2. the Fire Triangle: Fuel, Heat, and Oxygen
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Human Health Risk Assessment of Wildland Fire-Fighting Chemicals: Long-Term Fire Retardants
HUMAN HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT OF WILDLAND FIRE-FIGHTING CHEMICALS: LONG-TERM FIRE RETARDANTS Prepared for: Fire and Aviation Management U.S. Forest Service By: Headquarters: 1406 Fort Crook Drive South, Suite 101 Bellevue, NE 68005 September 2017 Health Risk Assessment: Retardants September 2017 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT OF WILDLAND FIRE-FIGHTING CHEMICALS: LONG-TERM FIRE RETARDANTS September 2017 The U.S. Forest Service uses a variety of fire-fighting chemicals to aid in the suppression of fire in wildlands. These products can be categorized as long-term retardants, foams, and water enhancers. This chemical toxicity risk assessment of the long-term retardants examined their potential impacts on fire-fighters and members of the public. Typical and maximum exposures from planned activities were considered, as well as an accidental drench of an individual in the path of an aerial drop. This risk assessment evaluates the toxicological effects associated with chemical exposure, that is, the direct effects of chemical toxicity, using methodologies established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. A risk assessment is different from and is only one component of a comprehensive impact assessment of all types of possible effects from an action on health and the human environment, including aircraft noise, cumulative impacts, physical injury, and other direct or indirect effects. Environmental assessments or environmental impact statements pursuant to the National Environmental Policy Act consider chemical toxicity, as well as other potential effects to make management decisions. Each long-term retardant product used in wildland fire-fighting is a mixture of individual chemicals. The product is supplied as a concentrate, in either a wet (liquid) or dry (powder) form, which is then diluted with water to produce the mixture that is applied during fire-fighting operations. -
Fire Extinguisher Booklet
NY Fire Consultants, Inc. NY Fire Safety Institute 481 Eighth Avenue, Suite 618 New York, NY 10001 (212) 239 9051 (212) 239 9052 fax Fire Extinguisher Training The Fire Triangle In order to understand how fire extinguishers work, you need to understand some characteristics of fire. Four things must be present at the same time in order to produce fire: 1. Enough oxygen to sustain combustion, 2. Enough heat to raise the material to its ignition temperature, 3. Some sort of fuel or combustible material, and 4. The chemical, exothermic reaction that is fire. Oxygen, heat, and fuel are frequently referred to as the "fire triangle." Add in the fourth element, the chemical reaction, and you actually have a fire "tetrahedron." The important thing to remember is: take any of these four things away, and you will not have a fire or the fire will be extinguished. Essentially, fire extinguishers put out fire by taking away one or more elements of the fire triangle/tetrahedron. Fire safety, at its most basic, is based upon the principle of keeping fuel sources and ignition sources separate Not all fires are the same, and they are classified according to the type of fuel that is burning. If you use the wrong type of fire extinguisher on the wrong class of fire, you can, in fact, make matters worse. It is therefore very important to understand the four different fire classifications. Class A - Wood, paper, cloth, trash, plastics Solid combustible materials that are not metals. (Class A fires generally leave an Ash.) Class B - Flammable liquids: gasoline, oil, grease, acetone Any non-metal in a liquid state, on fire. -
Fire Service Features of Buildings and Fire Protection Systems
Fire Service Features of Buildings and Fire Protection Systems OSHA 3256-09R 2015 Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 “To assure safe and healthful working conditions for working men and women; by authorizing enforcement of the standards developed under the Act; by assisting and encouraging the States in their efforts to assure safe and healthful working conditions; by providing for research, information, education, and training in the field of occupational safety and health.” This publication provides a general overview of a particular standards- related topic. This publication does not alter or determine compliance responsibilities which are set forth in OSHA standards and the Occupational Safety and Health Act. Moreover, because interpretations and enforcement policy may change over time, for additional guidance on OSHA compliance requirements the reader should consult current administrative interpretations and decisions by the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission and the courts. Material contained in this publication is in the public domain and may be reproduced, fully or partially, without permission. Source credit is requested but not required. This information will be made available to sensory-impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 693-1999; teletypewriter (TTY) number: 1-877-889-5627. This guidance document is not a standard or regulation, and it creates no new legal obligations. It contains recommendations as well as descriptions of mandatory safety and health standards. The recommendations are advisory in nature, informational in content, and are intended to assist employers in providing a safe and healthful workplace. The Occupational Safety and Health Act requires employers to comply with safety and health standards and regulations promulgated by OSHA or by a state with an OSHA-approved state plan. -
Wildland Fire Incident Management Field Guide
A publication of the National Wildfire Coordinating Group Wildland Fire Incident Management Field Guide PMS 210 April 2013 Wildland Fire Incident Management Field Guide April 2013 PMS 210 Sponsored for NWCG publication by the NWCG Operations and Workforce Development Committee. Comments regarding the content of this product should be directed to the Operations and Workforce Development Committee, contact and other information about this committee is located on the NWCG Web site at http://www.nwcg.gov. Questions and comments may also be emailed to [email protected]. This product is available electronically from the NWCG Web site at http://www.nwcg.gov. Previous editions: this product replaces PMS 410-1, Fireline Handbook, NWCG Handbook 3, March 2004. The National Wildfire Coordinating Group (NWCG) has approved the contents of this product for the guidance of its member agencies and is not responsible for the interpretation or use of this information by anyone else. NWCG’s intent is to specifically identify all copyrighted content used in NWCG products. All other NWCG information is in the public domain. Use of public domain information, including copying, is permitted. Use of NWCG information within another document is permitted, if NWCG information is accurately credited to the NWCG. The NWCG logo may not be used except on NWCG-authorized information. “National Wildfire Coordinating Group,” “NWCG,” and the NWCG logo are trademarks of the National Wildfire Coordinating Group. The use of trade, firm, or corporation names or trademarks in this product is for the information and convenience of the reader and does not constitute an endorsement by the National Wildfire Coordinating Group or its member agencies of any product or service to the exclusion of others that may be suitable. -
Gas Ranges Power
Gas Ranges power. This is one of the very few brands that allow you to use the oven without electricity. There are 12 different battery spark models and 12 different thermocouple system models avail- able (including 5 Pro-Series models). Available colors are white, biscuit or black. They are Peerless-Premier Gas Ranges shipped freight prepaid from the factory in 906-001 Please Select Model from Below Illinois. Freight charges are $150 to a business Peerless now offers two specific types of gas address or $200 to a home address. ranges specifically for off-grid or otherwise alter- The best part is that Peerless ranges have an native energy homes. The “T” models have a excellent reputation for very high quality. They TJK-240OP fully electronic 110V ignition system which come with a lifetime warranty on top burners allows both the top burners and the oven to be lit and have many standard quality features: with a match if the power is off. The “B” models l Recessed Porcelain Cooktop utilizes 8 “AA” batteries for spark ignition. l Universal Valves (easily convert to LP gas) Neither type utilizes a glow bar which requires a l Push-to-Turn, Blade Type, Burner Knobs lot of electrical energy to l Keep Warm 150o Thermostat operate. For the “T” mod- l Permanent Markings On Control Panel Inlay els, if your inverter is l A Full 25” Oven in 30” & 36” Ranges “on”, just turn on the l Oven Indicator Light on 30” l oven or top burner and it Lift-Off oven Door TMK-240OP lights automatically, using l Closed Door Variable Broil very little power. -
Session 611 Fire Behavior Ppt Instructor Notes
The Connecticut Fire Academy Unit 6.1 Recruit Firefighter Program Chapter 6 Presentation Instructor Notes Fire Behavior Slide 1 Recruit Firefighter Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program 1 Slide 2 © Darin Echelberger/ShutterStock, Inc. CHAPTER 6 Fire Behavior Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program Slide 3 Some have said that fires in modern furnished Fires Are Not Unpredictable! homes are unpredictable • A thorough knowledge of fire behavior will help you predict fireground events Nothing is unpredictable, firefighters just need to know what clues to look for Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program Slide 4 Connecticut Fire Academy Recruit Program CHEMISTRY OF COMBUSTION Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program 1 of 26 Revision: 011414 The Connecticut Fire Academy Unit 6.1 Recruit Firefighter Program Chapter 6 Presentation Instructor Notes Fire Behavior Slide 5 A basic understanding of how fire burns will give a Chemistry firefighter the ability to choose the best means of • Understanding the • Fire behavior is one of chemistry of fire will the largest extinguishment make you more considerations when effective choosing tactics Fire behavior and building construction are the basis for all of our actions on the fire ground Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program Slide 6 What is Fire? • A rapid chemical reaction that produces heat and light Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program Slide 7 Types of Reactions Exothermic Endothermic • Gives off heat • Absorbs heat Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program Slide 8 Non-flaming -
Firefighter Wood Product and Building Systems Awareness: a Resource Guide
FIREFIGHTER WOOD PRODUCT AND BUILDING SYSTEMS AWARENESS: A RESOURCE GUIDE Lia Bishop, Martha Dow, Len Garis and Paul Maxim March 2015 CENTRE FOR SOCIAL RESEARCH Contents INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 2 FIREFIGHTING AWARENESS AND RESPONSE RESOURCES: AN INTRODUCTION ...................................... 2 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION AWARENESS ............................................................................................................. 2 General .................................................................................................................................................. 2 CONSTRUCTION SITE AWARENESS ..................................................................................................................... 4 WOOD BUILDINGS AND FIRE SAFETY ............................................................................................ 4 FIRE PROTECTION AND STATISTICS, BUILDING AND FIRE CODES, STRUCTURAL DESIGN .............................................. 4 Fire Protection and Statistics ................................................................................................................. 4 ELEMENTS OF FIRE SAFETY IN WOOD BUILDING CONSTRUCTION ........................................................................... 8 General Fire Performance: Charring, Flame Spread and Fire Resistance .............................................. 8 Lightweight Wood-frame Construction – Including -
2021 Group a Proposed Changes to the I-Codes
IWUIC 2021 GROUP A PROPOSED CHANGES TO THE I-CODES April 11 – May 5, 2021 Virtual Committee Action Hearings First Printing Publication Date: March 2021 Copyright © 2021 By International Code Council, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. This 2021-2022 Code Development Cycle, Group A (2021 Proposed Changes to the 2021 International Codes is a copyrighted work owned by the International Code Council, Inc. Without advanced written permission from the copyright owner, no part of this book may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including, without limitations, electronic, optical or mechanical means (by way of example and not limitation, photocopying, or recording by or in an information storage retrieval system). For information on permission to copy material exceeding fair use, please contact: Publications, 4051 West Flossmoor Road, Country Club Hills, IL 60478 (Phone 1-888-422-7233). Trademarks: “International Code Council,” the “International Code Council” logo are trademarks of the International Code Council, Inc. PRINTED IN THE U.S.A. 2021 GROUP A – PROPOSED CHANGES TO THE INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE FIRE CODE COMMITTEE Marc Sampson, Chair Douglas Nelson Rep: Fire Marshals Association of Colorado Rep: National Association of State Fire Marshals Assistant Fire Marshal North Dakota State Fire Marshal Longmont Fire Department ND State Fire Marshal’s Office Longmont, CO Bismarck, ND Sarah A. Rice, CBO, Vice Chair Raymond C. O’Brocki III Project Manager/Partner Manager, Fire Service Relations The Preview Group Inc. American -
Prescribed Fire: the Fuels Component
FORESTRY Prescribed Fire: The Fuels Component ► In this second of a four-part series, you will learn the importance of the fuel component in prescribed fire. A common science experiment in grade school is to light a candle, place a glass jar over the candle, and watch the flame go out as the oxygen is consumed. This demonstrates the fire triangle of heat, oxygen, and fuel (figure 1). A prescribed fire is a working example of the principles of the fire triangle. In conducting a prescribed fire, you are either working to move a fire across the land or working to extinguish a fire. In either case, good fire lines are critical for containing the fire within a specific area (figure 2). Fire lines remove the fuel side of the fire triangle. Without the fuel, there is no heat and the fire goes out. Figure 1. The three components needed for a fire to occur are oxygen, heat, and fuel. These make up what is called the fire triangle. Remove one of the Fuel Components sides from this triangle and a fire cannot occur or will be extinguished. The way a fire burns depends on a number of Fuel Volume characteristics of the fuel. An often forgotten component The volume of fuel in the area affects the behavior of is the predominant species of the fuel. Not all grasses the fire and the amount of smoke it produces. Large burn the same; neither do all hardwood leaves or even volumes of fuel pose a significant risk for creating a pine needles. -
Making Yer Own Electric Matches
I S S U E 4 8 N E W S L E T T E R Making Yer Own Electric Matches wrap the nichrome wire around the strips and then apply stain- By Harry Gilliam (Skylighter, Inc.) less steel soldering flux to one side and solder using the flank Editor's Note: I got this article from a e-zine of Skylighter of the soldering iron tip. I would then flip the strip over and do (with their permission, of course). They sell chemicals to make [solder] the other side. This was followed by a flux-neutraliz- fireworks and other pyrotechnics. This article is useful to rock- ing bath of sodium bicarbonate in water. The ignitor chips can eteers, because igniting rocket motors is always an issue. A then be cut with a pair of scissors from the strip. All of the reliable electric match is essential; particularly if you are fly- strips have a routed edge so that the finished product will have ing clustered motors in a design. If you decide to make your the nichrome spanning an unsoldered step on the tip of the own; please remember that working with chemicals can be chip (for better contact with the pyro comp). There are 2 vari- hazardous to your health. I recommend calling the folks at eties of foundation board: approximately 200 pieces of a flex- Skylighter for tips and other safety precautions. Also, you may ible board that is no longer available, and the rest using the need a LEUP permit to buy certain chemicals. conventional woven glass laminate material. -
Fire Retardants and Health
Asbers Fire retardants and health Publication 1721 December 2018 Fact sheet What are fire retardants? Fire retardants are chemicals that slow the spread or intensity of a fire. They help firefighters on the ground and are sometimes dropped from aircraft. Short-term fire retardants are detergent chemicals mixed into foam. Long-term fire retardants are chemicals that are mixed with water to form a slurry. Fire retardants have been used in Victoria for the last thirty years. How do fire retardants work? Long-term fire retardants are mixed with water Further information before they are dispersed over the target area. When the water is completely evaporated, the remaining Contact EPA on chemical residue retards vegetation or other 1300 372 842 materials from igniting, until it is removed by rain or (1300 EPA VIC) erosion. Fire retardants also work by binding to the or epa.vic.gov.au plant material (cellulose) and preventing combustion. Gels and foams are used to fight fires by preventing • Incident information and updates: the water they are mixed with from evaporating emergency.vic.gov.au easily. They coat the fuel (grass, trees and shrubs) and prevent or slow down combustion. A slurry of gel • For information about fire retardants and can be pumped over the fire and it immediately cools health, contact Environmental Health, down the intense heat and helps put out the fire. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) on 1300 761 874. What are fire retardants made of? Long-term fire retardants are essentially fertilisers • For information about the use of fire (ammonium and diammonium sulphate and retardants, contact your local ammonium phosphate) with thickeners (guar gum) Department of Environment, Land, and corrosion inhibitors (for aircraft safety). -
2. Making Fires Burn Or Go out 1: Introduction to the Fire Triangle
2. Making Fires Burn or Go Out 1: Introduction to the Fire Triangle Lesson Overview: In this activity, students describe and organize what they already know Subjects: Science, Mathematics, Writing, about fire so it fits into the conceptual model of Speaking and Listening, Health and the Fire Triangle. They examine the geometric Safety stability of a triangle and how that property Duration: one half-hour session applies to fire. Group size: Whole class. Students work in groups of 2-3. Lesson Goal: Increase students’ understanding of Setting: Indoors how fires burn and why they go out. Vocabulary: Fire Triangle, fuel, heat, ignition, oxygen, model Objectives: • Students can construct a triangle out of toothpicks and gumdrops, and can label its legs with the three components of the Fire Triangle. • Students can demonstrate that removing one side of the triangle makes it collapse. • Students can identify the component(s) of the Fire Triangle that are removed in various scenarios, and explain how this makes the fire go out. Standards: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th CCSS Writing 2, 7, 8 2, 7, 8 2, 7, 10 2,7, 9, 10 2,7, 9, 10 Speaking/Listening 1, 2, 4, 6 1, 2, 4, 6 1, 2, 4, 6 1, 2, 4, 6 1, 2, 4, 6 1, 2, 3, 4, Language 1, 2, 4, 6 1, 2, 4, 6 6 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 MP.4, MP.4, MP.4, MP.4, Math MP.5 MP.5, MP.5 MP.5 MP.4, MP.5 Matter and Its PS1.A, NGSS Interactions PS1.B PS1.B From Molecules to Organisms: Structure/Processes LS1.C Engineering Design ETS1.B ETS1.B EEEGL Strand 1 A, B, C, E, F, G A, B, C, E, F, G Teacher Background: This activity explores the chemistry of combustion as described by a conceptual model called the Fire Triangle.