HNC in an effective manner. Front. Oncol. 10:559596. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2020.559596 Keywords: antibody, head and neck cancer, photothermal therapy, gold nanoparticles, gold nanorods Frontiers in Oncology | www.frontiersin.org 1 November 2020 | Volume 10 | Article 559596 Al Qaraghuli Antibody Approaches Against HNC INCIDENCE, ETIOLOGY, AND chemicals, and synthetic substances to differentiate into plasma TREATMENT cells (28). These plasma cells secrete glycoproteins, also known as antibodies, to protect our bodies against these antigens. The “Y” Head and neck cancer (HNC) affects over 830,000 patients shaped antibody is generally comprising two heavy and two light worldwide, and about 430,000 people had died from this polypeptide chains linked together by disulfide bonds. The light disease in 2018 (1). This disease is highly heterogeneous and chain, which could be lambda (l) or kappa (k), can be linked to can affect the hypopharynx, oropharynx, lip, oral cavity, any of the nine characterized heavy-chain subtypes to generate nasopharynx, or larynx. It is the sixth most common cancer, one of the antibody subclasses in humans (IgG1–4, IgA1–2, IgM, and associated with a high recurrence and poor 5-year survival IgE, IgD) (29). The IgG class represents the majority of the rate (40–50%) (2). Tobacco and alcohol use are the main risk licensed therapeutic antibodies and those still in the stage of factors that increase the incidence of HNC (3). Strains 16 and 18 development (30). The IgG antibody is composed of two of human papillomavirus (HPV) are also linked with several identical antigen-binding fragments (Fabs) and one cases of HNC (4), however, HPV+ cancers have a better survival crystallizable region fragment (Fc) (Figure 1). Each Fab − rate and reduced risk of recurrence compared with HPV (4). contains the first two domains of the heavy (VH and CH1) The most common treatment modalities for HNCs include and light (VL and CL) chains, while the Fc region consist of two surgery, radiotherapy (RT), chemotherapy (CT), and N-glycosylated CH2 and two CH3 domains (31). Antibodies are biotherapeutic antibodies. Early-stage tumors can be treated well known for their high specificity and selectivity that make with single modality treatment such as surgery or RT (5), for them indispensable medicines to treat various diseases, especially patients with advanced-stage disease are normally treated with cancer, and currently represent a major component of the combined-modality therapy (6). Both CT and RT can be pharmaceutical industry (32). efficacious in treating HNCs, however, patients must withstand their severe side effects (7, 8). Surgery involves resection of the primary tumor with or without lymph nodal dissection, which can have a significant impact on eating, drinking, and talking, and ANTIBODIES AGAINST HEAD AND patients will also need to cope with subsequent facial NECK CANCER disfigurement (9). In certain cases surgery may involve removing the larynx, which will greatly affect communication Over the last two decades, our understanding of the molecular ’ (10), and have a negative impact on the patient s psychology and mechanisms underlying HNCs, and developments in molecular quality of life. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has biology, have led to the development of different targeted approved different CTs, such as cisplatin, carboplatin, 5- therapeutic agents. HNCs can be generally prompted by a fl uorouracil, docetaxel, methotrexate, and bleomycin, and three primary lesion or metastasize from another cancerous site monoclonal antibodies (cetuximab, nivolumab, and leading to malignant tumor. Cancer stem cells are constantly pembrolizumab) for the treatment of HNCs. The current addressed as one of the primary mediators of tumor treatment standard for recurring or metastatic HNCs is based aggressiveness, relapse, and malignancy (33, 34). Tumor- on cetuximab and platinum based cisplatin or carboplatin CT plus targeting antibodies are generally used to recognize tumor- fl methotrexate and 5- urouracil; which is further strengthened by specific membrane proteins, and induce tumor-killing through surgery and RT, and occasionally augmented by paclitaxel and Fc-driven innate immune responses, or block cell signaling (35). docetaxel (11). Cisplatin resistant, recurring, or metastatic HNCs Currently and to the best of our knowledge, there are 51 could be treated through the inclusion of checkpoint inhibitor antibodies are being tested at preclinical or clinical trials against antibodies, pembrolizumab or nivolumab (12, 13). HNCs (Table 1). Of three of the tested antibodies (nivolumab, Various review articles have focused on different treatment cetuximab, and pembrolizumab) were approved by regulatory – – – options for HNCs such as surgery (14 16), RT (17 20), CT (21 authorities for the treatment of HNC. The main addressed – fi 24), and immunotherapies (25 27). This article will speci cally targets were epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) (eight focus on analyzing biotherapeutic antibodies that are currently antibodies), programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) (six approved or being examined in different clinical trials. The main antibodies), programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) (five antibodies), targets that have attracted several developed antibodies were and receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-3 (HER3) (four analyzed in term of structural illustration and mechanism of antibodies). In addition, two antibodies are being developed to action. In addition, the future perspective of using each of the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA- fi nanotechnology to enhance the ef cacy of these antibodies is 4), HER2, c-Met, and vascular endothelial growth factor A fl brie y outlined. (VEGF-A). Moreover, the developed antibodies were mainly of sub-class IgG1 (32 antibodies), followed by subclasses IgG4 (11 antibodies) and IgG2 (4 antibodies). The antibodies were ANTIBODY STRUCTURE developed as chimeric, humanized, human, or fusion proteins, which were represented by 5, 23, 19, and 2 antibodies, respectively. B-lymphocyte cells are instructed by numerous immunogens, Besides the monoclonal antibodies, three antibody drug conjugates such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, cellular antigens, (ADCs: telisotuzumab-vedotin, indatuximab-ravtansine, and Frontiers in Oncology | www.frontiersin.org 2 November 2020 | Volume 10 | Article 559596 Al Qaraghuli Antibody Approaches Against HNC FIGURE 1 | Overall structure of IgG antibody. The crystal structure was obtained from the Protein Data Bank (PDB entry 1IGT). The IgG antibody is composed of two heavy chains (red and green) and two light chains (orange and blue). The crystal structure was
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