PUBLIC HEALTH for the 21ST CENTURY Second Edition

PUBLIC HEALTH FOR THE 21ST CENTURY Second Edition “The second edition of this text is a very welcome addition to the public health Second Edition library. The sweep of its interests and the vision it encapsulates marks it out as Public Health for the 21 Public Health for a true standard bearer for public health into the 21st Century. Its approach is comprehensive and its subject matter compelling.” Mike Kelly, Director of the Centre for Public Health Excellence st The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) the 21 Century This bestselling book has been substantially updated to take into account changing policy and practice. The introduction has been re-written to form a new chapter giving a comprehensive overview of the field of public health, making the book much more accessible to a wider audience. New Perspectives on Policy, Throughout this book, the authors analyse and reflect upon the influence of history, research and procedures upon contemporary public health practice. st Participation and Practice The text explores the debates surrounding the meaning of public health Century and looks at the policy changes that are reshaping its context. Also examined are the contributions that epidemiology and health economics make to public health. Second Edition Public Health for the 21st Century is essential reading for those involved in developing and implementing policies for health improvement, health protection and the reduction of inequalities in health. It also appeals to a wider audience of professionals, lay people and students who are interested in the wider health and well-being of their communities. Judy Orme is Reader in Public Health and Director of the Centre for Public Health Research in the Faculty of Health and Social Care at the University of the West of England, Bristol. Orme, Powell, Taylor and Grey Jane Powell is Programme Leader for the MSc Public Health and Senior Lecturer in Health Economics in the Faculty of Health and Social Care at the University of the West of England, Bristol. Pat Taylor is Faculty Lead for User Involvement and Senior Lecturer in Health and Social Care in the Faculty of Health and Social Care at the University of the West of England, Bristol. Melanie Grey is Principal Lecturer in Environmental Health and Head of the School of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Sciences in the Faculty of Applied Sciences at the University of the West of England, Bristol. Cover designed by Grosvenor (Northampton Ltd) & Jenni Orme. Judy Orme, Jane Powell, Pat Taylor and Melanie Grey Public Health for the 21st Century 2nd edition Public Health for the 21st Century NEW PERSPECTIVES ON POLICY, PARTICIPATION AND PRACTICE 2nd edition Editors: Judy Orme, Jane Powell, Pat Taylor and Melanie Grey Open University Press McGraw-Hill Education McGraw-Hill House Shoppenhangers Road Maidenhead Berkshire England SL6 2QL email: [email protected] world wide web: www.openup.co.uk and Two Penn Plaza New York, NY 10121–2289, USA First edition published 2003 Second edition published 2007 Copyright © Judy Orme, Jane Powell, Pat Taylor, Melanie Grey, 2007 All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purposes of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher or a licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited. Details of such licences (for reprographic reproduction) may be obtained from the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd of Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS A catalogue record of this book is available from the British Library ISBN-10: 0 335 22207 2 (pb) ISBN-13: 978 0 335 22207 0 (pb) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data CIP data has been applied for Typeset by RefineCatch Limited, Bungay, Suffolk Printed in Poland EU by OZGraf S. A. www.polskabook.pl Contents List of figures and tables xi Notes on contributors xiii Foreword xviii Acknowledgements xxi Introduction 1 PART 1 Policy for 21st century public health 5 Editors’ overview 5 1 JUDY ORME, JANE POWELL, PAT TAYLOR AND MELANIE GREY 7 Mapping public health What is public health? 7 A public health for the 21st century 9 An evidence base for public health 9 Historical perspectives on public health 10 Who contributes to public health? 14 Building capacity in public health 15 Where does public health take place? 19 The international context 19 Devolution 19 The regional context and ‘powers of well-being’ 21 Conclusion 23 2 DAVID J. HUNTER 24 Public health policy Introduction 25 The state of public health policy 25 Conclusion 40 vi CONTENTS 3 CHRIS MILLER 42 Public health in the local authority context: more opportunities not to be missed? Introduction 43 The policy context 45 Cross-cutting themes for public health 46 Public health in alliance with a restructured local government? 48 Local Strategic Partnerships 51 Local Area Agreements 53 Public Service Agreements 55 ‘Double’ devolution 56 Conclusion 57 PART 2 Participation and partnerships in 21st century public health 61 Editors’ overview 61 4 STEPHEN PECKHAM 63 Partnership working for public health Introduction 64 What are partnerships? 64 Why partnerships for public health? 65 The nature of public health 66 Joined-up governance 68 The collaborative dimension 71 Types of partnership 73 Who are the partners in public health? 75 Partnerships with communities 79 Conclusion 81 5 GILLIAN BARRETT, JENNIE NAIDOO AND JUDY ORME 83 Capacity and capability in public health Introduction 84 The public health workforce 84 Public health skills and competencies 86 The public health professional project 88 Conclusion 91 Case study: asylum seekers 92 6 PAT TAYLOR 98 The lay contribution to public health Introduction 99 Structure of this chapter 99 What is lay involvement and why is it important to public health? 99 The changing nature of public involvement in the NHS 100 CONTENTS vii Lay perspectives in the history of public health 103 Understanding lay perspectives 107 Medical perspectives on lay involvement 109 Promoting an effective lay contribution to public health 112 Conclusion – challenges and opportunities 115 7 SELENA GRAY 118 The contribution of health services to public health The contribution of health care to population health 118 The three domains of public health practice 121 Quality improvement 124 Health improvement 130 Organizational structures for delivery of the three domains of public health practice 132 Sustainability 133 Conclusion 134 8 ALISON GILCHRIST 135 Community development and networking for health Introduction 136 Community development for health 138 Promoting health ‘in the community’ 138 The ‘community’ dimension to health and well-being 141 Informal networks and health 142 The concept of social capital 143 Networks and community participation 144 Building relationships, sharing power 145 Indirect outcomes of social networks 148 Networking in practice 149 Conclusions 151 Acknowledgements 152 PART 3 Major contemporary themes in public health 153 Editors’ overview 153 9 DAVID EVANS 155 New directions in tackling inequalities in health Introduction 156 The evidence for socio-economic inequalities in health 157 The UK policy response 159 UK policy effectiveness 161 Potential policies for reducing inequalities in health 163 Conclusion 168 viii CONTENTS 10 MURRAY STEWART 170 Neighbourhood renewal and regeneration Urban policy and neighbourhood renewal: historical context 171 The development of the neighbourhood focus 172 Neighbourhood policies and health inequalities 176 Public health and the neighbourhood 180 11 COLIN FUDGE 185 Implementing sustainable futures in cities Introduction 186 Urbanization, urban change, development and policy 186 Ecological modernization 195 Strategic issues for the future of sustainability 199 Acknowledgements 202 12 STUART McCLEAN 204 Globalization and health Introduction 205 The globalization debate 205 Globalization – a contested term 206 Key features of globalization in relation to public health 207 The Janus faces: positive and negative impacts on public health 209 The promoters of economic globalization and other key players 211 Global trade policy and the UK health care context 213 Global inequalities in health: the local impact of global divisions 215 Globalization and emerging public health risks 217 Health care organizations 220 Conclusion: the challenges for public health in a global era 221 13 MELANIE GREY, MIKE STUDDEN AND JOYSHRI SARANGI 223 Protecting the public’s health Health threats and emerging health protection policy 224 The organizational framework for protecting health 231 Health protection: principles and practice 234 Overview: the challenges 246 PART 4 Evaluation evidence and guidance in 21st century public health 249 Editors’ overview 249 14 TONY HARRISON 251 Evidence-based multidisciplinary public health CONTENTS ix Introduction 252 Defining evidence-based multidisciplinary public health 253 The development of evidence-based public policy and public health 255 Main problems of evidence-based systems for multidisciplinary public health 260 The role of theory in evidence-based public health 266 Conclusion 268 15 JON POLLOCK 269 Epidemiology for 21st century public health Defining the scope 270 Identifying appropriate epidemiological approaches for contemporary public health 271 Epidemiology: changes to support 21st century public health 273 Future developments in public health

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