New Towns and New Districts Case Studies from the People’S Republic of China
χ≟ᐭࣾ䨣㵹þह≻๔႓ጯⴒ䃳͚ᓰܧ❵䶦Ⱋ ADB-Tongji Urban Knowledge Hub Publishing Project
ᰭҠጯࣾᆂᵵҸⵁ⾣㈨݄ Series of the Best Urban Development Case Studies
͚పࡧ㻱̻ܿࣾᆂ New Towns and New Districts Case Studies from the People’s Republic of China
亣ธ ͨ㑃 ڝ ⢸ Editors Lan Wang and Stefan Rau
i ©χ≟ᐭࣾ䨣㵹喑ह≻๔႓
❵ᱰᰶ喑 Ꭱܧ❵ হప࢝ݤڞ͚ࡻϧℾ
А㶕పუ⮱⿸౧হᩬゃȡڣθчᝃ⤳ڣ᱙Γ㶕䓫㻯◦⎽λ҉㔲喑̺А㶕ह≻๔႓হχ≟ᐭࣾ䨣㵹ᝃ χ≟ᐭࣾ䨣㵹ࣷह≻๔႓̺Ԋ䃮᱙Γ͚Ԏᖜ⮱۳ᕔহႹ᪡ᕔ喑ᄦҬ⩕ₑΓ䕍⮱䩆䄜Ƞ䖄ᝃᢌ喑ắ̺䉌䉐ȡ Ѓ⟣ᔮڣᒸᝃ∂ڣ᱙Γ͚ᠴჇᝃࣷ➦Ⴧࡧഌᝃౝ⤳ࡧഌ喑ᝃҬ⩕ĄపąĄపუąぶㆨѩ䃺䄚ᬣ喑χ≟ᐭࣾ䨣㵹̻ह≻๔႓Ꭳᬍᘼఫᄦ ݑȡܧ҉ ᱙Γᠶ⚔㒟ऺ 䲋ੳ͇ᕔҬ⩕ ⺮⑁㏻ ᩬᏉ䬡㏱㏴喍$$#:/$/%*(0喎ᢵᱰ喑㑾౭ͧ喟IUUQDSFBUJWFDPNNPOT ღ喑А㶕ᗕहᘼ䖢Ⴕ᱙䃥ज䃮⮱ȡڲ➖⮱❴ܧPSHMJDFOTFTCZODOEJHP Ҭ⩕᱙ ᱙Γ͚ᰶࣾ⣝Ƞ䄍䛷হ㐀䃧䘪᭜ധλ҉㔲ӈ⮱Ԏᖜȡ
হప喑Ąⓠ䬕ąᠴ͚పⓠ䬕ȡڞ喟᱙Γ͚Ąąᠴ㒻ٰȡĄ͚పąᠴ͚ࡻϧℾ⧵
© Asian Development Bank and Tongji University All rights reserved. Published in 2018. Printed in the People’s Republic of China. The views expressed in this contribution are those of the contributor and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of Tongji University and the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB or Tongji University do not guarantee the accuracy or completeness of information in this document and cannot be held responsible for any errors, omissions, or losses, which emerge from its use. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term "country" in this document, ADB and Tongji University do not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. This work is avaiable under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO license(CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 IGO) http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/igo. By using the content of this publication, you agree to be bound by the terms of this license. For attribution and permissions, please read the provisions and terms of use at https://www.adb.org/terms-use#openaccess. This CC license does not apply to non-ADB copyright materials in this publication. If the material is attributed to another source, please contact the copyright owner or publisher of that source for permission to reproduce it. ADB cannot be held liable for any claims that arise as a result of your use of the material. Findings, interpretation, and conclusions expressed in this document are based on information obtained by the authors. Notes: In this publication, “$” refers to US dollars. ADB recognizes “China” as the People’s Republic of China and “Macau” as Macau, China. Corrigenda to ADB publications may be found at http://www.adb.org/publications/corrigenda
ఫΓౕ❵㑃Ⱋ喍$*1喎ᢛ
亣ธͨ㑃 ÿ ڝ⢸͚పࡧ㻱̻ܿࣾᆂ ̷⊤ह≻๔႓ܧ❵ *4#/
ē ŗ͚ćĔ ŗ⢸ćŘ亣ćĕ ŗጯ㻱ܿ喒ⵁ ⾣喒͚పŘጯᐧ䃫喒ⵁ⾣喒͚పĖ ŗ 56
͚ప❵᱙ఫΓ亳 $*1 ᢛᵥႄ す त
ܧ৮ϧ喟ࡻ᭒㢐 䉐Ш㑃䒾喟ᱻ Ო 㘎 䉐Шᵎᄦ喟ᒽ᭒㣟 ᄮ䲏䃫䃎喟Ⴙ ䷃
ܧ❵ࣾ㵹 ह≻๔႓ܧ❵XXXUPOHKJQSFTTDPNDO 喍̷⊤ጯఈᎠ䌜 त 䗛㑃喟 ⩢䄊喟喎 పऱౝࡻΓᏄȠᐧまΓᏄȠ㑾㐉ΓᏄڕ ㏼ 䨭 थڙⅴ͉㏥͇ᰶ䭽ڡ࢝ ݤ ̷⊤Ⴖ ᐭ ᱙ NNfNN ࢝ ᑍ ႄ Ꭱ ᰵす ❵ Ꭱ ᰵす ⁎࢝ݤ ⁎ ❴ Γ त *4#/ ٰ Ⴧ Ф ❵ᱰᰶ Ӣᱰᓲ⾣ ࢝㷲䬛䷅ 䉌䉐䄰ᢏ iii Ⱋᒂ
JW ఫ㶕㉏ᑂ
Y 㑖⪒䄚㶕
YJJ Ꮌ̭喍χ≟ᐭࣾ䨣㵹喎
YJW Ꮌι喍ह≻๔႓喎
YWJ 㜡 䅏
YWJJJ 㐩 䔝
ࡧϸ㏺
͚పহࡧ⮱㻱ܿ⤳ᔢ̻ᐭࣾᐼ ڝ ⢸
Ƞ⌤व⩕䕁Ƞ㐬㞟⣜Ԋ⮱ᅲࡧ۾㉔ᔮጯ喟㐀Ჱ⩌≟⁔ 亣ธ喍4UFGBO3BV喎
͚పࡧ⮱ࣾᆂ ॡ㑇哆
͚పࡧᵵҸ្ॷ
ࡄጊ࣬ ⁍ࣾ䓫ౝࡧ࣬⮱जᠮ㐚ࣾᆂ䌜ᒱᣏ㉏ 䗾ᓤ倅 ᱻ䭠 䉧 ᬧ
ᬍ䩎๗⎃喟䲏ा⮱᪡Ҁ⩌ᔮ㻱ܿᣏ㉏ थ侙ᮀ ۜᮀᭌ ॡᮀ㢶
̷⊤ଶჇ 䲏ाजᠮ㐚ࣾᆂ⮱㻱ܿᣏ㉏ 㾦䓽≟ ҂ᮀ⋈ 䗦 ⢶
Ϙąⵁ䃕чڞ䭱ᒂ喟Ąχ≟ᐭࣾ䨣㵹 ह≻ጯⴒ䃳
ii $POUFOUT
W Tables and Figures
Y Abbreviations
YJJJ Foreword by Asian Development Bank
YW Foreword by Tongji University
YWJJ Acknowledgments
YJY Executive Summary
Introduction to New Towns and New Districts
Planning Concept and Development Model of New Towns and New Districts in the People’s Republic of China Lan Wang
Eco-Cities in Europe: Compact, Mixed-Use, Green, Livable New Districts Stefan Rau
Introduction to the Three Chinese New Town Case Studies Fulong Wu
Case Studies of New Towns and New Districts in the People’s Republic of China
Beichuan New Town: Sustainable Development through Post-Earthquake Reconstruction in a Remote Area Degao Zheng, Xinyang Li, Wang He
Wuxi Taihu New Town: Planning and Implementation Timeline of Taihu New Town Xiao Sima, Xiaoxing Feng, Xiaoli Wu
Shanghai Jiading New Town: Adjusting a Plan toward Sustainable Development Yunzhou Zhan, Xiaotao He, Yu Zou
Appendix : ADB–Tongji Urban Knowledge Sharing Seminar
iii ఫ㶕㉏ᑂ
Ƞ⌤व⩕䕁Ƞ㐬㞟⣜Ԋ⮱ᅲࡧ۾㉔ᔮጯ喟㐀Ჱ⩌≟⁔ Ƞ㐬㞟Ƞᅲࡧ喑ᰶⱭᅧᏓϧ⮱⾧䬡̻ᐧま۾㉔ఫ ৵侙ⷔ⩌ᔮࡧ喟 ⮱䕇䖀䘪ࡴγ᪡͗ࡧഌ⮱ᅲᕔ⩕ڞచȠⅡᇥВࣷ㵹ϧ̻㜗㵹䒓ڙ ఫ Ꭱ䘪ᒵӬݖڕఫ ৵侙ⷔ⮱䒨䒕̻䒛⍎ߎ ȠᅧᏓϧȠ㵹ϧࣸສ⮱ࡧ۾㉔ఫ ᑄ㣞ൎͪ⦌㤟ᅁᓤࡧ喟ಸ㐬㞟Ƞ ఫ ᑄ㣞ൎͪ⦌㤟ᅁᓤࡧ喟᠒ᰶ㐬㞟⾧䬡Ƞ⠙⿸ѼႲࣷ⩢䒓ߎ⮱㶄ࡧ ఫ ᑄ㣞ൎ↰䗓ࡧ喟㻱ܿ㐬㞟Ƞ⩌ᔮ倅᩵ȠᅧᏓϧȠ㵹ϧࣸສ⮱ࡧ ϑ䕇Ƞ㜗㵹䒓̻㵹ϧڞڙ๗䭠㘪ࣾ⩢Ƞ⧵ڠఫ ᑄ㣞ൎ↰䗓ࡧ喟๗䭠㘪喑 ᐧまͧ㞯㘪ᐧまڲఫ ᑄ㣞ൎ↰䗓ࡧ喟ᰶᅸ䶣䘪䨧䃫γ๗䭠㘪Წ喑ࡧ ఫ ఫძᵦጯ∂䄚ࡧ喟ᅲᄼࡧ喑䔯वₒ㵹ᝃ侾㵹⮱ᰶ䋐㶄䖀হх㒻Ꭼ౧
͚పࡧ⮱ࣾᆂ ఫ ᬍ䩎๗⎃喑͚๛ౝࡧ ఫ ଶჇᐧ⮱ᅲѼࡧ ఫ ࡄጊ࣬䛺ᐧऻ⮱͚ᓰࡧ
ࡄጊ࣬喟⁍ࣾ䓫ౝࡧ࣬⮱जᠮ㐚ࣾᆂ䌜ᒱᣏ㉏ 㶕 㶕 ࡄጊᐧま䷻䆹ᣔݣ∂ࣷㆨಸ 㶕 ࡄጊ͚ᓰࡧᐧ䃫⩕ౝ䔯ᕔܳᲽ ㏼≻ឭᱜᠴᴴڠ㶕 ⣝ᰶᅲѼࡧⰥ 㶕 ⍥ᐭࣾͨ䷅ࣷᐭࣾ䶦Ⱋᐧ䃛
ఫ ఫ ࡄጊౕఈጊⰮ⮱ࡧѺ ఫ ࡄጊౕᓤ㐢ౝࡧ⮱ࡧѺ ఫ ▫ऻ䛺ᐧᕨҀ㻱ܿ࣬⩕ౝጰᅭ㻱ܿఫ ఫ ▫ऻ䛺ᐧᕨҀ㻱ܿ࣬㐬ౝ㈨㐌㻱ܿఫ ఫ ࡄጊ㒹㜗⇨࣬࣬ጯᕨҀ㻱ܿౌౝҬ⩕⣝⟣ఫ ఫ ࡄጊ͚ᓰࡧౌౝҬ⩕䔯ᕔܳᲽ ఫ ࡄጊᆞ͉ϔ͇చࡧ ᎡऱㆨЮ͇ౝϔթ ఫ ࡄጊᆞ͉ϔ͇చࡧ ᎡऱㆨЮ͇Ꭰᅞ͇ϧ ࣬ߠߕ߈ᅞ͇ᗲۢڕఫ Ꭱࡄጊ ఫ Ꭱࡄጊ࣬ߠߕ߈ᅞ͇ᗲۢ ㈨ڠ䃖䉦Ƞღ⼜⢴Ƞ䨭ਜ਼ࢂФ䬡⮱ܧఫ ౌౝ ㈨ڠఫ Ꭱࡄጊ (%1 ̻ధჇ䉱ϔែ䉱䬡⮱ ڒఫ Ꭱࡄጊ䉏ᩬᩣ iv 5BCMFTBOE'JHVSFT
&DP$JUJFTJO&VSPQF$PNQBDU .JYFE6TF (SFFO -JWBCMF/FX%JTUSJDUT Fig. 1： Hammarby Sjöstad: Compact and Green, Livable, District with Human-Scaled Spaces and Buildings /93 Fig. 2： Parks, Waterfronts and Pathways for Pedestrians and Cyclists Enhance the Livability of the District /94 Fig. 3： Light-rail and Ferry Service to Hammarby Sjöstad Is Convenient All Year /94 Fig. 4： Freiburg Rieselfeld: New Green, Compact, Human Scaled, Pedestrian-Friendly Urban District /96 Fig. 5; Freiburg Rieselfeld: Green Spaces, Blocks with Many Individual Buildings and Tram Service /96 Fig. 6: Freiburg Vauban: Planning the Green, Eco-Efficient, Human Scaled Pedestrian Friendly New District /97 Fig. 7: Freiburg Vauban: Solar City Focused on Producing Solar Electricity and on Public Transport, Bicycles and Pedestrians /97 Fig. 8: Freiburg Vauban: All Roofs with Solar Panels and Energy and Resources Efficient Buildings /98 Fig. 9: Tuebingen French Quarter: Livable District with Attractive Streets and Plazas Nice for Walking and Cycling /99
Introduction to the Three Chinese New Town Case Studies
Fig. 1： Wuxi Taihu New Town Central Area /104 Fig. 2： New Residential Area of Jiading New Town /105 Fig. 3： Reconstructed Central Area of Beichuan New Town /106
Beichuan New Town: Sustainable Development through Post-Earthquake Reconstruction in a Remote Area Tables Table 1： Method of Controlling Architectural Style in Beichuan /115 Table 2： Suitability Analysis on Development Land in Beichuan Town /119 Table 3： Relevant Economic & Technical Indexes, Existing Residential Areas /121 Table 4： Themes of Tourism Development and Suggestions on Projects /128
Figures Fig. 1： Location of Beichuan in Sichuan Province /111 Fig. 2： Location of Beichuan in Chengdu-Deyang-Mianyang District /112 Fig. 3： Layout of the New Town According to Overall Planning for the Post-Earthquake Reconstruction /114 Fig. 4： Green Area Layout of the New Town, Overall Planning for Post-Earthquake Reconstruction /116 Fig. 5： Land Use Status Quo According to Overall Planning of Beichuan Qiang Autonomous County /118 Fig. 6： Suitability Analysis on Land Use in Central Urban Area of Beichuan /119 Fig. 7： The Gross Domestic Product per Land Area of Enterprises in Shandong Industrial Park of Beichuan, 2011 /120 Fig. 8： The Average Number of Employers of Enterprises in Shandong Industrial Park of Beichuan, 2011 /120 Fig. 9： The Employment Situation of Beichuan, 2011 /120 Fig. 10： The Employment Situation of New Beichuan Town, 2011 /120 Fig. 11： Relation between Land Transfer Fee, Plot Ratio, and Unit Sale Price /121 Fig. 12： Relation Between Local Gross Domestic Product and Fixed Assets Investment, 2004–2011 /121 Fig. 13： Financial Revenues of Beichuan from 2004 to 2011 /121
v ఫ ࡄጊ㒹㜗⇨࣬࣬ጯᕨҀ㻱ܿౌౝҬ⩕㻱ܿఫ ߕ⾧䬡≩ڞڙఫ 㺬ᇥࡧႄᒏ ఫ ࣬ࡄ䘕⍥о䬟Ꮣմ❴ࡧᕨᎠ䲏ఫ
ᬍ䩎๗⎃喟䲏ा⮱᪡Ҁ⩌ᔮ㻱ܿᣏ㉏ 㶕 㶕 Ꭱ䪬̶㻿ऱౝጯ㐩व߈ᢿऺ
ఫ ఫ ๗⎃ࡧѺᘼ ఫ ๗⎃๔θ䃝 ఫ ๗⎃㻱ܿᕨҀᵳ᳣ ఫ ๗⎃ౌౝݖ⩕㻱ܿఫ ఫ ๗⎃ߌ㘪㏱ఏ㻱ܿఫ ఫ ๗⎃㻱ܿ⾧䬡㐀Ჱఫ 䃫㏔䙺Ҁ㈨ڞڙఫ ๗⎃ ఫ ๗⎃䖀䌜ϑ䕇㻱ܿఫ ఫ ๗⎃㐬ౝ㈨㐌㐀Ჱᘼఫ ఫ ๗⎃Ⅱ㈨㐩व᪡⇨ 䃫ज䓫ᕔڞڙఫ ⩌ᔮ㻱ܿ倅 ఫ ๗⎃ᚏ㵹㈨㐌㻱ܿ ఫ ๗⎃ᚏ㵹ߎ㞯◦ ⩕㘪⎽ݖ⩌ںఫ ܳጰᐼ㘪⎽䃫㒛Ƞज ఫ ๗⎃ᐧ䃫ノ⤳ҀݣᱧᲱ ఫ ឭᱜ䌜㏬喟э㐌㻱ܿÿ⩌ᔮ㻳ÿᠴᴴҀ㈨ÿ㻱ܿᰡ ఫ ๗⎃ᵥᓰࡧጯ䃫䃎хࡃᵵ
̷⊤ଶჇ喟䲏ाजᠮ㐚ࣾᆂ⮱㻱ܿᣏ㉏ 㶕 㶕 Ꭱ̷⊤ጯ䒕䖀ϑ䕇 त㏬≮➦ᒮ
ఫ ఫ 䪬̶㻿≟ࡧഌ⾧䬡ࣾᆂ㐀Ჱఫ ఫ ̷⊤ጯࢳ⁎ᕨҀ㻱ܿᕨఫ ఫ ̷⊤ጯΎ㻱ܿҀ㈨ఫ ఫ ଶჇࡧࡧѺఫ ఫ ̷⊤ࡧഌ㻱ܿᘼ㡶ఫ喍 Ꭱ喎 ఫ ̷⊤ጯ࢘ᭌহ䗷ࡧ䛺◦䩴ܳጰᘼఫ喍 Ꭱ喎 ఫ ̷⊤ጯ䩴Ҁ㈨㻱ܿఫ喍 Ꭱ喎 ఫ ଶჇࡧΎҀ㈨㻱ܿఫ ఫ ̷⊤ጯࣾᆂ㻱ܿఫ vi Fig. 14： Land Use Planning Map for Beichuan Qiang Autonomous County in Overall Urban Planning /126 Fig. 15： Public Open Space on the West Bank of the River /127 Fig. 16： General Plan of the Tourist and Leisure Resort, North of the New Town /127
Wuxi Taihu New Town: Overall Framework of Taihu New Town Planning Table Table 1： Ranking of Cities’ Comprehensive Strength in Yangtze River Delta Region, 2012 /132
Figures Fig. 1： Location Map of Taihu New Town, Wuxi City, Jiangsu Province /132 Fig. 2： Planning and Implementation Timeline of Taihu New Town /133 Fig. 3： Taihu New Town Planning, Overall Framework /134 Fig. 4： Taihu New Town Low-Carbon Eco-City Land Use Plan /135 Fig. 5： Three Functional Zones of Taihu New Town /135 Fig. 6： Spatial Structure Diagram, Taihu New Town /136 Fig. 7： Supporting System on the Public Facility Level of Taihu New Town /136 Fig. 8： Road Traffic Planning Map, Taihu New Town /137 Fig. 9： Green Space System, Taihu New Town /138 Fig. 10： Comprehensive Improvement for River System of Taihu New Town /138 Fig. 11： Eco-City Planning Improves the Accessibility of Public Facilities /140 Fig. 12： Non-Motorized Transport System, Taihu New Town /141 Fig. 13： Convenient Bus Stops and Traffic Service Node for Non-Motorized Transport of Taihu New Town /141 Fig. 14： Distributed and Renewable Energy Production Compact Combined Heat Power and Photovoltaic Cells /143 Fig. 15: Construction Management System and Institutional Arrangements, Taihu New Town /146 Fig. 16: Technical Route: Traditional Planning, Ecologic Survey, Indicator System, Planning Update /148 Fig. 17: Optimization Plan for Urban Design in the Core Area of Taihu New Town /150
Shanghai Jiading New Town: Adjusting a Plan toward Sustainable Development Table Table 1: Passenger Flow of Metro Line 11, 2011 /166
Figures Fig. 1: Spatial Development Structure, Yangtze River Delta Region /153 Fig. 2: History of Comprehensive Plans, Shanghai, 1949–1999 /154 Fig. 3: Shanghai Urban-Rural Planning System of 2006 /155 Fig. 4: Location of Jiading District /156 Fig. 5: Draft Shanghai Region Development Plan, 1959 /156 Fig. 6: Distribution of Satellite City and Suburban Key Town in Shanghai, 1985 /156 Fig. 7: Town System Planning, Shanghai, 2001 /157 Fig. 8: Urban-Rural System Plan of Jiading District, 2006–2020 /158 Fig. 9: New Town Development Planning of Shanghai /159
vii ఫ ଶჇ㻱ܿ᩵᭫㦄 ఫ Ꭱ̷⊤䗷ࡧす̭ȠιȠ̶ϔ͇℁䛺 ఫ Ꭱ̷⊤䗷ࡧౝϔܧ ఫ Ꭱ̷⊤ ͗ጯ㏔В̷ᐭࣾࡧౝϔթ ఫ ̷⊤䗷ࡧऱㆨϧऐअࡃᗲۢఫ喍 Ꭱ喎 ఫ ᒞ৺̷⊤ጯ䗷ࡧ॥ᑂᅲѼᘼᙬ⮱㉍ܳᲽ ఫ ᒞ৺̷⊤ጯ䗷ࡧ॥ᑂጒ҉ᘼᙬ⮱㉍ܳᲽ ఫ Ꭱ̷⊤ጯ͚ᓰȠ͚ᓰক䓦ౝࡧȠᇄѺჳᏓ ఫ Ꭱ̷⊤ጯ䗷ࡧϧᐧ䃫⩕ౝ ఫ Ꭱ̷⊤ጯ䗷ࡧᐧ䃫⩕ౝ҆䛼ࢍᕨᐧ䃫⩕ౝ℁䛺 ఫ Ꭱ̷⊤ጯଶჇ⣝⟣ᐧ䃫⩕ౝ℁䛺 ఫ Ꭱ̷⊤ጯऱࡧጯ㏔Ƞࡧ㏔ࡨ䮏㐌䃎ఫ ఫ Ꭱ̷⊤ጯऱࡧ䛺◦͚႓㐌䃎ఫ ఫ ̷⊤ጯ䗷ࡧ䌜㑾ჳᏓ㐌䃎ఫ ఫ Ꭱ̷⊤ጯ䗷ࡧܧ㵹Ⱋ⮱ౝ㐌䃎ఫ ఫ Ꭱ̷⊤ጯ䗷ࡧܧ㵹ᐼ㐌䃎ఫ ఫ ࢳᎡଶჇ㏼㥒ᕔౝ಄ܧ䃖䲏⼜㐌䃎㶕 ఫ ଶჇ⼻ᩣࢳᎡ㐌䃎㶕 ䷊थࢳᎡ㲺䉱䛾ڙఫ ଶჇ ఫ ᎡଶჇͨࡧౌౝҬ⩕⣝⟣ఫ ఫ ᎡଶჇͨࡧౌౝҬ⩕⣝⟣ఫ ఫ ଶჇͨࡧጯ䃫䃎᩵ఫ ఫ ଶჇͨࡧࡄ䘕㔮ጋᶒᮜࡧ⣝⟣⚔❴ࣷᒞఫ ఫ ଶჇͨࡧ䖀䌜㈨㐌ܳᲽఫ̻᩵ఫ ఫ ଶჇͨࡧ㐬ౝ㈨㐌㻱ܿఫ ఫ ଶჇͨࡧͨ㺮ᮜ㻯㞯◦⣝⟣ఫ ߎ䃫⣝⟣ࣷ᩵ఫڞڙఫ ଶჇͨࡧͨ㺮 ఫ 䪬̶㻿㚦ౝ㻱ܿఫ ఫ ̷⊤๔䘪ጯᝅ⪒㻱ܿఫ ఫ ଶჇᬳᆞ๗Ѐౝࡧ㻱ܿ⩕ౝᠩवఫ ఫ ଶჇͨࡧౌౝҬ⩕㻱ܿఫ ఫ 㪝㬨⊉⇬㏬⣝⟣⚔❴ ఫ ଶჇࡧ㪝㬨⊉⇬㏬ౌౝҬ⩕⣝⟣ఫ ㈨ܳᲽఫڠఫ ̷⊤ጯ䗷ࡧ̻ጯഌᔘ䕌䖀䌜হ䒕䖀ϑ䕇
viii Fig. 10: The Planning Achievements of Jiading New Town with Pleasant and Green Environment /159 Fig. 11: Primary-Secondary-Tertiary Industrial Structure, Shanghai New Town, 2010 /160 Fig. 12: Average Output of Built-Up Land, Shanghai Suburban New Town, 2010 /160 Fig. 13: Average Output Value of Land of 31 Development Zones Above Municipal Level in Shanghai /161 Fig. 14: Population Change, New Town, Suburban Shanghai, 2000–2010 /161 Fig. 15: Factor Analysis of Appeal of New Town for Residents in Suburban Shanghai /162 Fig. 16: Factor Analysis of Appeal of New Town for Job Opportunity in Suburban Shanghai /162 Fig. 17: Job Density of Central City, Surroundings of Central City and New Towns of Shanghai, 2010 /162 Fig. 18: Per Capita Construction Land of New Towns in Suburban Shanghai, 2010 /163 Fig. 19: Ratio of Remaining Construction Land to Total Construction Land of New Towns in Suburban Shanghai, 2010 /163 Fig. 20: Proportion of Current Construction Land of New Town in Suburban Shanghai, 2010 /163 Fig. 21: Number of Municipal and District-Level Hospital in Different District of Shanghai, 2011 /163 Fig. 22: Number of Key Secondary School in Different Districts of Shanghai, 2011 /164 Fig. 23: Density of Road Networks of New Town in Suburban Shanghai /165 Fig. 24: Travelling Destination of New Town in Suburban Shanghai, 2010 /165 Fig. 25: Way of Travelling of New Town in Suburban Shanghai, 2010 /165 Fig. 26: Statistics of Assigned Area of Operational Land in Jiading New Town over the Years /168 Fig. 27: Annual Tax Revenue of Jiading New Town over the Years /169 Fig. 28: Financing Amount of Companies in Jiading New Town over the Years /169 Fig. 29: Land Use of the Main Urban Area of Jiading New Town, 1996 /172 Fig. 30: Land Use of the Main Urban Area of Jiading New Town, 2010 /173 Fig. 31: Urban Design of the Main Urban Area of Jiading New Town /174 Fig. 32: Photos and Satellite Image of Zhouqiao. Restored and Revitalized Historic Jiading of Jiading New Town /174 Fig. 33: Analysis and Effect of Road System in the Main Urban Area of Jiading New Town /175 Fig. 34: Planning of the Greenfield System in the Main Urban Area of Jiading New Town /176 Fig. 35: Present Main Scene Node of the Main Urban Area of Jiading New Town /177 Fig. 36: Present Situation and Effect of the Main Public Service Facilities in the Main Urban Area of Jiading New Town /177 Fig. 37: Planning of the Hinterland of Yangtze River Delta /178 Fig. 38: Strategic Planning of Shanghai as a Metropolis /179 Fig. 39: Land Use of Jiading, Kunshan, and Taicang in One Image /180 Fig. 40: Land Use Planning of the Main Urban Area of Jiading New Town /181 Fig. 41: Present Situation Along Wenzaobang /182 Fig. 42: Present Land Use Situation Along Wenzaobang Street in Jiading District /182 Fig. 43: Analysis of the Relationship between Expressway and Rail Transit in New Towns in Suburb Shanghai and in the Central City /183
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xii Foreword by Asian Development Bank
As the People’s Republic of China (PRC) marks the 40th anniversary of its opening up and reforms this year, we all agree that the pace and scale of its economic development and urbanization during the past 40 years is unprecedented. The urban population increased from 19.4% in 1975 to 56.1% in 2016. By 2030, we expect the PRC’s urban population to reach 1 billion from about 790 million in 2016. Between 1990 and 2005, the urban population doubled and per capita gross domestic product (GDP) tripled. Disposable incomes of urban residents averaged CNY 33,616 in 2016 increasing by CNY 9,489 from 2012, and millions have been lifted out of poverty. Despite these achievements, many challenges remain. Pollution haze affects most large cities in the PRC, putting major strain on public health and livability. Serious urban water pollution and water scarcity also affect 30 of the 32 cities that have over 1 million residents—all of which will face severe long-term water shortages. Other countries are eager to learn lessons from the PRC on modeling industrialization and urbanization as key drivers for economic and social development.
A key instrument the PRC has used for organizing and managing urban growth is the planning and construction of new districts that expand both existing urban areas and suburban new towns connected by road and transit infrastructure within commuting distance to the urban core. Shanghai stands as a model for its organized urban and regional planning through new districts and new towns, sometimes connected to and catalyzed by special economic zones.
In recent years, the PRC has shifted the focus of its urbanization and development policies from GDP-centered development towards achieving better quality urban and social development through the introduction of the National New-Type Urbanization Plan 2014-2020. This transformation includes a commitment to make cities, new districts, and new towns livable, green, inclusive, and competitive by emphasizing environmental and social dimensions in city planning. In this volume, three introductory articles provide an overview of new town development in the PRC and Europe, followed by three good practice case studies of new towns and new districts in the PRC. These cases were originally presented during the ADB–Tongji Urban Knowledge Hub Seminar in November 2013, and this volume builds on them.
For over 25 years, ADB has been supporting urban development in the PRC with more than $6.8 billion in loans and more than $61 million in technical assistance grants. We are proud to have been actively working with cities on multidisciplinary approaches to promote their development as livable, socially inclusive, economically competitive, and environmentally sustainable climate resilient places. ADB will continue to support the PRC’s urbanization with projects that demonstrate innovative solutions to environmental and socioeconomic challenges.
This report shares knowledge from lessons learned from urbanization in the PRC. It is a contribution to the South– South cooperation and knowledge exchange promoted by ADB to benefit other countries in Asia and the Pacific.
Ayumi Konishi
Special Senior Advisor to the President, Asian Development Bank
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҉ͧጯⴒ䃳͚ᓰ⮱ധ喑ह≻๔႓ᐧま̻ጯ㻱ܿ႓䮏ౕጯহࡧഌⵁ⾣䶳ഌᰶⱭ⌞ࣇ⮱႓ᱜധ喑᭜ᰶⱭ͝ჹ 䌢㏼侹⮱ⴒ䃳͚ᓰ喑ౕప䭲̷Ϙᰶ䒰倅⮱ฝ㾶হᎬ∈⮱႓ᱜ㖁㈨ȡ Ꭱ㖁वప᪆᪴㏱㏴ౕह≻๔႓ᐧま̻ጯ㻱ܿ႓ 䮏䃫⿸Ąχ๗ౝࡧ̓⩹᪴ࡃ䖄ϔԊ៑͚ᓰąȡ Ꭱह≻๔႓ឬߋγВጯ㻱ܿͧͨ䷅⮱͚䲋䃧ಈ喑ा䲋≟ࣾᆂ͚పუϸ ప䃥็ጯ⮱䶳ᄩ䘕হឭᱜ俕ͫߋጯ㻱ܿڕ㏺͚ప⮱ጯࣾᆂ㏼侹ȡहᬣ喑ह≻๔႓ᐧま̻ጯ㻱ܿ႓䮏Ꭱ䘪ͧ పऱౝ⮱ऱㆨጯ㻱ܿ䌢䶦Ⱋȡڕദ䃚⤚喑Ꭳឬ៲γ
ВิוᎡχ≟ᐭࣾ䨣㵹͉χᅭ倅ノ䃬䬛ह≻๔႓ᐧま̻ጯ㻱ܿ႓䮏喑ጹ᱈ധλह≻๔႓ጟᰶ⮱ⵁ⾣߈䛼হⴒ䃳 ̻ह≻๔႓व҉㏱ᐧ̭͗䲏ाχ๗ౝࡧ⮱ጯࣾᆂⴒ䃳͚ᓰ喑䔆Ό᭜χ≟ᐭࣾ䨣㵹⮱す̭ ใጯᐧ⿸⮱ϑ≮㑾㐉ڲ̻ࣷప ࡧഌᕔጯⴒ䃳͚ᓰȡ䔆͗ᐧ䃛ᓄݝह≻๔႓⮱⼜Ხ৺ᏁȡहᎡ ᰵ喑χ≟ᐭࣾ䨣㵹 ह≻๔႓Ąࡧഌᕔጯजᠮ㐚ࣾ͗ हᣕߕ᱙ౝࡧጯ⮱जᠮ㐚ࣾᆂȡڞᆂⴒ䃳͚ᓰą⿸喑㜡߈λӰ䔈ጯࣾᆂ䶳ഌ䛹⮱ⴒ䃳ϑ≮喑
χ≟ᐭࣾ䨣㵹 ह≻๔႓Ąጯⴒ䃳͚ᓰąౕχ๗ౝࡧэ᧚হܳϘजᠮ㐚ࣾᆂ⮱ጯᰭҠ䌢喑࠲᠙̶ⴒ䃳ϔ৮喑 ࢠప䭲ⵁ䃕чȠᰭҠᵵҸ្ॷহጯⴒ䃳͚ᓰ㑾〆ȡౕ䓴ࣨ܍Ꭱ͚喑Ąጯⴒ䃳͚ᓰąᎡ䘪ᵦᢛᒀᎡጯࣾᆂ⮱ͨ㺮䃛䷅喑 䶳ഌ⮱႓ᱜⵁ⾣㔲Ƞ㻱࣯̻ܿ㔲হノ⤳㔲喑ͫߋጯᰭҠ䌢⮱ప䭲ⵁ䃕ч喑Ꭳ䖡䔶ᰭҠጯࣾᆂᵵҸহ䶮ڠ䖭䄤Ⱕ ࣾ㶕ᒝ䃮Γȡ ᎡȠ Ꭱহ Ꭱጯⴒ䃳͚ᓰߌͫߋγͨ䷅ܳݘͧĄܳϘχ≟হ๗Ꭰ∸ౝࡧजᠮ㐚ࣾᆂᰭҠ ጯ䌢㏼侹ąĄчহ䄽㻳㻿̸⮱ⅡΎऑ䩴Ԋ៑̻ࣾᆂąĄጯ䒙ಸ喟㻱̻ܿ㲺䉱ą⮱ప䭲ⵁ䃕ч喑̻чА㶕࠲᠙χ≟ᐭࣾ ጯჅঅȡڠใጯࣾᆂ̀უȠχ㵹ౕࡻ䶦Ⱋ⮱Ⱕڲ䨣㵹ჅঅȠప
Ჽহރᰶ➦㞟⮱হࡧ҉͚ͧప䩴ࡃ⮱䛺㺮䃛䷅䔈㵹ڤᎡ喑ጯⴒ䃳͚ᓰჇᄳ͚ప䩴ࡃࣾᆂ䓴⼸͚ ᣏ䃕ȡጯᩬᏉౕࡧ䓦㑅ᝃ䗷ࡧᐧ䃫ᝃࡧ喑҉ͧ⾧䬡᠀ᆂȠϔ͇ࣾᆂহϧऐ䯳㖇⮱䛺㺮ゃ⪒ȡጯⴒ䃳͚ᓰ̻χ ᐭࣾ䨣㵹ጯࣾᆂ̀უव҉喑ᵦᢛ➦Ⴧᴴ۳喑ౕ͚పࡧᐧ䃫䌢͚䔶ः̶͗䶦Ⱋ҉ͧ᱙ᎡᏓ⮱ᰭҠጯࣾᆂᵵҸȡ≟ 䶳ഌ̀უȠᵵҸ㻱ܿጵȠノ⤳㔲ぶ喑ᄦᰭҠ䌢ᵵҸ⮱㻱ܿȠহ䛾㲺䉏ߎ䓽ڠₑധ̷喑ጯⴒ䃳͚ᓰ䖭䄤Ⱕౕ ᵵҸ្ॷȡहᎡ ᰵ喑ጯⴒ䃳͚ᓰͫߋγڠぶ䲏䔈㵹ܳᲽহ䃱Ф喑ᕨ㐀হࡧ㻱ܿᐧ䃫⮱㏼侹হ᪆䃚喑ႹⰥ҉ ͨ䷅ͧĄ͚పহࡧ喟ᠾᝅ̻ᱧ䕴ą⮱すఈᅷప䭲ⵁ䃕ч喑ܳϘ͚పহࡧ㻱ܿࣷ⮱㏼侹হ᪆䃚喑Ꭳౝ㔰ᄌ Ϙ͚ᓰąव҉喑仃⁎ͫߋĄ͚పহࡧ喟ᠾᝅ̻ᱧڞγ̷⊤হᬍ䩎⮱ᰭҠ䌢ᵵҸȡहᬣ喑̻χ≟ᐭࣾ䨣㵹Ąࡧഌⴒ䃳 ⮱Ȩ͚పࡧ㻱̻ܿࣾᆂȩ᭜χ≟ᐭࣾ䨣㵹 ह≻๔႓ጯⴒ䃳͚ᓰ⮱ᵵҸⵁ⾣㈨ܧ䕴⮱ᒞᕊ㔰ąᥱᒞᆂȡ᱙⁎ᣕ ݄̭ȡ᱙Γധλহࡧ⮱ࣾᆂᵵҸ្ॷ喑Ꭳⅴ䯳ప䭲ⵁ䃕ч⮱ࣾ㼭䃕䃧喑ᣏ䃕͚పহࡧౕ㻱ܿহ䲏⮱ ݆࣌Ƞᱧݣহ➦◦喑߈Ⅿэ᧚जӈՌ䞡হᣕᎬ⮱㻱̻ܿゃ⪒ȡ
Ѓࡧഌⴒ䃳͚ᓰ⮱ᵤڣ㞜ສࣾᆂᔮ߬喑ͧχ≟ᐭࣾ䨣㵹ܧ⣝Ꭱ⿸⮱χ≟ᐭࣾ䨣㵹 ह≻๔႓ጯⴒ䃳͚ᓰॵ 䩴ࡃ䔈⼸͚⮱ߌ㏼侹喑Ꭳ́ࣷᬣэ᧚⮱ࡧഌⴒ䃳ڲᲬȡ䔆̭ጯⴒ䃳͚ᓰ⮱ᐧ⿸喑ᒏγ̭͗㘪์ࣷᬣࣾ⣝হᕨ㐀ప ใጯࡃ⮱ߌ㏼侹喑Ӱ䔈χ๗ౝࡧᰡສౝ⣝Вϧͧ᱙Ƞ䉱⎽㞯ڲव҉Ꭰझȡጯⴒ䃳͚ᓰᄳ̭ຯᬏᒭౝᕨ㐀হэ᧚ప ㏓হ⣜ධࣸສ⮱जᠮ㐚ጯࣾᆂȡ
ၽᲒ
χ≟ᐭࣾ䨣㵹 ह≻๔႓Ąࡧഌᕔጯजᠮ㐚ࣾᆂⴒ䃳͚ᓰąͨШ ప倅ぶ႓ᵎΎ㻱ܿ႓͇̀ᠴᄩ༁অчͨШڕ ह≻๔႓ᐧま̻ጯ㻱ܿ႓䮏᪆ᢵ
xiv Foreword by Tongji University
The unprecedented speed and scale of urbanization in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) resulted from the country’s reform and opening up policies that started around 1980. Each year since then, urban population has increased by more than 10 million people. While urbanization in the PRC resulted in remarkable achievements, it also led to severe challenges.
Since 2014, the PRC’s urbanization policies have undergone major reforms under the new normal, characterized by slower economic growth. The country’s urbanization practices caused widespread concern among the international community over the sustainability of its future urbanization. To study best practice solutions and share knowledge on urban sustainability, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and Tongji University jointly established the Regional Knowledge Hub for Sustainable Urban Development in the PRC, or the Urban Knowledge Hub, in 2010.
The College of Architecture and Urban Planning (CAUP) of Tongji University is a knowledge hub with solid academic foundation and extensive practical experience in urban and regional planning and research. The CAUP enjoys a high reputation and entertains an extensive worldwide academic network. In 2008, UNESCO established the Asia-Pacific World Heritage Conservation Center in CAUP. In 2009, Tongji University hosted the China-Africa Forum on urban planning, introducing the PRC’s urban development experience to developing countries in Africa. The CAUP serves as a training center on urban planning for leaders and technical administrators from cities all over the PRC. The CAUP also undertakes a variety of urban planning projects with a wide portfolio across the PRC.
The Urban Knowledge Hub disseminates knowledge through international seminars, case study reports, and an urban knowledge website. Since 2010, the knowledge hub has invited researchers, planning practitioners, and urban administrators to its annual workshops. Topics included historic preservation and development of Yangtze Delta water towns, planning and financing of urban transformation, efficient urban infrastructure, and utility service provision.
The 2013 topic was "New Towns and New Districts in China – Challenges and Opportunities". Many cities in the PRC plan and build new districts expanding urban areas or new towns in suburban areas as important instruments and strategies for organizing urban expansion, industrial development, and population growth. Urban Knowledge Hub experts from Tongji and ADB developed criteria for selecting the three case studies for the seminar and this book from all over the PRC. By invitation, academic experts, urban planners, and implementation managers analyzed and evaluated the best practice cases.
The case study reports in this book give an overview of features and lessons learned from the planning, construction, and operation of the projects. In September 2013, the fourth international seminar was held in cooperation with ADB’s Regional Knowledge Sharing Initiative that funded a photo exhibit of new towns and new districts. More than 130 experts from the PRC, Europe, and India took part. This volume results from the 2013 Urban Knowledge Hub activities and workshop.
The Urban Knowledge Hub is a regional knowledge cooperation platform that will continue to identify key challenges as well as summarize and disseminate successful experiences promoting people-oriented, resources-saving, and environment-friendly sustainable urban development.
Zilai Tang
Director, Asian Development Bank-Tongji University Regional Knowledge Hub for Sustainable Urban Development in the PRC Director, National Steering Committee of Urban and Rural Planning Education in the People’s Republic of China Professor, College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tongji University, Shanghai
xv 㜡 䅏
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Ꮌ喟 ᄼ㺬ₒ喍"ZVNJ,POJTIJ喎 χ≟ᐭࣾ䨣㵹㵹䪬➦ݘ倅㏔䶫䬛 ၽᲒ ह≻๔႓ᐧま̻ጯ㻱ܿ႓䮏᪆ᢵ
҉ 㔲喟 ॡ㑇哆 ѓ᪓๔႓႓䮏ጡ➦䰤➦ᐧま႓䮏㻱ܿ㈨᪆ᢵ 䗾ᓤ倅 ͚పጯ㻱ܿ䃫䃎ⵁ⾣䮏̷⊤ܳ䮏䮏䪬 䉧 ᬧ ఈጊⰮ㐢䭠ጯޜ⼅Γ䪬喑࣌ࡄጊጯޜጯ䪬 ᱻ䭠 ͚పጯ㻱ܿ䃫䃎ⵁ⾣䮏̷⊤ܳ䮏喑倅㏔ጯ㻱ܿጵ थ侙ᮀ ⌞ౠጯጯ㻱ܿ䃫䃎ⵁ⾣䮏䮏䪬 ॡᮀ㢶 ⌞ౠጯጯ㻱ܿ䃫䃎ⵁ⾣䮏ᕨ㻱ܿጵ ᅭ䪬ޜᮀᭌ ᬍ䩎ጯ㻱ܿᅭܳᅭۜ 㾦䓽ጋ ̷⊤ጯ㻱ܿ䃫䃎ⵁ⾣䮏ޜᕨጒ⼸ጵȠᕨ㻱͚ᓰͨШ थᕨ㷮ߖ⤳ȠᕨጵߋͨШڙ҂ᮀ⋈ ̷⊤ଶჇࣾᆂᰶ䭽 䗦 ⢶ ̷⊤ጯ㻱ܿ䃫䃎ⵁ⾣䮏ጒ⼸ጵ
xvi Acknowledgments
This is a joint publication of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the College of Architecture and Urban Planning (CAUP) of Tongji University as part of their cooperation on the Regional Knowledge Hub for Sustainable Urban Development in the People’s Republic of China. Tongji University and ADB established this Urban Knowledge Hub in 2010 and has held annual workshops focused on key sustainable urban development challenges in the PRC and Asia at large.
This book builds on the results and findings of the Urban Knowledge Hub’s fourth annual South-South Knowledge Sharing Seminar held in November 2013 in Tongji University on the topic "New Towns and New Districts in the PRC— Challenges and Opportunities". More than 130 participants enjoyed the presentations and ensuing field trips to Shanghai Jiading and Wuxi Taihu New Town. The Regional Knowledge Sharing Initiative (RKSI) funded by the Ministry of Finance of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) contributed to the workshop and funded a photo exhibit on new towns in the PRC.
Authors who attended the seminar and delivered introductory speeches prepared best case studies on new towns and new districts in the PRC. The Urban Knowledge Hub team, namely Zilai Tang, Weiqiang Wang, Lan Wang from Tongji University, and Stefan Rau and Maria Pia Ancora from ADB contributed with the selection of case studies and authors and inputs on the overall structure and content of the workshop and this book. Stefan Rau and Lan Wang edited the report with support from Yahui Zhong, Esther Peng and Maria Pia Ancora.
Leadership was provided by the ADB management and technical and administrative staff, namely Sangay Penjor, who provided valuable guidance and support throughout the preparation of the book. Prof. Zhenyu Li, Dean of CAUP and Prof. Zhengwei Peng, Secretary of Party Committee of CAUP also provided full support. Wendy Walker and Sara Afzar provided valuable comments as peer reviewers, Kristina Katich, Satoshi Ishii, Hinako Maruyama, provided valuable comments that improved the quality of the report. Maricelle David, Ruth Benigno and Christine Marvilla provided support from compilation of materials, comments, formatting to final publication. Anna Sherwood, Lei Kan, and Mark Robert Dy provided publication support and proofreading.
Editors/Authors: Lan Wang Professor, College for Architecture and Urban Planning, Tongji University Stefan Rau Senior Urban Development Specialist, East Asia Department, Asian Development Bank
Forewords: Ayumi Konishi Special Senior Advisor to the President, Asian Development Bank Zilai Tang Professor, College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tongji University
Authors: Fulong Wu Professor Bartlett School of Architecture, University College of London Degao Zheng Director, Shanghai Branch, Chinese Academy of Urban Planning & Design Wang He Vice Secretary-General, Mianyang City, Sichuan Province; Former Vice Mayor, Beichuan County Xinyang Li Senior Planner, Shanghai Branch, Chinese Academy of Urban Planning & Design Xiao Sima Director, Shenzhen Urban Planning and Design Institute Xiaoli Wu Deputy Chief Planner, Shenzhen Urban Planning and Design Institute Xiaoxing Feng Deputy Director, New Town Division of Wuxi Planning Bureau Yunzhou Zhan Chief Planner, Shanghai Urban Planning and Design Institute Xiaotao He Director of Chief Engineer Office, Shanghai Jiading New District Development Company Yu Zou Engineer, Shanghai Urban Planning and Design Research Institute
xvii 㐩 䔝
䋐喑㔹䔆᱙Γᖝᖝ᭜ᄦₑ⮱ఋᏁȡڡప䭲чᄦ͚ప᭜ຯ҂ౕ䓴ࣨ Ꭱ䛹ःᓄጒ͇ࡃহ䩴ࡃߌ⮱ᩲθ䊷Გ䊷ᙌ 䋐ัȡहᬣ喑͚పຯ҂㻱ܿ䩴ࡃ䔈⼸⮱̸̭ڡࡧᄦ͚పጯࣾᆂহពᑍ⮱҉⩕ͫ䋠䒨䛺喑䔆Ό᭜ప䭲ч➦ݘᙌ ȡ◦⧵ڠ⮱⤰ڕ⮱ Ϭ䩴ᅲℾ喑Όͧܧ⣝⊹䭣⃢喑Вღ㏠ Ꭱ䶱䃎
≺ጯহ䯳㖇㏼ڡγᩦ䲖ᐭᩫᩬゃ䊤喑ܧ䩛侞ߕ߈ȡ㜗䗀ᄼᎠ Ꭱڠ͚ప⮱ጒ͇ࡃহ䩴ࡃᝅ⪒ͧࣾᆂ⮱ γጕ๔䉎⡛ȡϻ Ꭱݝ Ꭱ喑͚ప⮱䩴ࡃ⢴⩞ 喊倅ݝ 喊喑ᄩ㜡 Ꭱܧᄦ͚ప⮱㏼≻䪬䔦҉ 䩴ϧऐ㏓ Ϭȡϻ Ꭱݝ Ꭱ喑ጯ䛼ϻ ̷͗ࡴݝ ͗喑ᐧݣ䩴䛼ϻ ͗㜠 ͗ȡ ᱾ाጯ䒙⼨喑͚ప䩴ϧऐ䶱䃎ౕ Ꭱ䓫ݝ Ϭ喑 Ꭱ䓫ݝ Ϭȡۉ⩞ϧऐᄳᠮ㐚
ጯࣾᆂҬϬ̴ϧᥳ㙞γ䉘ఝ喑Ό̺ͧป๔⮱͚ϔ䭣㏔ፓᲒγ⺼喑ᩦγУȡ♣㔹喑чጛ䌊Ƞᅞ͇হߎ̺ ጛ䌊ͧ Ժ喑ڒγ͚పч㏼≻ࣾᆂ䲏͡⮱͒䛺ᠾᝅȡ Ꭱ喑ΎᩣޔぶȠࡧഌࣾᆂ᭫㦄̺Ꭰ㶎হΎጛ䌊喑䘪ߍ ≯ℾጒౕ᪆㗟Ƞദ䃚Ƞᅞ͇Ƞࡨ⫄হчԊ䯉ぶ䲏⮱ᱧчΌ̺ぶȡ⣜ධᖣࡃ喑๖♣ౌౝহ㕂ౝۉℾࣷۉᠮ㐚ព๔ȡ́ 喑ጯࣾᆂহពᑍᑂࣾ⮱⾧⅁ȠⅡহౌฑᴀ喑ጒ͇ᴀ喑В̺ࣷजᠮ㐚ᕔ⮱ϑ䕇㐆ጯ⩌≨⣜ධহᅲℾ䏘Ҁ֒ᏤፓᲒ ጕ๔⮱ᠾᝅ喑䔆ౕ๔ጯᅑͧ᭫㦄ȡ
ౠ喑ϻ Ꭱ̭͗ϧऐϲͧ ̴⮱⍁䩴ࣾᆂ̭͗䩴ᅲℾ䓫ݝ ̴⮱๔䘪ጯ喑͚ͧప䃥็ጯࣾᆂ᩵Ь⌞ λࡧ⮱ࣾᆂȡ䔆Ό᭜䕇䓴хᘍᩬゃӰ䔈➦₷ౝࡧ⮱ࣾᆂ喑ڠ⮱Ấ̭ȡጯ⮱䓾ጯࣾᆂट喑̷⊤喑ͨ㺮᭜ ᝃ℄䗨䔆ψࡧഌ喑ⰡᣒӰ䔈γ䔆ψ䩴⮱ࣾᆂȡڲऐߍጒࡧȡᰶᬣѺλ䔆ψࡧഌܧຯ㏼≻➦ࡧȠ㏼≻ឭᱜᐭࣾࡧহ
๔ጯ⮱ጒ͇ࡧȡव⤳ᰶᎼ⮱ڒ⊹᱾ۉ㜗 ̓㏗ ᎡА݊喑ጒ͇ࡃᝅ⪒ᣕ䔈হ॥ᑂγపใែ䉱喑๔䛼ߠߕ߈ϻ ጯ㻱ܿߍ̷ᑂ䉱ࣾᆂ⮱хᘍᩬゃ喑Ϻ᭜͚ప䩴ࡃ䔈⼸⮱ͨ㺮➦ᒮȡ͚పጯࣾᆂ⩞В̸̶ࣾᆂᐼͨᄩ喟̭᭜ࢳटࡧ ᐭࣾ喑䔆࠲᠙᠀ც䖀䌜喑ᄦݺ⮱ѻᅯࡧ䔈㵹倅ჳᏓੳ͇হѼႲᐭࣾ喑ࡴ㏔ധ䃫喑ᐭᆂࢳटԊ៑হںহ⣝ᰶࡧ⮱ 䛺ᐧ喠ι᭜ࡧ⮱㻱ܿহᐭࣾ喑Ⱑᣒព๔⣝ᰶጯࡧ喑㏱㏴ጒ͇ȠѼႲহੳ͇ࣾᆂᒩₑܳ⻨喠̶᭜䕇䓴ౕጯ⮱䓦㑅ࡧহ䔉ٲ ϑ䕇䔋ᣒ̻ጯࡧȡڞڙ⩞䌜Ꭳ́๔็ᬣՆڙጯ⮱䗷ࡧᐭࣾ喑䔋ᣒ㏼≻≨ߕ喑Ꭳ⩞ϑ䕇䖀Ƞ倅䕌⻨
᱙Γ࠲᠙͑͗䘕ܳȡす̭䘕ܳͧࡧϸ㏺喑࠲᠙䔝͚పࡧͨ㺮➦◦⮱ϸ㏺ᕔ᪴」喑℁䒰⁔≟⮱∂ࣷ䶦 ⰛҸ喑ᕨ㐀͚ప⮱̶͗ᵵҸⵁ⾣ȡすι䘕ܳ࠲᠙̶͚͗పࡧᵵҸⵁ⾣្ॷȡ
Ȩ͚పহࡧ⮱㻱ܿ⤳ᔢ̻ᐭࣾᐼȩ̭͚᪴ᕨ㐀䖀喑̶͗ͨ㺮ጯ㻱ܿ⤳䃧ᒞ৺Ɑ͚ప⮱ᒏȡすڣౕڝ⢸ ̭͗ᒞ৺᭜℁ᅩ∪e䰺ࡻᓤ⮱⩝చጯ⤳ᔢ喑䄒⤳ᔢ䃑ͧ䩴Ꮑัλ䗷ࡧѺ㒛喑䕇䓴▘䒓̻๔䘪ጯ䔋ᣒȡѼႲࡧ⩞⾧ 喑ѳ̻ѼႲࡧܳᐭ喑ВԊጒ͇ᴀ̺ᒞ৺䗨䛹ȡすι͗ᒞ৺᭜ᴜڲ⻨ౝȡጒ͇ࡧౕ䕇ࠑ䌊⩕ڞڙ࠲డ喑Ϙᰶ㐬㞟⩝ۉౝহ ϑᄩाᐭࣾȡڙᬻጯ⮱ᙬᮜ喑Վᄩ↪䒓ͧᄩा⮱䖀䌜㑾ᵩহฺᱯ倅ᅯᐧまȡす̶͗ᒞ৺᭜㒻పጯͨͶ͚⮱ٶጰ㺬㕣
͚䖀䌜̻ᐧま➖Ԋᠮ̭Ⴧ⮱㑀۟ፓ喠䖀䌜ϑࣶऐڣ㜗䏘➦㞟喟⩞ც䭁⮱䖀䌜㏱ᑧ๔⮱䖀䌜ϑ䕇㑾喑ڣ͚పࡧᰶ ➦ࡧഌ᭜ܳᐭ⮱ȡϻ᱙Γ͚ᆂ⮱ᵵҸᲒⰸ喑̭ψڙ䬡ԊᠮⰥᄦ䒰ც䌊⻨喑̭㝙ౕ _N 䬡喠ጒ͇ȠѼႲȠੳ͇Ƞߋ ࡄጊᵵҸ͚ȡౕڣᒮጟᓄݝᩦȡҸຯ喑⮱㶄ࡧ䲏⼜হ䖀䌜㐡Ꮣౕ㻱̷ᰡߍϧᕔࡃ喑ϻ㔹呀ߞϧЙₒ㵹হ侾㵹喑ᅑ
Ƞ⌤व⩕䕁Ƞ۾㉔亣ธắ᠙γ䓴ࣨ Ꭱ⁔≟जᠮ㐚ࣾᆂ㗹ᮜ̸ጯ⮱ࣾᆂắۢȡౕЃ⮱᪴」Ȩ⁔≟⩌ᔮጯ喟㐀Ჱ 䃑⮱ጯजᠮ㐚ڙ喑ప䭲ܧγ䛺◦㻱݆ܿ࣌喑Ꭳ̶ౕ͗ᰭҠ䌢ᵵҸ͚ߍВ䄡ᬻȡЃᠴܧ㐬㞟⣜Ԋ⮱ᅲࡧȩ͚喑Ѓ ಸȠ倅ჳᏓȠ⌤वҬ⩕ȠВϑ䕇ͧᄩा⮱ጯ喠ₒ㵹ࣸສহϧᕔࡃᅧᏓጯ喠ᓄ۾㉔ࣾᆂ݆࣌࠲᠙喟ᅲᕔহ࠲ღᕔጯ喠 ⯷λ⩌ᔮ㈨㐌ߎ⮱㐬㞟⣜ԊȠ㘪䔯Ꮑ⅁Նअࡃ⮱ጯ喠䉱⎽ȠⅡহ㘪⎽倅᩵⮱ጯ喠ჹᰶ》ζ߈হ㏼≻็ٰࡃ⮱ጯȡ
᭜ Ꭱ㖁वప⣜ධ̻ࣾڣЃắ䔝γजᠮ㐚ࣾᆂຯ҂ͧ倅Ꮣጒ͇ࡃহऻጒ͇ࡃపუ⮱ጯࣾᆂ⮱ͨ㺮㠰ᐼ喑ᅑ 䩛ࣾᆂⰛᴴহͨ㺮ڠᆂ๔чВᲒȡ䔆ψపუᄳ䌕႓হ࣯̻ᐼ㻱ܿ∂Ꮑ⩕ݝౝ⮱ "HFOEB 䶦Ⱋ͚喑Ҹຯ䃑হੳჇ ⣜ධ䉕䛼ᠴᴴȡ̭㈨݄⮱Ą⩌ᔮጯąጟᐧ喑ຯ⁔≟Ƞᬒ᱙Ƞ䴖పȠߍಎহ㒻పぶౝ⮱䃥็ጯ䛴ःγ㐩वጯࣾᆂ ಸࡧ۾㉔䃎ܿ喑䛴⩕ᰡߍ⩌ᔮ倅᩵⮱㻱݆ܿ࣌ȡ䔆ψ㻱݆ܿ࣌࠲᠙ᅲȠ㐬㞟হ࠲ღᕔ⮱ጯắᔢ喑䄒ㆨጯ⩞̭㈨݄ xviii Executive Summary
This book responds to growing international interest to understand how the People's Republic of China (PRC) has been creating its industrialization and urbanization success story over the past 40 years. New towns and new districts have been instrumental in urban development and expansion in the PRC, making them particularly interesting. There is also an increasing global interest on how the PRC is planning for the next stage of urbanization to accommodate another 300 million urban residents projected by 2030. The PRC’s industrialization and urbanization strategy has been a key driver of development. Since Xiaoping Deng promoted the reform and opening up policy 40 years ago, emerging urban and agglomeration economies contributed extensively to the PRC’s growth miracle. From 1978 to 2016, the PRC's urbanization ratio increased from 17.9% to 56.1%, which led to an urban population of about 790 million by 2016. Between 1978 and 2013, the number of cities rose from 193 to 658 and the number of townships rose from 2 173 to 20 113. As rural-urban migration continues, urban population is projected to reach 816 million by 2020 and 1 billion by 2030. Urban development lifted hundreds of millions of people out of poverty. It also generated well-being and improved conditions for a growing middle class. However, social disparity, unequal access to jobs and services, significant regional imbalances, and urban-rural disparities are now creating severe socioeconomic challenges. The growing urban–rural income gap is at a factor of 2.75 (2013). There is also unequal access to education, training, jobs, health, and social security for rural people and for rural-urban migrants. Environmental degradation, loss of natural land and farmland, pollution of air, water, and soil caused by urban development and sprawl, industrial pollution, and unsustainable transport present very serious challenges toward ensuring livability and human health, especially in the large cities. Shenzhen, now a metropolitan city of more than 10 million urban residents that grew from a fishing town of 30 000 in 1978, became one of the models for many urban developments that followed in the PRC. The recent urban development history of cities, like Shanghai, is mainly about the development of new districts and new towns. It is also about the development of special districts facilitating growth through favorable policies such as special economic development zones, economic and technological development zones, and export-processing zones. New towns are sometimes within or next to such zones, directly catalyzing the development of these towns. Since the early 1980s, the strategy of industrialization has facilitated and has attracted large amounts of foreign investments, followed by a large influx of labor from rural areas to the new industrial zones of the big cities. Formalized urban planning and favorable policies attracting investments and development remain to be key features of the PRC’s urbanization. Three main modes of physical development dominated the pattern of urban growth. First is the redevelopment of historic and existing urban areas. This includes road widening, high-density commercial and residential developments on former low-rise areas, historic preservation with infrastructure upgrading, and infill redevelopment. Second is the planning and development of new districts, directly expanding existing urban areas to organize industrial, residential, and commercial growth separate from one another. Third is the development of new towns in peri-urban and suburban locations away from the city that are linked to economic activities and connected by trunk roads, highways, and, most times, public mass transit. This book comprises two sections. The first section, Introduction to New Towns and New Districts, includes introductory papers that describe key characteristics of new towns and new districts in the PRC, compare approaches and project examples in Europe, and summarize three case studies in the PRC. The second section, Case Studies of New Towns and New Districts in the People’s Republic of China, presents three case studies. Lan Wang summarizes in her paper, Planning Concept and Development Model of New Towns and New Districts in the People’s Republic of China, that three key urban planning theories influence the shape of new urban areas in the PRC. The first influence is Ebenezer Howard’s Garden City idea in which new towns are in a suburban location linked by train with the metropolis. The residential communities, surrounded by open space and farmland, have green commons. Industrial areas are within commuting distance but separate to ensure that industrial pollution does not affect the neighborhoods. The second influence is Le Corbusier’s vision of a Radiant City with a car-oriented grid of thoroughfares and high-rise building complexes. The third influence is the New Urbanism movement in the United States with ideas of transit-oriented developments. Robust road networks comprising wide roads with requirements for substantial setbacks for buildings and comparably large distances between road intersections, typically between 300 and 500 meters, characterize the developments of new
xix Ჱ喑䔆ψࡧ͚ᰶ倅ჳᏓȠ⌤व⩕䕁ᐧま喑Вࣷ⩞㐬㞟⾧䬡ᲱȠ̻Ӭᢤϑ䕇Ⱕ䔋ᣒᎣ㘪ӈ㐬㞟ܧ㵹ߎ⮱䔯वₒ㵹 ⮱ጯ⣜ධȡ
喍ᓤᅁᦖጯ⮱৵侙ⷔ⩌ᔮࡧ喎喑̶͗Გ㜗ᓤప喍ᑄڥ⦌γ⁔≟⩌ᔮጯࣾᆂ⮱ఈ͗ᰭҠ䌢ᵵҸ喑̭͗Გ㜗ܧЃ 㣞ൎጯ⮱ͪ⦌㤟ᅁᓤࡧ̻↰䗓ࡧ喑ఫძᵦጯ⮱∂䄚ࡧ喎ȡ䔆ψ⩌ᔮጯࣾᆂ⮱ᲝܧᵵҸ䘪Ꮑ⩕γ̷䔝݆࣌喑Ꭳᆎ㣤₷㢐ȡЃ 喑͚ప᭜॓чͧಸ䩴ࡃ⮱̸̭䭣⃢䰭㺮ღ㏠ Ϭ䩴ᅲℾ䔆ᵤ⮱᱗Გ喑ࣺᕊⰛݺͨᄩ⮱В䰭Ⅿͧᄩा⮱Վᄩܧहᬣ ც䭁䖀䌜Ƞ䊲㏔㶄ࡧȠ⩕䕁ܳ⻨⮱ጯಸȡ
ॡ㑇哆᪆ᢵ⮱Ȩ͚పࡧ⮱ࣾᆂȩ̭᪴喑ᕨ㐀γ᱙Γ䔶⮱̶͗ⵁ⾣ᵵҸ喑ͧႰЙА㶕γ͚పᰭ䓾ࣾᆂ͚х䉕 হᰭҠ⮱䌢ȡ
হపѼᝬহΎᐧ䃫䘕ᑿڞ䓾ᎡᲒ喑͚పহࡧᐧ䃫̭Ⱑౕ䊝ᰡߍᰶݖλजᠮ㐚ࣾᆂ⮱䖀䌜喑䃥็ጟ㷘͚ࡻϧℾ 䔈ࣾᆂ݆࣌⮱➦ᒮȡٵγ̭ψۆĄѻⷠ⩌ᔮጯąࣾᆂ䶦Ⱋȡ᱙Γ͚ݝ⮱̶͗ᰭҠ䌢ᵵҸڒ
͚పࡧ̶͗ⵁ⾣ᵵҸ
ࡄጊ࣬
䗾ᓤ倅Ƞᱻ䭠Ƞ䉧ᬧ⮱Ȩࡄጊ࣬ ⁍ࣾ䓫ౝࡧ࣬⮱जᠮ㐚ࣾᆂ䌜ᒱᣏ㉏ȩ̭͚᪴⮱ࡄጊ喑᭜̭͗ߌ⮱Ҹ 㖁㐉ᕔহजڤک॥ᑂ߈喑␎ٲ喑⩕䕁⌤वȡႰ⮱㐬㞟ᐭᩫ⾧䬡㑾㐉۾㉔ၽȡႰᅲ喑㐬㞟⣜Ԋ喑ₒ㵹Ӭ喑ጯጰᅭ䯳͚ ᒀౝᄾℾÿÿ㒹ÿÿ␎ٲ䓫ᕔ喑䯳ౕ͚̭᭫㦄⮱㐬㞟⇠䖀হጯ͚ᓰ㐬䖀ȡႰ⮱㶄ࡧহ䖀䌜ᅧᏓϧ喑ᐧまহᮜ㻯 ៶ጯധ䃫ឭᱜȡႰ⮱Ⱋ⮱᭜֒Ꮴ⮱㕹ѼᎠ㶎ȡࡄጊౝัૉ侙ิڤ⮱э㐌➦㞟ȡႰ⮱ᐧま⣜ධࣸສ喑ѻⷠ⩌ᔮ㞯㘪喑 䯲ᆞ㘶͉䘕喑 ᎡĄeą๔ౝ䰴ऻ҉ͧ䛺㒛ࡧᲒᐧ䃫喑䖢ᓗγᰭ⮱㻱ܿ⤳ᔢȡऄ▫ϧঅ࣯̻γᥙ䓮⮱۠ゃȡపუ হែ䉱㔲⮱࣯̻喑㻱ܿڠധ䛾Ƞప䭲ࣾᆂव҉цѡВࣷ䌕Ⱞ㐀ᄦव҉цѡᩜᠮγᤡጒ҉ȡ㻱ܿ䓴⼸࠲᠙ࡧȠݖ⯷Ⱕ ប㵹⮱䕌Ꮣ̸݈γ㏗ᒂȡ
ࡄጊ⮱䃫䃎᭜䲋፥ߌ⮱喑҉㔲䔝γͧ䔈̭ₒ॥ᑂϔ͇হ⍥͇ែ䉱Ⱋݺ䔈㵹⮱≨ߕ喑В㼐۠䓾ᠾᝅ喑 喑ᆞࡧϧऐ⼭⪼喑بᠮ㐚㏼≻হጯࣾᆂȡͨ㺮ᠾᝅ̭᭜㑧ᄾᅞ͇ᱧчহᅲѼϧऐȡ҉㔲ᕨ㐀䖀喑䞡λࡄጊౝ⤳Ѻ㒛ռ⣝ ㏼≻ࣾᆂ⮱䶱Ⱋᴴज㘪䓴λႼ๔ȡ
ᬍ䩎๗⎃
➦䔈⮱ጯࣾᆂ㻱ܿͧٵथ侙ᮀȠۜᮀᭌহॡᮀ㢶䔝⮱ᬍ䩎๗⎃喑᭜̭͗పუ㏔ѻⷠ⩌ᔮ㠰䶦Ⱋ喑В㐩व 䩛㐖᩵⩌ᔮ᩵⢴ᠴᴴȡᬍ䩎᭜̭͗倅ឭݣ䕍͇๔䘪ጯ喑䌊̷⊤̺ݝ̭͗ᄼڠ䔈⮱जᠮ㐚㻱ܿ∂হ̭㏱ٵᒮ喑Ꮑ⩕γᰭ ᬣ䒓⼸喑Ѻλ͚ప͉䘕⮱䪬̶㻿䯳㖇ࡧȡ๗⎃ัλ䪬Вࢄ喑䕇䓴䔆͗䶦Ⱋ喑䄒ࡧഌ⇬Ɑ๗⎃͉ࡄᇥ㏬ពᑍ喑Вᬻ᭫ ⮱ܳࡧắᔢ݈ᐧγ̶͗ܳࡧ喑͚䬡ࡧഌ͚ͧ๛ੳߎࡧ喑͑䓦ܳݘͧι㏔ੳ͇Ƞ᪴ࡃ͚ᓰহ䗨䛹͚ᓰȡ
ϑ䕇Ƞ㜗㵹䒓ڞڙచ喑̭͗࠲क़䖀䌜Ƞڙ㐬ౝ⮱䔋ᣒ㈨㐌喑⇬⎃হ⇠䖀⮱␕Ⅱڞڙᬍ䩎๗⎃⮱ͨ㺮➦◦࠲᠙̭͗ ⎽হϧ㵹䕇䖀㑾㐉⮱ᑧ๔⮱ϑ䕇㈨㐌喑᭜ጯजᠮ㐚ࣾᆂ⮱̭͗ᑧᰶ߈⮱ᵳ᳣ȡౌౝݖ⩕হᐭࣾჳᏓ䃫䃎倅γ㘪⎽হ䉱 㘪⎽ӈᏁ䘪䛴⩕γ倅ᴴ۳喑ᎣҬ⩕γధҀᏌ➖㐩व⩌ں᩵⢴喑ᰶߖλₒ㵹হ侾㵹ȡ⮱䃫䃎倅᩵㞯㘪喑ᐧまহܳጰᐼज ᐧ䃫ক䒰䪬喑Вڲ喑ѳ⩞λܳ䭣⃢㻱ܿ䓴λᏋ๔喑๔䲏⼜⮱ܳ䭣⃢䲏͡Ɑ๔䲏⼜ࡧഌڕノ⤳㈨㐌ȡ㮪♣㻱݆ܿ࣌֒ ౕࣷ๔㠰డ⮱䃥็ࡧഌहᬣᐭ㻱ܿ⮱ᠾᝅȡ
̷⊤ଶჇ
ࡧഌࣾᆂ喑࠲᠙чহ㏼≻ࣾᆂ喑ᅞ͇হϔ͇ࣾᆂ喑ౌ⧵ڠ◦⮱̷⊤ଶჇ្ॷ喑䛺ۆ㾦䓽≟Ƞ҂ᮀ⋈হ䗦⢶⩞ 喑ڡࢳटᗍͲ⮱ጯ͚ᓰᓄݝᡜڣߎധ䃫ȡଶჇѺλ̷⊤㺬ࡄ䘕喑ڞڙౝݖ⩕喑㐩वϑ䕇㻱ܿ喑ВࣷଶჇ⮱
xx towns and new districts in the PRC. Industrial, residential, commercial, and institutional areas are separated. In the case studies presented in this book, however, some of these features have been improved. For example, human scale block sizes and road dimensions encourage walking and cycling, especially in Beichuan. Stefan Rau offers an overview of sustainable development as context for urban development in Europe in the past 25 years. In his paper Eco-Cities in Europe: Compact, Mixed-Use, Green, Livable New Districts, he identifies key planning principles and illustrates these along with three best practice cases. He observes that there are internationally accepted principles of sustainable urban development, and they include concepts of the livable and inclusive city; compact, high- density, mixed-use and transit-oriented city; pedestrian-friendly and human-scaled city; green, climate resilient city that benefits from ecosystems services; resources, water and energy efficient city; and the competitive, economically diverse city. He outlines how sustainable development emerged as the primary paradigm for new urban developments in highly industrialized and post-industrialized countries, especially since the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. These countries applied interdisciplinary and participatory planning methods in local Agenda 21 programs, such as the identification and agreement on key development goals and key environmental quality indicators. A series of eco-cities were built, and many cities in Europe, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Singapore, and the United States adopted integrated city development plans that targeted more eco-efficient planning principles. Planning principles include the concept of livable, green, and inclusive cities comprising a series of compact urban areas with high-density mixed-use built developments and walkable urban environments structured by green space, connected by public transport, and served by green mobility. He presents four best practice cases for European eco-city development—one from Sweden (Stockholm Hammarby Sjöstad) and three from Germany (Freiburg Rieselfeld, Freiburg Vauban, and Tuebingen French Quarter). These are distinguished and award winning examples of eco-city developments applying the above principles. He asks if the PRC may reconsider its currently predominant supply-driven urban model with wide roads, superblocks, and separation of uses for its next phase of new-type urbanization to accommodate the next 300 million urban residents. Fulong Wu’s paper, Introduction to the Three Chinese New Town Case Studies, summarizes the three selected case studies in this book, as they represent good and best practices among recent developments in the PRC. Recently, new towns and new districts in the PRC have been following a more sustainable development path. Many were included in the “Low-Carbon Eco-City” development program by the PRC’s Ministry of Housing, Urban and Rural Development. The three best practice cases presented in this book feature some advanced development principles.
Three Case Studies of New Towns and New Districts in the People's Republic of China
Beichuan New Town, as presented by Degao Zheng, Xinyang Li, and Wang He in Beichuan: A New Town Rising from Post-Disaster Rubble, is a successful example of a livable, green, pedestrian-friendly, concentrated, and compact city layout with mixed uses. It has an attractive, connected, publicly accessible network of green open spaces focusing on a significant river greenway and a city center greenway. It has human-scaled blocks and streets, buildings and landscapes using traditional features of the local ethnic minority, the Qiang people. It has environment-friendly low-carbon eco-efficient buildings and urban infrastructure technology. It aims at a healthy job-housing balance. Beichuan is located in the east of the Himalayan Mountains, and was constructed as a relocation town after the devastating earthquake of 12 May 2008 following a state of the art planning concept. The affected people took part in the decision to relocate. National funds, international development partners, and inter-provincial twinning partnerships supported the relief effort. The planning process included the participation of the community, stakeholders, and investors, and the plans were implemented in record speed. While the Beichuan New Town design is very successful, the authors describe current activities to attract further investments in industries and tourism to address the recent challenge of achieving further economic and urban growth. A key challenge is the lack of jobs and residential population. The authors conclude that economic development expectations may have been overly ambitious given the remote location and sparse population base of this mountainous region. Wuxi Taihu New Town, presented by Xiao Sima, Xiaoxing Feng and Xiaoli Wu, is a national low-carbon eco-city demonstration project featuring sophisticated and integrated urban development planning, which applies state of the art sustainable planning methods and a set of key performance eco-efficiency indicators. Wuxi Taihu is a major metropolis with high-tech manufacturing. It is less than one hour away from Shanghai and within the Yangtze River Delta Agglomeration Region in Eastern PRC. The city is in the south of the Yangtze River. Through this project, the city expands toward and
xxi γजᠮ㐚ࣾڒౝᴴΌ㷘Ԋ⪆喑㔹ࡧ㷘㻱̭ܿ͗э㐌⮱͚ప喑᠒ᰶც䭁⮱侙䌜হ๔಄⮱㶄ࡧ喑ᰭ⮱㻱ܿߍ ᐧまȡଶჇВ↪䒓ڞڙ◦చȠ㞯㘪ᐧまহ倅䃫䃎Ⅱ۳⮱䛺ڙݖ⩕ȡͨ㺮➦◦᭜చ᳄ںᆂ⮱ٰ㉍喟⩌ᔮᮜ㻯䃫䃎হ㔮ᬔᐧま⮱ ߎহധ䃫ⅡᎠ᭫㦄㥪ऻλ͚ᓰࡧȡڞڙऺ喑㮪♣䔆̭Ⱋᴴϧ㓑ᰶ ̴喑㕹Ѽ℁Ҹ倅喑ѳܧϔ͇হⵁࣾ䯳㖇㔹
ጕಸϔ͇䯳㖇⮱͚ᓰ喑͚ప䛺㺮⮱㏼≻ᑂ᧻Ƞ䛾㲺͚ᓰȠⵁ͚ࣾᓰহϑ䕇㏪ȡࡧ⮱㻱⤰ڕ≟᭜䪬̶㻿⊤̷ 喑㏼ࢳγϻĄ࢘ᭌąݝĄڤহᐧ䃫ጟ̷ͧ⊤ጯࣾᆂ⮱䛺㺮ᝅ⪒ȡ̷⊤䗷ࡧ⮱ጟ̷ͧ⊤ጯ݈হ䒙ಸ⮱ጒܿ ą⮱䒙ಸ喑ღ㏠γᵥᓰߌ㘪喑ᣕᎬγܳ᪐ᐼ็͚ᓰ⮱⾧䬡㐀Ჱȡ
ͨ㑃㐀䄚
ౕ䓴ࣨ⮱ Ꭱ䛹喑ࡧጟ͚ͧపノ⤳๔㻱ጯহጒ͇ࣾᆂ⮱ᰶ᩵ᐼȡ♣㔹喑䃥็䔆ψ䓴ࣨ⮱ࡧ䲏͡ Ɑ㻱⮱ᠾᝅ喑ࢠ䃥็ጯ䖀䌜হ㑀۟ፓ䲋፥ც喑ᄦₒ㵹হ侾㵹㑧ͼ॥ᑂ߈ȡ䃥็ࡧ⮱ᐧ䕍ᅧᏓ๔喑⩇㜠ᄩ㜡ѼႲ ࢂٰহጒ͇⩕ౝӈ䓴λⅯȡ㐩व㔰㭾͚పऱౝᒀݺ㻱ܿ⮱ѼᝬȠੳ͇হጒ͇ࣾᆂ䶦Ⱋ喑ӈ䓴λⅯ⮱ᠾᝅౕ Ꭱᰶज㘪 ᰭҠ䌢႓ݝ⮱ڲȡ㔰㭾ݝᣒ̸Გ Ꭱ䩴ࡃ⮱䛺㺮ᕔ喑ЙౕᏁᄦᠾᝅᬣᏁᒀឬ䃑䓴ࣨ⮱䩆䄜喑॥ःϻప䭲হపޔчߍ ㏼侹᪆䃚ȡ
䮼Ɑ͚ప䌢㵹ᰡߍजᠮ㐚হᅧᏓϧ⮱ᐼ喍ຯࡄጊ喎喑ಸ䩴ࡃ㻱ܿ喍ÿ喎͚ज䶱㻮⮱᭜̭ᰡजᠮ㐚 ᄾВۼ⮱ጯࣾᆂহᩦ䕍ᄳಇᠮᰡजᠮ㐚⮱ࣾᆂᐼȡಸ⮱ࡧज㘪чڲ⮱䖀䌜ȡЙजВͽ㻯ౝ䃑ͧ喑᱗Გ Ꭱ ⮱ጯ౧䃖ϧᙌݝ㜿䔯হܧᰶ॥ᑂ߈喑㥒䕍ڤ䒓ͧᄩा喑㶄ࡧᰡᄼᰡӬ㵹ϧ喑㶄䖀㻱ᰡߍϧᕔࡃ喑ᄦₒ㵹হ侾㵹↪ ȡڕႶ
㘪⎽Ƞᮧ㘪⩢㑾Ƞ⩌ᔮ⼨ߕȠ㞯㘪ᐧまҬ⩕⮱䪬হ⩌ںȡ⩞λजڤࡧϺᄳ᭜͚పጯࣾᆂ̸̭䭣⃢⮱ͨ㺮ጒ ᒮȡຯ҂ᄦ䓴ࣨ Ꭱ⮱➦ڣᰶ᩵ӈ⩌ᔮ㈨㐌ߎ⮱㐬㞟ധ䃫㈨㐌⮱䛴⩕喑ࡧज㘪Ҭᰡ倅⮱⾧⅁䉕䛼ͧ ᰡߍजᠮ㐚হᅲȠ㻱ᰡϧᕔࡃȠ䔯व䊷Გ䊷็⮱㔮ᎡϧᅲѼ喑Όᄳͧጯ㻱ܿ㔲হノ⤳㔲⮱䛺ڣࡧߍВ䄰᪡喑Ҭ 㺮Шߎȡ
ᄾ⍖ბ⅁Ҁᢿᩫȡ䔆ᄳӰ䔈ѻᒞ৺Ƞѻⷠ⩌ᔮጯ⮱ࣾᆂ喑㘪์ᰶۼᎡ ᰵ喑͚పౕȨጡ叻ࡼჇȩ͚ឬ䄧᭫㦄 ᰶч࠲ღᕔ⮱ጯহΎࣾᆂȡڤ᩵হजᠮ㐚ౝݖ⩕ౌౝȠⅡহ㜗♣䉱⎽喑ᰭ㏵ፓᲒᰡߍᎠ㶎হ
xxii along the northeastern shoreline of Taihu Lake. A clear zoning concept creates three sub-districts, the middle one with the central business district, and the others with secondary business and cultural centers and neighborhood centers. Key features of this new town include a connected system of public green spaces and waterfront parks along the lake and rivers and a robust transport system with road, public transport, bicycle, and pedestrian path networks that provides a strong framework for urban sustainability. Land use and development density designs promote energy and resource efficiency, walking, and cycling. The new town design is energy efficient with high standards for buildings and distributed renewable energy supply. It is served by an integrated solid waste management system. While the planning principles are sound, the phased implementation of the large area has been challenging with long periods of construction in large areas due to an ambitious phasing plan, simultaneously starting in many areas of the large territory for the new town. The report on Shanghai Jiading New Town, presented by Yunzhou Zhan, Xiaotao He and Yu Zou, focuses on aspects of regional development including social and economic development, employment and industrial development, land use, integrated transportation planning, and public service infrastructure of the Jiading New Town, which is located in the northwest of Shanghai. The historic town center of Jiading was revitalized and landmarks were preserved while the new urban area is planned as a conventional Chinese new town with wide roads and large blocks, and more sustainable development elements like ecological landscape design and reuse of old buildings have been added in the recent efforts. Key features are landscape parks, energy efficient buildings, and key public buildings with high-level architectural designs. Jiading is known for its automotive industry and research and development cluster. While this new town has a target population of 800 000, the jobs-housing ratio is high while the level of public service and infrastructure significantly lags behind that of the central city. Shanghai is the focus of the Yangtze River Delta Global Mega-Agglomeration, a key economic powerhouse, finance center, research and development center, and transportation hub in the PRC. The planning and construction of new towns and new districts has been a key strategy to organize urban growth of Shanghai. The new towns in suburban Shanghai serve as vehicles for urban innovations and the transformation of Shanghai. They transformed from satellite cities to new towns that accommodate core functions and promote a decentralized polycentric spatial structure.
Conclusion by the Editors
New towns and new districts have been an effective model to manage the PRC’s massive urban and industrial development in the last 40 years. However, many of these past new towns and new districts face challenges of scale, i.e. many of the urban roads and setbacks are very wide and unattractive for walking and cycling, and development blocks are very large. Many were built on large scales and development blocks are very large, even creating an oversupply of residential units and industrial land. This challenge of oversupply is likely to further accelerate by 2030, when considering cumulatively all currently planned housing, commercial and industrial development projects of all cities in the PRC. The challenge will be to acknowledge past mistakes and apply lessons learned from both international and domestic best practices in light of the magnitude of urbanization expected over the next 32 years. As more sustainable and human-scaled models are implemented in the PRC, i.e. in Beichuan, and a more sustainable path is foreseen in the New-Type Urbanization Plan, 2014–2020, we can be optimistic that a more sustainable pattern of urban development and redevelopment will be applied in the next 35 years. New-type new towns and new districts are likely to be less car-oriented with smaller, more pedestrian-friendly blocks, and more human-scaled streets, attractive for walking and cycling, generating urban places where people feel comfortable and safe. New towns and new districts will remain to be key instruments for the next phase of urban development in the PRC. They will likely feature better air quality due to increased use of renewable energies, smart grids, eco-mobility, energy- efficient buildings, and green infrastructure systems that provide ecosystems services effectively. Adjusting the new towns and new districts from the past 35 years to be more sustainable and livable, more human-scaled, and accessible also for an increasing number of elderly people will also become an important task for urban planners and managers. In December 2015, the PRC committed itself, through the Paris Agreement, to significantly reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This will promote low impact, low-carbon eco-city developments that efficiently and sustainably use land, water, and natural resources, ultimately leading to a more balanced and socially inclusive urban and urban-rural development for the PRC’s urban billion.
xxiii xxiv ͚పহࡧ⮱㻱ܿ⤳ᔢ̻ᐭࣾᐼ
ϸ㏺
1 ͚పࡧ㻱̻ܿࣾᆂ
͚పহࡧ⮱㻱ܿ⤳ᔢ̻ᐭࣾᐼ ڝ ⢸
2 ͚పহࡧ⮱㻱ܿ⤳ᔢ̻ᐭࣾᐼ
کγౕ๔䘪ጯ䗷ࡧ㻱ܿᐧ䃫ܧহࡧ⮱ࣾᆂᄦλ͚ప䩴ࡃ䔈⼸ࣾᡒⱭ䛺㺮 䲖⮱হᎠ䖀䌜ȩ̭Γ͚ ҉⩕ȡ䓴ࣨ Ꭱ䬡喑͚ప䩴ࡃ⢴ВᎡ ⮱℁Ҹ 䶫ጯহΎ᱾х◦⮱䃎ܿ喑䔆㷘⼝ͧ⩝చጯ⮱ ᰶ➦Ⴧϧऐ㻱Ƞ⩕ౝᲱহࣾᆂᒏᐼȡ䰺ࡻᓤڤߍ喑㔹হࡧ᭜ጯ⾧䬡᠀ᆂȠ倅䩴ࡃ⢴⮱ थ喑ౕѓ᪓ক䓦ᐭᆂγᐧ䃫ڙ㺮ᒏᐼȡᢛపუࣾᆂহᩦ䲖༁অчጯহᄼ䩴ᩦ䲖 䕇䓴䃫⿸ᐭࣾͨ ࣾᆂ͚ᓰ䄫䷅㏱λ Ꭱ⮱䄰ᴒ喑ౕ ͗Ⱞহ㜗⇨ 侹喑ᐭड़γᒞ৺̓⩹็͗పუ⮱䓽ߕȡ͚ప ࡧ⮱ ͗ౝ㏔ጯ喑 В̷⮱ౝ㏔ጯౕ㻱ܿᐧ䃫 হࡧ⮱㻱ܿহᐭࣾ喑ౕ̭Ⴧ⼸Ꮣ̷Ռ䞡γ㠞ప 㻱ܿᐧ䃫γ ͗ᝃ ᐼȡڞࡧ喠 ͗Ⱞчጯ γऱ㻱ڒࡧ <>ȡ๔㻱䕍⮱侞ߕ߈ͨ㺮࠲᠙̶͗䲏喟ŗВౌ ౕ㻱ܿ⤳ᔢ䲏喑হࡧ⮱㻱ܿ㏠ 喠Řͧϔ͇ࣾᆂӈ ܿᕊ䌜হ݆࣌ȡ䰺ࡻᓤ⮱⩝చጯ㐀वΎх◦Ƞߌڒౝឦ⼌҉ͧౝᩬᏉͨ㺮䉏ᩬᩣ 㐬ౝ͟㖁̺हߌ㘪⾧䬡ぶ䃫ᘠڞڙ䬡喑࠲᠙ጒ͇হᝬౝϔ͇喠řᄦϧऐჳᏓ倅হ䃫㔮 㘪ܳࡧহ䃫㒛๔ಸ⾧ ࡃ⮱㔮ӈϧऐ⪼㼐⮱⾧䬡喑Ꭳ䄂ఫ䕇䓴ࡧϔ 㷘̺ह⼸Ꮣ䛴㏠ȡѳ͚పϧऐ㻱๔হჳᏓ倅⮱ࢸ ࣺਧᬔᩦ䕍ȡₑ喑ࡧᐧ䃫᭜͚ ߈喑ᐭࣾੳᄨⅯ倅ែ䉱ఋ្喑Вࣷᄦ↪䒓᪴ࡃ⮱ᣕሴ喑ڒ⮱䉏ᩬᩣ⩌ ᬻጯᄦ͚ప㻱ܿ⮱ᒞ৺喑Ҭٶపᔘ䕌হ๔㻱䩴ࡃ䔈⼸⮱䛺㺮㏱䘕ܳ喑Ό᭜䄒䔈 हᬣ⩞λᴜጰ㺬㕣 Ҁ㶕ڤ⮱ᵥᓰᣕߕ߈ȡ ࡧ⮱㻱̻ܿ䰺ࡻᓤ⮱⩝చጯⰥ䌊⩇䔉ȡ⼸ Ꭱᩦ䲖ᐭᩫݺ喑͚పͨ㺮Вጒ͇࢘ᭌ ⣝ͧ喟๔ᅧᏓ⮱䖀䌜㐀Ჱহ倅ჳᏓ⮱倅ᅯᅲѼẩႴȡ㒻 ϑᄩाᐭࣾ喍5SBOTJU0SJFOUFEڙ㺮ᒏᐼ喑В๔ಸ䛺ጒ͇ͧϔ͇ᵥᓰ喑В⩌ϔ࣌᫆҉ పጯͨͶ͚⮱ͨͧ ͧ䔶౭⮱䛺㺮ӊᢛȡ Ꭱऻ䮼Ɑ䃎ܿ㏼≻ाጯ౧㏼ %FWFMPQNFOU喑50%喎Όౕ͚పহࡧᐧ䃫͚ऄ ⮱䒙䒕喑ऱᱧݣহᩬゃ䃫䃎ᣕߕγࡧ⮱ࣾᆂȡ ݝ䛺㻳ȡ㻱ܿ䕇፥࠲क़䗷ࡧౝ䧮喑ᐧ⿸ͨࡧহ≺ Ꭱऻపᰶౌౝᰶᱰᰶ֬Ҭ⩕ݣᏓ⮱ᐧ⿸喑ᐭ 䬡⮱㖁㈨喠ౝ䧮〆◦কడ䕇፥㻱ܿͧ㐩वᐭࣾȡ䮑γ䔆 ᰶ̭Ⴧ⮱㻱ܿ➦◦喑ڤᕔใ喑̺हㆨಸ⮱Όڞड़γౌౝጯ౧喑䮼ࢠౌౝឦ⼌ͧౝᩬᏉጯᐧ䃫⮱ ψ 䛺㺮䉱䛾Გ⎽ȡ Ꭱ⮱Ѽᝬᩦ䲖喑ࢂѺܳ䙺Ѽᝬ䒙 ᵦᢛ̺ह⮱㼓྿喑䔈㵹ߌ㘪ጰᅭহ⾧䬡䃫䃎ȡҸຯ喑倅 अͧѼᝬጯ౧ࡃ喑Ӱ䔈γᝬౝϔ͇⮱㨙߰ࣾᆂȡౕ䔆ᵤ 䧮㻱ܿധλ䔆̭ࡧഌᕔϑ䕇䃫ፓᲒϧ≮হ䉱᱙⮱ ⮱㗹ᮜ̸喑̺हㆨಸ⮱হࡧౕ Ꭱݺऻ̺ մ䃫喑㻱ܿγੳߎȠੳ͇হᅲѼぶߌ㘪 <>ȡহ 䃫⮱ڞڙڲȡ̺हλݺͨ㺮ͧϔ͇ߎ⮱࢘ᭌ喑䔆ψ ࡧ⮱᪡Ҁ㻱ܿ䄂ఫ⣝ౕ̭Ⴧ⾧䬡㠰డ⣝⊹ হࡧͧಸ⮱ᝬౝϔᐭࣾ䒪ҀȠ⣝Аϔ͇᠀ᆂ⾧䬡 㶎䙺㒛喑Ꭳౕ㻱͚ܿ䃫Ⴧܳᐭࣾ䔈⼸ȡ थᐼ㷘䛴㏠喑ࢠ㻱ܿܿڙহౌౝឦ⼌⮱ͨ㺮Გ⎽ȡ ౕᐭࣾᐼ䲏喑ᐭࣾ थ䔈㵹ڙᕔ䉕⮱ᐭࣾڞڙᰶࡷڤ⩞Ⴧ㠰డ⩕ౝ喑̭ܧ̭ឦࡧㆨಸ࠲᠙喟ВᅲѼͧͨȠᝬౝϔᐭ Ⴧ ࣾͧᵥᓰ喑В๔႓ᵎࡧͧͨҀ喑Вੳߎឭͧϔ͇ധ喑 ノ⤳হᐭࣾ喑ᐭᆂ䉱䛾ウᣗȠ䶦Ⱋ᠈ᴴぶጯ౧㵹ͧȡѳ थใ喑䃫γڙВᩬᏉ䘕䬕䓮౭҉ͧड़ߕࡧ喑Вࡧഌᕔϑ䕇䃫҉ͧᵥ ̺ह◦ౕλ喑͚ప๔䘕ܳጯౕᐭࣾ ڙᱧᲱ喑ᄦᐭࣾܧ≪ᓰࣾᆂ◦喍Ҹຯ倅䧮喎ȡౕ̭ψጯ⮱䊲๔ᝃ ᝃࡧノ⤳༁অч҉ͧᩬᏉ⮱ थ̻ऱ͗ᩬᏉ㕹㘪䘕䬕ڙࡧ喑䔆ψ҉ͧፓߕࣾᆂ⮱㺮㉍ज㘪ч᪡व喑ҸຯξࢄⰮ थ䔈㵹⯾Ⲑノ⤳喑Ꭳࡼߖᐭࣾ ᬳᬻጯॵ䉎ࡧ࠲क़γᥙ䓮㔹Გ⮱ᩬᏉহ๔႓ᵎࡧ喑̷ 䔈㵹⇌䕇হࡼੳ喑ᣕ䔈⮱㻱ܿহᐧ䃫ȡ ጯᲫВ๔႓ᵎࡧহ็ٰᅲѼᝬౝϔᐭࣾͧፓߕȡ ౕ͚ప㻱ܿহᐭࣾ⮱็ٰͨҀ͚喑ౝᩬᏉ䕇⊤ λ㠞ప⮱䓽ߕӈγₑㆨ๔ಸ䶦Ⱋ⮱㻱ܿহ ፥䉌䉐ड़ߕ䶦ⰛȠ⯾ノᐭࣾ喑䘕ܳౝᩬᏉӈ̭Ⴧݺ थࡼह䉌䉐㻱ڙ⮱Ą⩝చ 䉱䛾ȡᝃࡧノ⤳༁অчহܧᐭࣾᲬȡắᔢλ㠞ప႓㔲䰺ࡻᓤ ጯ喍(BSEFO$JUZ喎ą喑ЃౕȨᬻᬒ喟̭䕇ᒭⱌₐᩦ ܿ喑࠲᠙ݣჇ݊ₒ㻱ܿ㺮Ⅿ喑䖭䄤䃫䃎ࢂѺᝃͨᠮ䃫䃎
3 ͚పࡧ㻱̻ܿࣾᆂ
喑 䮼Ɑᄦႅౕ䬛䷅⮱ࣺᕊ喑͚పহࡧ⮱㻱ܿহו䊈喑Ⴧᰭऻ㻱ܿᵵ喠ౕᐭࣾ䲏䉌䉐ౌౝᩣ《 ᥙ䓮Ⴖ㒛喑ധ᱙䖀䌜হധ䃫ᐧ䃫喑Ⴙౌౝ⮱̭㏔ ᐭࣾᐭᰡ็⮱ᅊ䄂ȡ᱙⁎χ≟ᐭࣾ䨣㵹 ह≻๔႓ হᎠ᪡Ƞͨ㺮䖀䌜ᐧ䃫Ƞጯᩬധ ࡧഌᕔጯजᠮ㐚ࣾᆂⴒ䃳͚ᓰ䔶ः⮱ᵵҸ喑А㶕וᐭࣾ喍ࢠႹౌౝᩣ 䃫䨧䃫喎喑Ꭳ̻⻮ϧᐭࣾੳࡼੳι㏔ᐭࣾ喍㣤ᓄౌౝ Ɑౕ㻱ܿহᐭ͚ࣾ⮱็ٰ݈ȡ᪡Ҁ㻱ܿহࢂ̭ͨ Ҭ⩕ᱰ喑ᵦᢛ㻱ܿ䔈㵹ᝬౝϔᐭࣾ喎ȡ Ҁᐭࣾ⮱ࡄጊᣏ㉏γຯ҂Ԋ⪆ᒀౝ➦㞟喑Ӱ䔈 В̷⊤ͧҸ喑҉͚ͧప̭䒛ࡧᐧ䃫͚⮱ ϔ͇ࣾᆂȡᬍ䩎䛴⩕γ็⩌ᔮ㻱ܿ∂হឭᱜȡ 䬡হᮜ㻯䃫䃎喑Вࣷᐭ⾧ڞڙγ㦄ऺ⮱Ą̭Ί䩴ą䃎 ଶჇౕᄼᅧᏓ㶄ࡧȠܧ㵹㔲喑̷⊤ౕ Ꭱٵ γ݈ȡܧࣾ䓽҉䲏҉ ܧᐭࣾ喑̷⊤ጯںȡ㏼䓴 ̓㏗ ᎡА⮱๔㻱ܿ ąᩬゃ喑ࢠߍ㐬ౝহᐭᩫ⾧ ᱙Γᣏ䃕͚పহࡧ⮱㻱ܿ⤳ᔢহᐭࣾᐼ喑ۼγ͚ᓰࡧ⮱Ąࣹࣹ ᄾᐭࣾᑧᏓহჳᏓ喑ӰҬᐭࣾ⾧䬡ϻ͚ᓰࡧ䒙 ߈Ⅿͧχ๗ౝࡧࣾᆂ͚పუ⮱ጯᐧ䃫ӈ̭Ⴧ⮱Ռ䞡ȡۼ䬡喑 ݝ䗷ࡧȡ̷⊤ጯᩬᏉᣕ䔈⮱Ą̭Ί䩴ą䃎ܿ ࡧ͚ͧప䩴ࡃ䛺㺮㏱䘕ܳহᣕߕ߈喑䔆ᵦ⼨ ᰶ᧺҉ᕔ⮱㻱ܿҀ㈨Ƞڤᰶ➦Ⴧ䷻ᵩ⮱喑 Ḻλ͚ప⮱➦Ⴧᱧݣ喑࠲᠙ڤ䃖 ͗䗷ࡧऱ㜗䔶౭喑ᐧ䃫̭͗ Ꭳӈ̭Ⴧड़ߕ䉱䛾ȡࡧᩬᏉ⿸ᐭࣾᐧ䃫ノ⤳༁অч ౌౝҬ⩕ᱰឦ⼌ݣᏓȠౝᩬᏉᄦλౌౝ⼌䛾⮱ᩜ䙺ᱰ Ҁ㻱ܿহᐭࣾ喑࠲᠙ᵦᢛჇ⮱䷻ ぶ <>ȡ䔆ψ➦Ⴧᱧݣ䃫䃎Ԋγࡧᐧ䃫̻㏼≻ࣾڤथ喑ڙহᐭࣾ ЃపუহౝࡧౕՌ䞡͚䰭㺮ڣᵩݣჇγ㻱ܿ㑃ݣУ喑㏱㏴γప䭲䃫䃎》䊈喑ӊᢛ䔶 ᆂ㉔ჳ㐀व喑ⰥοӰ䔈ȡ Ⴧ⮱䃫䃎ᵵ⌞ࡃᵵぶ <喑>ȡ ∕ᘼݝⰥᏁ⮱㻱ܿҀ㈨Ƞౌౝᰶݣহᐭࣾᱧݣ喑㐀व थ㐀व⮱ ᱙ప➦◦喑ᐭᆂजᠮ㐚⮱㻱ܿহᐭࣾ喑ͧጯℾӈڙ͚పহࡧᐧ䃫ノ⤳༁অчহᐭࣾ ノ⤳̻䓽㥒ᐼ㲺वγᩬᏉͨᄩহጯ౧⃢ȡ̭䲏ᐭ ᰡສ⮱ᅲѼহጒ҉⾧䬡ȡ ᩬᏉ䓽҉ᰡߍᣒ䓾ጯ౧喑䓽⩕ጯ౧ڕथ⮱䓽҉℁Ⴙڙࣾ ጯڕ⃢喑ᔘ䕌▢≨Ꮑᄦጯ౧अࡃȡओ̭䲏जВ℁Ⴙ ౧䓽҉⮱ᱧᲱౕ㻱ܿহᐭࣾ䲏㣤ᓄᩬᏉᰡ็ᩜᠮহࡼ ࣯㔰᪴⡛ Ą₨ą喤ٺᕔহ➦₷ᕔ喠हᬣ <> ࡻ㑾 ౝ㏔ጯζᐧࡧຯ҂䖬ٵᰶ̭Ⴧ⮱хڤ㻱ܿឦڣߖ喑Ҹຯ IUUQOFXTYJOIVBOFUDPN ᰶᰡ็⮱ч䉐Ш喑 ڤथΌⰥᏁڙᕔ⮱ᐭࣾڞڙᰶࡷڤ QPMJUJDTD@IUN ᰶݖλ䉜ᒨౝᩬᏉ⮱㻱ܿহᐭࣾᘼఫȡ ぶ 倅䧮〆◦ক䓦ౝࡧ⮱ࣾᆂ̻㻱ܿÿÿ 䭵ᮕ ▬⢸ ڝ⢸<> ౕ䔆㻱ܿহᐭࣾᐼ̸喑Вౌౝឦ⼌হౝϔᐭࣾ ധλϙ⇗倅䧮⮱䃮ܳᲽ <+>ጯ㻱ܿ႓ܷ పᒵ็ጯ⊹⣝喑᠀ᆂγϔ͇ڕᵥᓰ⮱হࡧౕͧ 倅䕌䧮䌜ᄦጯ⾧䬡ᒞ৺⮱ⵁ⾣ᵳ᳣ࣷ䃮 <+>㻱ܿڝ⢸ <> ࣾᆂ⮱⾧䬡喑̭Ⴧ⼸Ꮣ̷㑀㼐γ㔮ࡧϧऐჳᏓ倅⮱ࢸ ߈喑倅γᅲℾ⮱ᅲѼ䲏⼜হ৮䉕喑हᬣౌౝឦ⼌ፓᲒ ጵ ⮱䉱䛾ᣕߕγጯ㏼≻ࣾᆂȡ䕇፥ӈ䒰㔮ᰡ <> 䗾ᓤ倅 ͉ ᄨⅯ㞯◦ϑ䕇Фթ̻ጯߌ㘪Фթ⮱Ꭰ ใ倅䧮䒓〆̻ᱧ౧ぶϑ䕇㏪ౝࡧࣾᆂ⮱ڲ㶎ÿÿᣏ䃕ప ٲ䔈⮱ധ䃫喑ᰡߍӬᢤ⮱䒓㵹⾧䬡喑ᰡߍٵߍ⣝А ⤳䃧̻䌢 <+>ప䭲ጯ㻱ܿ 㸂⮱ᅲѼ⾧䬡喑ѳ㻱ܿহᐭࣾ䲏ႅౕ⮱䬛䷅Όᬒ⯷ܥ <> 8BOH- ,VOEV3 $IFO9#VJMEJOHGPSXIBU ᭫ȡౕ㻱ܿ䲏喑㻱ܿ⩕ౝ⮱䓴๔㻱䕍γౌౝ䉱⎽ BOEXIPN /FXUPXOEFWFMPQNFOUBTQMBOOFE ⮱⊗䉦喑๔ᅧᏓ㶄ࡧᄩ㜡ᄦᄼ↪䒓⮱ӊ䊃হₒ㵹⣜ධ⮱ TVCVSCBOJ[BUJPOJO$IJOBBOE*OEJB<+>3FTFBSDIJO ѻ৮䉕喑ϔ͇⾧䬡হᅲѼ⾧䬡⮱ܳ䯁ፓᲒ䕇ࠑ⮱䪬䌊⻨ 6SCBO4PDJPMPHZ ,VOEV3-PDBMJ[JOHUIFQSPEVDUJPO 8BOH- ϑ <> $IFO9ڞڙহ䪬ᬣ䬡ȡౕᐭࣾᐧ䃫䲏喑䔋ᣒͨࡧ⮱ࡧഌ PGHMPCBMDJUJFTBDPNQBSJTPOPGOFXUPXO ߎ䃫ᐧڞڙγᄦᄼ↪䒓⮱ӊ䊃喑ޔ䕇ᐧ䃫␋ऻ喑ߍ EFWFMPQNFOUTBSPVOE4IBOHIBJBOE,PMLBUB<+>$JUZ 䃫⮱̺䋠ፓᲒ⩌≨̺Ӭহϧ⅁䯳㖇ఝ䯫ȡहᬣ喑䉚㒛 $PNNVOJUZ হࡧ⮱ᅲѼ➖͇ͧែ䉱Ԋթ⮱̭䛺㺮ᐼ喑Ҭ <> 8BOH- )PDI$1SBHNBUJDSBUJPOBMQMBOOJOH Ѽ⢴ѻ喑䕍ᰶẩᬍϧ⮱⾧䬛䷅ȡ͚ప $PNQBSJOH4IBOHIBJBOE$IJDBHP<+>1MBOOJOHڒᅲѼẩႴ⮱ ᔘ䕌䩴ࡃ㗹ᮜ̸⮱ᐧ䃫喑ፓᲒγ๔䛼ౌౝহᝬϔ 5IFPSZ ႅ䛼喑䰭㺮ౕ᱗Გ̭⃢ᬣ䬡䔈㵹⊵㼐ȡ䔆হࡧ ᣕߕ⮱䩴ࡃ㷘͚ప႓ᱜ⩹⼝ͧĄౌౝ䩴ࡃą喑ࡧݘλ ᱾᱾ℾ䒙ࡃͧጯጯℾ⮱Ąϧऐ䩴ࡃąȡۉᑧ䄰ϧऐϻ
4 Ƞ⌤व⩕䕁Ƞ㐬㞟⣜Ԋ⮱ᅲࡧ۾㉔ᔮጯ喟㐀Ჱ⩌≟⁔
Ƞ⌤व⩕䕁Ƞ㐬㞟⣜Ԋ⮱ᅲࡧ۾㉔ᔮጯ喟㐀Ჱ⩌≟⁔ 亣ธ
5 ͚పࡧ㻱̻ܿࣾᆂ
Ⱕᄦλ᱗㏼㻱ܿ⮱ጯពᑍ喑㻱ܿᎣࡧ ⤳ᔢ喑Ѓᄳ᪡͗ࡧഌ㻱ܿͧఈ͗ౝഌవ喑ࢠᵥᓰጯవȠ ⇬䋠Ƞ倅᩵́जᠮ 䓾䗷వȠ㐬ࡃవ̻ใడΎ᱾వ喑⩞͚ᓰाใ䒽ᄱ喑Ꭳٲ㘪ᰶ᩵ౝᣔݣጯࣾᆂ喑हᬣӈ 㐚⮱ጯᩬധ䃫̻ߎȡ⤳ᘠ⮱ࡧᏁ᩵Ь֒Ꮴ 䧮䌜㏬䃫⿸䩴ȡ䔆ψᑧᰶ߈⮱ࡧഌহጯ㻱ܿ⤳ᔢ ڙϑ䕇⮱ 䓾ᎡᲒ㷘䛺ड़⩕喑ຯϷ㷘⼝ͧĄጯ䪬䓦⩹ąহĄڞڙजᠮ㐚⮱ࣾᆂ䌢喑Ԋౕₒ㵹⣜ධࣸສ̻ 喑 ϑͧᄩा⮱ࣾᆂąȡ⩝ۉಸȠ⌤⩕ಸࣾᆂ喠Ԋ៑⩌ᔮ㈨㐌Ƞ۾㉔⣝ധ̷ Вࣷ⣝ᰶጯࡧഌহ㻱ܿࡧഌ䬡⮱㐬ౝ喠Ԋ៑ ᬍᎼ⮱䗷ࡧ㏳ܳࣾᆂλ ̓㏗ ᎡАȡധλᑄ ߠᓤ·㣞➦喍'SBOL-MPZE8SJHIU喎ĄᎬϖ·ٸڝ ᄦ⅁Նअࡃ⮱ڣ䘕⮱㐬㞟⾧䬡̻⩌ᔮ㈨㐌喑ߍᑧڲࡧ ϑ䕇ຯ䧮䌜Ƞ ጯą喍#SPBEBDSF$JUZ喎⮱⤳ᔢ喑䔆ᵤ⮱ࣾᆂज㻳ͧВڞڙ䔯Ꮑ߈喑ӈⰥᏁ⮱⩌ᔮߎȡ䕇䓴 䌜ϑࣶڙЃ ↪䒓ͧᄩा⮱䰺ࡻᓤ⮱⩝చጯ❵᱙ȡౕ倅䕌ڣౝ䧮Ƞ䒨䒕Ƞ๔ጡぶᔘ䕌ϑ䕇⣝ࡧ̻ጯ చࡧ喑ڙ䌜㈨㐌Ƞ䉚➖ੳ౧Ƞጒ͇ࡧহߋڙ䛺㺮ȡ ऐពᆂ倅䕌ڠࡧഌ⮱㉔ჳ䔋ᣒ喑䔆◦㜠 ࡧᄦλᣔݣጯࣾᆂহពᑍ᭜ᓲ㺮⮱喑݆॓ 䮼ऻ䕍γ⣝ౕ⮱Ą䓦㑅ጯąȡ䔆ψࣾᆂᐼᲮ̺जᠮ ᱗㏼㻱ܿᝃࡼ䄰⮱ᐭ᠀হࣾᆂчᄩ㜡㐀Ჱ䯫Вᠮ㐚喑 㐚喑̺ϲౌౝ䉱⎽ݖ⩕⢴ѻ̸喑㔹́⩞λᲮѻ⮱ჳᏓহ ϑ䕇䓽ౕڣߎ࡛ͼ喑⩇㜠ज㘪ፓᲒᬒऻ䯫В⊵䮑⮱ч̻⣜ධ⮱䉌 ̭⁎ᕔࣾᆂ喑̺ᓲ㺮ౝ⊵㕄γ䓴็㘪⎽喑ᅑ 䲏ᒞ৺喑ͧധ䃫হౝ಄̭ᬓᰶγჇ䃧喑ᄳᒞ৺ 䓀䲏ȡ Аϧȡ㔰㭾᱗Გ 嗣 Ꭱ䬡ज䶱㻮⮱ᔘ䕌䩴ࡃࣾᆂ喑 χ๗ౝࡧ࠲᠙͚ప⮱ጯࡃ䔈⼸䘪ᄳ䲏͡ጕ๔⮱⣜ධ̻ ⁔≟喟 㠰ڥ⮱जᠮ㐚ጯࣾᆂ̻⩌ᔮጯ㻱ܿڡчᠾᝅ喑 Ꭱ䶱䃎ጯᅲℾ Ϭȡजᠮ㐚 ࡧ⮱ࣾᆂ喑ᄦᰶ۠ゃ㔲Გ䄡᭜̭䶦䛺㺮Шߎȡ ङᐭ⮱㖁वప⣜ධ̻ࣾᆂ๔ڲ☚Ꭱౕ䛹㏓ ⁔㒻ጯࣾᆂఋ䶫喟 чҬᓄजᠮ㐚ጯࣾᆂͧ๔็ϧᣒऄ喑ͧ䒙ៅ◦ȡ ̓ڕጒ͇ᴀ喑㟞చጯ̻䗷ᬍᎼពᑍ ч䃛䃛⼸す ÿÿȨ䛹㏓⣜ධ̻ࣾᆂა㼭ȩ喑Ҭ ϧЙ䔈̭ₒᘼ䃳ݝ䒙ाजᠮ㐚⮱ȠԊ៑㜗♣⮱Ƞ䉱⎽倅⩺ ڣ䃥็⩺̓ڕ㏗ᬖ⮱㻱ܿহ䃫䃎ࣾᆂ᭜ͧγఋᏁহ ᩵ݖ⩕⮱ࣾᆂহ⩌ႅᐼ⮱ᓲ㺮ᕔȡ⁔≟হ̓ 㼐۠ᒀᬣ㔮ࡧ̻ጒ͇䩴⩌≨⣜ධ⁍ҠȠ̺֒ᏤȠ̺ Ѓጯ⮱ᒀౝᩬᏉȠЮ͇হጯℾ䘪࣯̻γĄ"HFOEBą ѓ᪓Ƞݖ➖⊓হᰩᒨ➦䔆ψᬖ 䃎ܿ⮱ݣჇȡڣ࢘⩌⮱䬛䷅喑ᅑ ጒ͇ࡃጯȡќᬻ㔝হѓ᪓҉ͧす̭ឦጒ͇ࡃ๔䘪 㜗 ̓㏗ ᎡА͚䊤喑䃥็ࡧ㻱ౕܿ ⎽⮱ౌౝȠ㘪⎽ȠⅡহ̭㝙䉱ڲጯ喑䕇䓴ጒࢯহѼႲࡧ̺ពᑍȡ㧥↪ߕ߈▘䒓ࣾᬻ ጯȠࡧഌȠ䗨䛹হᐧま ऻ喑ϧЙᘠݝजВិᅲℾহᴀ㵹͇䓮⻨᠒ൢ⮱ጯ͚ ⮱ݖ⩕̷䘪䖢ᓗγ⩌ᔮ倅᩵⮱݆࣌ȡ䔆ຄᐧま㘪⎽হⅡ ᓰ喑हᬣᄳጒࢯ̻ѼႲࡧࣷੳ͇͚ᓰ䯁ᐭȡܳ䯁⮱ࡧഌ 䉱⎽⮱㘪᩵ᴴ۳喑Вᓤప㻱ჇͧҸ喑ᄳᐧま䯁☚ᕔ㘪 ⎽㘪⩌ںज⩕▘䒓䔋ᣒ喑Ꭳడ㐂Ɑ▘䒓〆◦ࣾᆂȡ℁ᅩ∪·䰺 ⮱㻱Ⴧϻ㺮Ⅿ̷ࡴݝ∂ᒸ喑ВԊᒀౝᄼಸज 㘪䛼ȡౕ㒻ప喑Ąᬻڒ⧵䔆ψ݆࣌ᬣ喑 ⩌ϔੳ㘪์ВԊ䃮Фᵩͧ⩢㑾ܧࡻᓤ喍&CFOF[FS)PXBSE喎す̭⁎ Ȩᬻᬒ⮱⩝చጯȩ喍Garden Cities of 䪬ąহĄ㐬㞟䪬ąᐭᮛࣷ喑ᘼঠⱭ㒻పᐰγڣऄₑ⓭ߞ喑ౕ ᏤȠ࢘⩌Вࣷ᪡͗֒ ݺВ↪䒓ͧᄩाȠౌౝহϑ䕇๔㻱ࣾᆂ⮱ጯᬍᎼព֒ڞڙᩦܧTomorrow喎̭Γ͚ ϑͧᄩा⮱ࣾᆂহᰡͧڙᏤ⩌≨ȡ ᑍȡĄጯͨͶą䓽ߕՎᄩВ ჳ䯳⮱䗨䛹ࣾᆂȡ㐬㞟ᐧま༁অч䖢ᓗजᠮ㐚⮱㻱۾㉔ 䮳℁❢ธ喍4JSٸ㏗ ᎡА喑ጯ㻱ܿጵ㞫ќ̓ ᠴᄩ݆࣌হ̭ຄ䃱ڠѓ᪓কడ䃫⿸㐬ࡃፓ⮱ ݆ܿ࣌喑ͧ㘪⎽㞯㏓ᐧまݣჇγⰥౕܧ1BUSJDL"CFSDSPNCJF喎
6 Ƞ⌤व⩕䕁Ƞ㐬㞟⣜Ԋ⮱ᅲࡧ۾㉔ᔮጯ喟㐀Ჱ⩌≟⁔
Ф㈨㐌喑ͧ䗨䛹ࣾᆂݣჇγजᠮ㐚⮱㻱݆ܿ࣌ȡ̭ψ ጯ喑ຯ㟊ߍ喑ܧ㐬㞟ጯ⤳ᔢ喑䃫Ⴧγ䯱ᓰ߰߰⮱ Ⱋᴴȡ͚పᩬᏉ̭ⰡՎᄩѻⷠ⩌ᔮۼ⍖ბ⅁Ҁᢿᩫݷ 䃥็ጯΌᐭ㻱ܿহ㥪䄂◦ࣾᆂ喑ःڲጯࣾᆂ喑ప ᓄγ䲋⮱ȡ ⁔≟⩌ᔮጯࣾᆂ⮱ⵁ⾣̻䄂◦䶦Ⱋ⿸γ㠒⩌ ಸ۾㉔ϑͧᄩा⮱ڙᔮ㻱ܿ⮱ͨ㺮݆࣌喟〆◦ক䓦В γ㠒ϑ䕇ᐼ喑ፓᰶ倅ჳᏓጯ㖹⤳Ƞڒጯ⤳ᔢ喑㲺 చহጯߎȡ̸᪴ᄳڙव⩕䕁Ƞₒ㵹ࣸສ⮱⣜ධȠ⌤ ᆂ̶͗ᰭҠ䌢ᵵҸȡ
ᓤᅁڥ⦌ಸ⩌ᔮࡧ⮱ᰭҠ䌢ᵵҸ̭喟 喍B喎 ᦖጯ⮱৵侙ⷔ⩌ᔮࡧ喍)BNNBSCZ4KPbTUBE喎
᭜̭಄ጒ͇ࡧ喑ٵᓤᅁᦖࢄ䘕⮱৵侙ⷔౝࡧ࣌ 㷘Ⅱഌ⣜㐂喑࣌䃎ܿ᭜ᓤᅁᦖ⩠䄤 Ꭱຒ䓽 чͨߋᱰ⮱ຒ䓽᱾䔶౭ȡ Ꭱᐭ㻱ܿិ䔆❴ऄ ᴀ⮱Ḃౝ䛺ᐭࣾͧࡧȡ࣌㻱ܿ㏼䄰᪡ऻᘼ 䲏⮱⩌ᔮጯࣾᆂ喑ͧ̓⩹̷ᰭߌ⮱ጯڕ⣝ 㻱̭ܿ喑⩇㜠℁࣌䃎ܿ ᎡႹጒ䔅㺮ݺȡ৵ 侙ⷔ⩌ᔮࡧₑ䒙अͧჹᰶ॥ᑂ߈⮱ࡧ喍ఫ 喎喑
࠲᠙ ͗ѼႲࢂٰ喑ღ㏠㏓ ऺᅲℾ喑ͨ 喍C喎 ᰶ㒻ͪ⮱␕Ⅱڲ㺮᭜Ꭱ䒨უᏚ喠 ͗ጒ҉ᇄѺ喠 Ƞ㐬㞟Ƞᅲࡧ喑ᰶⱭᅧᏓϧ⮱⾧䬡̻ᐧま۾㉔ఫ ৵侙ⷔ⩌ᔮࡧ喟 చহ㐬㞟Ꮪ䮏ȡ ೌӲǖJohan Fredriksson, ArikoganڙࡧȠ _ᅯ⮱ᐧまՎᄼ㶄ࡧϧᕔࡃ⮱ჳᏓহ⣜ධȡ 㵹䘪իܧѼᝬ喑 ᭜व҉Ю͇ᰶ喑 㞯㘪䒓जӈ᱙ࡧҬ⩕ȡₑ喑৵侙ⷔ ⮱ڞڙ⮱ѼႲႅ䛼᭜ ϑ䕇Ƞ侾䒓হₒ㵹ȡڞڙथᰶȡ̻ᠶ፥㻱ᴴ۳ᐧ⮱ᐧ ाλڙ䔅ᰶ ͧ͗ϧᝃ ⇩㘪⎽喑ຯ⩌ںԺȡᐧまͨ㺮Ҭ⩕ ৵侙ⷔ⮱๔䘕ܳ㘪⎽ӈ㐆Გ㜗ज͑ܧまⰥ℁喑䔆ψᐧま⮱⩌ᔮ᩵⢴倅 ᏤȠ✒́ᰶݖλ⣜ධ⮱जᠮ㐚ᱽ᫆喑ຯ⣨⦰Ƞ᱕ᱽȠ ⅁Ƞ⛰᫆⩢Ƞ๗䭠㘪⩢Ƞ๗䭠㘪⩢Წ喑㞯㘪ᐧま֒ ᄾγ㘪⎽⊵㕄ȡ䄂◦ᏌⅡั⤳ࢯั⤳ᏌⅡऻϔ⩌ݣۼΌ ڲ䧏䧮̻ⴠᱽȡ㔰㭾ݝ䔆䛹ݺͧጒ͇ᴀࡧ喑䄒ࡧഌ ䷊ӈᯃ̻ݣۤ㈨㐌ڲϔ৮ͧࡧޜ⮱ౌฑౕጒݺ䘪㏼䓴ᒨᏂ⮱ԛฺۭࡃȡ ☚হݣۤ᩵喑䔆̭ చ͒ᵩᠶ⚔倅ᴴ۳䔈㵹㻱ܿ喑ຯ ใ⮱㘪䛼Გ⎽ȡ৵侙ⷔ⮱Ⱋᴴ᭜ᒀౝ㘪⎽䰭Ⅿ̭ࡷ㘪ڙ䬡㈨㐌̻⾧ڞڙ చহᏚ䮏 㜗㐆ȡڙ㜠ᄾᰶ _N ⮱ᄼಸڲ ᄀ Nڙᴸ 喍Ⱕᒀλ N ⮱ѼႲᐧま⾧䬡⮱ᐧまᕨ䲏⼜喎ȡ⣜ධ ৵侙ⷔ⮱ⅡӈᏁ̻ᏌⅡั⤳㈨㐌䛴⩕γ݈⮱㞯 Ⱋᴴ᭜⩕Ⅱ䛼ϻ࣌Გ⮱Ꭰϧ๖ڣԊ៑ҸԊ៑ᰶФթ⮱㜗♣ࡧഌ̺ऄᐭࣾⵡ౼ȡ㶒֬ᱧ Ⅱ㞯㘪ឭᱜ喑 喑ѻ㕄ڤݣ㺮ⅯВᐧ⿸㓑㥪⣜ධᰬАᄦ᱗㏼ᐭࣾ䓴⮱㐬ౝ⮱ᐭࣾ - ̸䭺ݝ -ȡⰛݺ喑䕇䓴Ҭ⩕㞯Ⅱக ᄾݝۼВԊক䓦ࡧഌ⮱⩌➖็ᵤᕔȡ Ⅱ侙ᶣВࣷۤ☚Ⅱ⌤वⅡ哆喑ϧ๖⩕Ⅱ䛼 ϑ䕇ߎ喑ϑ䕇 -ȡڞڙ৵侙ⷔຯϷϘ⩕ⱭᔘᢤӬݖ⮱ 䉦΅౽喑ϻ⌲ᮕݝ 䄒ጯ䕇䓴݈⮱㜗ߕࡃౝ̸ノ䖀㈨㐌ั⤳ధҀᏌٺ䛴⩕䒨䒕Ƞጡธহ䒛⍎ȡ䒛⍎ڤጒ ϑ䕇Ƞᠩ䒓Ƞ㒻ͪ⮱㜗㵹䒓 ᐰ➖喑ϻᐧま䭱䓾⮱ರ౫ែᣤ◦॥ᩣ䯳ರ౫ऻܳͧजڞڙᬒᒭ䔁ȡϧ⮱้⌞ ⮱ರڲౝ̸ರ౫マڒ㘉⮱ϧ㵹䖀䭺ѻγ⻮ϧ↪䒓⮱Ҭ⩕喍ఫ 喑 ⛰ರ౫Ƞ⩌≨ರ౫হ丌৮ರ౫ȡᢿڒ䖀হᑂϧ 䕇䓴∢ᄳರ౫ڤ॥⾧喑䄒ᩣ䯳ጒڤᰶᅲℾ̷̻⤚ ౫ч㷘ರ౫ᩣ䯳ጒڲఫ喎ȡᠩ䒓⩞ࡧᩬᏉ㏱㏴喑䲏ा᱙ࡧ Გȡܧγᠩ䒓ߎ喑ᰶ _ 䒳 ϻರ౫マ䛹॥ڒȡ๔㏓ ⮱უᏚ䘪ߍ
7 ͚పࡧ㻱̻ܿࣾᆂ
喍B喎 喍C喎
⮱䕇䖀䘪ࡴγ᪡͗ࡧഌ⮱ᅲᕔ⩕ڞచȠⅡᇥВࣷ㵹ϧ̻㜗㵹䒓ڙ ఫ ೌӲǖArild Vågen
喍B喎 喍C喎
Ꭱ䘪ᒵӬݖڕఫ ৵侙ⷔ⮱䒨䒕̻䒛⍎ߎ ೌӲǖArild Vågen, Ankara
䃫࠲᠙ڞڙᎬ౧ក䕍Бϧᘶᗓ⮱ₒ㵹ⅈడ喍ఫ 喎ȡ ღ㏠ ऺ႓⩌⮱็ڞಸ⩌ᔮࡧ⮱ᰭҠ䌢ᵵҸι喟 ͗ࡧ͚ᓰȠ็Ꮤ᪆യВࣷ ᓤపᑄ㣞ൎጯ⮱ͪ⦌㤟ᅁᓤ喍3JFTFMGFME喎̻ ႓ᵎȡ 㶄ࡧᐧま䓴λ㐌̭喑͗㶄ࡧ䘪㷘ܳᐭᎣ๔ٺ䗓喍7BVCBO喎ࡧ ͧ䖬↰ थȡ⻮㥒व҉ᐧまЮ͇㖁व䊤Გ䃫ڙਜ਼㐆γᐧまܧ䘕ܳ ڣᓤప㺬ࢄ䘕ᑄ㣞ൎጯ⮱ͪ⦌㤟ᅁᓤ̻↰䗓͑͗ࡧ 䃎হᐧ䕍็ẩᅯ⮱ѼႲẩ喑Ꭳ㖅䄤̭ऺᐧまጵ࣯̻ λ ̓㏗ ᎡА͚ᐭ㻱ܿᎣᐧ䕍ȡͪ⦌㤟ᅁᓤѺ ͚喑ߖ㻱ܿহ䉱ߖ䄒ᐧまȡ䕇፥䖭䄤Გ㜗Ꭱ䒨უᏚ⮱ λᑄ㣞ൎ㺬䘕䓦㑅喑᭜̭͗㐬ౝᅲℾࡧ喍ఫ 喎喑䓦ᅞ _ ऺ͇ͨчᵦᢛ㜗䏘⮱➦₷㺮Ⅿহ䶱ツᲒ࣯̻䃫䃎 ⦋͚̭͗ࢂٰȡͪڣ᭜䒨ጒ͇చࡧ喑Ꭳ⩞ᐧ䒨䒕̻ጯ͚ᓰⰥ䔋ȡ↰䗓݆Ѻ হᐭࣾ喑ᐧऻ͇ͨज᠒ᰶᎣᅲѼ ᰶ ͗व҉ᐧま䶦Ⱋȡڞθ㺮ౝ喑ᓤప㐌̭ऻᩣ 㤟ᅁᓤۈλጯ͚ᓰ䭱䓾喑ݺ᭜Ꮜᐰ⮱ 䃥Ν̸̭᪡͗㶄ࡧ喑͗ᐭٮȠ⌤⩕ಸ喑 ᰶᬻ㻱Ⴧᐭࣾੳ̺۾㉔ఋ喑ᎣߍВᩦ䕍ȡ͑͗ࡧ䘪㷘䃫䃎ͧ ग㘪᠒ᰶহᐭ̺ࣾ䊲䓴 ͗ౝ಄喑Вڲϑ䕇ͧᄩा⮱㵹ϧࣸສಸ㐬㞟ጯࡧȡ ࣾੳౕ͗㶄ࡧڞڙВ ͪ⦌㤟ᅁᓤࢍౝ IN喑ღ㏠γ ऺᅲℾࣷ Ԋ䃮็ᵤᕔȡ䔆ᅞ݈䕍γ̭͗㞜ສ⮱ᅧᏓ喑⇬㶄ₒ㵹ᬣ ͗ధჇጒ҉ᇄѺ喑Ꭳ䉌䉐Ԋ៑䗨䓾 IN ⮱㜗 जࣾ⣝䯁 _N ⮱ᐧま䷻ᵩ䘪̺̭ᵤȡᰶᐧま Ԋ៑ࡧȡࣾᆂᐼ䖢ᓗ̭͗ᄼጯ㶄ࡧ⮱㈨㐌喑ႄ 䘪㺮Ⅿ䓫ݝᓤప㞯㘪ᐧま⮱ᴴ۳ȡ♣ 䌜ऐ䬡⮱ₒ㵹䌊⻨̺䊲䓴 NȡܚՌ䃫䃎ໆ⮱ϧ ᑄ㣞ൎ⮱ओ̭⩌ᔮࡧ↰䗓ࡧВᬍ䒓ࡧহ๗䭠㘪㔹㦄 θࡧ䛺ᐭࣾ㔹喑⣝ౕᐧۈऺȡ↰䗓⩞̭͗Ꮜᐰ⮱ ڞڙచȠₒ䖀হჹᰶ॥ᑂ߈⮱ڙ㵹䖀Ƞ㜗㵹䒓䖀Ƞ㐬ࡃ
8 Ƞ⌤व⩕䕁Ƞ㐬㞟⣜Ԋ⮱ᅲࡧ۾㉔ᔮጯ喟㐀Ჱ⩌≟⁔
ȠᅧᏓϧȠ㵹ϧࣸສ⮱ࡧ۾㉔ఫ ᑄ㣞ൎͪ⦌㤟ᅁᓤࡧ喟ಸ㐬㞟Ƞ ೌӲǖNorbert Blau Luftfahrer
γ̭͗⌤व⩕䕁⮱Ƞₒ㵹ࣸສಸ⮱㐬㞟ࡧ喍ఫ 喎喑 䶦Ⱋϻ Ꭱᐭ㻱ܿ喑 ᎡႹᐧ䃫ȡ᪡Ҁ㻱 ф喍࠲᠙᱗Გᅲℾ喎হ⻮ᰶ㵹͇ᰶڙ᠒ᰶ ͗Ѽᝬࢂٰ喑ӈ ͗ጒ҉ᇄѺ⮱ੳ͇ ̻ܿ䓴⼸͚ 䬡喑Ꭳᰶ̭͚͗๛ጯ౧̻̭͗ࡧ͚ᓰȡ↰䗓 ࣯̻ȡ⾧ڙߋ̻
喍B喎 喍C喎
ఫ ᑄ㣞ൎͪ⦌㤟ᅁᓤࡧ喟᠒ᰶ㐬㞟⾧䬡Ƞ⠙⿸ѼႲࣷ⩢䒓ߎ⮱㶄ࡧ ೌӲǖAndreas Schwarzkopf, Dr. Neil Clifton
9 ͚పࡧ㻱̻ܿࣾᆂ
ఫ ᑄ㣞ൎ↰䗓ࡧ喟㻱ܿ㐬㞟Ƞ⩌ᔮ倅᩵ȠᅧᏓϧȠ㵹ϧࣸສ⮱ࡧ ೌӲǖAndreas Schwarzkopf ( ႑တӱቛ๖ )
㺮ϑ䕇ᐼ᭜ₒ㵹ͨڲ喑㔹䘕 䕇⮱䌊⻨䘪̺ч䊲䓴 Nȡࡧڒᰶψࡧഌ䭽ݣ⻮უ䒓۳ڲĄᬍ䒓ą᭜ᠴࡧ 喑㻱Ⴧͨٵ䒓ȡ։䒓౧䃫ౕࡧใడ喑Ꭳᰶ䒨䒕⩢䒓Ⱑ ̻㜗㵹䒓ȡϑ䕇㻱݆ᬻ㵹ϧ̻㜗㵹䒓х⺮ڕౝࡧႹܳ ≩⩌㏓ ⮱ౕѼᅲℾВࣷࢠᄳ 䖀䕌Ꮣ̺ᓄ䊲䓴 LNI喑㷘⼝ͧĄ⇌䕇⾧䬡ąᝃڲ喑䲋፥Ӭȡࡧڲ䕇ጯ ᅲℾᄳ䒓䒳։ᩫ 㶄䖀⮱䒲䖀䕌Ꮣ̺䊲䓴 LNIȡᰶ㶄䖀䘪जӈ႖ၽ҆ڣѼ⮱ᅲℾहᘼᩫᐰҬ⩕⻮უ䒓喑ڒ Ϙহᠩ䒓ȡ⩕ౝ Й⣖㔺ȡͧՎҬ⩕㜗㵹䒓喑ᐧまকడጰ␎㜗㵹䒓᳣ȡڞ喑Ꭳ࣯̻↪䒓ڲࡧใ⮱͑͗։䒓౧ౕ ⢴ϑ 䔆᪡Ҁ⮱䲋ᱧߕϑ䕇⤳ᔢҬᓄ↰䗓ࡧ⮱⻮უ䒓᠒ᰶڞڙᵵຯₑႶᢿ⮱Ⱋ⮱᭜ҬШ҂უᏚᝃጒ҉౧̻ ጯͧڕ᭜ᑄ㣞ൎጯऱࡧᰭѻ⮱喑ࡰϧϲᰶ 䒳喑㔹 ࡰϧ 䒳ȡ 䔈⮱ጯ̻ᐧまധ䃫ВٵĄ๗䭠㘪ą࠲᠙γ 㞯Ⅱ㞯㘪喍ఫ 喎ȡ᪡͗ࡧ⮱ᐧま㺮Ⅿ㜠ᄾ䓫ݝᓤప㞯 ͚㜠ᄾ ᎏᐧま㘪์䓫ݝ⩇㜠䊲䓴ڣ㘪ᐧま⮱ᴴ۳喑 ڲĄ㷘ߕᐼᝬᅸą喍QBTTJWFIPVTF喎⮱ᴴ۳ȡ↰䗓ࡧ ᰶᐧま⮱ᅸ䶣㺳Ⰳᰶ๗ڲγ̭͗๗䭠㘪ᄼࡧ喑ࡧ⣝ 䭠㘪Წ喍ఫ 喎ȡ ᄦλࢂҀᐧまᲒ䄡喑䉱⎽᩵⢴⮱ᰭҠ䌢᭜䖢ᓗѻ 㘪㕄ᴴ۳喑⩞ᬏ᭜͇ͨࣵ᭜Ѽᝤ⮱व҉ᐧま㻱ܿᎣᐧ 䕍⌤व⩕䕁ᐧまȡ ᝤᅲℾ䕇䓴ࡧ㜗ࣾ㏱㏴ᄦᣒ䃧 हࡼੳȠᐧ䕍γЃЙ⮱Ѽᝬȡ䔆ψఈᅯѼႲẩڞಈ喑 ϑ䕇Ƞ㜗㵹䒓̻㵹ϧڞڙ๗䭠㘪ࣾ⩢Ƞ⧵ڠఫ ᑄ㣞ൎ↰䗓ࡧ喟๗䭠㘪喑 ᄀ喑ϻ̭ბᝤݝ䔯व๔უᏚ⮱ฺᐼѼڙೌӲǖMangan 02 ᴸღ㏠γ ຄ
10 Ƞ⌤व⩕䕁Ƞ㐬㞟⣜Ԋ⮱ᅲࡧ۾㉔ᔮጯ喟㐀Ჱ⩌≟⁔
喍B喎 喍C喎
ᐧまͧ㞯㘪ᐧまڲఫ ᑄ㣞ൎ↰䗓ࡧ喟ᰶᅸ䶣䘪䨧䃫γ๗䭠㘪Წ喑ࡧ ೌӲǖAndrewglaser, Mangan 02
ϑͧᄩा⮱Ƞ㵹ϧࣸສ⮱㞯㘪ࡧȡᑄڙბ喑̭䬡㞧ᱜ ぶ➦◦喑᭜ВڙႲぶऱᝤಸ䘪ᰶ喑हᬣ䔅䃫ᰶఈ䬡ߋ ⮱䕇䷻⇆␑㈨㐌 㣞ൎₑ䊏ᓄγ䃥็⮱ጯजᠮ㐚ࣾᆂ̻ᅲ䶦喑㗜ڲ䬡ȡ≄ⰒⅡ䕇䓴ᐧま⾧ڞڙბВࣷ ⮱ ͗ⱌ⾧侙ᶣⰥ℁ Ⴧγ䄒ጯͧᐧ䕍倅Ꮣ㲺वࡧև⮱ߗ߈ȡڲऻज⩕λ۟≄侙ᶣȡᐧま⤳ั э㐌侙ᶣ㞯Ⅱ ȡⅡ̻ᰶᱧᏌᐰ➖⩞ᐧまᏂ䘕⮱ರ ౫マᩣ䯳喑䕇䓴⇩⅁ϔ⩌⛰⅁ӈࣕᝬҬ⩕ȡᅸ䶣⮱๗ ಸ⩌ᔮࡧᰭҠ䌢ᵵҸ̶喟 ⮱ࣾ⩢ ᓤపఫძᵦጯ⮱∂䄚ࡧڲ䭠㘪䯳☚கजӈ _- ࡴ⮱☚Ⅱ喑ᐧま ࢂٰ̻ᄼಸฺवӈ☚ࢂٰ㘪์ӈ䷊ใ⮱⩢߈Ƞ☚㘪̻ ጯϧڕⅡȡᅸ䶣๗䭠㘪Წ㷲ᱧღ䛼䓫ݝ L8喑☚㘪Ƞࣾ⩢ ఫძᵦጯᰶ̭᠒ᰶ Ꭱࢳट⮱๔႓喑☚ 㘪␎䋠 ⮱ᐧま㕄㘪̻ᅲℾ㕄㘪ȡ ऐͧ ϧ喑႓⩌ ϧȡఫძᵦ⮱∂䄚ࡧౕڞмᲬٶࢂٰ̻ ᑄ㣞ൎ⮱䔆͑͗ࡧ᭜ᓤపࡧࣾᆂ⮱̭ψ䌢ᵵ Ꭱ㻱ܿͧ⌤⩕ጯࡧ喑Ꭳౕᓤప㐌̭ऻᩣఋ⮱ ݖ⩕⮱㐀Ჱȡᐧλںθࡧ⮱ധ̷Ҭ⩕γᰶजۈȠ⌤⩕ ݺ۾㉔ᰶ⩌ᔮȠ倅᩵ȠᅲȠڤҸ͚⮱ᰭҠ㠰Ҹ喑
ఫ ఫძᵦጯ∂䄚ࡧ喟ᅲᄼࡧ喑䔯वₒ㵹ᝃ侾㵹⮱ᰶ䋐㶄䖀হх㒻Ꭼ౧ ೌӲǖRamessos
11 ͚పࡧ㻱̻ܿࣾᆂ
ᰶ უ 喍喎㐬㞟ᐭᩫ⾧䬡㈨㐌喟㐬㞟⾧䬡ӈ⩌ᔮ㈨㐌ڲᎡ⮱∂䄚ࡧ⣝ౕᰶ ऺᅲℾ喑ࡧ Ꮴ喑ࡧӬݖ䃫喑⩌ᔮ䃫喑Ҭጒౝթȡ֒ڞڙ͚ ᭜ߎ͇喑 ߎ喑ڣЮ͇喑ӈγ ͗ጒ҉ᇄѺ喑 ᭜ឭᱜ㵹͇হ⩌ϔ͇喑 ᭜䰣ਜ਼͇ȡ 喍喎࠲ღᕔ喟ᩜᠮ⻮㥒ᐧまव҉Ю͇ᄼ㻱⮱ែ䉱喑 Ⱕ℁λិౝ಄ਜ਼εੳ͇ᐭࣾੳ喑ఫძᵦጯᰡᙬᘼ ጯᩬᏉᰡիाλᣒऄₑᒏᐼ⮱ϔᱰ㔹䲋ੳ͇ᐭࣾੳ⮱ ਜ਼㐆व҉ᐧまЮ͇喑ВӬ⣝ጯ䃛чݣჇ⮱⻮ 䃛ȡܧڣᄳ ф⮱࣯̻ȡڙᰶᄼ㻱⌤⩕ᐧま⮱Ⱋᴴȡ䕇䓴็䄏喑ጯᩬᏉᣕ 喍喎㻱ܿ䓴⼸͚㖇♓ᄼ㏱̻ ⩌ੳ͇⩕ᝤᝃጒ 喍喎ᰶ》ζ߈⮱喟⌤व⩕䕁݈䕍γᅞ͇ᱧч喑ϔڒߕγव҉Ю͇⮱ᄦᣒ䓴⼸喑⩇㜠ᑂ 㞧ϧ҉ͧव҉㔲Вߗ߈䓫ݝᐧま⌤⩕⮱Ⱋ⮱ȡ䔆̭䓴 γ倅ឭ͚ᄼЮ͇喑ᅲѼ̻ጒ҉⣜ධ॥ᑂγ倅ឭᱜϧȡ ⼸͚喑ᒀᅭ呀ߞែ䉱ᒀౝ㏼≻喑ᄼ㻱ܳ᪐ӈᏁ 喍喎ധλ䰭Ⅿ⮱जᠮ㐚ែ䉱喟࠲ღᕔ⮱ࣾᆂ喑 ㈨ȡڠゃ⪒喑㶕⣝̭ᅞ᭜䕇䓴ᩜᠮᄼಸ㜗㥒䒨ጒ͇̻䰣ਜ਼ 㶎⮱ӈⅯ ๔ಸ䔋䨮䊲ጯᝃੳ౧ȡₑ喑ᄼ㻱ڒੳ喑㔹̺᭜ᑂ ⡛ᵩ喑ᄦᅲℾᲒ ࣯㔰̭᪴ڤ⠙≺Ҭᓄᒀౝᅲℾ㏼ڒ䒨ጒ͇⮱㲺 䄡ΌᎣᬍ໕ⶺȡ [1] Ahrens G A, Ließke F, Wittwer R, et al. Sonderauswertung –”ϘȠ侾 zur Verkehrserhebung “Mobilität in Städten SrV 2008ڞ䄚ࡧ⮱ϑ䕇⤳ᔢ᭜䭽ݣ䒓䒳喑Վ↪䒓∂ Städtevergleich[J]. Dresden November, 2009. Ϙ喑ጹ᱈ϧЙ㘪์ᠶ䰭ڞ䒓̻ₒ㵹ȡጯᩬᏉ๔߈ᣕᎬ↪䒓 [2] Fränne L. Hammarby Sjöstad–a unique environmental ͚ȡₑ喑∂䄚ࡧ⮱ࡰϧڣ䒓喑ᒀౝᅲℾΌᎬ∈࣯̻⩕ project in Stockholm[J]. Alfaprint, GlashusEtt, Stockholm, ↪䒓Ԋᰶ䛼䭺㜠 䒳喑㔹᪡͗ఫძᵦጯࡰϧ↪䒓Ԋ Sweden, 2007. ᰶ䛼ͧ 䒳ȡ⩞λ䒓≮䛼̺๔喑侾䒓ᝃₒ㵹䘪᭜Ӭ [3] Freiburg. Rieselfeld[EB/OL]. (2015-05-04). www.freiburg.de/ .⮱䔶᠖ȡຯ㺮։ᩫᝃ䨮㜗㵹䒓喑䃥็㜗㵹䒓ᶖजӈ rieselfeldڕႶ Ҭ⩕ȡ㜗㵹䒓ܧ㵹ౕ⩌ᔮࡧࢍᰶܧ㵹ᐼ⮱ 喑ఫ [4] Freiburg. Vauban[EB/OL]. (2014-11-21). www.freiburg.de/ vauban. ძᵦጯ⮱℁Ҹͧ 喑㔹ౕᓤప݆ͧ ȡ᪡͗∂䄚ࡧ [5] Gaffron P, Huismans G, Skala F, et al. Ecocity. Book I.[J]. 喑ₒ㵹Ҁ侹ᘶᗓ喑ᬣ䬡ⴚ́倅᩵喍ఫ 喎ȡ۾㉔ጰᅭ Facultas Verlags und Buchhandels AG, 2005. [6] Hall P G. Cities of tomorrow : an intellectual history of urban ⁔≟⩌ᔮጯ⮱㻱݆ܿ࣌喟 planning and design in the twentieth century[M]. Blackwell .Ƞ⌤⩕Ƞ㐬㞟Ƞᅲ Publishing, 2002۾㉔ [7] Hammarby Sjöstad Ekonomisk Förening[EB/OL]. www. hammarbysjostad.se. 㐩̷䔝喑⁔≟ߌ⮱⩌ᔮጯহ⩌ᔮ倅᩵ጯࣾ [8] Howard E. Garden Cities of Tomorrow[M]. London: Faber 䩛݆࣌喑䔆ψ݆࣌Ό䃥जВ͚ͧڠहҀ⣝γ̭ψڞᆂ䘪 and Faber, 1902. Ҁຯ̸喟 [9] Jessen J, Goerke P, Rau S. New Forms of Urban Mixedڤ㏼侹喑ڠపহχ๗ౝࡧӈⰥ 喑ᅧᏓϧ喟ᄼ㶄ࡧ喑ᄼᅧᏓ㶄䖀喑 Use Districts: A European Comparison. For the Federal۾㉔喍喎㐀Ჱ .[౧ݝϑ䕇〆◦Ƞ Government of Germany, Ministry of Construction[MڙᰶⱭₒ㵹ࣸສ⮱⣜ධ喑ϻѼᝃߋ .చ䘪̺ч䊲䓴 _NJO ⮱ Stuttgart, Germany: Stuttgart University Press, 1996ڙߎ䃫ВࣷڞڙੳᏄȠ [10] Ledwoch, Sven. The “French District” Sustainable Urban ₒ㵹䌜⼸ȡ Neighborhood in Tubingen, Germany: GIZ[EB/OL]. http:// 喍喎⌤व⩕䕁喟ጯ⮱≨߈Ƞ᪴ࡃȠੳ͇ȠᅲℾࡧȠ www.thepep.org/ClearingHouse/docfiles/French_District_ ႅλ᪡͗ࡧഌ喑ᅲℾࡧ喑 Final_Draft_20121018.pdfڞᱧᲱ̻̺ឝℾ⮱䒨ጒ͇ݣ䕍 Όᅪज㘪ο̺ឝȡ [11] Rau S. Eco-cities and Eco-Territories in China, Anڲ㜠ౕह̭ᐧま⩇ ϑ䕇হ⩌ᔮ⼨ Opportunity Amidst the Crisis[C]//Proceedings of ACE 3ڞڙ喍喎Вϑ䕇ͧധ喟Ӭᔘᢤ⮱ ϘȠ㜗㵹䒓⼌䉮Вࣷ䔿䔮ߎȡ Milan Symposium for Architecture and Culture, edited byڞߕ喑ຯ䒓䒳 Marco Imperadori et al. Milan, Italy, 2009. 喍喎ᅧᏓ䔯Ƞ㵹ϧࣷ㜗㵹䒓ࣸສ⮱㶄䖀喟ϧ㵹䖀 [12] Rau S. Eight Points to Remember - City Planning 喑 Principles[C]//Proceedings of ACE 1 Macau Symposiumڕᄼ䌜䩆㥪ᰶ㜡喑ᮜ㞟х㒻喑ጯ㶄ࡧᄼ喑㵹ϧႶ̻ 䃫ȡ for Architecture and Culture edited by Jose-Luis De Salesڞڙহٶ▜㶄ጰᰶੳ䨧Ƞᮜ㻯Ƞ⇬ 喍喎⩌ᔮ倅᩵喟⩕ౝ倅᩵Ƞ㞯㘪㞯Ⅱ⮱ࡧহ⩌≨ Marques, et al. Milan/Macau, 2007. ᐼȡ [13] Schulz, Brigitte. Die Tübinger Südstadt[J]. Bauwelt, 2012,1(2).
12 Ƞ⌤व⩕䕁Ƞ㐬㞟⣜Ԋ⮱ᅲࡧ۾㉔ᔮጯ喟㐀Ჱ⩌≟⁔
[14] Stockholms stad. Stockholm växer. Hammarby Sjöstad. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tvärbanan_ ygg.stockholm.se/hammarbysjostad. Luma_November_2012.jpg&oldid=161684973 This file is licensed [15] Tübingen Universitätsstadt. Franz Viertel/ Loretto[EB/OL]. under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 www.tuebingen.de/franz_viertel. Unported. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ [16] United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN- deed.en) license. HABITAT). State of the Worldăs Cities 2012/2013: Prosperity ఫ 3喍b喎喟Hammarby Sjöstad ferry service linking for attractive of Cities. New York: Routledge, 2012. and convenient links to downtown. Photo taken by Ankara, [17] United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. available online at: https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index. World Urban Prospects. php?title=File:Ms_Lisen_january_2011.jpg&oldid=162904311 This [18] United Nations. Department of Economics and Social file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Affairs. Population Division. World Population Prospects: Alike 3.0 Unported. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by- The 2012 Revision. sa/3.0/deed.en) license. [19] United Nations. Department of Economics and Social ఫ 4喟Freiburg Rieselfeld aerial view of the new green, compact, Affairs. Population Division. The 2011 Revision of World human scaled, pedestrian-friendly urban district. Photo taken Population Prospects: Highlights[EB/OL]. http://esa.un.org/ by Norbert Blau Luftfahrer, available online at: https://commons. unpd/wpp/Documentation/publications.htm. wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Freiburg_Rieselfeld_2007. [20] United Nations. Department of Economics and Social jpg&oldid=142902813 Permission is granted to copy, distribute Affairs. World Urban Prospects[EB/OL]. http://esa.un.org/ and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU unpd/wup/Analytical-Figures/Fig_2.htm Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant ఫ❴❵ᱰ Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled GNU ఫ 1喍a喎喟Hammarby Sjöstad aerial view of the eco-district Free Documentation License. This file is licensed under the taken by Johan Fredriksson, available online at: https:// Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hammarby_sj%C3%B6stad,_ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en) flygfoto_2014-09-20.jpg. This work is licensed under the Creative license. Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License. To view 5 a Freiburg Rieselfeld view of green spaces and residential a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ ఫ 喍 喎喟 blocks with many individual residential buildings. Photo taken by-sa/3.0/ by Andreas Schwarzkopf, available online at: https://commons. ఫ 1喍b喎喟Hammarby Sjöstad view of waterfront and human- wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Im_Freiburger_Stadtteil_ scaled residential buildings. Photo taken by Arikogan, Rieselfeld_mit_Neunaugenbach.jpg&oldid=154207766 This file is available online at: https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index. licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 php?title=File:Hammarby_Sjöstad_Estocolmo_Suecia_rio. Unported (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/bysa/3.0/deed. jpg&oldid=96533959. This file is licensed under the Creative en) license. Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported (https:// 5 b Freiburg Rieselfeld view of light-rail tram service to creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en) license. ఫ 喍 喎喟 the new district. Photo taken by Dr Neil Clifton (http://geo-en. ఫ 2喍a喎喟Hammarby Sjöstad view of scaled public green hlipp.de/profile/135). Source From geo-en.hlipp.de (http://geo-en. spaces and waterfronts. Photo taken by Arild Vågen, available hlipp.de/photo/6218), available online also at: https://commons. online at: https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File: wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Rieselfeld_tram_terminus_-_ Sjöstadsparterren_April_2012_03.jpg&oldid=98422881 This file is geo.hlipp.de_-_6218.jpg&oldid=155637125; transferd by User: licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 oxyman using geograph_org2commons (http://toolserver. Unported. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed. org/~magnus/geograph_org2commons.php). Creative Commons en) license. Attribution Share-alike license 2.0. ఫ 2喍b喎喟Hammarby Sjöstad view of scaled green spaces and 6 Freiburg Vauban infoboard of planning the green, eco- pathways. Photo taken by Arild Vågen, available online at: https:// ఫ 喟 efficient, human scaled pedestrian friendly new district. Photo commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sjöstadsparterre taken by Andreas Schwarzkopf, available online at: https:// n_June_2015.jpg&oldid=163834277 This file is licensed under the commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Infotafel_in_ Creative Commons Attribution-Sre Alike 4.0 International (https:// Freiburg-Vauban_an_der_Endhaltestelle_Innsbrucker_Straße_2. creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en) license. jpg&oldid=138838601. Category: Vauban (Freiburg im Breisgau) ఫ 3喍a喎喟Hammarby Sjöstad light-rail service for year-round This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution- convenience. Photo taken by Arild Vågen, available online at:
13 ͚పࡧ㻱̻ܿࣾᆂ
Share Alike 3.0 Unported https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ ఫ 8喍b喎喟Freiburg Vauban all roofs with solar panels in bysa/3.0/deed.en) license. the solar district and all buildings are energy and resources ఫ 7喟Freiburg Vauban solar city focused on producing solar efficient buildings. Photo taken by Photo taken by Mangan02, electricity and on public transport, bicycles and pedestrians. available online at: https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index. Photo taken by Mangan02, available online at: https://commons. php?title=File:Vauban_in_Freiburg_september_2014_03. wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Solarschiff_ Solarsiedlung_ jpg&oldid=135228323 This file is licensed under the Creative Freiburg_im_Breisgau_september_2014.jpg&oldid=135161920 This Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International. (https:// file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en) license. Alike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by- ఫ 9喟Tuebingen French Quarter view of plaza and scaled sa/4.0/deed.en) license. street and individual buildings of the livable district with ఫ 8喍a喎喟Freiburg Vauban all roofs with solar panels in the solar attractive streets and plazas nice for walking and cycling. Photo district and all buildings are energy and resources efficient buildings. taken by Ramessos, available online at: https://commons. Photo taken by Andrewglaser (talk), available online at: https:// wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:TuebingenFranzViertel1. commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:SoSie%2BSoSchiff_ jpg&oldid=158419078 Ą I, the copyright holder of this work, Ansicht.jpg&oldid=156661661 This file is licensed under the release this work into the public domain. This applies worldwide. Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported. (https:// In some countries this may not be legally possible; if so: I grant creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en) license. anyone the right to use this work for any purpose, without any Attribution: Andrewglaser at English Wikipedia. conditions, unless such conditions are required by law.ą
14 ͚పࡧ⮱ࣾᆂ
͚పࡧ⮱ࣾᆂ ॡ㑇哆
15 ͚పࡧ㻱̻ܿࣾᆂ
᱙Γ᭜χ≟ࣾᆂ䨣㵹 ह≻๔႓ጯⴒ䃳͚ᓰ⮱ ͗ࣾᆂࡧഌᐧ⿸ܳࡧ㈨㐌 <>喍8V喑喎ȡ㏼䓴ຒ䯲 थౕ͚ప㻱ܿγڙथ喍ᕨ䘕Ѻλ㠞ప喑䄒ڙϘ͚పࣾᆂⴒ䃳ȡΓ͚⮱̶͗ᵵҸ ㏠ጒ⼸䄏ڞ̭喑ᬕౕ ӈγ͚ప̺हࣾᆂ⮱㏼侹᪆䃚喑䔆ψ⮱ࣾᆂ 䃥็⩌ᔮጯ喑᧲䪬䛴⩕㐩व⮱∂⣝जᠮ㐚ࣾᆂ喎 ⿸γ̭ڲЃ䄏̀უ⮱ߗ߈喑ܳࡧ㈨㐌ڣᐼ࠲᠙ࣾᆂϔ͇喑⌤वࣾᆂϔ͇̻ѼႲ喑Вౕࣷ㜗♣ ⊤ใ̀უহ ܳٲრऻ䕇䓴䯳͚䛺ᐧ⩌≨ࡧᲒࣾᆂȡ㮪♣ᐼऱ ㈨݄⩌ᔮ㻱㠰ȡ䔆Ό᭜Ռ䞡ప䭲ᩬゃ⮱䘕ܳ喑▫ ᰶࡰ喑ѳ䘪ϻ㻱হ➦ᒮ̷䄍䛷γ͚ప⮱ࣾᆂȡ Ҁ⣝ౕᬍ䩎͚⦋ѻⷠ⩌ᔮ㠰ᕔ䶦Ⱋ̷ȡᅪノใప̀ ͚ప⮱Ąąắᔢ喑ᠴ䒰ͧც∈ȡ᱙Γᠴ⮱ უౕ᪡͗㻱ܿ䓴⼸͚ᒞ৺䶴๔喑ѳ๗⎃⮱㻱ܿহࣾ Ąą̀ᠴ䕇䓴๔㻱పუᅯ䲏⮱㻱ܿࣾᆂ㔹喑ѳह ᆂᰡ็⮱᭜͚పౌౝহ㏼≻ࣾᆂ⮱㐀ȡ⩌ᔮᓄВ ᬣࣵ㻳ౌౝጯ౧ͧᝬౝϔᐭࣾহጒ͇ࣾᆂͨ㺮侞ߕ߈⮱ 喑ᒵ๔⼸Ꮣ̷᭜ͧ᪡͗๗⎃ᕨҀ̷㷘㻳̭ͧ͗ ȡ䔆ψ᱙䉕̷Გ䄡᭜㏼䓴ₐᐼ㻱ܿ⮱ᅲℾౝȡ ㏼≻⾧䬡ȡₑ喑⩌ᔮ㻱㠰ᄦ⩌ᔮ➦ᒮ⮱ࣾᆂߍγ ᄦ͚ప ䷊ใ⮱㺮Ⅿ喑㔹̺᭜ϲϲ␎䋠λ⠙⿸⮱⩌ᔮࣾᆂ喑݆॓ںắ᠙䔆̶͗ᵵҸ⮱➦ᒮ喑♣ऻٵ᱙᪴仃 ⮱ࣾᆂ㏼侹ߍВᕨ㐀ȡ 䔆ᵤᒵღᭀ⩞λ㑧ͼ㏼≻≨ߕ㔹䖚䕴ఝධȡϻ⩌ᔮ㻱ܿ ᒮᲒ䄡喑ࡧഌ䃫䃎㔰㭾ݝ㐬㞟䖀হ⇠䖀Ⅱ㑾⮱Ԋ៑➦ 䄒ౝࡧࢄⅡΎ⮱➦㞟ȡϻ㏼≻㻿Ꮣڒ㲺ܳٲᬍ䩎๗⎃ হᐧ䃫喑 Ѓ䃥็ͨ㺮⩞ݣ䕍͇侞ߕ⮱̺ह喑ڣᲒ䄡喑̻͚ప ๗⎃Ѻλ䪬̶㻿⮱͚ᓰౝፓ喑ౝ⤳Ѻ㒛х䊷喑 ๗⎃呀ߞᩜᠮす̶ϔ͇⮱ࣾᆂȡ㏼≻࠲᠙䛾㲺͇喑 ั⮱ᬍ䩎ጯ喑㏼≻߈䛼ౕ䄒ࡧഌϓऺ݄ݺ㠲ȡᬍ ݈ᘼϔ͇喍ຯᬍ䩎ᒞ㻳ധౝ喎喑Ԏᖜឭᱜϔ͇喑о䬟ϔڣ㔹 ጯࣾᆂ䛺 ͇喑Вࣷ႓ឭᱜⵁ⾣ȡࣾᆂहᬣ呀ߞᰡ倅⮱ᐭࣾڣλᝅ⪒ࣾᆂ䰭㺮喑䔶᠖ࣾᆂ喑ܧ䩎ጯ ◦ΌⰥᏁ⩞࣌Გ⮱̷⊤ÿࢄϙ⇬㏬䓮㜠๗⎃䓦ȡᬍ䩎ጯ ჳᏓ喑ࣾᆂₒ㵹㈨㐌喑Վᄩ㐬㞟ܧ㵹ȡͧ⣝जᠮ㐚ࣾ ⮱ࣾᆂᓄ⯷λ͚๛ᩬᏉ⮱๔߈ᩜᠮ喑⩌ᔮ⮱ᐧ䃫ࢠͧ ᆂ喑๔߈ࣾᆂധ䃫ᐧ䃫喑ࣾᆂⅡᓗ⣜হⅡั ᒀౝᩬᏉ㣤ᓄ͚๛ᩜᠮऻ⮱̭ȡ⩌ᔮ⮱ࣾᆂВ ⤳ឭᱜȡₑ喑๗⎃ౕ㏼≻ࣾᆂহ⣜ධᩦ͑͗䲏 㻱ܿᑂ䶳ͧ➦ᒮȡࢍౝ䲏⼜ცᎬ喑䓫ݝγ LNȡ ⣝γᰡҠ⮱Ꭰ㶎ȡ̻Вᒭ䲍ᝬౝϔᐭࣾᲒᣕߕࣾᆂⰥ ϻᘼͶ̷Გ䄡喑㜗䏘ጟ㏼ࣾᆂ̭ͧ͗ጯ喑 ℁喑๗⎃⮱ࣾᆂ䔶᠖γღ㏠⮱㏼≻ܳȡ䛴ः㻱ܿ ⼜᭜ᬍ䩎ጯ⮱࢘ᭌጒ͇ȡ᭫㦄➦ᒮ̭ᅞ᭜ౕ᪡ ᑂ䶳⮱ᐼⰥᄦ㉔ჳౝ㲺वγҀ㻱ܿহ⣜ධᠴᴴȡ䲏ں㔹̺ ͧLN ⮱⩌ᔮ㠰ࡧ喑ᝃ㔲घ҉⩌ᔮ喑᭜᪡͗ࢍౝ LN ⮱̭䘕ܳȡౕധ䃫ᰭ㏵Ⴙ喑ϧ ऐ䛼䊷Გ䊷็Вऻ喑⩌ᔮ⮱ࣾᆂअᓄᰡߍजᣕᎬព ȡ⧵ڠใ⮱̭㜡ڲ⊤ᆂȡ⮱ࣾᆂⰛݺ॥ᑂγ
̷⊤ଶჇ
ଶჇѺλ̷⊤ጯࡄ䘕喑᭜̷⊤ጯᩬᏉ㻱ܿ⮱Ί Ꮤ̭ȡ ᎡݺݣჇ⮱̷⊤ࡧഌ㻱ܿጟ䔶᠖ଶ Ⴧ҉ͧ䩴Გࣾᆂ喑В㑀㼐ጯࡧ⮱ϑ䕇᠒ൢȡౕ ̓㏗ ᎡА喑ଶჇ㷘⿸ͧጒ͇࢘ᭌ̭ȡ Ꭱ ఫ ᬍ䩎๗⎃喑͚๛ౝࡧ ೌઠᇸǖፕኁಆฝ Вݺ喑ଶჇ⮱ࣾᆂ䘪℁䒰㑀ᚏ喑Ⱑݝ䔆̭Ꭱ̷⊤ᄳ
16 ͚పࡧ⮱ࣾᆂ
ᐧ⣜ධ⮱⩌ᔮ䉕䛼Όڣ䩴ࣾᆂ҉ͧ⮱ࣾᆂゃ⪒ȡͧߍᑧ̷⊤⮱㏼≻》ζ߈喑 㘪喑㺮ҬଶჇͧᅲౝ喑 ଶჇ⮱ࣾᆂऄݝγࡧഌᕔ⮱䛺㻳ȡ⣝䭣⃢⮱Ⱋᴴ᭜ᄳଶ 䰭㺮䛺㻳ȡ Ⴧࣾᆂͧღ㏠ ̴ϧऐ⮱䩴ȡহ̷⊤⮱Ძ <> 8BOHFUBM喑 Вࣷࡄϙ㏼≻ឭᱜᐭࣾࡧ⮱ౕ ࡄጊ࣬ ౝϓᎱ <> 8VBOE1IFMQT喑 ㆨѩ喑ଶჇ⮱㏼≻ 㐀Ჱͨ㺮⩞すιϔ͇ͨᄩ喑ࢍᕨ (%1 ⮱ ȡ៲ Ӱ䔈ࡄጊ⮱ࣾᆂ᭜䰴ऻ䛺ᐧ⮱ᒀߎᕒȡࡄጊ̺᭜ ШⱭ䛺㺮⮱㏼≻㕹㘪喑᭜̷⊤⮱ݣ䕍͇ധౝ喑हᬣݣ䕍 э㐌ᘼͶ̷⮱喑㔹᭜̭͗ᐧ⮱࣬ȡࡄጊ࣬ 㺮⮱ᅞ͇⍍䖀ȡⰛݺ㻱ܿⱭ߈λӰ䔈ѻⷠϔ ᭜ࡄጊ㒹㜗⇨࣬⮱㵹ᩬ͚ᓰȡౝ䰴ᦔ⃮γࡄጊᬔ౭喑ͨڣΌ᭜͇ Გ⎽ܳᲽ㶕ᬻ喑 ⣝ౕ⮱ࡄጊ࣬䛺䔶౭λⅥᬹ䩴⮱ओ̭㵹ᩬࡧഌȡڒచ⮱ࣾᆂ喑ᑂ䔈㘪⎽㞯㏓ឭᱜȡᩣ͇ ᭜ᐧ䃫⮱䛺㺮Გ⎽ȡহౕ⮱ଶჇࡧ ࡄጊ⮱ࣾᆂҀ⣝γపუহጯ㻱ౕܿ䛺ᐧ͚⮱ౝѺȡڒౝᩣౌ ᐼࣾ۾㉔Ⱑัλ᭫㦄䪬⮱⟣ᔮȡ ࣬᭜ധλ̭Ⴧ⤳ᔢ㻱ܿ㔹喑䔆ψ⤳ᔢ࠲᠙̭ڒⰥ℁喑⮱⼻ᩣᩣ Ѓጒ͇ࡧ䛴⩕⮱㑾ᵩڣᎡ䛴⩕γ⮱ᰡͧⰡᣒ⮱ウᐼ喑䕇䓴ԎចȠՌ䉤হ ᆂ喑ᰡ็⮱ᐭᩫ㐬ౝ喑Ⱕᄦλ Ю͇էݥ⮱ᐼⰡᣒウ䯳ݝγ Ϭٰ䉱䛾ȡౕ䔆ݺ喑 ᐼ๔㶄ࡧ㔹㼭喑ᰡ∕䛺ᅲѼহੳ͇ߌ㘪⮱Ⱕᄦ⾱ᄼ⮱㶄 ౝ䉏ᩬͨ㺮ӊ䲍ౌౝࣾᆂᲒ䬡ᣒ㣤ः䉱䛾喑⮱Ⱑᣒ 䖀喑㕹Ѽࣾᆂ⮱Ꭰ㶎喑ᒀౝ᪴ࡃহ➦㞟⮱Ԋ៑喑Вࣷ䲋 ࣾᆂȡࡄጊ⮱䛺ᐧᓄВᰡສౝ㲺व䔆ψٵ䒨ౝ䉏ᩬ⮱䛺䉌ȡଶჇ⮱ࣾᆂह ᱧߕϑ䕇⮱хۼウ⮱ᐼ㘪 ᠶ㻱ౕܿࣾᆂȡౕ࣬ڕᬣᑧ䄰γᮜ㻯ノ⤳হ㻱ܿ䄰ᣔȡ♣㔹喑ଶჇ䔅᭜䲏͡Ɑ ➦ᒮ᭜ͧ࣬Ⴙ ̭ψᠾᝅ喟̭䲏⎽λᩦ⩌≨䉕䛼⮱ᠾᝅ喠ओ̭䲏喑 Ꭱₐᐼड़⩕喑ࢍౝ LNȡϻ⼸Ꮣ̷Გ䄡喑࣬ ଶჇ䰭㺮ᄳϻጒ͇ധౝ䒙अᅲጯȡ⮱ࣾ ⮱ᐧ䃫जВ㻳̭ͧ͗๔ಸጯ䶦Ⱋȡ࣬⮱ᐧ喑 ᆂ॥ᑂγ䃥็ੳუౕౝ䧮〆䭱䓾䔶౭ȡᆂ⣝⮱⣝ ⻨̺ᐭ͚๛ᩬᏉВ̭ࣷψ⇬⊤ⰮЪ⮱๔߈ᩜᠮ喑℁ຯ喑 ጒ͇చ⮱ࣾᆂᓄ⯷λᆞ͉Ⱞ⮱ᩜᠮȡᅪノຯڲАࡃ⮱̭䲏喑⮱䃖ϧ࢝䆎⌞ݨ喑ᴴᔄᕔ⮱ᐧまᰶଶჇ ࡄጊ࣬ Ѓ喑ຯ̷⊤⮱ଶჇڣ䮏Вࣷͨ䖀䓦⮱㐬ࡃ䕇ȡѳଶჇϺ䰭ᕊ ₑ喑ࡄጊ⮱ࣾᆂ̻⇬⊤ౝࡧ⮱ޔԊݖ๔ Ͱ㜠䪬̶㻿⮱㻿㞟ჇѺȡ⮱ࣾᆂゃ⪒㺮 Ƞᬍ䩎๗⎃Вࣷᬳᆞ㟞ᶒ⮱ࣾᆂ♣̺ह喑⊤̷ౕڣ㔰 ᒏ̶㻿ࡧഌ喑䔆͑Ꮤ 䔆ψ⮱ࣾᆂͨ㺮䲍ݣ䕍͇হ㏼≻ࣾᆂ侞ߕȡ㮪♣ڡ䓾⮱㟼ጋহଶ͡ڣⅯଶჇ̻ ᰶ̭ψጒ͇Ю͇喑ѳ࣬ͨ㺮᭜䲍ౝ䰴ऻ࣬ڲЃ䃥็̭ ࡄጊ࣬ڣጯܳݘѺλ㟼Ⱞহ⊆Ⱞȡह͚ప ᵤ喑ଶჇ䰭㺮∕ᘼᝬϔᐭࣾহϔ͇ࣾᆂ⮱ࡼह喑ߍᔘ ᩬᏉ䛺䓮ᐧࣾᆂ㔹喑ₑᅞ͇ᇄѺ̺䋠ͧͨ㺮ᠾ ಸࣾᆂ喑䭲۾㉔䩴হϔ͇䬡⮱㲺वȡΌᅞ᭜䄡喑䓴ࣨ⮱ࣾᆂВϔ ᝅȡᅪノ㻱ܿᄩ݆͚ᑧ䄰γ倅ჳᏓহ ЃጯⰥ℁Ϻ♣ᒵѻȡ䰴ऻ䛺ᐧ䊤݊ڣ䰭Ⅿͧᄩा喑ᄩ㜡䕇ࠑ䌊⻨䓴䪬喑ѼႲࡧഌᐭ̺ࣾ䋠ȡ ᅲѼჳᏓহ͚ప͇ ᄾ喑ຯۼѼႲহϔ͇ࡧഌ⮱ܳ⻨喑᭜㐩वಸᅲጯࣾᆂ⮱ͨ㺮 ᭜⩞͚๛ᩬᏉ㉔ᕒែ䉱ᩜᠮ喑̺Ͳऻែ䉱ⰥᏁ ϑ ҂㐡ᠮ࣬ࣾᆂͧ͒ረ㔰侹ȡₑ⁎▫ऻ䛺ᐧ喑ज䉱ڞڙ䯉ⶺȡₐౕߗ߈倅ᐧま⣜ධ⮱䉕䛼喑Ⴙ ⮱ Ռ䞡ั㞜็ȡౝ䰴㐆ࡄጊϧℾ⮱⩌≨ፓᲒγ▫䯫ᕔ⧵ڠ䕇㈨㐌ȡͧ॥ᑂᅲℾ喑⩌ᔮᩦΌͧ䰭㺮 ٺ㺮䬛䷅喑ͧଶჇϺᰶጒ͇⮱ᒏ䆎ȡ䮑γ㏼≻ߌ ⮱ऻ喑▫ऻ䛺䔶౭⮱۠Ⴧ᭜ᖝवᬣ̺́ज䖬ͨ
ఫ ଶჇᐧ⮱ᅲѼࡧ ఫ ࡄጊ࣬䛺ᐧऻ⮱͚ᓰࡧ ೌઠᇸǖፕኁಆฝ ೌઠᇸǖፕኁಆฝ
17 ͚పࡧ㻱̻ܿࣾᆂ
⮱ȡ⾧䬡㻱ܿ㔰㭾γԊ៑ᒀౝ䖄ϔ⮱䰭㺮喑Όͧጒ͇ࣾ უᑂ䶳⮱㻱ܿ喑㮪♣ౕ▫ऻ㉔ᕒ䛺ᐧ⮱㗹ᮜ̸̺ज䖬 喑ѳΌͧᖏฺ㏼≻ፓᲒγ䪬ᠾᝅȡٺ ᆂ喍䕇䓴㖁ߕࣾᆂϔ͇చ喎⪆䋠⾧䬡ȡ䕇䓴⩕ౝܳࡧহ 䃫䃎喑⣝γ⍥Ƞጒ͇ࣷ⩌≨ࡧ⮱ߌ㘪ጰᅭȡࡄጊ⮱ Γ͚⮱̶͗ग᭜҉ͧᵵҸⵁ⾣Вӈ࣯㔰Ռ䞡喑 $IFOFUBM Ѓጯज⩕Გฺݣ⮱ࣾᆂᐼ <>ڣᎣ䲋 ̭ܧ㥒䕍ڲࣾᆂ㶕ᬻ喑㻱ܿ㘪์ౕ➦₷ᗲ̸ۢ喑ౕⴚ ͗ᰶᎼ⮱ᐧ⣜ධ喑ѳᖏฺጯࣾᆂ݆䰭㺮ᰡ็⮱ᬣ䬡喑 ȡ䔆ψ᭜ౕᒀౝ➦₷⮱㗹ᮜ̸ࣾᆂ䊤Გ⮱喑 ౕͧ䛺ᐧ࣬⩌≨⾧䬡ऻ喑Ꮑ䄒䔪Ⅿ㏼≻䪬䔉ࣾᆂȡ ຯ䗷ࡧ㏼≻ጒ͇ࡃ喑㏼≻䛺㏱喑͚ᓰࡧใੳ͇⁎͚ ㏼≻̺㍮㢐喑ࡄጊ⮱जᠮ㐚ࣾᆂΌчͧ䬛䷅ȡ♣㔹喑 ᓰ⮱ពᑍВࣷ▫ऻ䛺ᐧ喑ࣺܧపუহጯ౧䬡็ᵤࡃ Фթ喑ڤ㈨Вࣷጯ㻱ܿ⮱䶱҉⩕ȡ䔆ψᵵҸ䶴ڠ䞡λᒀౝ⩌ᔮ㘳ᑞ㔹᩼ᙌ⮱⣝⟣喑ࡄጊᎣ̺䔯๔㻱 ⮱ ᭜χ๗పუȡ᱙ΓॵڣЃపუ႓喑ᅑڣࣾᆂጒ͇ȡᢏ㼭喑㜗♣⣜ධ⮱䭽ݣҬᓄࡄጊࣾᆂ䯫В जӈᄦ⚔হ ࣾᆂ⮱㻱ܿ䲏ȡࣾᆂ⮱ധ᱙⧵ڠݣ⇬⊤ౝࡧ⮱ࣾᆂ䒕䔦ȡ݊ₒᐧऻ喑ࡄጊ⩞λែ䉱 ⣝⮱ᵵҸᰡ็ౝฺ ᄾ䲏͡Ɑጕ๔䉏ᩬࢸ߈ȡͧᏁᄦᠾᝅ喑ࡄጊ䄂ఫᄨ 䓴⼸͚喑䬛䷅䶴็喑ຯౌౝノ⤳Ƞ㏼≻䛺㏱Ƞ⊵䉦Вࣷۼ⮱ Ⅿ⮱㏼≻䪬ߕ߈喑Ҹຯݖ⩕᪴ࡃ䖄ϔࣾᆂ⍥͇В ѼႲᐭࣾȡ⮱ࣾᆂ喑ຯጯܳ᪐ࡃȠ䗷ࡧࡃВࣷѼ ࣹ䛺ᱧݣ侞ߕ喑ڒࣷᰡጒ͇చȡࡄጊݖ⩕͝ჹ⮱㜗♣䉱⎽হᒀౝ᪴ࡃ Ⴒᥙ䓮ぶ喑᭜⩞ᝬౝϔᐭࣾፓᲒ⮱ᩣ ᮜ㻯喑㻱ܿᐧγ̭͗๔ಸ⍥Ꮣմࡧȡ ␎䋠γₐౕቈ䊤⮱͚ϔ䭣㏔⮱䰭ⅯȡଶჇᵵҸ͚喑 էݥহէߎ҉ͧⰡᣒែ䉱ᩜᦾጯࣾᆂ喑㔹ౕ䓴ࣨ喑ڒᵵҸᆂγ͚పࣾᆂ⮱̺हᐼȡଶჇ ᑂ̶͗ ᆂγ̷⊤๔䘪ጯౝࡧ⮱ࣾᆂ᭜䲍ጒ͇ࣾᆂ侞ߕ喑 ౌౝᐭࣾͨ㺮䕇䓴䬡ᣒ㲺䉱ᐼȡᱧݣ⮱䛴⩕᭜॓㘪 ധ䃫ࣾᆂВጒ͇ࡧࣷጒ͇ࣾᆂ͚ͧᓰ喑ᅲࡧহ ᩦअࣾᆂ≨߈喑᩵ᰶᒲ㻯ᄌȡࡄጊᵵҸᆂγప ࣾᆂ⮱ᠾᝅȡଶჇ⮱ࣾᆂⰛ უᏁᄦ▫䯫⮱㘪߈喑ᅲℾᓄВᥙ䓮ݝ࣬ȡѳ䔆̭ᵵڣጒ͇ϔࡧ䬡⮱㲺वͧ ㏼⩌ڲڲч࣯̻হ▫ऻᖏฺ䪬㠰డܧݺ䲏͡Ɑࡴ㏔হ݈⮱ࢸ߈ȡឭచࡧΌጟᐧ喑 ҸहᬣΌ᭫ ⮱喑ᘼͶ䛺๔ȡᬍ䩎 ≻ࣾᆂ⮱ᓲ㺮ᕔȡᬍ䩎๗⎃ᵵҸ͚喑҉ͧࡧഌڲϻ࢘ᭌ䒙अࡧࡧഌ ᘼϔ͇⮱ࣾᆂज㘪ፓⱭψ㏼≻Ҁ݈ڣ๗⎃᭜ᐭࣾ⮱ȡ Ꭱ喑㻱ܿ䃫ᘠ仃⁎㷘 ੳ͇⁎͚ᓰࣷ ᭜Ѽں喑ѳ䉕ᕔᐧ䃫ౕ݆ ᎡВऻȡₑ喑ᬍ䩎 ࣾᆂ⮱䅀⮱ㆨѩĄऻ䗷ࡧࡃą⮱࢝䃝喑䗷ࡧ̺ܧ Ƞੳ͇হᅲѼ⩕䕁⮱⌤वҀȡहᵤౝ喑ڙ๗⎃᭜す̶ϔ͇ÿÿ݈ϔ͇ࣾᆂ⮱А㶕喑हᬣ Ⴒ⾧䬡喑㔹᭜ߋ ℾۉ䩴ࡃ⮱䓴⼸喑Вࡰ䃎⮱ܧΌ᭜ѻⷠ⩌ᔮጯ⮱㠰ȡҸຯ喑๗⎃ᄳ⩌ᔮᠴ ᬍ䩎๗⎃Όࣺ ᱾अγ⮱ጯѼႲࡧȡₑ喑͚ۉᴴ㥪ݝ⩕ౝᣔݣ⮱ᅯ䲏ȡ๗⎃ζःݝγ͚๛ᩬ ͧጯᅲℾ喑 ᱾䓮⼨㜠ጯȠ͚ᓰᅲۉ⩞ℾۉᏉ̺ह⮱̀䶦㶒ߖ喑ࣾᆂⰛᴴႼьÿÿౕ ᎡⰛᴴ ప⮱ࣾᆂ᭜ᒀౝ ጯ͚ᓰ⮱䓴⼸ȡ䔆ψᵵҸ͚ͧప䩴ࡃߕᔮ⮱ܧϧऐ䓫ݝ ̴ȡ䔆͗Ⱋᴴധ᱙̷ᘼঠⱭ㺮ౕ̭ ℾᥙ ॥ᑂ ̴ 䔈̭ₒⵁ⾣ӈγ͝ჹᲒ⎽喑Όͧㆨѩ㗹ᮜ̸⮱㻱ڲቚ⮱ౝ喑䕇䓴ࣾᆂ喑ౕ Ꭱ͗ ϧऐȡ䮑ࣨ⩌ᔮ➦ᒮ⮱㉍喑ϻႼ㻯ᅯ䲏Გ䄡喑䔆 ܿӈγ㏼侹ȡ ͗Ⱋᴴᄦࡧഌ⩕ౝ⮱ᒞ৺̺ღᄼ㻾ȡͧ䄒ౝࡧ᱙ͧ ⡛࣯㔰᪴ ۉ᱾ౝࡧ喑ϧऐ倅Ꮣ䯳͚喑⮱ࣾᆂᓲ♣чᄩ㜡ۉ ℾͧ䔯Ꮑ [1] Wu F. Planning for growth: Urban and regional planning inۉϧऐ⮱ᥙ䓮喑В͇ࣷۉ᱾ౝࡧ⮱៳䓮喑 .ጯ⩌≨⮱䄰᪡ȡ㔹㏼≻䶳ഌ喑ຯ䒜УȠႄఫহ China[M]. London: Routledge, 2015 [2] Wang L, Kundu R, Chen X. Building for what and whom? ⩢ᒞȠⵁ⾣̻ᐭࣾぶᎣ̺䔯व࣌Ѽℾ⮱ጒ҉䰭Ⅿȡౕ New town development as planned suburbanization in ڣᔮᙬᮜࣾᆂⰛᴴ⮱हᬣ喑⩌ᔮ䰭㺮␎䋠⩌ڣ⣝ China and India[J]. Research in urban sociology, 2010, 10: ็ᵤࡃϧऐ⮱ч䰭Ⅿȡࡄጊ࣬͒ᵩᘼͶ̷Გ䄡 319-345. ̺ツȡႰ᭜ౝ䰴䓴ऻపუ䶱⮱̭͗➦Ҹ喑ᓄ⯷ [3] Wu F, Phelps N A. (Post) suburban development and state λᑧᰶ߈⮱ᩬᏉᩜᠮ喑Вࣷࡄጊহ⇬⊤ౝࡧⰮЪ⮱व entrepreneurialism in Beijing's outer suburbs[J]. Environment ҉喑ࡄጊౕ▫ऻᓄВ䓲䕌䛺ᐧȡ㻱ౕܿ䔆ᔘ䕌ࣾᆂ and Planning A, 2011, 43(2): 410-430. [4] Chen X, Wang L, Kundu R. Localizing the production of ⣜͚䊤ݝγͫ䋠䒨䛺⮱҉⩕喑۠Ⴧγ⩕ౝጰᅭহᐧま global cities: a comparison of new town developments ф࣯̻Ꮣڙධ⮱➦ᒮȡѳᒀౝࡧ⮱࣯̻Ⱕᄦ̺䋠喑 around Shanghai and Kolkata[J]. City & Community, 2009, .䔈⮱㻱ܿ⤳ᔢ喑ຯ㔰㭾ݝ 8(4): 433-465ٵ倅ȡࡄጊ⮱㻱ܿҀ⣝γ̺ ࣾᆂȠᒀౝ᪴ࡃԊ៑Вࣷ⣜ධ䉕䛼ȡ♣㔹喑ప۾㉔γ
18 ࡄጊ࣬喟⁍ࣾ䓫ౝࡧ࣬⮱जᠮ㐚ࣾᆂ䌜ᒱᣏ㉏
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19 ͚పࡧ㻱̻ܿࣾᆂ
ࡄጊ࣬喟⁍ࣾ䓫ౝࡧ࣬⮱जᠮ㐚ࣾᆂ䌜ᒱᣏ㉏ 䗾ᓤ倅 ᱻ䭠 䉧 ᬧ
20 ࡄጊ࣬喟⁍ࣾ䓫ౝࡧ࣬⮱जᠮ㐚ࣾᆂ䌜ᒱᣏ㉏
䩛䃺喟ڠ ᦅ㺮喟 ࣬喑᭜ᠶ⚔⣝ ࡄጊ喑࣬喑ᕨҀ㻱ܿڕࡄጊ࣬᭜▫ऻᐯౝ䛺ᐧ⮱ 䔈⮱㻱ܿٵڣᐧ䃫Ⴙ⮱ȡڲАጯ㻱ܿ⤳ᔢ喑ౕⴚ 㐬 ࡄጊ㒹㜗⇨࣬Ѻλఈጊ⯳ౝ㺬ࡄ䘕喍ఫ喑ఫ 喎喑ڞڙ⮱ጰᅭ⤳ᔢ喑ፓᒏᐭᩫ⮱۾㉔ᔢ࠲᠙ಇᠮ䯳͚⤳ ౝ喑Ⱕᄦ⾱ᄼ⮱㶄䖀ᅧᏓ喑㕹ѼᎠ㶎⮱ᇄѺ䃫㒛喑㒹 䌊⻨ᰭ䓾⮱๔ጯ㐢䭠ጯ͚ᓰ LN喑䌊⻨ఈጊⰮⰮч ䷻➦㞟⮱䷻䆹эឬВࣷ㐬㞟ѻⷠ⮱⩌ᔮឭᱜȡѳ▫ऻ䛺 䘪 LNȡ Ꭱ↣ጊ➦๔ౝ䰴ऻ喑⩞λࡄጊ ࣵڣᐧ㻱ܿ䃱ѝࣾ⣝㑧ͼϔ͇䯳㖇̻ϧऐ䯳㖇᭜ᒀݺࡄጊ 㔮࣬Ѻλౝ䰴㷯ፓ̷喑ज⩕ౝУᰶ䭽喑ѳ ࣬䲏͡⮱⾮ܧ䬛䷅ȡ᱙᪴䕇䓴͑䒛ࡄጊ࣬ᕨҀ㻱 ᭜͚పੜ̭⮱㒹㜗⇨࣬喑ₑౕ▫ऻ䛺ᐧ䓴⼸͚㏼ ф࣯̻喑ᰭ㏵۠Ⴧᄳ࣬ϻᰟڙ㗹ᮜࣷ㻱ܿ➦㞟⮱ϸ㏺喑ᣏ䃕㻱ܿຯ҂㘪์䪬䔉 䓴็ౝ◦⮱℁䔶Вࣷܿ ⣝喑ࢠڲࢄ LN ⮱࣌Ⴖ࣬叱ౌ䩴㠰డڣЃࡧᐧ ᆞ䩴ᥙ䓮㜠ڣౝजᠮ㐚ࣾᆂВࣷज㘪⮱䌜ᒱ䔶᠖喑ͧ 䃫ӈ࣯㔰Ռ䞡ȡ ౕ⮱Ⅵᬹ䩴ȡ
ఫ ࡄጊౕఈጊⰮ⮱ࡧѺ ኔ༹ဣࡀࣄDŽ2013.2030DžLjዐࡔࡀࣄยऺჺ৯ᇾูجઠጲ຺ڹઠᇸǖጲࣼLj
21 ͚పࡧ㻱̻ܿࣾᆂ
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͚䘕䩴ჳ䯳ፓ 䛺㺮ᄼ䩴 ࣾᆂ䒡 Ⅱ㈨ڡ䘕͉ ⩺㺬䘕ᆞݺࣾᆂ䒡 Ⱞ ᆞౝ⩌ᔮ⍥ࡧ 㻱ܿ㠰డ ͚ᓰጯ ጯ⩹ 䛺㺮ࡧ࣬㞯◦ ࡧȠ࣬喍ጯ喎⩹
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22 ࡄጊ࣬喟⁍ࣾ䓫ౝࡧ࣬⮱जᠮ㐚ࣾᆂ䌜ᒱᣏ㉏
⼸ᐧͧᐧጒڣⰛݺࡄጊ࣬ഌ̸䓃 ͗䩴Ƞ͗ΎВࣷ ͗ℾΎȡ ͧ▫ऻ䛺ᐧጒ҉⮱ᠴᄩ䦵喑ߗ߈ᄳ Ꭱࡄጊౝࡧ⩌ϔᕨթ Ϭٰ喑ϧ⩌ϔᕨթ ᴴᔄȠោ䰴⺋ᴴᔄহ᪴ࡃ䖄ϔᴴᔄ喍ఫ 喎ȡ 喑̶⁎ϔ͇㐀Ჱ ńńȡ ᎡᎡ᱘ᕨٰ ⮱ጰᅭ⤳ᔢ۾㉔ϧऐ ̴ϧ喑ࢍ ȡ 㻱݆ܿ࣌ 喟䯳͚͇ۉ͚䲋ڣϧऐ ̴ϧ喑 ⩕⮱ጰᅭ⤳ᔢ喑͒ᵩᣔݣᐧ䃫۾㉔ϻ ᎡВᲒ喑ࡄጊ࣬ᕨҀ㻱ܿࢳ㏼͑䒛ȡ 㻱ܿಇᠮ䯳͚ Ꭱ ᰵ݊喑పߎ䮏፥ߎч䃛ₐᐼहᘼࡄጊ ౝᠴᴴȡᵦᢛȨጯ⩕ౝܳㆨ̻㻱ܿᐧ䃫⩕ౝᴴ۳ȩ ౕ ࣬䔶౭ऻ喑 ᰵ ᬒ喑ࡄጊₐᐼड़ߕ▫ऻ䛺ᐧ 喍(#喎喑ₑㆨᄾℾౝࡧϧጯᐧ䃫 ᕨҀ㻱ܿ喑 Ꭱ ᰵ ᬒ喑ఈጊⰮᩬᏉₐᐼឦ ⩕ౝजᩫცݝ N ϧ喑ѳ㻱ܿᄳϧጯᐧ䃫⩕ౝ ȡڲࡄጊ㒹㜗⇨࣬▫ऻ䛺ᐧᕨҀ㻱ܿȡ Ꭱ ᰵ喑 ᣔݣౕ N ϧВฺ 㵹ౕܧ⮱䩴ᒏᔮҬ㐊๔็ᅲℾ⮱۾㉔ࡄጊᐭ㑃ݣȨࡄጊ㒹㜗⇨࣬࣬ጯᕨҀ㻱ܿ 䔆Ⱕᄦ 䃫হധ䃫⮱ߎ᩵⢴ȡڞڙࣾᡒܳٲ喑ڲ喍喎ȩ喑Ꭳλ Ꭱ ᰵ ᬒ䕇䓴ఈጊ ₒ㵹㠰డ ⰮᩬᏉឦฺ喑҉ͧᠴᄩࡄጊϷऻ Ꭱጯࣾᆂ̻ᐧ ⮱ᅲℾₒ㵹 NJO喑 ⮱ᅲℾₒ㵹 NJO喑 䃫⮱∂Ⴧ᪴Уȡ ⮱ᅲℾₒ㵹 NJO ज䓫ࡧ͚ᓰ喑ₒ㵹 NJO చ㐬ౝ喑ϻ㔹䊤ݝ䯳㖇ϧ⅁⮱҉⩕喑Όᰶݖڙ㻱ܿ⮱䃱䔝喑 ज䓫ጯڠ᱙᪴᠌䕇䓴̷䔝䓴⼸⮱ϸ㏺ВࣷⰥ 䦵ᄦࡄጊ࣬喑̭͗➦₷⮱⮱ᐧ䃫̻ࣾᆂ喑䔈㵹 λ᱗Გ⮱ੳ͇ᐭࣾȡ ⮱䩴ᒏᔮᬏԊ៑γ䩴⮱ᆞⅡᵩᅭ喑۾㉔ᕨ㐀Ꭳ䄂ఫᄦ⁍ࣾ䓫ౝࡧᄼ࣬⮱जᠮ㐚ࣾᆂ䌜ᒱ䔈㵹 ओใ喑 ᣏ㉏ȡ 䔅๔๔䭺ѻγ䩴ധ䃫⮱ᐧ䃫䯫Ꮣ喑Ԋ䃮γᐧ䃫 কȡ ▫ऻ䛺ᐧᕨҀ㻱ܿ喟ᐯౝ䛺ᐧ⮱ࡧ 㐬ౝڞڙ㻱݆ܿ࣌ 喟ፓᒏᐭᩫ⮱
䬡喑Ӱ䔈ᅲℾοߕϑ≮喑Όͧ⾧ڞڙ⩕λౝᒏౝ䆹⮱ᒞ৺喑 ᎡВᲒࡄጊ࣬ഌ⮱ᐧ ͧγᰶ᩵Ҭ⩞ ౝᐭࣾ喑㻱ܿᐰγ̭㝙ᄼࡧ䃫䃎͚䃫㒛͚۾㉔䃫ͨ㺮䯳ౕ͚ϻ㔮࣬ᰟᆞ䩴㜠࣬Ⅵᬹ䩴䬡⮱ᆞ γᰡߍ 㐬ౝ⮱և∂喑㔹᭜ᄳͨ㺮㐬ౝᠴᴴ䯳ౕ͚㜗ࡄाڞڙݺ⇠䅤ౝࡧ喑᭜▫ऻ䛺ᐧ⮱䛺◦ౝࡧȡ▫ऻ䛺ᐧ䶦Ⱋ ๛ చፓ̷喑ڙ࣬⮱ Ƞ ࢄ䉜⾬͚ᓰࡧ⮱⇬Ⅵᬹ⇠⣝ᰶⅡ㈨䃫㒛⮱ڕ喑ᕨែ䉱 Ϭٰ喑ܳݘࢍࡄጊ͗ ღڲȡ䄒ౝࡧ⮱ͨᄩϔ͇ጟ㏼ϻⅡ⩢㘪⎽Ƞϔᐧ Ꭳᄳࢳटऑ䔦Ƞោ䰴㏗ᔢȠᝤใ≨ߕȠᅲℾо䬟ぶ Ϙڞ䬡⮱⾧ڞڙϔ৮ߍጒহ➦㞟⍥ぶВ݊㏔ϔ৮ͧͨ⮱▫ݺ ̻␕⇠㐬ౝᰶᱧౝ㏱㏴ౕ̭䊤喑Ӱ䔈γ➦ۉᱽȠ ϔ৮ߍጒȠ᪴ࡃ⍥ϔ৮Ƞᱽ᫆Ƞ ̻ᰶ᩵ݖ⩕喍ఫ 喎ȡ➦ۉᄩϔ͇ࣾᆂВͨ ᱧᷝݣ䕍Ƞ⩢ၽ䙺ຄȠ➦㞟᪴ࡃ⍥喍㔮࣬ౝ䰴䖄౭Ƞ ࣬ᒀА᪴ࡃ䖄ϔ喎ぶι⁎ߍጒȠ➦㞟凉ᬻ⮱▫ऻͨ 㻱݆ܿ࣌ 喟Ⱕᄦ⾱ᄼ⮱㶄䖀ᅧᏓ ⚔ᥙ๔ٺᄩϔ͇ȡᆞݺ⇠䅤ౝࡧϧऐࣾᆂധ᱙Ԋᠮ⽠Ⴧ喑 ౕࡄጊ࣬䖀䌜ϑ䕇㻱ܿጒ҉͚喑ͧ䖬 Ꭱᕨϧऐ ̴ϧ喑ࢍࡄጊ࣬ഌᕨϧऐ⮱ 喠 ጯϑ䕇ࣾᆂᐼ喑㐀व࣬ᅲℾ䭲䰭Ⅿ喑ܧ Ꭱᕨϧऐ ̴ϧ喑ࢍࡄጊ࣬ഌᕨϧऐ⮱ ȡ γĄ倅ჳᏓȠ⾱䖀䌜ą⮱㑾㐉ᐼ喑䌜㏏㏬ᕨҀ̷В ౕȨࡄጊ㒹㜗⇨࣬▫ऻ䛺ᐧᕨҀ㻱ܿȩ͚喑ᄳࡄ N ͧͨ喑ᵥᓰࡧ䖀䌜䬡䌊̺䊲䓴 N喑ᵥᓰࡧВ ጊጯᕔ䉕ჇͧĄࡄጊᩬ⇨Ƞ㏼≻হ᪴ࡃ͚ᓰ喑ጊ㺬 ใౝࡧ䖀䌜䬡䌊В N ͧͨ喑ౕ̺ߍ䖀䌜⩕ౝ⮱ᗲ ⍥ߎധౝহ㐢㺬ϔ͇ധౝ喑⣝Аࡃ㒹᪴ࡃহ⩌ᔮ ̸ۢ喑᭫㦄倅ϑ䕇㑾㐉ჳᏓ喑倅ϑ䕇㈨㐌ज䓫ᕔ喑 చ᳄ąȡ䓾 Ꭱݺͨ㺮ᐧ䃫Ⴖᬹ⇠͉ᇥౝࡧ喑 हᬣⰥᄦ⾱ᄼ⮱㶄䖀ͧ䩴ᅲℾӈγ̭͗ᅧᏓ䔯⮱ ᐧ䃫⩕ౝ LN喑Ⴖ㒛ϧऐ ̴ϧȡ䔉 Ꭱᐧ ϑᒭহᮜ㻯⾧䬡ȡ 䃫⩕ౝ㻱 LN喑ϧऐ㻱 ̴ϧȡ ⮱ጰᅭ⤳ᔢ喑ፓᒏᐭᩫ 㻱݆ܿ࣌ 喟㕹ѼᎠ㶎⮱ᇄѺ䃫㒛۾㉔䬡ጰᅭ̷ಇᠮ䯳͚⾧ౕ ⮱݆࣌喑ౕጯ͉ࢄٵ㐬ౝ喑Ⱕᄦ⾱ᄼ⮱㶄䖀ᅧᏓ喑㕹ѼᎠ㶎⮱ᇄѺ䃫 㻱ܿಇᠮВϧͧ᱙Ƞℾ⩌хڞڙ⮱ 㒛喑㒹䷻➦㞟⮱䷻䆹эឬВࣷ㐬㞟ѻⷠ⮱⩌ᔮឭᱜ喑 㻿䃫㒛 LN ⮱ϔ͇చࡧ喑ӈ㏓ ̴͗ᅞ͇ᇄѺ喑 হ⩌ϔߎȠ㵹ڙȠᅲȠ㍮㢐Ƞ➦㞟Ƞ᪴ᬻȠ हᬣӊច命冮๔䖀喑⇬㏬ጰᅭЮ͇ߋڕ⮱ĄႶܧВ⍖უᕨ⤳ ߎڞڙȠ䯳͚ᐭ㐬ౝȠ᪴ࡃ᪆㗟ぶጯͨ㺮ڙহ䄽ąιႄͧᐧ䃫Ⱋᴴ喑ВĄВϧͧ᱙Ƞ႓䛺ᐧą ᩬߋ
23 ͚పࡧ㻱̻ܿࣾᆂ
500 m N
200 m 100 m
0 500 m
ఫ ▫ऻ䛺ᐧᕨҀ㻱ܿ࣬⩕ౝጰᅭ㻱ܿఫ ഺፃጲዎ၆ሚࢫዘॺጺ༹ࡀࣄDŽ2008.2020DžLjዐࡔࡀࣄยऺჺ৯ᇾجઠᇸǖԛ
24 ࡄጊ࣬喟⁍ࣾ䓫ౝࡧ࣬⮱जᠮ㐚ࣾᆂ䌜ᒱᣏ㉏
500 m N
200 m 100 m
0 500 m
ఫ ▫ऻ䛺ᐧᕨҀ㻱ܿ࣬㐬ౝ㈨㐌㻱ܿఫ ഺፃጲዎ၆ሚࢫዘॺጺ༹ࡀࣄDŽ2008.2020DžLjዐࡔࡀࣄยऺჺ৯ᇾجઠᇸǖԛ
25 ͚పࡧ㻱̻ܿࣾᆂ
ߌ㘪喑ᒏࡷ⣜ᒏߎፓȡ⩞⋱ࢇጯϧℾᩬᏉᤡᐧ⮱ Ⱋᐧ䃫⮱㐀व喑̀䶦㻱̻ܿጒ⼸ᐧ䃫⮱㐀व喑㻱ܿᣔݣ ᰶ⍥ ̻ᐧ䃫ノ⤳⮱㐀व喑ᩬᏉ۠ゃ̻ℾфᘼᙬ⮱㐀व喑㻱ܿکጊ๔䖀⇬㏬ͧߎ⮫ༀᬒ፥⩌≨⮱ੳ͇䙺ຄ喑 ߎߌ㘪喑ᒏओใ̭͗ࡷ⣜ᒏ⮱ੳ͇ߎፓȡᅞ䓾䃫 ጰᅭ̻ጯ䃫䃎⮱㐀वȡ㏼䓴͑Ꭱ⮱㻱ܿᐧ䃫喑 Ꭱ 㒛⮱ੳ͇㶄হϔ͇చࡧजӈ̷̴͗ᅞ͇ᇄѺ喑Ӭᅲ ᰵ ᬒࡄጊ࣬ᐭ喑ᴴᔄⱭࡄጊ࣬ₐᐼड़⩕ȡ 㵹᱙ȡ ࡄጊ࣬⣝⟣ᐧ䃫⩕ౝ䲏⼜䓫ݝ LN喑⣝⟣ϧऐܧℾᅞ͇喑Ό๔๔䭺ѻγᅲℾ⮱ ̴ϧ喍ఫ 喎ȡ 㻱݆ܿ࣌ 喟㒹䷻➦㞟⮱䷻䆹эឬ ♣㔹⮱ࣾᆂᒏ߬ВࣷࣾᆂУ⮱अࡃᄳⰡᣒᝃ䬡 㻱ܿಇᠮ᪴ࡃэឬȠℾ➦㞟⮱݆࣌喑ᠶ⚔ܥ᭫ ᣒᄩ㜡ࡄጊࣾᆂჇѺ̻⾧䬡ጰᅭ⮱ᩦअ喑̻ₑहᬣ喑⩞ ࣬㒹䷻䆹⮱㺮Ⅿ喑䕇䓴ᐧま䷻ᵩᣔݣゃ⪒喑ᄦ࣌ λ▫ऻ䛺ᐧᕨҀ㻱ܿ㑃ݣᬣ⮱➦₷㗹ᮜВࣷᅭ䭽ᕔ喑䲏 ⩌Ƞэឬࣷ⣝А㒹䷻ᐧまౕ⾧䬡̷䔈㵹ܳࡧጰᅭ喑Ꭳౕ ᄦ᱗Გࣾᆂ喑䄒㻱ܿጟ㏼ᬍ∂ᠴᄩऻ䛺ᐧᬣАࡄጊ䔈̭ ҀᲒⰸ喑ࡄጊ䲏͡ჇѺࡴ⮱ڤₒ䪬䔉⮱जᠮ㐚ࣾᆂȡ ڲᐧ䛺λᅲѼȠ䓦㻿䛺λڙₑധ̷ᄦࢂҀᐧまᠶ⚔Ą 䘕ȠᏂ䶣䛺λ͚⃢Ƞᄼ৮䛺λᐧまą⮱݆࣌䔈㵹ᣔݣ喑 ᱧВࣷ㑧ͼϧ⅁⮱ᠾᝅȡ ᰶ㐌̭⮱㒹䷻䆹喑ࣵ᠒ᰶ͝ჹ⮱ᐧまڤҬ᪡͗࣬ᬏ ䷻ᵩ喍㶕 喎ȡ 㻱ܿ䃱ѝ 喟ᒀА᪴ࡃ䖄ϔ ࡄጊ㜗 Ꭱ↣ጊ➦๔ౝ䰴ВᲒ⮱ោ䰴▫হ▫ Ҁ⣝γВ❞పͨͶͧᵥᓰ⮱ℾ⺋হВܳٲ㶕 ࡄጊᐧま䷻䆹ᣔݣ∂ࣷㆨಸ ऻ䛺ᐧ喑
䃫䃎∂ ䷻䆹ㆨಸ 䃫䃎ჇѺ ᩦ䲖݈ͧᵥᓰ⮱ᬣА⺋ȡ̻ₑहᬣ喑ࡄጊ҉͚ͧప
Ҁܳٲᄦ㒹᪴ࡃ⮱эឬ̻ᑅយڣ࣌䆹Ҁ⣝ ࣌⩌㒹䷻ ♓◦ᐧま喑ͨ䷅㶄ࡧ ੜ̭⮱㒹㜗⇨࣬喑 ⣝γчͨͶᵥᓰФթҀ㈨ȡ ࡻэឬ эឬ㒹䷻ 㗹ᮜᐧま喑ᐧ䃫ͨҀ Ꭱ ᰵ ᬒ喑⍖უᕨ⤳ౕ㻳ᄌࡄጊᬣ ⣝А⑁㏻ ⣝А㒹䷻ ♓◦ᐧま喑◦Ⲉぁ ܧ喑㺮ᄳ࣬ᐧ䃫ͧĄᐧጒ⼸ᴴᔄȠោ䰴⺋ᴴ Ბ⎼喝 ࡃጉ㒸㜖⇧࣫▪ऺ䛹ᐦᕧѿ㻰ܾ DŽ2008.2020Dž喏͙ጮ㻰ܾ䃪䃍ⵀ ᔄȠ᪴ࡃ䖄ϔᴴᔄąȡᒀݺ喑͉ᇥࡧᵳ᳣ጟ㏼ᒏ喑仃 ⾢䮎Ƞ ๔ጵ⮱䕇߈ࡼ҉̸喑ڲѼȡ͉ᇥࡧౕపڒឦᅲℾጟ㏼ 㻱ܿⅡᎠ倅Ƞ䃫䃎⤳ᔢȠᐧま䉕䛼ສ喑ͧᐧጒ⼸ ߈Ꮣ๔Ƞ㐌ウ᩵⢴倅喑ڒ㻱݆ܿ࣌ 喟㐬㞟ѻⷠ⮱⩌ᔮឭᱜ ᴴᔄ喠ᐧ䃫ߕঅ㠰డᎬȠែ ᢿᩬゃ҉ͧ㻱ܿጒ҉⮱ᠴᄩ ͧោ䰴⺋ᴴᔄ喠ℾ⅁ᖜ⊀䗮Ƞౝ➦㞟凉ᬻȠᐧまۼ㻱ܿ㏵ᄳపუ㞯㘪 䓴⼸喑ౕ㻱ܿጰᅭȠ ䷻䆹㐌̭喑ͧ᪴ࡃ䖄ϔᴴᔄȡڕᢿ⤳ᔢ䉜⾬λ㻱ܿۼ䦵喑ᄳ㞯㘪 䶦㻱ܿȠᐧまᣔݣぶ⣜㞯䕇䓴ጒ⼸ᣗȠឭᱜᏁ⩕ ധλВ̷͑◦➦ᒮহ⍖ᕨ⤳ᄦࡄጊĄᐧጒ⼸ᴴᔄȠ̀ ܳٲҀᲒ䄡喑㻱ܿ ោ䰴⺋ᴴᔄȠ᪴ࡃ䖄ϔᴴᔄą⮱㺮Ⅿ喑ࡄጊᏁᒀڤᢿ㥪ݝ㻱ܿᐧ䃫⮱ัȡۼぶᄳ㞯㘪 䕇䓴хࡃጰᅭ喑倅㐬ࡃⅡᎠ喑䭺ѻ☚ᇈ᩵Ꮑ喠䕇䓴䃫 ᡃᣅ㜗䏘⮱᪴ࡃФթ喑ВᒀА᪴ࡃ䖄ϔͧ㺮Ⅿহᠴ䦵喑 ㈨ȡڠᢿ喠 ̸ౕ̭ₒࣾᆂ͚ั⤳ສԊ៑̻ࣾᆂ䬡⮱ۼ䬕Ἀ喑ࡴϔ͇㘪㏔喑⣝ጒ͇㞯㘪ڒ㒛͒ᵩ⮱۳ ⣝⮱⤳ᔢВࣷ㐬㞟ₒ㵹Ҁ㈨⮱䃫䃎喑ٵ䕇䓴ᚏ㵹х ᢿ喠䕇䓴䰕Ⅱ⍄䔼Ƞᮧ㘪⩢㑾Ƞ̶㑾व̭ぶ 㻱ܿ䃱ѝ 喟Ąۤ㒻ϧąۼϑ䕇㞯㘪 Ƞڕ⮱ĄႶܧ䛺ฺᐧ䃫喠䕇䓴ౕᄳ䓾 ࡄጊ࣬⮱ᐧ䃫ധ᱙Ⴙγ⍖ᕨ⤳ٺ䔯ឭᱜ喑Ԋ៑⩌ᔮ⣜ධᎣ䖬 喑ᐧま䃫䃎͒ᵩប㵹ప ᅲȠ㍮㢐Ƞ➦㞟Ƞ᪴ᬻȠহ䄽ą⮱㻱ܿᴴ۳喑♣㔹喑ڤ▜⮱䖀䌜Ҭ⩕ -&% 㞯㘪 უ㐬㞟ᐧまᴴ۳喑Ӱ䔈⌲∮㘪⎽⮱ݖ⩕Вࣷᐧま⮱㞯㘪 ࡄጊ᪡Ҁ㏼≻߈ᅇ̺ᑧߟ喑ጒ͇ࣾᆂ》ζ߈̺䋠喑 ᢿȡ Ύጛ䌊䒰๔喑ࡄጊ䰭㺮ౕϷऻࣾᆂ͚䔈̭ₒࣾᆂ㏼≻喑ۼ 倅䩴ࡃⅡᎠȡ̻ₑहᬣ喑㮪♣ࡄጊ͉ᇥࡧധ᱙ᐧ ऻ䛺ᐧᬣА⮱㻱ܿ䃱ѝ 喑ѳ䯳㖇ϧऐ䒰ᄾ喑㑧ͼϧ⅁喑̭ͧ͗Ąۤ㒻ϧą喑 ౕࡄጊ͚ᓰࡧ䔈̭ₒ⮱ࣾᆂ͚हᵤ䰭㺮䕇䓴㼓྿⮱ក ▫ऻ䛺ᐧᕨҀ㻱ܿᄦႶ㒛ऄ▫㓑фȠ㥪ᤡᐧ䶦Ⱋ 䕍Ƞϧ⅁⮱㖇䯳Ƞ㏼≻⮱ࣾᆂᲒ݈䕍̭͗㍮㢐⮱࣬ȡ ҀᲒ䄡喑ౕϔ͇ࣾᆂȠᅞ͇ᇄѺӈȠѼᝬᐧ䃫Ƞڤ Вࣷᣕߕጯߌ㘪⮱ᅪᔘᖏฺ䊤ݝγᒵສ⮱ᠴᄩ҉⩕喑 䔈⤳ᔢ̻ᣗ⮱㐀व喑㻱ܿᵵ̻䶦 䉏ᩬजᠮ㐚ぶ䲏喑ࡄጊ䲏͡⮱ᠾᝅȡٵҀ⣝γܳٲ
26 ࡄጊ࣬喟⁍ࣾ䓫ౝࡧ࣬⮱जᠮ㐚ࣾᆂ䌜ᒱᣏ㉏
㜟Ⴕ࣫
ఫ ࡄጊ㒹㜗⇨࣬࣬ጯᕨҀ㻱ܿౌౝҬ⩕⣝⟣ఫ ഺፃጲዎ၆၆ጺ༹ࡀࣄDŽ2011.2030DžLjዐࡔࡀࣄยऺჺ৯ᇾجઠᇸǖԛ
27 ͚పࡧ㻱̻ܿࣾᆂ
⩕ౝࣷ⩌ᔮУ̺ᩜᦾጒ͇❴ࣾᆂ ᱙ౝጒ͇Ю͇ࣾᆂ⒉߈๔
䓴⼸͚喑ใౝЮ͇䊤ڡᵦᢛఈጊⰮͨҀߌ㘪ࡧ㻱ܿ喑ࡄጊᆋλపუ㏔䛺◦ ౕࡄጊ▫ऻ䛺ᐧВࣷϔฺ͇ 侨Ю͇ڒᔮԊ៑ౝࡧ喑̺䔯ࣾᆂᄦ⣜ධᴀ䒰๔⮱ጒ͇ȡ̻ ݝγᒵ๔⮱҉⩕ȡѳ᭜ౕᄦᒀݺᆞ͉ϔ͇చ͚⩌ ₑहᬣ喑ᵦᢛಎᏓȠౝ䉕▫რぶ⮱㐩वܳᲽ喑ౕᒀݺⅥ ⮱ܳᲽजВࣾ⣝喑ϻ䪬䔉Გⰸ喑᱙ౝጒ͇Ю͇ࣾᆂ⒉߈ ಸЮ͇ უ喑ڒచЮ͇͚喑ใᲒቹڒ͚ጟ ᰡ๔ȡౕ უጟڣϲᰶ LN जВᐧ䃫喑ڲᬹ䩴 LN 㠰డ ᐧ䲏⼜ LN喑ᅇᰶ LN ౌౝजВᐭࣾ喍ఫ 喑 ጟᐭጒ უ喑ͨ㺮ͧᱧᷝㆨЮ͇喑ѳᮛ䕺ႅౕౝϔթ ϲ ̴ٰ NV喍ఫ喑ఫ喎ȡܧ㶕喎喑ज⩕ౝᄾ喑Ό̺䔯वᄦ⩕ౝ㺮Ⅿ䒰็⮱ጒ͇❴ ѻ⮱䬛䷅喑䄰ᴒЮ͇⮱ϔ 㻱ࡃࣾᆂȡ 㔹⿸䋠᱙ౝЮ͇Ƞ䉱⎽ᝃ㔲ጯ౧⮱Ю͇ࣾᆂ߬䒰ສȡ უ喑ጟᐭጒ უ喑ౕϔ͇䨫 ڞ䋠᱙ౝЮ͇ㆨ⮱Ю͇⿸ ㈨喑ͨ㺮⩌ϔ⩢ၽڠক䓦䪬㮦ぶ๔Ю͇ᰶܳጒࡼ҉̷̻ கУȡ⿸䋠᱙ౝ䉱⎽ㆨ⮱Ю͇ͨ㺮ͧ丌৮㢜৮ㆨЮ͇喑 უ喑Ⱋݺጟᐭጒ უȡ⿸䋠᱙ౝጯ౧ㆨ⮱Ю͇ͨ ڞ უ喑Ⱋݺጟᐭጒ უȡ̻ₑह ڞ㺮ͧᱽ᫆ㆨЮ͇喑 ᬣ喑⿸䋠᱙ౝЮ͇̻䉱⎽⮱Ю͇๔็ᆋλߠߕჳ䯳ಸ Ю͇喑ᄦӰ䔈ᅞౝ䩴ࡃΌᰶ䒰๔⮱ᣕ䔈҉⩕ȡ⿸䋠 ᱙ౝጯ౧ㆨЮ͇⮱ౝϔթ䒰倅喑᭜Ӱ䔈ϔ͇䯳㏓ࣾ ᆂ⮱䛺㺮ᩜᴞȡ
ౝϔթ喍̴ٰ NV喎 ᱧᷝݣ䕍ㆨ ⩢ၽㆨ 丌৮㢜৮ㆨ ᱽ᫆ㆨ
ఫ ࡄጊᆞ͉ϔ͇చࡧ ᎡऱㆨЮ͇ౝϔթ ഺፃጲዎ၆၆ጺ༹ࡀࣄDŽ2011.2030DžLjجઠᇸǖԛ ዐࡔࡀࣄยऺჺ৯ᇾ
ఫ ࡄጊ͚ᓰࡧౌౝҬ⩕䔯ᕔܳᲽ ഺፃጲዎ၆၆ጺ༹ࡀࣄDŽ2011.2030DžLjجઠᇸǖԛ ዐࡔࡀࣄยऺჺ৯ᇾ 㶕 ࡄጊ͚ᓰࡧᐧ䃫⩕ౝ䔯ᕔܳᲽ ܳࡧㆨಸ 䲏⼜喍IN 喎℁Ҹ
䔯ᐧࡧ Ꭰᅞ͇ϧ喍ϧ喎 䭽ᐧࡧ ᐧࡧ ᱧᷝݣ䕍ㆨ ⩢ၽㆨ 丌৮㢜৮ㆨ ᱽ᫆ㆨ⺮
Ⅱഌ ఫ ࡄጊᆞ͉ϔ͇చࡧ ᎡऱㆨЮ͇Ꭰᅞ͇ϧ ഺፃጲዎ၆၆ጺ༹ࡀࣄDŽ2011.2030DžLjجઠᇸǖԛ व䃎 ዐࡔࡀࣄยऺჺ৯ᇾ Ბ⎼喝 ࡃጉ㒸㜖⇧࣫࣫ጮᕧѿ㻰ܾ DŽ2011.2030Dž喏͙ጮ㻰ܾ䃪䃍ⵀ ⾢䮎Ƞ
28 ࡄጊ࣬喟⁍ࣾ䓫ౝࡧ࣬⮱जᠮ㐚ࣾᆂ䌜ᒱᣏ㉏
㏼≻ឭᱜᠴᴴڠ㶕 ⣝ᰶᅲѼࡧⰥ ᅞ͇ᇄѺ̺䋠 ᅲѼࡧ ⩕ౝ䲏⼜喍IN喎 ღ⼜⢴ ᐧまჳᏓ ᒀݺ࣬ጒ͇చࡧ⮱ࣾᆂВࣷੳ䨧⮱ᐧ䃫Ꭳ⇎ᰶ ⮪Ვಗ❴ࡧ ÿ ᒵສౝ䊤ݝ॥㏠ߠߕ߈喑ϻ㔹Ӱ䔈᱙ౝ䩴ࡃ⮱Ⱋ⮱ȡ ᆞ͉ጒ͇చࡧ Ꭱᅞ͇ϧϲ ϧ喑㔹Ꭰ ㏏ᬄ❴ࡧ
ੳ䨧㼐۠ᅞ͇ϲ ϧ喑ᅞ͇ᇄѺ⮱㑧ᄾ̻ㆨಸ̷⮱ ⍖⇶❴ࡧ̭͗ 䊸ह喑䘪ౕ̺ह⼸Ꮣ̷ݣ㏓Ɑ䩴ϧऐ⮱ᅞ͇⟣ۢȡ ⍖⇶❴ࡧι ᅞ͇ϺВใ͇ۉϻओ̭䲏Გⰸ喑ᒀݺࡄጊ࣬ഌ䲋 Ბ⎼喝 ࡃጉ㒸㜖⇧࣫࣫ጮᕧѿ㻰ܾ DŽ2011.2030Dž喏͙ጮ㻰ܾ䃪䃍ⵀ ᅞ͇ϧࢍᅞ͇ϧ⮱ 喑 ⾢䮎Ƞܧ࣬ใڕᅞ͇ͧͨ喑ܧ ͚Ⱞڣᅞ͇ϧࢍᅞ͇ϧ⮱ 喑ܧ㔹࣬ใ LN ⮱जᐧ䃫⩕ౝ喑ᠶ⚔ _ ҉ͧᅲѼ⩕ ጯใᅞ͇ϧࢍ็喍ఫ 喑ఫ 喎ȡₑ喑ࡄጊڲ ღ⼜⢴ᠶ⚔ ᣔݣ喑ϲ㘪ღ㏠ ̴ _ ̴ϧȡڣౝ喑 䰭㺮䕇䓴ጒ͇Ƞ⍥ぶധᅞ͇ᇄѺ⮱ࣾᆂፓߕϧ⅁ 䮼Ɑࡄጊᒞ৺߈⮱䔈̭ₒព๔Вࣷಸ䩴ࡃ䔈⼸ ⮱䯳㖇ȡ ⮱ߍᔘ喑ࡄጊ͚ᓰࡧᄳ䔈̭ₒ䯳㖇ϧऐȡࡄጊ͚ᓰ ࡧ⮱ࣾᆂᄳ̺ᓄ̺䲏͡ϧऐ㻱ᔘ䕌䪬̻ᰶ䭽⮱ᅲѼ ⩕ౝႅ䛼䬡⮱ⴈⰫ喑᱗Გϧऐឬ䒪⮱ࢸ߈ᄳ̺ߍ๔ȡ ϻθす̭ϔ͇ हᬣᅲѼᐭࣾᑧᏓѻΌⰡᣒᒞ৺ᩬᏉ⮱䉏ᩬᩣ⯷喑̺ݖ ߠߎ䓀ܧ䒙⼨ᅞ͇ λ䉏ᩬ⮱जᠮ㐚ࣾᆂȡ Ю͇ᝃࢂѺᅞ͇ ᵦᢛౌౝ㏼≻႓⮱㼐䛷喑ౕ䨭ਜ਼ФᵩᬏჇ⮱ᗲ̸ۢ喑 㜗݈͇ͨ㜗䄸㕹͇▢≨ᅞ͇ ღ⼜⢴䊷ѻ喑ౌౝܧ䃖䉦Ό䊷ѻȡⰥ℁ক䓦࣬ጯႶ࣬喑 ⯷ᕔᇄѺႶ㒛ᅞ͇ڙ 䃖䉦ܧѼᝬ䨭ਜ਼ࢂФͧ _ ٰ N喑㔹ౌౝڣ ᱗ᅞ͇ϧ 䃖䉦๔㏓ͧܧजВ䓫ݝ ̴ٰ NV喑㔹ࡄጊ⮱ౌౝ ࣬ߠߕ߈ᅞ͇ᗲۢ ̴ٰ NV喍ఫ 喎ȡₑࡄጊ䰭㺮㔰㭾ౕᅇ᱗ᐭࣾڕఫ Ꭱࡄጊ ഺፃጲዎ၆၆ጺ༹ࡀࣄDŽ2011.2030DžLjجઠᇸǖԛ ᐧ䃫⮱ౝࡧ喑䔯ᒀߍᅲѼ⩕ౝ⮱℁䛺ВࣷᐭࣾᑧᏓȡ ዐࡔࡀࣄยऺჺ৯ᇾ
Ю͇॥㏠
⯷ᕔᇄѺ 喎ڙ
㜗䄸㕹͇Ƞ㜗݈͇ͨȠ▢≨ᅞ͇ ღ⼜⢴ 喎ڲ䒙⼨ᅞ͇喍ጯใⰮܧߠߎ䓀 ღ⼜⢴ ߠߎ䓀ܧ䒙⼨ᅞ͇喍Ⱞใ喎 ღ⼜⢴ 䨭ਜ਼ࢂФ喍ٰ N ߠߎ䓀ܧ䒙⼨ᅞ͇喍పใ喎
喎ڲ䒙⼨ᅞ͇喍࣬ܧߠߎ䓀 ᱗ᅞ͇ϧ 䃖䉦喍̴ٰ NV喎ܧౝౌ
㈨ڠ䃖䉦Ƞღ⼜⢴Ƞ䨭ਜ਼ࢂФ䬡⮱ܧఫ Ꭱࡄጊ࣬ߠߕ߈ᅞ͇ᗲۢ ఫ ౌౝ ჺ৯Ljዐࡔࡀࣄยऺჺ৯ᇾ܈ਸ݀ഽںႎ၆ཱིجഺፃጲዎ၆၆ጺ༹ࡀࣄDŽ2011.2030DžLj ઠᇸǖԛجઠᇸǖԛ ዐࡔࡀࣄยऺჺ৯ᇾ
䉏ᩬࢸ߈ጕ๔
ߕγ㏼≻⮱៶ڲᅲѼᐭࣾᑧᏓռѻ ࡄጊ▫ऻ䛺ᐧ䲍ែ䉱៶ߕ喑ⴚ ۼࡄጊ͉㺬ᇥࡧ⣝⟣ጟᐧᅲѼ⩕ౝ IN喑࠲ ࣾᆂȡ㔹ౕऻ䛺ᐧᬣА喑ࡄጊᓄݝ⮱ែ䉱ₐౕ䔽ₒ ᠙ᄼ႓হᎩ٬చ⩕ౝ IN喑ͨ㺮䯳ౕ͚Ⴖᬹ⇠͉ ᄾȡ䰴ݺధჇ䉱ϔែ䉱䷊ࢍౝࡧ⩌ϔᕨթ⮱℁䛺ౕ ᇥౝࡧ喑ࢍ㻱ܿᅲѼ⩕ౝ⮱ ȡᒀݺᅲѼ❴ࡧВ _喑 ᎡధჇ䉱ϔែ䉱䷊᭜ౝࡧ⩌ϔᕨ 㵹݄ᐼ็ᅯѼႲͧͨ喑ღ⼜⢴ౕ็ᅯᐧま倅Ꮣ⮱䭽ݣ թ⮱ Ժ喑 Ꭱ᭜ Ժ喑㔹 Ꭱϲͧ Ժ ጟևݝᲮ㜡喑ധ᱙ౕ ጓठ喍㶕 喎ȡ㔹͚ᓰࡧ 喍ఫ 喎ȡ̸
29 ͚పࡧ㻱̻ܿࣾᆂ
ऻ䛺ᐧᬣА⮱ᕨҀ㻱ܿ
ᵦᢛᒀݺࡄጊࣾᆂ䲏͡⮱ᱧ䕴̻ᠾᝅ喑ౕࡄጊ̭ ጯჇѺȠࣾᆂ䌜ᒱȠ⧵ڠ◦䒛⮱ᕨҀ㻱͚ܿ喑Ꮑᒀ䛺 ღȡౕጯჇѺ͚䰭㺮䔪Ⅿᠮ㐚⮱㍮㢐ࣾڲࣾᆂᵳ᳣ぶ
ᆂ喑ౕࣾᆂ䌜ᒱ̷䰭㺮ౕࡧഌಸϔ͇͚ᄨឫ⾮ⵡऐ喑㔹 ࣾᆂᵳ᳣̷䰭㺮ݣ䃏ܳࡧࣾᆂ⮱̺हᩬゃȡౕ 䛾䷊喍Ϭٰ喎 ጯჇѺ
▫ऻ䛺ᐧᕨҀ㻱͚ܿᄦࡄጊ⮱ጯᕔ䉕ჇѺͧĄࡄ ጊᩬ⇨Ƞ㏼≻হ᪴ࡃ͚ᓰ喑ጊ㺬⍥ߎധౝহ㐢㺬ϔ Ꭱ Ꭱ Ꭱ Ꭱ Ꭱ Ꭱ Ꭱ Ꭱ ͇ധౝ喑⣝Аࡃ㒹᪴ࡃহ⩌ᔮచ᳄ąȡ㔹䮼Ɑ䰴ऻ ౝѺጟ㏼䔉䔉䊲䓴̭͗ᮛڣᏓ⮱䓲䕌ࡴ喑⧵ڠధჇ䉱ϔែ䉱 ᄦࡄጊ %1) ⮱♓◦ȡₑ䰭㺮ᄦࡄ⧵ڠ⩺పͰ㜠̓ڕధჇ䉱ϔែ䉱ࢍ (%1 ℁䛺 䕇䩴喑ͧ
㈨ ጊ᱗Გ⮱ჇѺ䔈㵹䛺ᕊ㔰喑ᄦࡄጊጯჇѺ⮱ᕊ㔰ͨڠఫ Ꭱࡄጊ (%1 ̻ధჇ䉱ϔែ䉱䬡⮱ ഺፃጲዎ၆၆ጺ༹ࡀࣄDŽ2011.2030DžLj 㺮㖇♓λВ̸ఈ͗䲏ȡجઠᇸǖԛ ዐࡔࡀࣄยऺჺ৯ᇾ పუᒀА᪴ࡃ䖄ϔȠ㒹᪴ࡃऺ
ₑहᬣ喑ࡄጊᩬᏉ⁍䨣㵹⮱էߎጟ䓫 ็Ϭٰ喑 ࡄጊ᭜↣ጊ➦๔ౝ䰴䔆̭䛺๔θУ⮱䛺㺮➖䉕䒪̻ Ҁ喑᭜㒹᪴ࡃ⮱䛺㺮➖䉕䒪Ҁ喑᭜ࣺ͚పϧℾь๔ ͧڒϬٰ喑 Ꭱ䉏ᩬᩣ ͧڒ㔹 Ꭱ䉏ᩬᩣ Ϭٰ喑ࡄጊ䉏ᩬ⮱जᠮ㐚ࣾᆂ䲏͒͡ረ㔰侹喍ఫ 喎ȡ ⮱ោ䰴▫⺋⮱䛺㺮⾧䬡౧ȡहᬣ喑ࡄጊࣵ᭜̭Ꮤ Ҁ⣝γ㒹᪴ࡃ̻⣝А᪴ࡃ⮱㐀ܳٲᐯౝ䛺ᐧ⮱喑 喑ധ᱙䓫ݝ⋣ڲव喑Ҁ⣝γĄ⣝А㒹᪴ࡃą⮱⌞ᅯ γĄᐧጒ⼸ᴴᔄȠោ䰴⺋ᴴᔄহ᪴ࡃ䖄ϔᴴᔄą⮱ 㠰喍ᱻᮀڥⰛᴴȡࡄጊᐧ䃫ͧ㻱ܿጵ̻ᐧまጵव҉⮱ ᰶᲮ倅⮱ڤ㠰喑ڥ喑喎喑ͧ⣝Аᄼ䩴ᐧ䃫⮱ ᪴ࡃФթȡຯߍ̷ͧោ䰴㏗ᔢ亳⮱㔮ࡄጊ࣬喑 喍Ϭٰ喎ڒ䉏ᩬᩣ 㔮͑͗࣬㖁व䊤ᲒᏁ䄒ᠶ⚔ĄᒀА᪴ࡃ䖄ϔą⮱Ⱋᴴ ᲒჇѺȡ Ꭱ Ꭱ Ꭱ Ꭱ Ꭱ Ꭱ Ꭱ Ꭱ
ఈጊⰮ⍥ധౝ ڒఫ Ꭱࡄጊ䉏ᩬᩣ ഺፃጲዎ၆၆ጺ༹ࡀࣄDŽ2011.2030DžLjجઠᇸǖԛ ᰶᬻ᭫⮱ࡧѺх߬Вࣷ䉱⎽х߬ȡڤዐࡔࡀࣄยऺჺ৯ᇾ ࡄጊࣾᆂ⍥ ϻ⍥ࡧѺ̷Გⰸ喑ࡄጊ͚ᓰࡧѺλΊᄕ⇌ࡄ⣜㏬Ƞ ᵦᢛѻ䅤᩵Ꮑ⤳䃧⮱㼐䛷喑ధჇ䉱ϔែ䉱⮱ែ䉱᩵ 㒹᪴ࡃ⍥䊝হ↣ጊౝ䰴䖄౭࣯㻯㏬̶๔哆䬕ᆞ ϔᕨթߍ䷊ ధჇ䉱ϔ喎䒰ѻ喑ែ䉱 ⍥䄂侹ࡧ৮⍥㏬䌜⮱ϑⅴ◦喑Ϸऻ䮼ⱭΊ⣜㏬ᩦ䖀⩌ڲ⯷㈨喍ప ᕨ䷊ጕ๔⮱ധ䃫ែ䉱ऻ喍㟞γऻ Ꭱ⮱䉱䛾喎喑 ᵯ⏗ ᰟᆞ Ⅵᬹ喑ࡄጊ⮱⍥ࡧѺх߬ᄳ䔈̭ₒҀ⣝ȡ ᄾȡ㔹ែ䉱ఋ្ক䒰䪬喑ఋ្ক ϻ⍥䉱⎽̷Გⰸ喑ࡄጊ࣬ࣷক䓦ౝࡧ᠒ᰶ⮱э㐌ۼፓᲒ⮱ऻ㐚ែ䉱 ⮱ᬣ䬡ᅞ᭜ѻ䅤᩵Ꮑ⮱ᬣ䬡ȡᑒ㶒ѻ䅤᩵Ꮑ䰭㺮ࣾᡒែ 㒹᪴ࡃȠ๔⻦᪴ࡃȠ⩌ᔮ䉱⎽喑Вࣷᒀݺ⮱ោ䰴᪴ࡃȠ Ѓ䪬ȡ 䩴㻱̻ܿᐧ䃫⮱䉱⎽喑Ჱγ็ᅯ⁎็ᵤࡃ⮱⍥䉱ڣ䉱ϔ⩌⮱᩵ᏁВࣷែ䉱ใ⮱ ⍥㕹㘪ጟ㏼̺ϲ䭽λ▫ऻ䛺ᐧᕨҀ㻱͚ܿ䔝ڣₐ፥⮱䩴ࣾᆂ䌜ᒱ喑 ⎽喑ڒ䮼Ɑऻ䛺ᐧᬣА⮱ࡄጊ䔈 ᄾ喑ែ䉱ᄦ㏼ ⮱ߎ㕹㘪喑ᄳͧ⮱⍥Ⱋ⮱ౝȡ⍥ౕࡄጊϷऻۼ䮼Ɑᆞ͉Ⱞऱㆨᄦऐᤡᐧᕔ䶦Ⱋ⮱䔽ₒ 䪬⨣䶵喑䰭㺮 ⮱ࣾᆂ͚喑Ꮑᒀͧࡄጊࣾᆂ⮱ͨ㺮ߕ߈̭喑ᣕߕࡄڒᑞ喑ࡄጊ䔈ۼࣾᆂ⮱៶ߕ҉⩕ᄳ≺ ႓ಸ⍥䔈̭ₒाੳߎٶᄨឫ㏼≻जᠮ㐚ࣾᆂ⮱ߕ߈ȡ ጊ͚ᓰࡧ⮱⍥ϻⰛݺ㻯
30 ࡄጊ࣬喟⁍ࣾ䓫ౝࡧ࣬⮱जᠮ㐚ࣾᆂ䌜ᒱᣏ㉏
ಸȠо䬟ಸ⍥ࣾᆂ喑㔹䔆ੳߎಸȠо䬟ಸ⍥ᄳч ప 䃧ಈಸϔ͇ڕ䔈̭ₒ⾮ⵡጊ㺬ࡄ⮱㠰డ喑ᄳࡄጊ⮱ᒞ৺߈ᐣѥ㜠 㠰డȡ 䃧ಈಸϔ͇᱙䏘䰭⩕ౝ̺็喑ѳजВፓߕক䓦Ѽ წȠ丽些Ƞ⍥ぶϔ͇⮱ࣾᆂȡहᬣ䃧ಈಸϔ͇䒰ᄾऄݝ 㐢䭠㺬䘕➦㞟ϔ͇ധౝ ႐㞯अࡃ⮱ᒞ৺喑जВͧጯࣾᆂፓᲒᠮ㐚⮱ϧ≮喑ₑ ⮱ϔ͇̭ȡ⧵ڠ◦ࡄጊ͚ᓰࡧϻႼ㻯ࡧѺ̷Გ䄡᭜㐢䭠㺬䘕ࣷ㐢Ⴖ ጟ㏼䔽ₒͧ䷻ᮜх㒻⮱͚ᄼጯ䛺 ࡄ䩴ࣾᆂፓ̷⮱ፓߕᲮᵥ喑ϻࡄጊ㜗䏘Გ䄡喑ឬ៲Ɑ ⊤ࢄࢇ凹Вͫߋࢇ凹χ≟䃧ಈͧ䊤◦喑ፓߕγ倅〜 ⩞ᆞࡧ㏼≻ाᆞࡧᎠ࣌㏼≻㐩वࣾᆂ⮱䛺Ш喑᭜ࡄጊ чᆂ㏼≻Ƞ⍥ぶϔ͇⮱ࣾᆂ喑䕇䓴чߎȠ䙿Ꮔ丽些হ Ƞ⍖⇶Ƞᱧ౧ぶ̭㈨݄ߎ䃫ٶጒ͇ࡃȠ䩴ࡃⰛᴴ⮱䛺㺮䒪Ҁȡࡄጊᒀݺ⮱ϔ͇ࣾ ᝬȠ倅ᅁ๘Ƞᮜࡧ㻯⣝ ಸ ᐧ䃫喑ࢇ凹ₐౕͧੳߎч䃛হ⍥Ꮣմ⮱ౝȡࢇڒಸϔ͇ࣾᆂ⮱ⴈⰫȡใᲒቹڒಸࣷቹ⩌ڲᆂ䲏͡Ɑ 㖁ᕔ 凹ౝࡧᒀݺ᠒ᰶუᏚ亳 ็უȠρᭌ㏔䙿Ꮔ უȠڠ⎽Ю͇㮪♣ᰶ倅ឭᱜЮ͇喑ѳ̻ౝϔ͇Ƞ䉱 ಸЮ͇⿸䋠 ఈᭌ㏔䙿Ꮔ უ喑Вࣷ ͗倅ᅁ๘⤰౧Ƞ Ꮤᱧ౧喑⩌ڲᑞ喑ᄦౝ㏼≻⮱ፓߕ҉⩕ᅇ᱗᭫⣝ȡ ᱙ౝጯ౧̻䉱⎽喑᭜ፓߕࡄጊ㏼≻ࣾᆂ⮱ͨ㺮ߕ߈ȡ Ꭱͫߋ䓾 ౧ч䃛ȡ Ꭱࢇ凹ౝࡧᣒᒲ⍥䓫 ₑ喑ࡄጊ䰭㺮⿸䋠λ䄒ㆨЮ͇⮱ദ㗟喑Ӱ䔈ϔ͇⮱➦㞟 ̴ϧ⁎喑Ꭰ๖ᣒᒲ͚ใ⍥䊲䓴 ϧ⁎ȡ ࣾᆂ喑Вጒ͇ࡃӰ䔈䩴ࡃ喑В䩴ࡃᣕ䔈ጒ͇ࡃ喑В 䮼Ɑࡄጊ࣬ϧᅲ⣜ධВࣷᒞ৺߈⮱ࡴ喑ౕࡄ ጒ͇ࣾᆂ҉ͧ䓾ࣾᆂ⮱ៀ喑Ӱ䔈ϧऐ䯳㖇喑В䩴 ጊ࣬ͫߋ⮱ࡧഌᕔч䃛Όॵ⣝䊷Გ䊷็⮱䊸߬ȡͧ ࡃ҉ͧ䔉ࣾᆂ⮱Ⱋᴴ喑Ӱ䔈ጒ͇ࡃ⮱ࣾᆂȡ γ䔯Ꮑ䄒䊸߬Вࣷࡴࡄጊࡧഌ㕹㘪⮱䰭㺮喑㻱ౕܿ ࣬㺬ᇥࡧࢄӔᐧ䃫Ҁ⣝㒹䷻䴢⮱ࡧഌᕔч䃛͚ᓰ喑 ࢍౝ IN喑Ѻڣࡄጊ࣬ഌᩬ⇨Ƞ㏼≻Ƞ᪴ࡃ͚ᓰ 䙺ᐧ倅〜ძ亳ȠᏤҀо䬟ぶߌ㘪ȡ 䩛㞯◦䘕Ѻ喑ᰶݖλൾ䕍㞜ڠऐัࣷ䃫䨫ڒపੜ̭⮱㒹㜗⇨࣬⮱࣬喑ࡄጊ͚ᓰࡧ λ࣬ڕͧ҉ ऐᮜ㻯喑ᰶݖλፓߕ㺬ᇥࢄ䘕ౝࡧࣾᆂ喑हڒᄳͧࡄጊͰ㜠᪡͗ጊ㺬㒹㖇ᅲౝࡧ䛺㺮⮱ᩬ⇨Ƞ㏼ ສ⮱ጯ Ƞ᪴ࡃ͚ᓰ喑ጊ㺬ᆞࡧ䕇ᒭᎠ࣌ౝࡧ⮱䛺㺮䬕ᝤহ㞯 ᬣ̺Ѻλͨ㺮䒡㏬̷喑ᰶݖλᑦᕔᐧ䃫ȡ≺ ◦ጯȡ ധλВ̷ᕊ㔰喑ౕऻ䛺ᐧᬣА⮱ᕨҀ㻱͚ܿ⾮ܧᒀ ႓ಸ㕹㘪 ڥА᪴ࡃ䖄ϔ⮱҉⩕喑ᑧ䄰⍥ぶϔ͇ᄦࡄጊࣾᆂ⮱ፓߕ ႓ಸ㕹㘪⮱ᐧ䃫ധλ䄒ጯ⠙➦⮱ࢳट㺮㉍Ƞ 䔈⮱㻱ܿᐧ䃫⤳ᔢ喑䕇䓴㜗̷㔹̸⮱ٵ喑ᠮ䩴㍮㢐ࣾᆂȠ⍥ᑦᕔࣾᆂȠጒ͇䯳㖇ࣾ 㠰⮱⾧䬡䌢হ⩕҉ ᆂ⮱݆࣌喑ᄳࡄጊጯᕔ䉕ჇͶͧĄపუᒀА᪴ࡃ䖄ϔȠ ㏱㏴႓ᝃ㔲㜗̸㔹̷⮱㜗ࣾ႓喑႓ಸࡧഌ㕹㘪⮱ 㒹᪴ࡃऺ喠ఈጊⰮ⍥ധౝ喠㐢䭠㺬䘕➦㞟ϔ͇ധ ദ㗟ᄳज㘪ፓߕԺλ᱙ౝ፥Ѽϧऐ⮱ϧ≮喑ϻ㔹ፓߕ ϔ͇⮱ࣾᆂȡڠౝ喠ࡄጊ࣬ഌᩬ⇨Ƞ㏼≻Ƞ᪴ࡃ͚ᓰąȡ Ⱕ ᆞ҉ͧ⮫უ❞పͨͶ᪆㗟㠰ധౝহ͚పҠڵς ႓ಸڣࣾᆂ䌜ᒱ х⻭ч᪆㗟ധౝ喑ᕨϧऐϲ ̴҆ϧȡ ᆞ䘕႓䮏䔆̭䒪Ҁ喑ڵጯϔ͇जܳͧ᱙ౝಸϔ͇Вࣷࡧഌಸϔ͇͑ㆨ 㕹㘪⮱ᐧ䃫喑̭䲏䕇䓴͚పς ᩬ䘕ȠЮ͇㏼㥒ノ⤳㔲Ƞ͇̀ឭᱜϧڇಸȡ᱙ౝಸϔ͇喑ຯጒ͇ȠᅲѼȠ̭㝙ߎ͇ぶ喑⩞λ⩕ 㜗̷㔹̸ౝᄦ 䭌䘕䔈㵹ദ䃚喑ओ̭䲏喑⼜Ხ॥ᑂ㜗̸㔹̷ۈౝУ⮱㏓喑॥ᑂ⮱᭜䛼ᰶ䭽⮱ᅞ͇ϧऐȠᅲѼϧ অহ ᆞᣒᒲ⍥ڵऐȡࡧഌಸϔ͇喑ຯч䃛Ƞ႓Ƞ⍥ぶ喑ᄦ⩕ౝ㺮Ⅿ䒰 ⮱㜗ࣾ႓ϧ㓑ȡ Ꭱ ÿ ᰵЪ喑ς ᆞ፥Ѽϧऐ⮱ Ժ็ڵᄼ喑ᄦ⣜ධᒞ৺䒰ᄼ喑ѳजВ॥ᑂф็⮱䃧ಈಸϧऐȠ႓ 㔲 ̴ϧ⁎喑᭜ς Ϭٰȡ ڒಸϧऐহ⍥ಸϧऐ喑ᄦλ⁍ࣾ䓫ౝࡧᰶⱭ㞜ສ⩌ᔮВ ⣝⍥ᩣ ⮱▫ۼ▫㔰㭾γ䭟ܳٲࣷ᪴ࡃ⺭䉸⮱࣬ࣾᆂ喑᭜̭जӈ䔶᠖⮱ࣾᆂ䌜ᒱȡ ࡄጊ࣬⮱䔶౭̻ᐧ䃫喑 䔈⮱ٵγ䯳㖇ϧ⅁喑Ӱ䔈ጯ⮱जᠮ㐚ࣾᆂ喑ࡄጊ࣬ 㺮Ⅿ喑᭜▫ऻ䛺ᐧ⮱ᴴᔄᕔጒ⼸ȡहᬣ喑ࡄጊͧ ⮱⾧䬡ጰᅭȠ⣝А㒹⮱ᐧま䷻ᵩȠ۾㉔䰭㺮ϻࡧഌಸϔ͇͚ᄨឫ⾮ⵡऐȡₑ喑ౕऻ䛺ᐧᬣ ጯ㻱ܿ⤳ᔢȠ Ѓጯ႓⮱ڣА⮱ࡄጊᕨҀ㻱͚ܿ喑ധλᄦࡄጊጯჇѺ⮱㔰㭾喑ゃ 㐬㞟ѻⷠ⮱⩌ᔮឭᱜぶΌₐౕ䔽ₒͧ ܿγ䃧ಈಸȠ႓ಸВࣷо䬟ಸ⮱ࡧഌಸϔ͇喑Вࡧഌ ỉᵤȡࡄጊጟ㏼㷘͚ა䘕ჇͧĄ̶ധౝ̭⿄ऐą喍❞ప ಸϔ͇⮱ࣾᆂӰ䔈ጯ⮱जᠮ㐚ࣾᆂȡ ͨͶ᪆㗟ധౝȠчͨͶᵥᓰФթҀ㈨⮱ധౝȠᐭᆂℾ
31 ͚పࡧ㻱̻ܿࣾᆂ
㈨喑ڠఏ㐀䔈ₒ⮱აэ᪆㗟ധౝহᆂ͚పࣾᆂᐼȠࣾᆂ 㑾⮱䖀䌜ጰᅭ喑Ԋ៑ᐧまȠ㐬ࡃ̻䖀䌜䬡⮱⾧䬡 ᔢȠࣾᆂ䖀䌜⮱⿄ऐ喎ȡࡄጊᏁᒀВₑͧᱧ喑⼜Ხ㥪 Ш҂ϧ̺ᓄ䲋∂ᩦअᝃⵡ౼⣝ᰶ⟣ۢȠ䲏䆹̻⣜ධȡ⤳ ᩬゃᣗ喑ͧაэ㈨㐌㏏㞟⍥䌜㏬ВࣷĄ̶ ᐧ䃫ᣔݣౝፓͨ㺮࠲᠙͉㺬ᇥࡧВ͚ࣷᓰࡧ㠰ڠⰥ ⮱ᐭ㠯⍥Ꮣմࡧ喑ᣔݣౝፓ䲏⼜ LNȡԊ៑ڲധౝ̭⿄ऐą⮱႓ധౝ喑ͧᐧ䃫㈨㐌㠰ಸ䩴⮱ డ ᱈ᆞ㲺ͅȠ⤳Ⅱϟϧ⮱ᆞⅡᵩᅭ喑Ԋ៑ڲ႓ദ䃚ധౝ喑ͧ᪴ࡃ⍥㈨㐌ℾ᪴ࡃȠ䲋➖䉕᪴ Ꭳ㐡៑䄒㠰డ ࡃ䖄ϔ⮱႓ധౝȡ ক䓦ᆞҀ⮱Ḻ㷘䉱⎽Вࣷ⩌ᔮ⣜ධ喑ᐧᐧまᓲ䶨ϻ λ⣝ౕ⮱⾧䬡ᵩᅭ̻ᐧま㖹⤳喑ౕᐧま䷻䆹Ƞᐧま倅ᏓȠ ⮱䷻䆹̻ᐧまⰥࡼ䄰喑ڲо䬟ಸ㕹㘪 ⾧䬡㖹⤳ぶ䲏ᓲ䶨̻Ԋ៑㠰డ 䮼ⱭϧЙ⩌≨ⅡᎠ⮱倅喑Ꮣմо䬟ϔ͇ᄳчᓄݝ ⺮ᐧ䃫ⵡ౼࣌ᰶ㒹䷻㒹䆹ᝃ㔲䭨ᡎጯ̻ᆞҀ㻳㏬ ᠒ᰶ 䖀⮱ᐧまᝃᲱま➖ȡڣ䓲䕌⮱ࣾᆂȡᄦλ⁍ࣾ䓫ౝࡧ⮱͚ᄼ䩴㔹㼭喑 ऻ 喍喎Ӱ䔈ጒ͇చࡧᰡౕڣ⮱⠙➦⮱᪴ࡃ䉱⎽Ƞх㞜⮱⩌ᔮ⣜ධ喑ᄳᰶߖλ చ უЮ͇喑ѳڒ♣जᠮ㐚 ఈጊࡄጊ㏼≻ᐭࣾࡧ⣝⟣㮪ڣጒ͇ࡃᬣАࣾᡒऻࣾх߬喑䕇䓴⍥о䬟ፓߕ ࣾᆂȡ ็᱗ែϔᐧ䃫喑๔็Ю͇ࢍ⩕ࡄጊ͉ᇥࡧ࣌᱙ᅞ ᩵⯷䒰ѻ喑ᄦౌౝ䉱⎽᭜Ხ๔ܧጯ㏠⯛ᅁጯ̻ࡄጊㆨѩ喑Ό᭜̭Ꮤ㏼䓴▫ ᒵ㉔ᑍ⮱ౌౝ䉱⎽喑ϔڝ㺬 ⮱ᄼ䩴ȡ Ꭱ㏠⯛ᅁጯࣾ⩌⮱ ⮱⊗䉦ȡڡऻ䛺ᐧ㔹ᓄݝฺ ㏔ౝ䰴ᦔ⃮γ๔䘕ܳੳ⩕ᐧま喑䛺ᐧጟҬႰ̭ͧ 㻱ܿ䔽ₒᄦࡄጊᆞ͉ϔ͇చࡧ䔈㵹ᰡȡӰ䔈ξⰅ ᰭ ࢄ䌜͉ӔЮ͇⮱ᅭ䘕䄰᪡喑ᒏ̶ፓ⟣⮱ጰᅭȡ⇬Ⅵ⤰ڕᏔ䯳͚γ๔䛼 ̓㏗ ᎡА䷻ᵩᐧま⮱ ፓ喑В⣝А㒹⮱ᐧま䷻ᵩᰬАᒀڙੜ̭⮱㷲亝㞧ᱜ ᬹ๔䖀ᒏЮ͇ߋ⤰ڕጯȡӊច䄒䛺ᐧ䓴⼸͚ᒏ⮱ ⇬䉱⎽喑㏠⯛ᅁጯゃܿγ͝ჹ⮱ ݺ⮱ጒ͇ᐧま䷻ᵩ喑ᒏ⇬Ⅵᬹ⇠⮱㞜ສᮜ㻯喠हᬣٶ䷻♣ࡧ喑Вࣷ⇬⊤⮱㜗 㞯Ꮃ≨ߕВࣷ㍮ࡻ⮱ੳ͇≨ߕ喑॥ᑂক䓦ౝࡧϧ㓑Გₑ ξⰅ⇠ᒏ⩌ϔȠᆂȠҀ侹ϔ͇ፓ喑В ϔ͇ᰬᢏ 䉦喑हᬣក䕍㷲亝㞧ᱜক᱘ࣷጰ䖀ఏ䴠ͽчক ᒀݺ⮱すιϔ͇喑Ӱ䔈ࡄጊ͚ᓰࡧϔ͇ࡴ㏔喠⇬㦸უ⊴ٶౝ㻯 ᱘ .JTTJPO$PODFSU8FFLFOE ȡ㔹̻ₑहᬣ喑偲߈ ⇠ᒏо䬟⍥ፓ喑ᣕߕࡄጊ⍥͇ࣾᆂȡ ጯ⩌≨Вࣷጯ৮❹ᒏ䆎⮱ក䕍喑ࣺ䓴Გᣕߕγ㏠⯛ ᅁጯすιϔ͇⮱ࡴȡ 㺬ᇥ喟ᅲࡧ о䬟ಸ㕹㘪҉ͧࡄጊ࣬Ϸऻ䰭㺮䛺◦ࣾᆂ⮱㕹 㺬ᇥࡧ㻱ܿᐧ䃫⩕ౝ IN喑ᅲѼϧऐ ̴ 㘪̭喑䰭㺮Вᐭ㠯ⅡᏀȠ䶧Ͷ⇠ক䓦͚ͧᓰ喑ࣾᆂо ϧȡ㻱ܿᐧ䃫ᅲࡧȡ 䬟Ꮣմ⍥喑ᄳࡄጊ࣬ࣾᆂВо䬟⍥ȠᏓմ 㻱ܿᐣ㐚͉ᇥᮜ㻯䒡㏬喑В⇠㺬͚๛㐬ፓ喑͑Ӕጰ ⍥ͧ➦㞟⮱⍥Ⱋ⮱ౝȡ ᅭੳ͇҉ͧ⇠㺬ౝࡧ䒡ፓ⮱⾧䬡ጰᅭ喑ᐧま倅Ꮣजౕധ ᭫䒡ፓ⾧䬡ᒏ䆎ȡܥ᱙ᣔݣ倅Ꮣ⮱ധ̷ߍ 喑В Ӕ⮱ᅲѼ⩕ౝ䔈㵹ੳѼ⌤वᐭࣾ喑͝ჹ䒡㏬͑͑ڣౕ 䬡ᵳ᳣⾧ 㥒ᐧ倅〜⍥䃫喑ࡴࡄ〜ڣߌ㘪ጰᅭ̷喑͚ᓰࡧᒏ ͗ߌ㘪❴ࡧ喑࠲᠙ 䓦≨ߕВࣷᮜ㻯喑ౕౕ ͉ᇥВԊ៑ᒀА᪴ࡃ䖄ϔȠӰ䔈ጒ͇చࡧᰡ⮱ࡧ喑 ጊ⍥৮Ѻȡ 㺬ᇥᅲࡧ喑ࡄӔᐭ㠯⍥Ꮣմࡧহ㺬Ӕ㏼ᐭࡧ 㻱ౕܿ㺬㏢̶䌜㺬Ӕ㐀वᵯ㟞⇠Ⅱ㈨ᐧ䃫㐬ፓ喑҉ ࡧ喍ఫ 喎ȡ ͧ㺬ᇥᅲℾᝤใ≨ߕ⮱ͨ㺮౧喑ౕ㺬㏢̶䌜͉Ӕᐧ䃫 ⍥ߎߌ㘪⮱ੳ͇ߎ䃫ፓ喑ڤکᒀౝᅲℾߎ喑ͧ ͉ᇥ ϻ㔹Ჱᐧੳ͇㐬ࡃⅡ㶄ȡ㺬㏢̶䌜ੳ͇㐬ࡃⅡ㶄̻㐬ࡃ ߕ⾧䬡≩ڞڙ喍喎Ԋ៑ᒀА᪴ࡃ䖄ϔ ᮜ㻯䒡㏬Ⱕϑ喑ᒏ㺬ᇥࡧႄᒏ⮱ 㻱ܿᄳ͉ᇥ㠰డܿܳͧᵥᓰԊ៑㠰డВࣷᐧ䃫ᣔݣ 喍ఫ 喎ȡ ⢴⼜ౝፓȡᵥᓰԊ៑㠰డ࠲᠙͉ᇥᐧࡧ喍䮑γࡄጊᆞ͉ϔ 㻱ܿᒏ ͗В็倅ᅯͧͨ⮱ᅲѼࢂٰ喑ღ ͇చࡧ喎喑䲏⼜ LNȡԊ៑ᆞⅡ⣜Ƞ⩌ᔮȠо䬟 ͧ _喑ᅯВ _ ᅯͧͨ喑ᅭ䘕ౝࡧजВ䊲䓴 ღ⼜⢴ౕ▫ऻ䛺ᐧᕨҀ㻱ܿᰭ倅 ⮱ധ̷ڣፓȠ⩌䪬㘷Ƞ䃫䨫Ƞᮜ㻯䒡⮱᪡Ҁᵩᅭ喑Ԋ៑๔㜗⩞Ƞ ᅯȡ ݖ⩕ౌౝ⮱Ⱋᴴȡओ⇬㺬ᆞ۾㉔ᄼ㻱᪡Ƞ⪼ჳⰥ䬡⮱⾧䬡㖹⤳喑Ԋ៑㒹䷻㒹䴢⮱ᐧま䷻ 䔯Ꮣࡴ喑В䓫ݝ䯳㏓ ᵩ喑Ԋ៑̭⣜͑ፓ็䖀⮱㐬ࡃጰᅭ喑Ԋ៑ᄼ㶄ࡧჳ䌜 ι䌜ᒏ͚ѻჳᏓᐭࣾ⮱ᅲѼࢂٰ喑Ꭰᅯ ᅯ喑倅
32 ࡄጊ࣬喟⁍ࣾ䓫ౝࡧ࣬⮱जᠮ㐚ࣾᆂ䌜ᒱᣏ㉏
ఫ ࡄጊ㒹㜗⇨࣬࣬ጯᕨҀ㻱ܿౌౝҬ⩕㻱ܿఫ ഺፃጲዎ၆၆ጺ༹ࡀࣄDŽ2011.2030DžLjዐࡔࡀࣄยऺჺ৯ᇾجઠᇸǖԛ
33 ͚పࡧ㻱̻ܿࣾᆂ
Ꮣᄼλ N喑ѻჳᏓᑧᏓᣔݣ喑ក䕍ϧ⮱ᅲѼ⣜ධȡ 䬡䙺㒛̭͚႓Ƞ̭ᄼ႓Ƞ⾧ڞڙᅲѼࢂٰক䓦㐀वౕ ̭ࡨ䮏ȡ
ᐭ㠯⍥Ꮣմࡧ
͚͉ᇥڣࡄጊ࣬⍥⩕ౝIN喑 IN喑ͨ㺮ѺλࡄӔ⮱ᐭ㠯⍥Ꮣմࡧ͚ȡ㻱ܿ ᠮᑦᕔࣾᆂȠ᪡Ҁᐭࣾ⮱݆࣌喑ౝݣᐧ䃫ᐭ㠯 ⍥Ꮣմࡧ ఫ ȡ 㻱ܿϲవჇࣾᆂ⩕ౝ喑̺㻱ჇࣾᆂᬣᎼ喑В䶦Ⱋͧ ᄩा喑ᐧ⿸̀უчੳݣᏓ喑ᣔݣࡄጊ⍥ࣾᆂ̻ጰᅭ喑 Ӱ䔈⍥⮱ᑦᕔࣾᆂȡ㻱ܿడ㐂➦Ⴧᆞ喑Вͨ㺮䖀䌜 ㏬喑ᄳ⍥⩕ౝܳͧ ͗ᐭࣾࢂٰ喑͗ࢂٰ⮱ᐧ⩺ͧ 䃫⩕ౝ䲏⼜ᣔݣౕ _IN喑Ӱ䔈ВᐭࣾࢂٰͧࢂѺ ⮱᪡Ҁᐭࣾȡ 㻱ܿ㐀वⅡᏀȠ⍖⇶ぶх߬䉱⎽喑व⤳䃫㒛⍥ᐭ 㒹➦㞟喑㐀वᆞⅡ᪴ࡃ⮱ఈጊⰮоڒߕ⾧䬡 ࣾͨ䷅喑ក䕍㲺≩ڞڙఫ 㺬ᇥࡧႄᒏ ഺፃጲዎ၆၆ጺ༹ࡀࣄDŽ2011.2030DžLjجઠᇸǖԛ ዐࡔࡀࣄยऺჺ৯ᇾ 䬟Ꮣմ⍥ധౝ喍㶕 喎ȡ
ఫ ࣬ࡄ䘕⍥о䬟Ꮣմ❴ࡧᕨᎠ䲏ఫ ൶ยऺLjዐࡔࡀࣄยऺჺ৯ᇾೌ्܈ઠᇸǖႎ၆ԛև୫ᆴႩှ
34 ࡄጊ࣬喟⁍ࣾ䓫ౝࡧ࣬⮱जᠮ㐚ࣾᆂ䌜ᒱᣏ㉏
㶕 ⍥ᐭࣾͨ䷅ࣷᐭࣾ䶦Ⱋᐧ䃛
ᐭࣾౝ◦ ᐭࣾͨ䷅ 䶦Ⱋᐧ䃛
ᎱȠᏓմᄼ䩴Ƞ倅ᭌ㏔ძ亳ぶۉⅡᏀক䓦Წ಄ о䬟ͨ䷅ ⩌ᔮ
䃫Ƞੳ͇ౝϔぶڨ⫃⍥Ꮣմ䃫Ƞ⍖⇶Ꮣմٶ㻯͇ۉ䶧Ͷ⇠ক䓦 Ꮣմͨ䷅ ᄼಸཞͽо䬟Ꮣմ䃫Ƞэ㐌
ξⰅᆞ͉Ӕ ᪴ࡃͨ䷅ Ꮣմ䙿ᏄȠ᪴ࡃо䬟䃫Ƞ⑁㞧͚ᓰȠ᪴ࡃ݈ᘼ䃫ぶ
⇠㺬Წ಄ 倅〜ჇѺ 倅〜о䬟чȠ倅〜Ꮣմ⍥
Ბ⎼喝ࡃጉ㒸㜖⇧࣫࣫ጮᕧѿ㻰ܾDŽ2011.2030Dž喏͙ጮ㻰ܾ䃪䃍ⵀ⾢䮎Ƞ
䕇䓴ࡄጊ ᎡВᲒ⮱͑⁎ᕨҀ㻱ܿ䌢Вࣷᒀ ㏼ᐭࡧ㺬ࡧ喟ܳᐧ䃫喑➦㞟ࣾᆂ ݺ⮱ጯ䭲ࣾᆂࣾ⣝喑᱙ౌ䉱⎽⮱ᡃᣅ̻ݖ⩕᭜जᠮ 䩛喑ڠ㻱ౕܿ䔽ₒᄦࡄጊᆞ͉ϔ͇చࡧ䔈㵹ᰡ⮱ധ̷喑 㐚ࣾᆂ⮱ധ喑ጯ৮䉕⮱㥒ᐧ᭜जᠮ㐚ࣾᆂ⮱ हᒏఈጊࡄጊ㏼≻ᐭࣾ 㔹ࡧഌಸϔ͇⮱ࣾᆂ᭜ᣕߕ䄒ㆨጯजᠮ㐚ࣾᆂ⮱ͨ㺮ڞ᠖ᱧड़ߕ㏼ᐭࡧࡧᐧ䃫喑 ጒ͇⩕ౝᕨ䲏⼜ IN喑ጯᐧ䃫⩕ౝ䲏⼜ 䌜ᒱ̭ȡڣࡧȡ ͚͉ࡧ IN喑㺬ࡧ INȡ ⁍ࣾ䓫ౝࡧ⮱ጯ䰭㺮➦㞟ࣾᆂ҉ͧᣕߕ喑㔹➦㞟ڣIN喑 ㏼ᐭࡧࡧᐧ䃫ᠮܳᐧ䃫⮱݆࣌喑͒⺮ܳᐭ ࣾᆂ䰭㺮ᄦ᱙ౌ䉱⎽⮱⌞ݨ⤳㼐̻䓽⩕ȡౕ㻱͚ܿ喑ࡄ ࣾ喑䓾जВड़ߕ㺬ᇥࢄӔ፥ͽౝࡧ⮱ጒ͇ࡧᐧ䃫喑͚ ጊ⿸䋠㜗䏘⮱⍥䉱⎽Ƞ᪴ࡃ䉱⎽Ƞ࣌ᱽ᫆䉱⎽Вࣷጯ ᐧ䃫㺬ࢄӔ⮱ጒ͇㏱ఏ喑䔉ᐧ䃫㺬ࡄӔ⮱ጒ͇㏱ఏ喑 ౧䉱⎽喑⼜Ხࣾᆂ䔯व㜗䏘⮱⍥ϔ͇Вࣷ⿸䋠᱙ౌ࣌ 䓾䰭㺮ᄦ᱗ᐭࣾ⮱ጒ͇㏱ఏ䔈㵹ᣔݣȡౕ㏼ᐭࡧ⮱ጒ ̻᫆ጯ౧⮱ݣ䕍͇喑В⍥ധౝহ➦㞟ϔ͇ധౝ҉ͧ 喑ࣾᆂ䔯व㜗䏘ጯ౧Ƞ㜗䏘䉱⎽⮱ϔ͇喑ࣾᆂ ጯࣾᆂ⮱Ⱋᴴȡ̷ڒ۳͇ व⤳⮱۾㉔䔈⮱㻱ܿ⤳ᔢȠٵϔ৮ߍጒȠ᪴ࡃ⍥ϔ৮ߍጒぶϔ͇喑⺮ࣾᆂࢍ ጯ৮䉕⮱㥒ᐧ࠲᠙➦ۉ ౝ๔Ƞ㕄㘪倅Ƞᄦ⣜ධᰶᒞ৺⮱ϔ͇ȡ ⾧䬡ጰᅭȠ⌲ᮝᬻ⮱⾧䬡᳣ᲱȠ➦㞟凉ᬻ⮱⾧䬡䷻ᵩ Вࣷ㐬㞟ѻⷠ⮱⩌ᔮឭᱜぶȡ䕇䓴ጯ৮䉕⮱㥒ᐧ喑̭ 㐀䄚 䲏जВͧ᱙ౝᅲℾ㥒ᐧ㞜ສ⮱ϧᅲ⣜ධ喑ओ̭䲏Ό 侨喑ࡴڒ侨喑॥ᑂ倅〜ϔ͇⮱ڒजВ॥ᑂক䓦ϧऐ⮱ 㜠 ᎡᎡᏂ喑ࡄጊ࣬፥Ѽϧऐጟ㏼䓫ݝ ጯ᪡ҀФթȡ ̴ϧ喑ౕ Ꭱ LN ⣝⟣ᐧ䃫⩕ౝ⮱ധ̷喑 ࡧഌಸϔ͇⮱ࣾᆂ䰭㺮В᱙ౝ䉱⎽Вࣷх㞜⮱ጯ 䃖喑⣝⟣ᐧ䃫⩕ౝ䓫ݝ LN喑 ৮䉕҉ͧധ喑Ό䰭㺮݈ᘼ⮱ゃܿВࣷᓰ⮱ȡ䕇ܧࣵᰶ LN ౌౝ ᐧ䃫⩕ౝ㻱ጟ㏼⾮ⵡ Ꭱ▫ऻ䛺ᐧᕨҀ㻱ܿ⮱䓾 䓴ࡧഌಸϔ͇⮱ࣾᆂ喑⩕ᰶ䭽⮱⾧䬡॥ᑂᬍ䭽⮱ϧऐ喑 ϔ͇ࣾᆂ喑Ӱ䔈ጯ⮱ಸ䩴ࡃڠ䃖ͧࡄጊᩬᏉ㣤ᓄγ 䯳㖇ϧ⅁喑ᣕߕⰥܧᐧ䃫㻱ȡLN ⮱ౌౝ 喑ࢂѺФᵩ䔉䔉倅λক䓦࣬ጯ喑 ̻ಸጒ͇ࡃ喑⣝जᠮ㐚ࣾᆂ⮱Ⱋ⮱ȡڒ䃖ᩣܧϬٰ⮱ౌౝ ᭫γࡄጊх㞜⮱ϧᅲ⣜ධᄦౝ䉏ᩬ⮱ᣕߕ҉⩕ȡ ̻ₑहᬣ喑ᵦᢛऻ䛺ᐧᬣАᕨҀ㻱ܿ⮱㺮Ⅿ̻ᑂᄩ喑 ࣯㔰᪴⡛ .ࡄጊ⼜Ხᐭࣾᐭ㠯ⅡᏀぶ⒉ౕ⮱⍥䉱⎽喑Ⱋݺጟ㏼ᓄ [1] ࡄጊ㒹㜗⇨࣬▫ऻ䛺ᐧᕨҀ㻱ܿ [Z]. 2009 .喑۳ิౕⅡᏀক䓦䔈㵹⍥о䬟͇ [2] ࡄጊ㒹㜗⇨࣬࣬ጯᕨҀ㻱ܿ (2011ÿ2030)[Z]. 2012⧵ڠݝф็ᐭࣾੳ⮱ [3] 䗾ᓤ倅喑Ѕⷷ喑ᱻ䭠喑ぶ .Ąऻ䛺ᐧᬣАąࡄጊࣾᆂ䌜ᒱ ᔮ⮱ᐭࣾȡ ⮱ᕊ㔰 [J]. ጯ㻱ܿ喑2011,35(Z2):110-114. ҉ͧ↣ጊ➦๔ౝ䰴ऻੜ̭ᐯౝ䛺ᐧ⮱࣬喑ࡄጊ [4] ႆᒑ喑⃤ч㞜喑ᱞၽ⦉ . ࡄጊ࣬ᕨҀ㻱ܿጒ҉ᐼ⮱ .࣬Вែ䉱҉ͧߕ߈喑ᓄݝγ䌕䊷ᐼ⮱ࣾᆂȡ♣㔹ౕ 䌢̻Ҁч [J]. ጯ㻱ܿ喑2011,35(Z2):17-36 㠰 [M]// ͚పጯ㻱ܿ䃫ڥЃф็ጯㆨѩ [5] ᱻᮀ . 㻱ܿጵ̻ᐧまጵव҉⮱ڣ፥ᔮऻ喑҉ͧহڒࡄጊጯࣾᆂₒ 䃎ⵁ⾣䮏 , ͚పᐧま䃫䃎ⵁ⾣䮏 . ᐧまࡄጊ . ࡄϙ : ͚ప ڠ⮱⁍ࣾ䓫ౝࡧ⮱ᄼጯ喑ࡄጊ࣬ຯ҂ᓄݝᠮ㐚⮱ ∕喑㐔㔹䊝ܧ̭जᠮ㐚ࣾᆂ䌜ᒱ喤 ᐧまጒ͇ܧ❵ ,2011.
35 ͚పࡧ㻱̻ܿࣾᆂ
ᬍ䩎๗⎃喟䲏ा⮱᪡Ҁ⩌ᔮ㻱ܿᣏ㉏ थ侙ᮀ ۜᮀᭌ ॡᮀ㢶
36 ᬍ䩎๗⎃喟䲏ा⮱᪡Ҁ⩌ᔮ㻱ܿᣏ㉏
ᦅ㺮喟 ๗⎃᭜ᬍ䩎ጯ⾧䬡⩞Ą䓽⇠ᬣАą䓵ाĄ๗ ๗⎃喟㗖䉌Ąపუѻⷠ⩌ᔮ㠰ࡧąҬ ⎃ᬣАą⮱ᝅ⪒㞯◦喑 Ꭱ㷘పუѼᝬহΎᐧ䃫 প⮱ጯ͚ᓰࡧ 䘕ᢵεĄపუѻⷠ⩌ᔮ㠰ࡧą⼝तऻ喑㏼ࢳγ⩞э ๗⎃ᕨ䲏⼜㏓ LN喑ఈ䲏⣜Ⅱ喑㗹䲏 ♣㐌ᐧ䃫ݝ⩌ᔮᐧ䃫⮱䒙ಸࡴȡౕᬏᰶႹ⮱ ⎃喑͉䗨㟼ࢄᱧ౧㏓ LN喑ࡄ䌊㔮ࡧ㏓ LN喑㜗 э㐌㻱ܿധ̷喑๗⎃ᐧ⿸γВ⩌ᔮ䄏ȠᠴᴴҀ ⣜ධ̻ϑ䕇Ух䊷喑⣝⟣፥Ѽϧऐ㏓ ̴ϧ喍ఫ 喎ȡ ⎃Ą๗ܧ㈨ͧ䛺◦⮱⩌ᔮ㻱ܿ㑃ݣҀ㈨喑̻ᕨҀ㻱ܿȠጯ䃫䃎Ƞ Ꭱ喑ᬍ䩎ጯ̭䒛ጯᕨҀ㻱ܿ仃⁎ 䶫ឭ ąᐧ䃫䃫ᘠ喑䕇䓴⮱ጯ͚ᓰᐧ䃫៶ᐭጯࣾᆂکᣔݣᕔ䄓㏳㻱ܿぶэ㐌㻱ܿ㑃ݣҀ㈨Ⱕ䒲Ⱕ喑 ᱜゃ⪒̻ノ⤳ゃ⪒ᐧ⿸ज᧺҉⮱ᠴᴴҀ㈨喑Ӱ䔈᱙ౝϔ ᵳ᳣喑㥪Ąጯࢄ䔈ąᝅ⪒ȡ๗⎃᭜ᬍ䩎ጯ⾧ ͇̻⩌ᔮ⣜ධ倅᩵㲺व喑䕇䓴㏳ࡃ⮱ጯ䃫䃎Ⱑᣒᠴ 䬡⩞Ą䓽⇠ᬣАą䓵ाĄ๗⎃ᬣАą⮱ᝅ⪒㞯◦ȡ ᢿȠ⩌ᔮ㐬㞟⮱Ⴜ㻯ۼՎѻⷠ⤰ڕᄩ⾧䬡ᐧ䃫喑ͧ⩌ᔮ⮱ᐧ䃫ຍჇγധȡ᱙᪴ Ꭱ喑ౕ 䕇䓴ᄦ๗⎃⩌ᔮ㻱ܿ㗹ᮜࣷ㻱ܿ➦㞟⮱ϸ㏺喑ᣏ䃕 㗹ᮜ̸喑⍖უᕨ⤳㻳ᄌᬍ䩎ᬣܧ喟Ąិ⇨⤳๗⎃হ䒙 喑ߍᔘᐧ䃫⩌ᔮȠ⍥হ⣝АߎȠڒ⌞ღ㲺 ಸࣾᆂᑂाڲຯ҂ౕĄ᪡Ҁą㻳㻿̸ᄳĄ⩌ᔮąᐧ䃫Ⱋᴴ̻ 㵹㻱ܿҀ㈨喑ᐧ⿸̭䲏ा⮱ᰶ᩵䌜ᒱ喑ᄦప 倅ឭϔ͇Ƞᅲȡąᔘ䕌ጯࡃ䓴⼸͚喑ᬍ䩎⮱⣝ڒ ᰶ̭Ⴧ⮱࣯㔰ᘼͶȡ ጯࣾᆂऄݝ䊷Გ䊷็䬛䷅⮱ݣ㏓喑ຯࡧഌ䬡ጯ⮱ᬍᎼڤЃ⩌ᔮᐧ䃫ڣڲ 》ζȠጯ⮱㩀ᐣᐼពᑍȠ㕂ౝ䉱⎽⮱䓴Ꮣࢍ⩕Ƞ≮ഌ 䩛䃺喟 ⇨⤳̻⣜ධԊ៑ぶȡ Ꭱᰵᬒ喑పუѼᝬহڠ ᐧపუѻⷠ⩌ᔮڞᬍ䩎喑๗⎃喑⩌ᔮ㻱ܿ Ύᐧ䃫䘕̻ᬍ䩎ጯϧℾᩬᏉカ㒟Ȩ 㠰ࡧÿÿᬍ䩎๗⎃व҉ᵳ᳣ࡼ䃛ȩ喑ᢵε๗⎃ 䶦䛺㺮Ҭপ喑̭ڣቈ䊤⮱ᬍ䩎๗⎃ Ąపუѻⷠ⩌ᔮ㠰ࡧą⼝त喑䉸ε ࢠ䕇䓴⩌ᔮᐧ䃫ᣏ㉏̭䒙अ䉱⎽㘪⎽ݖ⩕ᐼȠ ᬍ䩎喟ࢳट᪴ࡃᗍͲȠ㏼≻㍮㢐⮱Ą๗⎃ᬻ⤍ą ᣕߕጯ䒙ಸࣾᆂ⮱䌜ᒱȡ ᬍ䩎͉䌊̷⊤ LN喑㺬䌊ࢄϙ LN喑ࡄ᳂ 䪬喑ࢄ͡๗⎃喑᭜͚ప䓾Аℾጒ͇⮱ࣾ⎽ౝ喑㉍ᰶ 㻱ܿᑂ䶳๗⎃⮱ࣾᆂ̻䒙ಸࡴ Ąᄼ̷⊤Ƞ冩ㆠΎą⮱㒻㾶喑᭜పუ㏔ࢳट᪴ࡃऺȡ ϻᓗэ㐌⮱ࣾᆂᐼᐭड़ᐧ䃫喑ݝ ጯഌᕨ䲏⼜ LN喑፥Ѽϧऐ ็̴ϧ喠ጯࡧ ឬ៲⩌ᔮ㠰ࡧᐧ䃫⮱Ҭপ喑㻱ౕܿ๗⎃⮱ᐧ LN喑፥Ѽϧऐ ็̴ϧȡ 䃫͚䊤ݝγ䛺㺮⮱ᑂ䶳҉⩕ȡ ᐭᆂγ๗⎃ắᔢ㻱ܿٵ䪬̶㻿ࡧഌ͚ᓰጯ̭喑ᬍ䩎ক䓦᠒ᰶ͚ప Ꭱ喑㻱ܿ䘕䬕仃ͧ҉ ᰭ㞜ສ⮱㜗♣⣜ධȠᰭх⻭⮱ϧ߈䉱⎽Ƞᰭ≨䋰⮱ጯ ప䭲䄏ጒ҉喑ᄦ⩕ౝࣾᆂाࣷᵥᓰࡧߌ㘪ጰᅭ ౧ധহᰭࣾ䓫⮱㏼≻Уȡ Ꭱ (%1 ᕨ䷊Ƞϧ 䔈㵹ⵁ⾣ȡധλắᔢ㻱ܿప䭲䄏⮱喑㻱ܿ䘕䬕ᄳ γ ᎡႹ⮱Ȩ๗⎃ܳࡧ㻱ܿȩȡڒ䪬̶㻿ᵥᓰౝࡧ ܳݘͧ ᵥᓰᕊ䌜㲺ౕڒ%1Ƞጒ͇ᕨϔթȠ䉏ᩬᩣ) す ѺȠす ѺȠす ѺȠす Ѻ喑㏼≻ᕨ䛼Ƞጒ͇ϔ Ꭱ喑๗⎃ड़ߕᵥᓰࡧࣷ⇬⎃ౝࡧắᔢ㻱ܿ喑 ⾧թぶ็䶦ᠴᴴѺ݄͚పጯݺऺ喑ᅑВ݈Ƞ݈ᘼࣷ➖ ࣯㔰हㆨጯᐧ䃫㏼侹喑ݣჇγᵥᓰࡧౌౝ㐩वݖ⩕হ 㖁㑾ϔ͇ࣾᆂহ⣜ධ⇨⤳Ƞ๗⎃⩌ᔮԛฺ㔹䬨ऺ 㶕 ȡ 䬡ᒏᔮᵵ喑Ꭳᄦ⇬⎃ౝࡧᐭࣾܧγᬻ⮱䃫ᘠȡ
Ƞ㝌ᆞȠझጋぶ ͗ጯȡڡȠ⎃ጋȠଶڡ࠲᠙̷⊤ȠࢄϙȠᲚጋȠႮ∏Ƞ㟼ጋȠᬍ䩎Ƞ䩴Ƞ፥ጋȠࢄ䕇ȠយጋȠ∝ጋȠ㏺
37 ͚పࡧ㻱̻ܿࣾᆂ
㶕 Ꭱ䪬̶㻿ऱౝጯ㐩व߈ᢿऺ
ڒϧ (%1 ጒ͇ᕨϔթ 䉏ᩬᩣ %1) ጯ Ϭٰᢿऺٰ ᢿऺϬٰᢿऺϬٰᢿऺ
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㝌ᆞ
झጋ
Ბ⎼喝ȧ2013 Ꭰ↋㟻ⰭᎠ䞠Ȩȧ2013 Ꭰ⊅↋ⰭᎠ䞠Ȩȧ2013 Ꭰ̶⊣ጮᎠ䞠ȨȠ
ఫ ๗⎃ࡧѺᘼ ઠᇸǖศᒰࡀࣄยऺჺ৯ᇾᆶ၌ࠅິ
γڒᎡ喑๗⎃ᕨҀ㻱ܿ݊ₒႹ喑Ꭳౕ䮼ऻ ᐧ䃫ₐᐼड़ߕȡ๗⎃⮱ऱ䶦㻱ܿΌ䔈 Ⴙγጯᩬጒ⼸Ƞᮜ㻯⣜ධぶ̀䶦㻱ܿ喑Вࣷ๗ 䭣⃢ȡڲᎡ ⎃⮱䛺㺮ߌ㘪ࡧȠ䖀͑ӔȠ␕Ⅱౝࡧ⮱ጯ䃫䃎 Ꭱ喑⍖უᕨ⤳㻳ᄌᬍ䩎ᬣᄳĄ⩌ᔮą҉ 㺳Ⰳȡ ͧᬍ䩎Ąఈą喍ࢠ⩌ᔮȠ⍥হ⣝АߎȠ倅ឭڕᵵхࡃ喑Ꭳ⣝γᣔݣᕔ䄓㏳㻱ܿ⮱ Ꭱ喑๗⎃ᐧ䃫ᠴᡒ䘕ₐᐼ⿸喑ᴴᔄⱭ ϔ͇Ƞᅲ喎ᐧ䃫⮱仃㺮Ⱋᴴȡ⩞ₑ喑๗⎃͚
38 ᬍ䩎๗⎃喟䲏ा⮱᪡Ҁ⩌ᔮ㻱ܿᣏ㉏
䔈⤳ᔢহٵᔮጯᐧ䃫⮱⩌ڥ⦌喑๗⎃⮱⩌ᔮᐧ䃫ᬒ⯷ᓄ ͚ࡧ喑ᬕౕՌ䞡⋣ڲγᰡ͝ჹ⮱⩌ᔮڒ⧵ ݝऱ㏔䶳ᄩ䛺㻳ȡ ߌ㏼侹喑ᣕߕ͑పౕࣾᆂ㐬㞟㏼≻হѻⷠឭᱜ䲏⮱व ͧγᰡສౝ㥪๗⎃ᐧ䃫⩌ᔮ⮱ᕨҀⰛᴴ喑 ҉ȡ͑䶦䄏ጒ҉ᒏγȨᬍ䩎๗⎃ÿÿపუѻⷠ 㚫ࢇ ⩌ᔮ㠰ࡧ㻱ܿᠴᴴҀ㈨ࣷᄩ݆喍喎ȩڥ⦌थȠڙᬍ䩎ጯλ Ꭱܳݘ༁ច㠞పຒ䯲㏠ थႹγȨ๗⎃⩌ᔮ㻱ܿ䄏ȩȨ͚⦋ѻⷠ⩌ᔮ Ȩᬍ䩎͚⦋ѻⷠ⩌ᔮᐧ䃫ᠴᴴҀ㈨ࣷᄩ݆喍ڙ ͚喑ࢍౝ LN ⮱ 喎ȩ͑͗䛺㺮⮱ᠴᴴҀ㈨喑Вᠴᄩ⮱ᐭࣾᐧ䃫ڣ㠰ࡧ㻱ܿ䄏ȩ͑䶦ጒ҉ȡ ͚⦋ѻⷠ⩌ᔮ㠰ࡧλ Ꭱ㻱ܿĄ㥪ၽąλ๗⎃ 喍ఫ 喎ȡ
ఫ ๗⎃๔θ䃝 ઠᇸǖศᒰࡀࣄยऺჺ৯ᇾᆶ၌ࠅິ
Ꭱ㜠Ϸ喑๗⎃⮱㻱ܿ㑃ݣノ⤳ጒ҉喑̭ ᕨҀ㔹㼭喑๗⎃㏼ࢳγ⩞э㐌ᐧ䃫ݝ⩌ᔮ 䲏ധλ๗⎃ᕨҀ㻱ܿ喑Ⴙγ㘪⎽Ƞᚏ㵹ϑ䕇Ƞ ᐧ䃫⮱䒙ಸࡴ喑Ąѻⷠ⩌ᔮą䉸εγ⮱ᐧ䃫 喑В⩌ᔮ䄏ȠᠴᴴҀ㈨ͧ䛺◦⮱⩌ᔮ㻱ܿ㑃ݣҀ⋣ڲ ධᮜ㻯ぶ̀䶦㻱ܿ⮱㑃ݣ喠ओ̭䲏喑В̷䔝͑͗ᠴ⣜ ᴴҀ㈨ͧᠴᄩ喑ᣕߕ ͗ᣔ㻱ࢂٰ㻱ܿ⮱䄰᪡喑 ㈨喑̻ᕨҀ㻱ܿȠጯ䃫䃎Ƞᣔݣᕔ䄓㏳㻱ܿぶэ㐌 ᬕ᭜ᄳ⩌ᔮᠴᴴ㥪ݝᣔݣᕔ䄓㏳㻱ܿᅯ䲏喑҉ͧౝ 㻱ܿ㑃ݣҀ㈨Ⱕ䒲Ⱕ喑ͧ᪡Ҁ䒙ಸࡴຍჇγͨ ಄ܧ䃖У̭喑Ⱑᣒᠴᄩ⮱⩌ᔮᐧ䃫ȡ ധ喍ఫ 喎ȡ
ఫ ๗⎃㻱ܿᕨҀᵳ᳣ ઠᇸǖဍࢶႎॺยኸࣩևӸࠅ
39 ͚పࡧ㻱̻ܿࣾᆂ
⾧䬡㻱ܿ ጯ㏱ఏ喟̶๔㏱ఏߌ㘪ᬻ ๗⎃Вࡻ䄷䌜হ㵎⎃๔䖀ͧ⩹喑㜗͉ᒭ㺬ᄳ๗ ⰛᴴჇѺ喟ጯ⮱͚ᓰࡧ ⎃ܳͧߌ㘪ᬻ⮱̶๔㏱ఏȡ ̭䒛ᬍ䩎ጯጯᕨҀ㻱ܿᄳ๗⎃㻱ܿჇѺͧ ͉ࡧ㏓ LN喑В๗⎃ప䭲ឭచͧ䒪Ҁ喑䛺◦ᐧ ᬍ䩎⮱ጯ͚ᓰ喑ᄳឬ៲ᬍ䩎⮱㵹ᩬੳߎ͚ᓰȠ 䃫పუэᙌԎᖜ͚ᓰȠ倅ឭⵁࣾచȠ๔႓ឭచȠ ᪆݈ᘼ͚ᓰহо䬟ᅲѼ͚ᓰぶ䛺㺮ߌ㘪喑᭜̭Ꮤᐭᩫ 䒜УచȠ䃫䃎చȠ݈ᘼϔ͇చȡ ᐼȠ⩌ᔮಸ⮱⣝АࡃȡᵦᢛᕨҀ㻱ܿ喑䶱䃎 ͚ࡧ᭜᪡͗๗⎃ᰭͧ䛺㺮⮱㏱䘕ܳ喑䲏⼜㏓ Ꭱᕨϧऐ㏓ ̴ϧ喑ӈᅞ͇ᇄѺ ̴͗ LN喑䛺◦ᐧ䃫๗⎃䛾㲺ੳߎ͚ᓰȠ㵹ᩬ͚ᓰȠ ጓठȡ⮱ጯᐧ䃫⩕ౝ IN喑ࢍᕨ⩕ౝ ᪴ࡃ͚ᓰহᅲࡧȡ ⮱ 喠䲋ᐧ䃫⩕ౝ IN喑ࢍᕨ⩕ౝ⮱ 㺬ࡧ LN喑ВᆞⅡ⍥ᏓմࡧȠ᪆ϔ͇చͧ ప̭ڕ喊ȡ๗⎃⮱ϧᐧ䃫⩕ౝ䓫ݝγ Nȡ 䒪Ҁ喑ࣾᆂ݈ᘼϔ͇হ⩌ᔮо䬟⍥喑㻱ܿᐧ䃫ͧ ใᰶᒞ৺߈⮱ᩬϔ႓ⵁ̭Ҁࡃڲ͚喑ᅲѼ⩕ౝ IN喑ࢍጯᐧ䃫⩕ౝ⮱ ≮⮱๔႓ឭచȠపڣ 䃫⩕ౝ IN喑ࢍ 喠ጒ 㠰ࡧȠ⍥Ꮣմо䬟ധౝȠᒞ㻳᪴ࡃᥱധౝ喍ఫ 喎ȡڞڙ喠 ౝ IN喑⩕וౝ IN喑ࢍ 喠Ѐ⩕͇ ࢍ 喠ᄦใϑ䕇⩕ౝ IN喑ࢍ 喠䖀䌜 ⾧䬡㐀Ჱ喟̭ᵥȠ̭ፓȠ͑చ͑ࡧ ᄷ䛺๗⎃ӊᆞֺ⎃Ƞ㜗♣⩌ᔮ⣜ධສ⮱ܳٲౕ ⩕䃫⩕ڙᎬ౧⩕ౝ IN喑ࢍ 喠ጯᩬ ౝ IN喑 ࢍ 喠 㐬 ౝ IN喑ࢍ х߬У喑๗⎃㻱ܿᒏγĄ̭ᵥȠ̭ፓȠ͑చ͑ 喍ఫ 喎ȡ ࡧą⮱ᕨҀ㐀ᲱȡĄ̭ᵥąࢠ㵹ᩬ᪴ࡃࣷੳߎ䛾㲺ᵥᓰ
ఫ ๗⎃ౌౝݖ⩕㻱ܿఫ ઠᇸǖဍࢶႎॺยኸࣩևӸࠅ
40 ᬍ䩎๗⎃喟䲏ा⮱᪡Ҁ⩌ᔮ㻱ܿᣏ㉏
ࡧ
ఫ ๗⎃ߌ㘪㏱ఏ㻱ܿఫ ઠᇸǖဍࢶႎॺยኸࣩևӸࠅ
䃫喟ڞڙ ፓ喑Ą͑చ͑ࡧąࢠ๗ٶ䷻ࡧ喑Ą̭ፓąࢠ⣜๗⎃ᆞⅡ ⎃ప䭲ឭచȠ᪆ϔ͇చࣷᵥᓰࡧ͑Ӕ⮱䙺ຄ⩌≨ࡧ Ą㶄䖀 ⲓ䗨͚ᓰ ധᅯࡧą̶㏔䙺㒛 喍ఫ 喎ȡ 㻱ܿᲱᐧγĄ㶄䖀㏔ ⲓ䗨͚ᓰ㏔ ധᅯࡧ㏔ą ͧ⁎䃫ߎ⮱ᅲℾ㻱ӊڞڙ䃫Ҁ㈨喑̶㏔ڞڙ㏔̶ ͚喑㶄ڣϧȠ̴_̴ϧȠ̴_̴ϧȡ̴_̴ 䖀ज䃫㒛㶄䖀ߋθัȠ㶄䖀Ҁ㗟≨ߕ͚ᓰȠ㶄䖀᪴ࡃ≨ߕ చぶ喠ڙ㔮䮏Ƞ㶄䖀ࡧڨ͚ᓰȠ㶄䖀࢘⩌ߎ͚ᓰȠ㶄䖀 ⲓ䗨͚ᓰज䃫㒛ࡧ᪴Ҁ≨ߕ͚ᓰȠࡧੳ͇䃫Ƞ㤉ጯ ։ڞڙࣂȠڞڙ䉱⎽ఋᩣ〆ࣷ⩌ں౧Ƞ䗛ᩬ⩢Ԏ䃫Ƞ
⩌≨ࡧ ๗⎃ឭచ 䒓౧ぶ喠ധᅯࡧज䃫㒛ᅲℾ༁অчȠ᪴ࡃ≨ߕ〆Ƞࡧ
㔮ߎ〆Ƞᅲℾ֒䏘◦Ƞࡧ㐬ڨࡧ ࢘⩌ߎ〆Ƞࡧᅲუ≩⩌ ࣾᆂᵥᓰࡧ ๗⎃᪆చ ౝぶȡࡧ͚ᓰᐧ䃫䓴⼸͚呀ߞ⌤वౌౝҬ⩕喍ఫ 喎ȡ
䖀䌜ϑ䕇喟 ϑͧͨҀڙВ䒕䖀ϑ䕇হᔘ䕌ϑ䕇ͧ俕᳣Ƞ፥㻱
๗⎃㻱ܿ䛴⩕ᵩ㑾䖀䌜⮱㏱㏴ᒏᐼ喑ᠶ⚔ᔘ ఫ ๗⎃㻱ܿ⾧䬡㐀Ჱఫ ژઠᇸǖဍࢶႎॺยኸࣩևӸࠅ 䕌䌜Ƞͨ䖀Ƞ⁎䖀Ƞᩜ䌜ఈ㏔䃫㒛喑ᒏĄρὗ
41 ͚పࡧ㻱̻ܿࣾᆂ
㏢ą⮱ͨ俕᳣䌜㑾喑䖀䌜ᕨ䪬㏓ LNȡₑใ喑㻱
䌜喎Ƞ ᔘ䕌䌜ڙ䌜喍⣜๗⎃倅䕌ڙ㶄䖀㏔䙺ຄ ܿᄳᐧ䃫 倅䕌 ̴_̴ϧ 喍倅⊗䌜Ƞ㵎⎃๔䖀Ƞࡻ⌲๔䖀喎Ƞ䒕䖀ϑ䕇喍त㏬Ƞ त㏬喎Ƞ #35 ㏬喑͟㖁ϧऐჳ䯳ౝࡧ喑ᑂᄩ 50% ᐭࣾᐼ喍ఫ 喎ȡ
ⲓ䗨͚ᓰ䙺ຄ ̴ _ ̴ϧ ⩌ᔮ㐀Ჱ喟 ᒏВ㐬㞟䖀হ⇠䖀Ⅱ㑾ͧͨ⮱ጯ⩌ᔮ᱙Ꮒ
๗⎃ӊចᆞȠ⎃Ƞ᳄Ƞ⎬ౝȠ⇠≮ぶ㞜ສ⮱ᮜ 㻯⩌ᔮ䉱⎽ധ喑㻱ܿᐧ䃫Ą̶㏢̶ὗą⮱㐬ౝ㈨㐌ȡĄ̶ ധᅯࡧ䙺ຄ చহ㵎⇠ᮜ㻯ፓ喑ڙచȠ䪬Ꭼ⏗⎬ౝڙϧ ㏢ąͧᅇ䉑⇠⎬ౝ̴_̴ Ą̶ὗąͧᶮඅ⇠⩌ᔮᮜ㻯㐬ౝȠॡ䘪䌜ᮜ㻯ፓࣷ๗⎃⎃ చ喑㐬㞟䖀䬡䌊㏓ LN喑⾬λ๗⎃͚喑ڙ␕ 䃫㏔䙺Ҁ㈨ڞڙఫ ๗⎃ ઠᇸǖဍࢶႎॺยኸࣩևӸࠅĖࢶႎม൶ದ༫ยแࡀࣄė 倅γ⮱ᢿ⅔㘪߈喍ఫ 喎ȡ
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N
䌜ڙ ᔘ䕌䌜 ͨ䌜 ⁎䌜 㻱ܿ䓦⩹
ఫ ๗⎃䖀䌜ϑ䕇㻱ܿఫ ઠᇸǖဍࢶႎॺยኸࣩևӸࠅ
42 ᬍ䩎๗⎃喟䲏ा⮱᪡Ҁ⩌ᔮ㻱ܿᣏ㉏
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ᶮඅ⇠㐬ౝ IN N N N
㵎⇠ᮜ㻯ፓ చ INڙ䛾࡛ IN
⻭Ⅱ⇠ᮜ㻯ፓ
ᅇ䉑⇠⎬ౝ 䪬Ꭼ⏗⎬ౝ IN IN
๗⎃⎫⎬ౝ IN
ఫ ๗⎃㐬ౝ㈨㐌㐀Ჱᘼఫ ઠᇸǖဍࢶႎॺยኸࣩևӸࠅ
ᄦ࣌ᰶ๔ᄼ ็⇠䖀εВԊ⪆᪡⇨喑㻱ܿ 㻱ܿՎᄩౕ็ߌ㘪Ⱕღ⮱ጯ㶄ࡧ䛴⩕⌤वጰᅭ ᒏĄఈ㏢ఈὗąͨⅡ㑾ᵩᅭ喑㻱ܿ Ꭱ⇠䖀ᕨ ⮱ౌౝᐭࣾᐼ喑呀ߞੳѼ⌤वȠੳߋ⌤व喑ᐧ䃛 䪬㏓ LN喑⇠㑾ჳᏓ LNLN喑Ⅱ䲏⢴ 喊ȡ ᠒ᰶ⌤वߌ㘪⮱㶄౷℁Ҹ䊲䓴 ȡ ౕԊ៑࣌ᰶ⎬ౝⅡ㈨⮱ധ̷喑䔈̭ₒក䕇๗⎃ᆞⅡ̻ 㖁㈨喍ఫ 喎ȡ 倅ౌౝݖ⩕⮱䯳㏓Ꮣ⩌ڞጯ⮱ 䔯ᒀ倅䒕䖀ϑ䕇⇬㏬ࣷϑ䕇㏪ౝࡧ⮱ᐭࣾᑧᏓ喑 ϑ㏪ক䓦⮱⩕ౝߌ㘪⌤व喑呀ߞᐧ䃫ጯ㐩वڙᔮᐧ䃫ゃ⪒ ᑧࡃ⩌ ϑڞڙߕ͚ᓰ㐀व≩ڞڙߕ͚ᓰ喑 ⮱≩ڞڙҀᝃ 䃫⮱㐩वᕨღ⼜⢴ᣔݣౕڙ䛺В⩌ᔮ㞯㘪ͧᄩा⮱ጯߌ㘪⾧䬡ጰᅭ 䕇㏪ᐧ䃫ȡ㻱ܿᐧ䃛ߋ⧵ 喑ੳ͇䃫㐩वღ⼜⢴ᣔݣౕ _ȡ_ ߕ͚ᓰౝࡧౝ≩ڞڙ呀ߞฺव⮱ጯߌ㘪 व⤳ᐭࣾݖ⩕ౝ̸⾧䬡喑ߍᑧ ๗⎃㻱ܿ呀ߞᒏϔ͇ߌ㘪ฺव็ٰ⮱ጯ㏱ ̸⾧䬡⮱㖁㈨ȡ䕇䓴㥒䕍व⤳⮱㶄ࡧᅧᏓ喑ᰶ᩵䭺ѻᱧ ఏȡӊច⣝ᰶ⮱㘪⎽ϔ͇Ƞϔ႓ⵁᱧᲱȠо䬟ᒞ㻳⮱ ߕ䒓ܧ㵹℁Ҹȡ 㞜ສധ喑ࣾᆂВੳ͇䛾㲺Ƞ᪆݈ᘼȠо䬟⍥ͧͨ 䃫ጰᅭڞڙ⮱す̶ϔ͇喑Вࣷ *5Ƞᱽ᫆ȠឭႢࡃぶѻⷠϔ͇喑 хࡃ ߎ䃫⾧䬡ጰᅭ⮱㶎ࡃȠߎߌڞڙ㈨喑倅 ⣝ധ᱙ڠᐧ̻ᅲѼȠ⩕ౝ̻ϑ䕇䬡⮱ڙхࡃϔ͇Ƞ ज䓫ᕔȡхࡃڣߎ䃫ᐧ䃫Ꭳ倅ڞڙ㕹ѼᎠ㶎ᠴ喑ᐧ䃫ߌ㘪ฺव⮱ጯ㏱ఏȡ 㘪ぶࡃ喑ߍᑧ
43 ͚పࡧ㻱̻ܿࣾᆂ
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LN
ఫ ๗⎃Ⅱ㈨㐩व᪡⇨ ઠᇸǖဍࢶႎॺยኸࣩևӸࠅ
䙺ຄ䃫ጰᅭ喑⣝ В̷ᅲℾₒ㵹 N Ⅱ⣜ධ䌜㏬Ƞ⩌ᔮҀ侹Ƞ᪴ࡃ䖄ϔȠо䬟⍥Ƞᙌⴒڞڙധ᱙ ज䓫ᎩចȠ В̷ᅲℾₒ㵹 N ज䓫ᄼ႓Ƞ ጯρ̀䷅ᚏ㵹㏬䌜喍ఫ 喎喑䌜㑾ჳᏓ㜠ᄾ䓫ݝ 㵹喍ఫ 喎ȡ LNLNȡܧ㐬ౝ喑呀ߞ㐬㞟ڞڙᅲℾₒ㵹 N ज䓫 㜠ᄾᰶ _ ͗ᢏ΅㏪হ LNڲВĄԊ͗ࢂٰ Ჱᐧ็ᅯ⁎⮱㐬㞟ϑ䕇㑾㐉 ⮱ߎࡷᒱąͧധ᱙݆࣌喑ܧᚏ㵹ᢏ΅㏪Ƞᚏ㵹 ݝࡧᎣڒ⌞ߎ㞯◦⮱ധ᱙ᵳ᳣ȡहᬣ喑ᄳᚏ㵹㈨㐌 ⼌㜗㵹䒓⩕ڙᐧまⰥ㐀व喑ႹڞڙϑҀ㈨ ̻ϑ䕇㏪হ๔ಸڙ๔߈ࣾᆂ㐬㞟 㵹℁Ҹ喍ఫ 喎ȡܧϑ䘪ጯąͧ⤳ᘠ喑Ჱᐧ䒕䖀ϑ䕇Ƞ 䉮㈨㐌喑倅㐬㞟ڙ๗⎃ВĄ ϑ䕇䓽ߎڞڙϑぶ็ᐼࡼ䄰Ƞᢏ΅Ӭᢤ⮱ڙ፥㻱 ᢿͧⰛᴴ⮱䉱⎽㘪⎽㐩वݖ⩕ᐼۼϑ䕇Ӭᢤࡃࣷѻ㘪㕄ȡ ᣕߕВ㞯㘪ڞڙ⣝㈨㐌喑 ϑ㏬䌜䃫㒛喑ౕᰶУ⮱ጯͨ䖀͑Ӕ䃫㒛ڙхࡃ ⇌हノڞ㏬䌜㑾ჳᏓ喑㜠ᄾ䓫ݝ LNLNȡ ᐧ䃫ڞڙϑ̀⩕䖀喑ߍ๔ڙ ⤳পক⮱⩌ڕϑ〆◦䃫㒛喑⣝ᅲℾₒ㵹 N ज䓫ȡ ๗⎃Ռ䞡పใ⮱ᐧ䃫㏼侹喑Вڙхࡃ ह⇌⮱ᐧ䃫ȡ㻱ܿ䛴⩕ಸノᱽᝃ㐩वノ⇌喑ڞᔢ喑ᣕߕ 㒛⩢㐳Ƞ⩢ԎȠ㐆Ⅱڲह⇌喑ڞ㺳Ⰳ⮱ᚏ㵹㈨㐌 ౕ⣜ᵥᓰࡧ⇬䌜ᐧ䃫ڕᐧ䃫 ധλᄦใ䖀䌜ϑ䕇Ƞ䒕䖀ϑ䕇ȠⅡ䭳䓽䓀ϑ ノȠ͚Ⅱノぶ喑ᕨ䪬Ꮣ㏓ LNȡ ϑ䕇Ƞ⩌ᔮധ䃫⮱㐩वऍߍܳᲽ喑㻱ܿᒏڞڙ䕇Ƞ
44 ᬍ䩎๗⎃喟䲏ा⮱᪡Ҁ⩌ᔮ㻱ܿᣏ㉏
N N
㐬ౝڞڙϑ〆◦ ᅲℾₒ㵹 N ज䓫ڙᅲℾₒ㵹 N 㠰డज䓫
N N
႓႓⩌ₒ㵹 N ज䓫ᄼ႓ Ꭹ〒ₒ㵹 N ज䓫Ꭹចڒ
䃫ज䓫ᕔڞڙఫ ⩌ᔮ㻱ܿ倅 ઠᇸǖဍࢶႎॺยኸࣩևӸࠅ
ឭᱜ Ⅱ䉱⎽ Ꮜᐰ➖ั⤳ឭᱜ⩌ںजᓗ⣜Ⅱ
䛼ࡃۼ喍喎倅䲋э㐌Ⅱ䉱⎽ݖ⩕⢴ 喍喎ధҀᏌᐰ➖ᢿᩫ 㻱ܿᐧ䃛ӈⅡノ㑾ᢌ㕄⢴̺๔λ 喑ᐧ䶦Ⱋ䲋 Վ㐬㞟⊵䉦喑ᬒϧ⩌≨ರ౫ᢿᩫ䛼̺๔λ ᄾᐧまᏌᐰ➖ϔ⩌䛼喑㐀वᮜ㻯ۼLH喍ϧeE喎喠 ڤэ㐌Ⅱ䉱⎽ݖ⩕⢴䓫ݝ В̷喑ᐧ䶦Ⱋ㞯Ⅱக ᮛࣷ⢴䓫 喑็䲏䭺ѻⅡ䉱⎽ᢌ㕄ȡ ᐧ䃫䔈㵹䉱⎽ࡃݖ⩕⣝ౌᎠ㶎喑ᐧまರ౫ᢿᩫ䛼̺ 喍喎倅Ⅱั⤳⢴ ๔λ UINȡ ⩕㻱ܿ䛴⩕㐌̭⮱͚Ⅱఋ⩕㈨㐌喑ᄳऱᢿⅡ㏼䓴➖ 喍喎ధҀᏌᐰ➖䉱⎽ࡃݖ ݖ⩕⮱ゃ⪒喑㺮Ⅿ⩌≨ರںȠ➖⤳ࡃ႓ั⤳ᝃ⩌➖ั⤳䓫ݝ㻱ჇⅡ䉕㺮Ⅿ喑 㻱ܿᣕ㵹ᰭ๔ࡃᏌᐰ➖⤳ั⤳ ݖ⩕⢴̺ѻλ ȡںݖ⩕⢴̺ѻλ 喑ᐧまರ౫ںᐧ䃛͚ⅡҬ⩕㠰డព๔ݝ ȡ ౫ 喍喎⣝䰕Ⅱ倅⍄䔼䰣ᒞ৺ 喍喎ధҀᏌᐰ➖ܳㆨᩣ䯳ࣷᬍრࡃั⤳ 䖀䌜ࣷᐧま䛴⩕䰕Ⅱ㐩वݖ⩕㈨㐌喑䕇䓴䔼Ⅱ 㻱ܿᐧ䃛๗⎃ರ౫ܳㆨᩣ䯳ࣷᬍრࡃั⤳⢴䓫 䔈ឭᱜ喑ٵ⮱ڥ⦌⩕䛴ڲౝ䲏⮱Ҭ⩕ߍ䰕Ⅱ̸⍄喑Ԋ䃮䰕Ⅱ̸⍄䛼ౕᐭࣾݺऻ 喑Ꭳౕ͚⦋⩌ᔮ㠰ࡧ Ԋᠮ̺अ喑⣝䰣ᒞ৺ȡ ᐧ䃫ⱌ⾧ರ౫ᩣ䯳㈨㐌ȡ
45 ͚పࡧ㻱̻ܿࣾᆂ
ఫ Ҹ
Ⅱ⣜ධ̀䷅㏬䌜 ⩌ᔮҀ侹̀䷅㏬䌜 ᪴ࡃ䖄ϔ̀䷅㏬䌜 о䬟⍥̀䷅㏬䌜 ᙌⴒጯ̀䷅㏬䌜 Ѓ⌤वᚏ㵹䖀ڣ Ѓ⠙⿸ᚏ㵹䖀ڣ 㻱ܿ㠰డ
ఫ ๗⎃ᚏ㵹㈨㐌㻱ܿ ઠᇸǖဍࢶႎॺยኸࣩևӸࠅ
ఫ Ҹ 㻯ᮜо䬟ߎ㞯◦ 㻯ᮜ◦ߎ㠰డ R N ̭㝙ᕔߎ㞯◦ ̭㝙㞯◦ߎ㠰డ R N 㻱ܿ㠰డ
ఫ ๗⎃ᚏ㵹ߎ㞯◦ ઠᇸǖဍࢶႎॺยኸࣩևӸࠅĖဍࢶႎႜཚဣཥࡀࣄė
46 ᬍ䩎๗⎃喟䲏ा⮱᪡Ҁ⩌ᔮ㻱ܿᣏ㉏
⪑㘪⎽ݖ⩕ᝅ⩌ں喍喎ज 㘪⎽⮱ᓗ⣜ݖ⩕喑㺮Ⅿ๗⩌ںឭᱜ 㻱ܿՎᄩ๔߈ᐭᆂज⩌ں㘪⎽㞯㘪 ܳ⢴⩕㘪⎽ݖ⩌ں喍喎ᐧᐧま㞯㘪ᝅ⪒ ⎃হ͚⦋ѻⷠ⩌ᔮ㠰ࡧ⮱ज ⢴⩕㘪⎽ݖ⩌ں㔰㭾䪬̸͚⍥ౝࡧ⮱⅁Ն➦◦喑㻱ܿ㺮Ⅿᐧまጰ ݘ䓫ݝ হ В̷喑ᐧᐧまज ᅭВࢄࡄाͧͨ喑呀ߞ㜗♣䕇䷻䃫䃎ȡ㻱ܿ๔䛼Ռ䞡㐬 䓫ݝ В̷ȡहᬣ喑๗⎃ᄳᣕᎬᏁ⩕ܳጰᐼ㘪 ጰᐼ㘪⎽⮱ݖ⩕㠰డȠឭܳܧ䔈ឭᱜ喑๔䛼䛴⩕䖛䭠ȠԊ⍖Ƞ䯁䴠ぶ ⎽喑ӊᢛࡧഌᐧま䉌㢤ٵڠ㞟ᐧま⮱Ⱕ 㘪⩌ںᐧ ᱜᒏᐼ喑Ꭳᵦᢛ̺हᐧまᕔ䉕㺮ⅯҬ⩕̺ह⮱जڞڙԊឭᱜВ䭺ѻࢂѺᐧま㘪㕄喑Ԋ䃮ᐧᅲѼহ⣜ ま㞯㘪⢴̺ѻλ ȡ ⎽㏱वᒏᐼᝃࡧഌ㘪⎽喑倅㘪⎽ݖ⩕᩵⢴喍ఫ 喎ȡ
喍B喎ܳጰᐼ㘪⎽ 喍C喎⇬䌜๗䭠㘪䌜▜ᐧ䃫 喍D喎๗䭠㘪ᮜ㻯⚔ᬻ䃫
⩕㘪⎽ݖ⩌ںఫ ܳጰᐼ㘪⎽䃫㒛Ƞज ઠᇸǖဍࢶႎॺยኸࣩևӸࠅ
䲏ᣕᎬ㐬㞟ᐧまڕ Ԋ៑Ꭳᩦ⩌ᔮ⣜ධ
㻱ܿͧ๗⎃䃫Ⴧγ͒ᵩ⮱⩌ᔮ⣜ධᐧ䃫Ⱋᴴȡ ๗⎃⮱ᐧᐧま䰭ᠶ⚔Ȩ㐬㞟ᐧま䃱Фᴴ 㺮Ⅿ⯾≸⾧⅁䉕䛼倅λᝃぶλι㏔ᴴ۳⮱๖䓫ݝ ۳ȩȨ㟼Ⱞ㐬㞟ᐧま䃱Фᴴ۳ȩ䔈㵹ᐧ䃫喑㺮Ⅿ ͚喑ڣౝ㶕Ⅱ ᐧᐧま 䕇䓴㐬㞟ᐧま̭ᭌ㏔В̷䃑䃮喑ڲE Ꭱ喠ߍᑧ๗⎃⮱ᴀ䭟⇨ጒ҉喑Ҭ ධ䉕䛼̺ѻλ̶ㆨⅡ䉕ᴴ۳喠ᣕ㵹䶦Ⱋᐧ䃫⮱⣜ධᒞ 䕇䓴㐬㞟ᐧまιᭌ䃑䃮喑 䕇䓴㐬㞟ᐧま̶ᭌ⣜ ৺䃱Фጒ҉喑ζः⣝⣜ධฝ䓫ᴴࡧ㺳Ⰳ⢴䓫 ȡ 䃑䃮ȡ ᣕ㵹็ᒏᐼȠ็ᅯ⁎⮱㐬ࡃ⣜ධᐧ䃫喑ܴ倅 ѼႲ䶦Ⱋ͚⼜ᲮᣕᎬ๗䭠㘪Ƞౝ☚㘪⮱Ҭ⩕喑䲋э Ƞ㐬㞟⣜Ԋᐧᱽ⮱Ҭ⩕喑㺮Ⅿ㐬ڤ⮱Ḻ᳄⢴喑㜠ᄾ 㐌Ⅱ⎽ݖ⩕হ㞯Ⅱகڲ๗⎃⮱ⷠⅴ㘪߈ȡ倅㐬ࡃ⩕ౝ 䓫ݝ 喠व⤳ጰ㒛倅๔᱕喑⩌ϔ䭟៑㐬ౝȠ䖀䌜 㞟⣜Ԋᱽ᫆Ҭ⩕℁Ҹ䓫ݝ 喑᱙ౝᐧᱽҬ⩕℁Ҹ๔ చ㐬ౝḺ᳄⢴ܳݘ̺ѻλ ȠȠȡ λぶλ ȡᣕᎬϔ͇ࡃѼႲহᮧ㘪ࡃ㈨㐌喑㺮Ⅿϔ͇ڙ㐬ౝȠ ⼜ᲮᣕᎬᐧま➖⮱⿸Ҁ㐬ࡃ喑ᐧᐧまᠶᐧまᕔ䉕䃫㒛 ࡃѼႲ℁Ҹ̺ᄼλ 喑㵹㐬㞟ጒ喑㐬㞟ጒ℁Ҹ ̭Ⴧ⮱ᅸ䶣㐬ࡃ℁Ҹ㺮Ⅿȡ 䓫 ȡ Вϧͧ᱙喑ក䕍ᅲ⮱ጯ㶄ࡧহᐧまȡᄦᐧまጰ ᅭ䛴⩕䷻⣜ධಸ䃱ѝȠ☚ᇈ᩵Ꮑ᠌䃱ѝȠᬒ⚔᠌ ᐧ䃫⮱㏼≻Ƞчহ⣜ධᒞ৺ 䃱ѝぶឭᱜಸ喑ក䕍Ąѻ☚ᇈ᩵ᏁąȠ䔯䷻䕌⮱ ጯᓛ⅁Ն喑ϧ㵹ࡧ䷻䕌̺๔λ NT喑Ѽࡧᬒ⚔䓫ᴴ㺳 ᐧ䃫ᬣᎼ Ⴙ㻱ܿ喑ऻ䯳͚ᐧ䃫ą⮱݆࣌喑 ᎡٵⰃ⢴䓫ݝ 喑ᐧѼࡧბใᬒᎠ☚ᇈᑧᏓ̺๔λ ᠶ⚔Ą Ďȡ 㻱ܿ䘕䬕Ɑᐭᆂ๗⎃⮱㻱ܿⵁ⾣ጒ҉喑ₑऻρᎡ
47 ͚పࡧ㻱̻ܿࣾᆂ
Ⴙγ๗⎃ᕨҀ㻱ܿȠᣔݣᕔ䄓㻱হऱㆨܳڲᬣ䬡 ࡧȠ̀䶦㻱ܿ⮱ฺࣺ䃧䃮ȠฺࣺԛᩦȠฺࣺ⌞ࡃȡ ㏼≻ᩣ⯷ܳᲽ ౝౌܧڞϔ͇ദ㗟喑ऻጯߌ㘪ą⮱݆࣌喑 Ꭱ ÿ ᎡᎡᏂ喑๗⎃͚ࡧٵᠶ⚔Ą ड़ߕ͉㺬͑㔩ϔ͇చࡧ⮱ᐭࣾᐧ䃫喑݈ͧ䕍ᅞ NV喑ౌౝᩣ⯷䓫 Ϭٰȡ̻ₑहᬣ喑ౌౝٵ ͇ᇄѺȠ॥ᑂϧऐຍჇധ喑㜠 ᎡᎡᏂ喑͉ࡧ ФթȠϔ͇ࣾᆂȠࡧഌᒞ৺߈ࡴぶ䮽ᕔᩣ⯷䔽⌽ܥ᭫喑 ๗⎃ឭచᐧ ̴ N ̶݈䒪Ҁ喑॥ᑂ ҆უⵁࣾ Ꭱ͚ࡧѼႲᎠౝФͧ ̴ NV喑̻ Ꭱ 㞜ᕔᓗ⣜喑๔䛼ڒ侨喠㺬ࡧᆞⅡӊច๔႓ Ⱕ℁㔨γ͑⪗ȡ䮼Ɑᐧ䃫䔽⌽ₒڒᱧᲱহ䒜Уߎใ࠲Ю͇ ẩڙ࣯̻ੳ৮ѼႲȠੳ͇㐩वҀȠߋڒх߬喑ᐧࡄ๔ᬍ䩎ധౝȠᕿࡻឭచȠ๔႓⩌݈͇చ ч䉱᱙䔈 ᐧ䃫႓ᵎȠࡨ䮏ぶڒ͚࠲क़ ぶᐭࣾᐧ䃫喑हᬣ䔅ᰶℾ㥒䉱᱙ែڣぶ᪆ധౝ喑Ꭳ॥ᑂऱㆨ倅Ю͇ ҆უ喑 ߎ䙺ຄ䃫ȡڞڙ ጕϧ㑾㐉Ƞ*#.- ͚పξ䃎ツ͚ᓰহ䒜䕇ߕ߈ぶⴒऺЮ 侨ȡڒ͇ ധ䃫喑ऻౝ಄ᐭࣾą⮱݆࣌喑 Ꭱ ᐧ䃫⮱чᒞ৺ٵᠶ⚔Ą ٵ⿸๗⎃ᐧ䃫ᠴᡒ䘕喑ᐭड़ߕ๔㻱ᐧ䃫喑仃 Ԋ䯉≩⩌ڣᐭᆂጯᩬധ䃫ͨ㏬䌜Ƞ俕⣜ධጒ⼸ᐧ䃫ВࣷԊ ࣌ѼℾႶ㒛ࣷ ᅲѼϧ⟢⣝ڲ䯉ℾ⩌⮱Ⴖ㒛ᝬᐧ䃫喑៶ᐭᐭࣾᐧ䃫⮱๔ᵳ᳣喑ह ๗⎃ᅇ᱗ड़ߕᐧ䃫Вݺ喑䄒ࡧഌ ᱾ᝤऐͧͨȡᅲѼ⩕ౝВ㜗♣᱾⮱ۉ䮏ぶ䛺๔ߌ㘪 ऐ㏓ ̴ 喑Вޔ㵹䔯ᬣड़ߕγጯℾ͚ᓰȠࢇ㻵͚ᓰȠ๔ ᱾Ѽۉᕔ䶦Ⱋ⮱㻱ܿᐧ䃫喑ᰶݖλጯ͚ᓰ⮱ᒏ䆎ᔘ䕌ᒏ喑 ᒏᐼ᪐Ξܳጰ喑็᭜ ̓㏗ ᎡАԛᐧ⮱ιᅯ 喑̻ٵ䕇䓴 Ꭱ⮱ᬣ䬡喑Ą䖀䌜㑾Ƞ㐬ౝ⎬ౝ❴Ƞߌ㘪ᕔ Ⴒ喑ᐧま䉕䛼Ⱕᄦ䒰ສȡጯࡃᣕ䔈䓴⼸͚喑仃 䶦Ⱋಸą⮱ጯ͚ᓰᵳ᳣ധ᱙ᐧ喑ͧᣒ̸Გ⮱ ധ䃫Ƞ⣜ධጒ⼸हₒ喑㻱ܿᐧ䃫̭ឦ倅䉕䛼⮱Ⴖ㒛 Ѽᝬ䬛ڣчᕔ䶦ⰛᷜᏓᐧ䃫ຍჇധȡ ᝬѼႲᄼࡧ喑⩕λᒮౝ៳䓮ϧऐᅞ䓾Ⴖ㒛喑㼐۠ ጯԊ喑Ϙऄጯڒ䘕㏠ڕℾ̭⁎ᕔۉ喑㷘ᒮౝ⁎ڣȠѼႲȠੳ͇䶦Ⱋᠶ⚔ĄᐭࣾⰥ ䷅ȡڙ䓾͑Ꭱ喑͚ࡧߋ 䃖ܧℾᒲ䕴ȡहᬣ喑ݣჇγĄ㶄䖀⪆⩕ౝᩬゃą喑ᄳ ۆ〜ᄦ䯳͚喑䙺ຄ䔯Ꮣ䊲ݺą⮱ᕊ䌜ᰶᎼᣕ䔈ᐧ䃫喟倅 䔶౭喠๔㻱 ౌౝ͚䯳Ҁౌౝᕨ䛼⮱ ܿ㐆㶄䖀⩕҉⪆ᵦ䉱ϔ喑Вڲ䛾㲺ੳߎす̭㶄ࡧౕٵᝬх⩕ڙႄẩহߋ ጯℾ͚ᓰহ 䯳Ҁ㏼㥒⮱ᐼͧᒀౝᅲℾፓᲒܳ㏏ᝃ㔲ᅞ͇ᱧчȡౕٵ⮱䯳͚ੳ͇䃫হጯ㐩वҀ䶦Ⱋх ጟᐧѼႲ䶦Ⱋ⮱䭱䓾䔶౭喠ѼႲᐭࣾᐧ䃫᱙Ɑ⩞䓾ࣷ䔉 ⮱݆࣌喑ߍ๔䲍䓾㔮ࡧ⮱ౝ಄ܧ䃖߈Ꮣ喑ᰶᎼाࢄᣕ ॥ᑂѼℾ ߎ䃫䔯Ꮣ䊲ݺ䙺ຄݝѺ喑हᬣ 䮼Ɑ͉㺬͑㔩ϔ͇చࡧȠ䛾㲺ੳߎ㶄ࡧࣾᆂᬒ䊸ڞڙ䔈喑Ԋγࡧ ᅞ͇ȡहᬣ喑⩌ᔮ⣜ධх㞜喑ڒ⊹Ԋ䃮Ҭ⩕᩵⢴ȡ ⛌喑๔䛼ϧ ⩌≨䙺ຄᬒ䊸Ⴙ喑ܚՌ倅৮䉕⮱ᅲѼ⣜ධ॥ᑂ๔䛼㔮 ᐧ䃫⮱㏼≻ᒞ৺ ࡧጯℾ䉚ᝬჇᅲȡ ᎡᎡᏂ喑๗⎃͚ࡧੳ৮ ๗⎃ᐧ䃫ड़ߕ䉱䛾ͨ㺮䕇䓴ౌౝ䉱⎽⮱ᐭࣾ᪡ ᝬጟᐧ䨭ਜ਼䓾 ̴ N喑ౕᐧ㏓ ̴ Nȡ 㵹㣤ःᐧ䃫ड़ߕٵ㣤ः喑⩞ᩬᏉ㲺䉱Ꭰझा䨣㵹Ռ䉤⤳ ߎ䃫㻱̻ܿᐧ䃫ڞڙ 䉱䛾喑♣ऻ䕇䓴ౌౝࢃᩣ⯷ᄳ䧞䔅㐆䨣㵹ȡ 䃫̀䶦㻱ܿᄦ᪴᪆Ҁ࢘ぶ䙺ڞڙ䕇䓴̭㈨݄ ᐧ䃫ែ䉱ࣷ䓽㥒㐡៑᱙ ຄ䃫ݺ䶱⪆ᣔݣ喑ऻᐭࣾᐧ䃫͚᱙ⱭĄ䔯Ꮣ䊲ݺ喑 ͚喑ڣ䶫᩵⢴ą⮱݆࣌ᰶᎼᑂᄩᐧ䃫ࢂѺ䔈㵹䙺ᐧȡک ധڒᎡᎡᏂ喑๗⎃͚ࡧ ㉜䃎ែ 䓽㥒ͨҀ䕇䓴ౌౝ⿸ڙ⩞ߎ䃫̭㝙ڞڙᐧ䙺ຄহႶ㒛Ѽᝬᐧ䃫⮱䉱䛾ᕨ ጯ㏔Ƞࡧ㏔ڙ䃫Ƞ⣜ධጒ⼸Ƞ ч䉱ڒ䉱⮱ᒏᐼᐭࣾᐧ䃫喑हᬣ⼜Ხᑂܧ䖀䌜Ƞノ㑾Ƞ⣜ධጒ⼸⮱ ܿ᠕Ƞ䉏ᩬڒ䃎䓾 Ϭٰȡ Ꭱែ ߎ䙺ຄ䃫⮱ᐧ䃫ڞڙ㔮ぶڨ䓽㥒㐡៑⮱䉦⩕ᕨ䃎㏓ Ϭٰ喑Ꭳ䮼Ɑᐧ䃫䛼⮱䪬 ᱙喑࣯̻႓ᵎȠࡨ䮏Ƞ ߎ䃫䙺ຄᅯ䲏喑ᠶ⚔Ą㶄䖀㏔Ƞڞڙ䔽Ꭱ䔿ȡ হ䓽㥒ȡౕࡧ
๗⎃͉Ƞ͚Ƞ㺬ࡧܳᆋ̶̺͗ह㵹ᩬͨҀノ䓃喑ऄ㐌䃎ऐᒱ䭽ݣ喑᱙᪴В๗⎃͚ࡧͧᄦ䆎䔈㵹ܳᲽȡ Ꭱᢛȡ
48 ᬍ䩎๗⎃喟䲏ा⮱᪡Ҁ⩌ᔮ㻱ܿᣏ㉏
䃖䛾⮱̀䶦ノ⤳喑ܧᩬᏉᕔ䉱䛾䓽҉ͨҀ喑䉌䉐͚ࡧౌౝ ڞڙⲓ䗨ࡧ㏔Ƞധᅯࡧ㏔ą̶㏔ᐧ䃫䛺◦喑㶄䖀㏔ 䉱᱙䛾喑ڹ⧵䉱∕䉱䯳ఏ喑ߍ䯳ఏ⮱ܧͧ҉ ߎ䃫̭㝙⩞㶄䖀ᩬᏉ䛴⩕ౌౝܿ᠕⮱ᐼࢂ⠙ःᓄ ߎ䃫 ᑧ๗⎃͚ࡧ⮱ែ䉱ᐧ䃫㘪߈ȡڞڙౝᐭࣾᐧ䃫ᱰ喑ⲓ䗨͚ᓰ㏔Ƞധᅯࡧ㏔⩕ ݆㺮ⅯⰥᏁ⮱ѼႲᐭࣾੳౕऱ㜗ౝ಄͚Аᐧ喑Ԋ䃮 ๗⎃͚ࡧ⮱ౌౝܧ䃖䛾⩞ጯ㏔䉏ᩬថ䮑̷㑡㻱 Ꭰᕔহぶࡃȡ 䉦হᠶᩬゃ㻱Ⴧ㐌ウҬ⩕⮱䉱䛾ऻ喑䯳͚ᑿ䔅ᠴᡒ䘕ߋڙߎ⮱ڞڙࡧ ბҬ⩕ȡ㜠 Ꭱ ᰵ喑䯳ఏ䛴⩕䨣㵹ՌȠڙ 㻱ܿ Ԏចϔ৮Ƞ㗎ᱰ㲺䉱হ㲺䉱⼌䉮ぶᒏᐼͧᐧ䃫㲺䉱 䃎 Ϭٰȡڞ ⮱ᱧݣ ₑใ喑ӊច⩌ᔮᐧ䃫⮱᭫㦄᩵喑ζःݝγѻ ⷠ⩌ᔮᐧ䃫ȠⅡ㈨⇨⤳ࣷ⎬ౝᐧ䃫͑䲏⮱̀䶦㶒ߖ䉱 ᐧ䃫ノ⤳Ҁݣ 䛾ȡѻⷠ⩌ᔮᐧ䃫㶒ߖܳݘͧĄ㟼Ⱞᐧま㞯㘪হ㐬㞟 Ꭱ喑ᬍ䩎ጯ༁ጯᩬᏉ⿸๗⎃ᐧ䃫ᠴᡒ ᐧま㠰ࡧ㶒ߖąহĄ㐬㞟⩌ᔮࡧ㠰ࡧ͚๛䉏ᩬ㶒 䘕喑⩞ጯ䪬៲Шᠴᡒ䘕ᕨᠴᡒ喑ऱ䘕䬕ͨ㺮䉌䉐ϧШ ߖąȡⅡ㈨⇨⤳䲏喑๗⎃ःᓄγĄ๗⎃≮ഌ͚๛䉏 অ喑๔߈ᣕ䔈๗⎃㻱ܿᐧ䃫ጒ҉ȡᐧ䃫㵹 ᩬⅡᴀ䭟⇨㶒ߖ䉱䛾ąĄ๗⎃Ⅱ⣜ධ⇨⤳Ⱞ㏔̀䶦䉱 Ąጯࡧव߈㖁ߕᱧݣą喑⩞๗⎃ᐧ䃫ᠴᡒ䘕㐌̭䶳ᄩȠ 䛾ąぶ็䶦͚๛㏔ȠⰮ㏔̀䶦㶒ߖ䉱䛾喑㉜䃎㏓ Ϭٰ喑 㐌̭㻱ܿȠ㐌̭ࡼ䄰喑ܳ❴ࡧ㏱㏴ᐧ䃫ȡ ͧ๗⎃⮱Ⅱ㈨⇨⤳ࣷ⎬ౝᐧ䃫ӈγ䛺㺮⮱䉱䛾 ͚喑͉ࡧ喍๗⎃ឭచ喎হ㺬ࡧ喍ᆞⅡ喎⩞␕ ᩜᠮȡڣ Ҁ䉌䉐㻱ܿȠᐭࣾহᐧ䃫ȡ͚ࡧ䛴⩕ᄮ䬚䓽҉ᒏڤࡧ⎃ ბ喍В̸キ⼝Ąᠴ ⮱䓽㥒㐡៑ڙᐼ喑⩞๗⎃ᐧ䃫ᠴᡒ䘕̸䃫ߋ Ҁ䉌䉐㻱ܿȠᐭࣾহᐧ䃫ጒ҉喠䮑ᐧ䃫ڤბą喎ڙᡒ䘕ߋ ノ⤳ᱰใ喑㏼≻чࣾᆂノ⤳Ƞчθߎহ㵹ᩬノ⤳В 䖀䌜䃫⮱䓽㥒ノ⤳ ࣷ䉏ᩬ⼻ᩣノ⤳ぶϺ⩞␕⎃ࡧឬ៲喍ఫ 喎ȡ 䮼Ɑ๗⎃ᐧ䃫⮱ᔘ䕌ᣕ䔈喑ऻ⮱䓽㥒ノ ڒΌᬒ⯷ͧ䛺◦ȡ๗⎃͚ࡧౌౝᩣ⯷হ⼻ᩣᩣ⤳ ბহࡧ㏔ᩬᏉ喑ₑౕ䓽㥒䉐Ш㥪ڙែ㲺䉱Ҁݣ ܳݘᑿᆋᠴᡒ䘕ߋ थ喑ౕᠴᡒ䘕 ̷Ϻႅౕ̭ჇܳₔȡᎡᰵᬍ䩎ጯᩬᏉङᐭࡼڙᬍ䩎ጯ⿸๗⎃ࣾᆂ䯳ఏᰶ䭽 䉐ШͨҀȡ๗ڠბ⮱Ⱑᣒ䶳ᄩ̸喑䉌䉐͚ࡧᐧ䃫⮱ែ㲺䉱≨ߕ喑䉱 䄰ч䃛喑ᬻγ䖀䌜ጒ⼸䓽㥒㐡៑⮱Ⱕڙߋ ᐧぶ䶦Ⱋ⮱ᐧ䃫喑 ⎃͚ࡧᰶᐧ䖀䌜⩞␕⎃ࡧノᅭᣒᩣȠノ⤳喑ڙ◦ᐭࣾȠധ䃫Ƞ⣜ධጒ⼸হ䛺⎽ Ѓ㏼㥒ᕔ䶦Ⱋȡहᬣ喑 ጟ⩞ጯ㏔ͨノ䘕䬕ᣒノ⮱ᔘ䕌䖀Ƞͨ䖀हᬣ̸ᩫȡ㏼ڣथ㜗ͨᐭࣾᐧ䃫ڙВࣷ⿸ၽ Ⴧ䷊ប㵹喑ጯ㏔ጟᣒノ⮱ᔘ䕌䌜Ƞͨڨℾθ͇∂ϧ喎喑҉ͧጯ㏔ 䉦ᠶጯ㐌̭⮱ノڕ⿸๗⎃ᐧ䃫ノ⤳͚ᓰ喍
ఫ ๗⎃ᐧ䃫ノ⤳ҀݣᱧᲱ ઠᇸǖศᒰࡀࣄยऺჺ৯ᇾᆶ၌ࠅິ
49 ͚పࡧ㻱̻ܿࣾᆂ
㏼䉦⩞ ⮱ധ喑ᒏⰥᄦႹ⮱㻱ܿ㑃ݣҀ㈨喑ຯ҂ᄳ⩌ᔮ᪴ڨЃ䖀䌜ノڣ㏼䉦⩞ጯ㏔䉏ᩬᩜЅ喑ڨ䖀喑ノ ბᩜЅȡ ᬻᰶ᩵㥪ݝᐧ䃫⮱ऱ͗ᅯ䲏Ƞ䲏ाⰡᣒᠴᄩڙᠴᡒ䘕ߋ ᰶ䛺㺮⮱⣝ᘼͶ喑ڤᐧ䃫喑ᄦపಸ䩴ࡃᐧ䃫 ጯ㐬ౝࣷ䙺ຄ䃫⮱䓽㥒ノ⤳ ๗⎃ϻВ̸܍͗䲏ӈγթᓄᕊ㔰⮱Ռ䞡㏼侹ȡ ៑ڨచ㏼䓴͑Ꭱ⮱ጒڙ๗⎃͚ࡧऱั⎬ౝȠ ͚㻯ᅯ䲏᪡Ҁ⩌ᔮ㻱ܿ⮱ឭᱜ䌜㏬ᣏ㉏ ڙბ༁ច䯳ఏ͇̀➖͇ノ⤳ၽڙऻ喑⩞ᠴᡒ䘕ߋ Ѓ⠙⿸ᐭᆂ⮱⩌ᔮ䌢喑๗⎃ӊڣڲथ̭ ̺हλపڙ⤳ბᎡᠶ䶱ツ᠕Ѕ➖͇ノڙथᣒノ喑ᠴᡒ䘕ߋ ⮱ऱㆨ䙺ຄ䃫⩞䄒 ចᬏᰶႹ⮱э㐌㻱ܿധ喑ᣏ㉏γ̭Ąэ㐌㻱ܿڲచڙ㏼䉦喑⎬ౝȠ៑ڨჇ䷊⮱ ⩌थ䉌䉐㐌̭᠈ੳ䓽㥒喑ᩣः⼌䛾ȡ ⩌ᔮ㻳 ᠴᴴҀ㈨ 㻱ܿᰡą⮱䲏ा⮱᪡Ҁڙ➖͇ ᔮ㻱ܿឭᱜ䌜㏬ȡ 䛺㺮ߌ㘪ᕔ䶦Ⱋ⮱䓽㥒ノ⤳ 䕇䓴ᄦэ㐌㻱ܿ⮱⩌ᔮ㻳喑ݣჇγ䔯व᱙ౝ⅁Ն ๗⎃͚ࡧ㜗 Ꭱ䊤䭳㐚ᐧ䃫γጯℾ͚ᓰȠ У⮱͚㻯ᅯ䲏⩌ᔮхࡃࣾᆂᝅ⪒喑ౕȨ๗⎃⩌ᔮ 䮏ぶ䛺㺮ߌ㘪ᕔ䶦Ⱋ喑䲋㥒ݖᕔ䃫 㻱ܿ䄏ȩȨ͚⦋⩌ᔮᕨҀ㻱ܿȩ⮱ധ̷喑ᒏγޔࢇ㻵͚ᓰȠᬍ䩎๔ Ѓᰶ̭Ⴧ⯵ݖ㘪߈⮱䶦Ⱋ᱙ Ȩᬍ䩎๗⎃ÿÿపუѻⷠ⩌ᔮ㠰ࡧ㻱ܿᠴᴴҀڣ䉱㐡៑ノ⤳喑ܧ⩞䉏ᩬ ㈨ࣷᄩ݆ȩহȨᬍ䩎͚⦋ѻⷠ⩌ᔮᐧ䃫ᠴᴴҀ㈨ ڙ⤳ⱭĄᩬᏉ㶒䉡喑ጯ౧ࡃ䓽҉ą⮱݆࣌喑ϑ⩞͇̀ノ थ䉌䉐䓽㥒ノ⤳ȡ ࣷᄩ݆ȩ͑ຄᠴᴴҀ㈨ȡݺ㔲䦵ᄦ LN Ꭱ喑ᬍ䩎๗⎃ప䭲ࢇ㻵͚ᓰ̭ጒ⼸ᐧែ⩕喑 ⮱๗⎃喑ᰡᑧ䄰͚㻯ᅯ䲏⮱ᠴᴴजᣔᕔ喑ऻ㔲䦵ᄦ थÿÿᬍ䩎๗⎃ప䭲ࢇ㻵͚ᓰᰶ LN ⮱͚⦋ѻⷠ⩌ᔮ喑ᰡᑧ䄰ᓛ㻯ᅯ䲏⮱ឭᱜजڙ⤳⿸͇̀чᆂᎠझノ ᕔȡ҉᧺ ڕथͧ䯳ఏڙथ䉌䉐喑ࢇ㻵͚ᓰ⮱䓽㥒ノ⤳喑䄒ڙ䭽 थͨ ᠴᴴҀ㈨ͧӈγѻⷠ⩌ᔮ䲏⮱⤳ᔢহⰛᴴڙथ喑䮑Ꭱ㣤ᓄጯ䉏ᩬ̭Ⴧ䷊㶒䉡ใ喑䄒ڙ䉱ၽ হ䬕⺕䨭ਜ਼ぶȡ ࣯㔰喑ѳ̺㘪Ⱑᣒ䓽⩕λᬒ፥⮱㻱ܿノ⤳͚喑ᐧ䃫⩌ᔮڒᲒ⎽ͧᆂѺ⼌䛾ȠᎬॷᩣڒ㺮ᩣ 䮏ᐧែ⩕喑⿸ᬍ䩎๔ 䔅䰭㺮ᄳ䔆ψ⩌ᔮ⤳ᔢহⰛᴴࣺ亵㥪ݝ∂Ⴧ⮱ᣔ㻱ޔᎡ ᰵ喑ᬍ䩎๔ ࣷऱ̀䶦㻱͚ܿȡ๗⎃䮼ऻႹγȨ๗⎃ᣔݣ ڙ䮏⮱䓽㥒ノ⤳喑䄒ޔथ喑䉌䉐๔ڙ䮏Ԋݖノ⤳ᰶ䭽ޔ 䮏ノ⤳㗹ᮜ⮱͚పԊݖ䯳ఏ᪴ࡃ㞧ᱜᰶ ᕔ䄓㏳㻱ܿ⩌ᔮᠴᴴᰡȩȨ͚⦋ѻⷠ⩌ᔮᣔݣᕔ䄓㏳ޔथ⩞᠒ᰶ͇̀ थᠮ㗎 喑䯳ఏᠮ㗎 喑䮑Ꭱ㣤ᓄጯ 㻱ܿԛ㑃ȩ喑Ꭳ㑃ݣγ㘪⎽Ƞᚏ㵹㈨㐌Ƞጯᩬノ㏬ȠⅡ㈨ڙ䭽 ᔮ̀䶦㻱ܿȡᰭऻ喑ౕౝ಄㻱ܿᅯ䲏喑ᄳ⩌ڠධぶⰥ⣜ ޔᲒ⎽ͧ๔ڒथͨ㺮ᩣڙ⤳䉏ᩬ̭Ⴧ䷊㶒䉡ใ喑䄒ノ 䃖У喑Ⱑᣒᠴᄩᐧ䃫喍ఫ 喎ȡܧȡ ⩌ᔮᠴᴴ҉ͧڒ䬕⺕ᩣܧ⑁䮏⮱ थ䓽㥒ᗲۢ㞜ສ喑ധ᱙ᩣᩜᎠ㶎ᝃڙ⤳В̷͑უノ 䶫ឭᱜ̻ノ⤳ᐧ⿸ज᧺҉⮱ᠴᴴҀ㈨ک ᰶ⯵҆ȡ⪑
㐀䃧 Ꭳ䲋Ą̭ܭܴą喑ᄩ݆͚䶱⪆䋠์ᑦᕔ ̺हλэ㐌⮱⩌ᔮጯᠴᴴҀ㈨喑ᬍ䩎⩌ᔮ⮱ᠴ Ꭱపუࣾᩦ༁䄰ⵁᢛ᭫喑 ͗Ⱞчጯ ᴴҀ㈨Ꭳ̺᭜キࢂ⮱Ⱋᴴᕔᠴᴴ喑Ό̺᭜Ą̭ܭܴą⮱ Ꭰ͗ጯܧᐧ䃫 ͗喍ࡧ喎⮱㻱ܿⰛᴴ喑 ᠴᴴҀ㈨喑㔹᭜ౕᄩ݆͚㐀व⮱ज㵹ᕔ喑ᄦᠴᴴ䔈 ͗ౝ㏔ጯᎠ͗ጯᐧ䃫 ͗喍ࡧ喎喑 㵹γ䦵ᄦᕔ⮱ܳ㼐ȡВȨ๗⎃ÿÿపუѻⷠ⩌ᔮ ๔㻱⮱ጟ㏼ͧపౝ㏼≻ᐧ䃫হጯ᠀ᆂ⮱ 㠰ࡧ㻱ܿᠴᴴҀ㈨ࣷᄩ݆ȩͧҸ喑ᠴᴴҀ㈨͚ ᕔᠴڞᐧ䃫ͧⰛᴴ㔹ݣჇ⮱ڕ䛺㺮ᝅ⪒Ꭰझ喑⌞ݨౝᒞ৺γప⮱䩴ࡃ䔈⼸ȡ ͗ᠴᴴ᭜В㘪⣝ᠴᄩ 䮼ⱭႼ㻯㗹ᮜ⮱䒙अ喑⩌ᔮᐧ䃫ጟ♣̭ͧ䒛 ᴴ喑ᄩ݆͚㐀व๗⎃㻱ܿᐧまㆨಸȠߌ㘪ჇѺぶ ᕔᠴᴴ䔈㵹ᰶ䦵ᄦᕔ⮱ܳ㼐ȡҸڞ๔䘕ܳ⩌ᔮ㻱ܿ㑧ͼ ㉍⮱ጛᐯᕔ喑ᄦڲ⮱ᐧ䃫☚◦ȡѳ᭜喑ప ᐧま䃫䃎㞯㘪⢴̺ᄼڞڙຯ喑ᠴᴴҀ㈨͚⮱ᐧᅲѼহ ⣝ڒღ㲺ڲĄ᪡Ҁą㻳㻿喑㑧ᄾᄳĄ⩌ᔮąᐧ䃫Ⱋᴴ̻ 㵹ᝃࢠᄳႹ⮱㻱ܿҀ㈨͚⮱ᰶ᩵䌜ᒱ喑ᰡ็䔪Ⅿ⮱᭜ λ 喑㔰㭾̺हᐧまㆨಸ㞯㘪ᣗ⮱䯫ᭀ⼸Ꮣ喑࣯⚔ ⮱倅᩵Ƞ㏼≻হѻᴀȡ 㟼Ⱞᐧま㞯㘪䃫䃎ᴴ۳喑ᄳ䄒ᠴᴴܳ㼐ͧᐧᅲѼȠڲᄼ㈨㐌㠰డ γ̭Ⴧ ੳ͇Ƞ᪴ࡃཞͽ䃫Ƞ႓ᵎᐧま䃫䃎㞯㘪⢴ܳݘ̺ѻλิڤᒀݺ喑๔䘕ܳጯ⮱э㐌ᐧ䃫ጟ㏼
50 ᬍ䩎๗⎃喟䲏ा⮱᪡Ҁ⩌ᔮ㻱ܿᣏ㉏
ఫ ឭᱜ䌜㏬喟э㐌㻱ܿÿ⩌ᔮ㻳ÿᠴᴴҀ㈨ÿ㻱ܿᰡ ઠᇸǖศᒰࡀࣄยऺჺ৯ᇾᆶ၌ࠅິ
ȠȠ হ 喑ᰶࡧݘౝ㞯㘪Ⱋᴴ喑 ȡ⩌ᔮᐧ䃫ड़ߕݺ喑๗⎃ప䭲ឭచȠᆞⅡȠ͉ ᰶᒵສ⮱ڤԊγऻឭᱜᣗ⮱ज᧺҉ᕔȡ ࢄ๔႓ϔ႓ⵁധౝȠ㘪⎽ᱽ᫆ϔ͇ぶጟ ڲധ喑ᒏγႹ᪡⮱ϔ͇ȠᅲѼҀ㈨ȡⰥ℁̸喑ప Ѓ⩌ᔮ๔็᭜ӊច⩌ᔮắᔢ䛺◦ࣾᆂᅲѼࣷ⩌≨䙺ڣ ឭᱜゃ⪒হノ⤳ゃ⪒Ⱕ㐀व ͧ⣝ᠴᴴ喑㻱ܿ䃫䃎䰭㺮䔶Ⴧ䔯⮱ឭᱜᣗ喑 ຄ喑ጯߌ㘪ࢂ̭喑́㻱ܿ⩌ᔮ็ͧ⠙⿸䶦Ⱋ喑হᒀ 䲏᪡Ҁ⮱㻱ڕ喑㑧ͼޟ㈨ܳڠ㔹ऻगᰶₐ⮱䓽㥒ノ⤳⃢㘪ࣾᡒឭᱜᣗ⮱㞯 ౝጯ㏼≻ȠчȠ⣜ධ 㘪Ƞ㞯Ⅱぶ➦ᕔȡₑ喑ᄩ݆͚∕䛺ឭᱜゃ⪒̻ノ ܿ㐌ウȡ ࡃߌ㘪㻱ܿ喑ᒏ⩌ᔮȠᅲȠٰ็ิڤゃ⪒⮱㐀व喑ᠴᴴҀ㈨͚ᬏ࠲᠙ឭᱜᕔᠴᴴ喑Ό࠲᠙ ๗⎃ጟ⤳ ⩌ᔮノ⤳ᕔᠴᴴȡҸຯ喑ͧ⣝ࢂѺᐧま䲏⼜㘪㕄ᠴᴴ 倅ឭϔ͇Ƞ⍥̻⣝Аߎ⮱̭Ҁࡃ㐩वࣾᆂᵩᅭȡ 䃫ิȠ䃫䃎ܳ䶦䃎䛼㷲㒛̻ ᑧ๔⮱㘪⎽ϔ͇ധᰶߖλѻⷠ⩌ᔮឭᱜ⮱ࣾᆂ喑ڙγ䔶⩕㞯㘪⩢ᷜহߋܧ ጯ㘪㕄㐌䃎ᢛ͚ᓰ㖁㑾ぶឭᱜᣗ喑ₑใ䔅ݣ䃏γ ́ጟᒏЮ͇ȠⵁࣾȠᩬᏉȠጯ౧⮱οߕव҉ധȡ ➦Ⴧ䃫ิ䄰䄂ᵵȠ㞯㘪➖͇ノ⤳ᐼহ㘪㕄䭽䷊ߍФ ぶノ⤳ᣗ喑Ҭ䃫䃎ⰛᴴᓄВ㥪ȡ Ⱑᣒᠴᄩ⾧䬡ᐧ䃫⮱㏳ࡃጯ䃫䃎 Ꭱ喑๗⎃ड़ߕᵥᓰࡧጯ䃫䃎喑хࡃ͚ ᱙ౝࡃ➦ᒮ⮱Ҁ⣝ ᓰࡧߌ㘪ጰᅭ喑ⵁ⾣ጯ๖䭲䒛᐀㏬Ƞ䛺㺮⾧䬡㞯◦Ƞ ᠴᴴҀ㈨⮱ᐧ⿸हᬣΌ㔰㭾γᬍ䩎⮱᱙ౝࡃ➦ᒮȡຯ ⩹䲏Ƞ౧ȡₑऻ Ꭱ喑Ⱕ㐔Ⴙ䛺㺮ߌ㘪ࡧȠ䖀͑ ᱙ౝḺ➖ᠴȠḺ➖ㆨȠ㐬ࡃ⩕ౝḺ᳄⢴Ƞ䔼Ⅱౝ䲏℁ ӔȠ␕Ⅱౝࡧぶ➦㞟⾧䬡ጯ䃫䃎喑 Ꭱᒏጯ 㺳Ⰳȡڕ㘪⎽ࢍᕨ㘪㕄 䃫䃎⩌ںҸȠࢂѺ䲏⼜ᐧまᎡ㕄㘪Ƞᐧౝࡧज ⾣㞟⾧䬡⮱㥒䕍喑ᄦ̺हౝࡧ⮱ⵁ➦⧵ڠ⮱℁ҸȠӈⅡノ㑾ᢌ⢴Ƞࡧ䷻⣜ධȠѼࡧᬒ⚔䓫ᴴ㺳 ᰡߍ 倅ᏓȠ๖䭲䒛᐀ぶ⧵ڠⰃ⢴ȠѼࡧბใᬒᎠ☚ᇈᑧᏓȠᐧᐧま䓫ݝ㐬㞟ᐧま 䛺◦̺ह喑䛺㺮ߌ㘪ࡧጯ䃫䃎 䲏Ƞᐧま⩺⧵ڠᭌ㏔ᴴ۳ぶ喑̻᱙ౝ➦ᒮࣷౝᕔ∂㻱䔈㵹γ㶁ᣒȡ ❴ࡧ⮱᪡Ҁࡼ䄰ᕔ喑䖀͑Ӕጯ䃫䃎 䔭㏬ぶ㶄䖀⾧䬡ᅧᏓ喑␕Ⅱౝࡧጯ䃫䃎ᵦᢛⅡ㈨ߌ㘪 㞯◦䃫䃎Ƞ䃫䙺ຄぶȡᅯ䲏喑⧵ڠ᱙ౝϔ͇̻⩌ᔮ⣜ධ⮱㞜ສᩜᦾ ჇѺ喑ᰡߍ 䃖⮱㻱ܿУ͚喑ܧ๗⎃⩌ᔮ⮱ᐧ䃫Ꭳ䲋ϻ䰣ᐭ喑๗⎃͡䓾⣝ ጯ䃫䃎⮱䛺㺮ᠴᴴⰡᣒ㥪ݝౝ಄ ᰶࡧ喑᠒ᰶᑧ๔⮱ጯ㏼≻ᩜᦾߕ߈হ݈ࣾᆂധ Ⱑᣒᠴᄩ⮱䭲ᐧ䃫 ఫ ȡ
51 ͚పࡧ㻱̻ܿࣾᆂ
ఫ ๗⎃ᵥᓰࡧጯ䃫䃎хࡃᵵ ઠᇸǖဍࢶႎॺยኸࣩևӸࠅ
࣯㔰᪴⡛ थ , ᬍ䩎ጯ๗⎃ᐧ䃫ᠴ [4] ͚పᐧま႓ⵁ⾣䮏 , 㟼Ⱞᐧ䃫ࢲឭࣾᆂ͚ᓰ , ᬍ䩎ጯڙຒ䯲㏠ጒ⼸䄏喍̷⊤喎ᰶ䭽 [1] ⩌㚫ࢇᐧまጵθߎ . ᬍ䩎͚⦋ѻⷠڥ⦌ , ბ . ᬍ䩎๗⎃⩌ᔮ㻱ܿ䄏 [R]. 2010. 㻱ܿ䃫䃎ⵁ⾣䮏ڙᡒ䘕ߋ .ᔮᐧ䃫ᠴᴴҀ㈨ࣷ㏳݆ [S]. 2010 ڙ㚫ࢇᐧまጵθߎ , ᬍ䩎ጯ๗⎃ᐧ䃫ᠴᡒ䘕ߋڥ⦌ [2] ბ . ᬍ䩎͚⦋⩌ᔮ㠰ࡧ㻱ܿ [R]. 2010. [5] ѻⷠ⩌ᔮጯ㻱ܿᐧ䃫ÿÿВᬍ䩎๗⎃ͧҸ [C]// 㓮᳄ ᅷప䭲㐬㞟ᐧま̻ᐧま㞯㘪๔чژ͚పᐧま႓ⵁ⾣䮏 , 㟼Ⱞᐧ䃫ࢲឭࣾᆂ͚ᓰ , ᬍ䩎ጯ ᩼喑ᅑᔄ᪹喑ۜᮀᭌ . す [3] .थ . ᬍ䩎 䃧᪴䯳 , 2012ڙ㻱ܿ䃫䃎ⵁ⾣䮏 , ຒ䯲㏠ጒ⼸䄏喍̷⊤喎ᰶ䭽 ๗⎃ÿÿపუѻⷠ⩌ᔮ㠰ࡧ㻱ܿᠴᴴҀ㈨ࣷ ㏳݆ [R]. 2010.
52 ̷⊤ଶჇ喟䲏ाजᠮ㐚ࣾᆂ⮱㻱ܿᣏ㉏
̷⊤ଶჇ喟䲏ाजᠮ㐚ࣾᆂ⮱㻱ܿᣏ㉏ 㾦䓽≟ ҂ᮀ⋈ 䗦 ⢶
53 ͚పࡧ㻱̻ܿࣾᆂ
ᦅ㺮喟 ࡧ⮱㻱ܿᐧ䃫ᬏ᭜Ꮑᄦಸ䩴ࡃ⮱ࣾᆂ㺮Ⅿ喑ࣵ ऱጯ䬡व҉ᬒڲ᭜͚ప䛺㺮⮱㏼≻͚ᓰহ㝗䓽͚ᓰȡ̷⊤ጯ ᭜䪬̶㻿ࡧഌ̭Ҁࡃ䔈⼸ߍᔘȠࡧഌ⊤̷ 䗷ࡧ⮱㻱ܿᐧ䃫ᬏ᭜Ꮑᄦಸ䩴ࡃ⮱ࣾᆂ㺮Ⅿ喑 ⯷ჳܴ⮱ᓲ♣䔶᠖喑ᰡ᭜̷⊤ጯ݈侞ߕȠ䒙ಸࣾᆂ⮱ ऱጯ䬡व 䛺㺮䒪Ҁহ䕁ᒱȡڲࣵ᭜䪬̶㻿ࡧഌ̭Ҁࡃ䔈⼸ߍᔘȠࡧഌ ҉ᬒ⯷ჳܴ⮱ᓲ♣䔶᠖喑ᰡ᭜̷⊤ጯ݈侞ߕȠ䒙ಸ ࣾᆂ⮱䛺㺮䒪Ҁহ䕁ᒱȡ̷⊤⮱䗷ࡧᐧ䃫㏼ࢳγ ࣾᆂࢳ⼸ Ą࢘ᭌąÿĄą⮱ᐧ䃫ࢳ⼸喑㏵ಇᠮ͚ᓰߌ ̷⊤䗷ࡧ䩴ᐧ䃫㏼ࢳγĄ࢘ᭌąÿĄą⮱ 㘪хࡃহᰶᱧ⪼᪐݆࣌喑Ӱ䔈ᒏ็͚ᓰ⮱ጯ⾧䬡 ᐧ䃫ࢳ⼸喍ఫ 喎喑㏵ಇᠮⱭхࡃ͚ᓰߌ㘪হᰶᱧ⪼ 㐀Ჱ⮱ധ᱙Ⱋᴴȡ ᪐Ƞ⇬ࡧഌᕔϑ䕇䒡㏬ദ㗟䩴㞯◦ȠӰ䔈ᒏ็͚ᓰ ᱙᪴ϻࡧഌ⮱㻳㻿喑ౕ᪡̷͗⊤ጯ㻱ܿᐧ䃫⮱ ⮱ጯ⾧䬡㐀Ჱ⮱ധ᱙Ⱋᴴȡ ๔㗹ᮜ̸喑㖇♓̷⊤ጯଶჇࣾᆂࢳ⼸अ䓮Ƞч㏼ Ꭱపߎ䮏ឦ۳⮱Ȩ̷⊤ጯጯᕨҀ㻱ܿ ᐧ䃫 ͗䗷ࡧ喑ܳݘͧᆞȠܧȩ ࣾᆂȠϧऐᅞ͇➦◦ȠౌౝҬ⩕Ƞчߎ䃫Ƞ㐩≺ वϑ䕇ぶ䲏喑䓽⩕ὗाᄦ℁হ㏢ाᄦ℁ぶܳᲽ∂喑 ଶჇȠᲫȠ䛾ᆞȠ䬢㵹Ƞ䱿⊓ȠࢄᶒȠᘍࢄȠᶒࣷ ᕨ㐀̷⊤ጯ喑➦ݘ᭜ଶჇࣾᆂ⣝⟣➦◦ȡВଶ ⾧⍜হ⊤⍜ぶȡ Ⴧᐭࣾ⮱す̭䉱᫆ͧധ喑ރᲽ㻱ܿᐧ䃫 ⮱ᐼȠ݈হᠾᝅȡᰭऻᕨ㐀ଶჇ㻱ܿᐧ䃫⮱ ߌ㏼侹喑ܧ㠒᱗ᲒଶჇࣾᆂ䰭㺮䛺㻳⮱䶳ഌ ⊤হό䶨㼐۠⮱䬛䷅喑ͧଶჇ⮱ᐭࣾᐧ䃫喑Ό̷ͧ ጯ⮱जᠮ㐚ࣾᆂӈՌ䞡ȡ
䩛䃺喟ڠ ଶჇ喑喑㻱ܿ喑䌢
㗹ᮜ̻ắۢ
キ⼝Ą⇗ą喑ౝั๗Ꭰ∸㺬ᇥ喑䪬̶㻿≟ݺ⊤̷ ጯ፥Ѽϧऐڕ㑅喑ϑ䕇Ӭݖ喑㚦ౝᎬ䭁ȡ ᎡᎡ᱘ ㏓ ̴ϧ喑ϧ⩌ϔᕨթ 㒻ٰ喑Ⱕᒀ λ̓⩹͚ぶࣾ䓫పუᝃౝࡧ⮱ⅡᎠȡ̷⊤᭜͚ప䛺㺮⮱ ㏼≻͚ᓰহ㝗䓽͚ᓰ喑పუࢳट᪴ࡃऺȡ̷⊤̻ हᲱВ̷⊤ͧ哆⮱͚పᰭ๔⮱ڞ㟼ⰮȠ⊆Ⱞ 䩴㓑Ą䪬̶㻿䩴㓑ą喍ఫ喎ȡ̷⊤ₐ䔽ₒᐧ䃫ͧ⣝ Аࡃప䭲๔䘪ጯ喑ప䭲㏼≻Ƞ䛾㲺Ƞ䉥ᭀȠ㝗䓽͚ᓰȡ ͚๛Ƞపߎ䮏࢝ࣾγȨపუಸ䩴ࡃڞᎡ喑͚ ఫ 䪬̶㻿≟ࡧഌ⾧䬡ࣾᆂ㐀Ჱఫ ప䩴ڕ㻱ܿ喍喎ȩ喑᭜Ϸऻ̭͗ᬣᠴᄩ ႎገ႙݀ቛėLjظۼٷೌઠᇸǖĖᅜටྺԨLjბࡀࣄLjेฉ࡛ ࡃ֒Ꮴࣾᆂ⮱Ⴜ㻯ᕔȠᝅ⪒ᕔȠധᕔ㻱ܿȡ̷⊤ጯ䗷 ฉ࡛ࡀࣄࢅࡔཱིጨᇸ࠶ਆ
54 ̷⊤ଶჇ喟䲏ाजᠮ㐚ࣾᆂ⮱㻱ܿᣏ㉏
Ꭱ Ꭱ Ꭱ Ꭱ
ఫ ̷⊤ጯࢳ⁎ᕨҀ㻱ܿᕨఫ ბӲมLj2008ٷጨଙઠᇸǖฉ࡛ࡀࣄยऺჺ৯ᇾ . თग · ഔႎĊĊฉ࡛ࡀࣄᄇ . ฉ࡛ǖཞष
ጯᕨҀ㻱ܿ喑ଶჇࡧᐭᆂγࡧഌᕨҀڕĄρą䬡喑̷⊤ጯᐭᆂγĄ̭Ί䩴ą䄂◦喑ᣏ ₑऻ喑ӊᢛ ㉏ᣕ䔈䗷ࡧ䩴ߍᔘࣾᆂ喑Ӱ䔈䗷ࡧ䩴ࡃȠ➦㞟ࡃহ 㻱ܿ⮱㑃ݣጒ҉ȡ Ꭱឦ۳⮱ȨଶჇࡧࡧഌᕨҀ㻱 ࡃ喑ͧₑऻ̭⃢ᬣ䬡⮱䗷ࡧ䩴ᐧ䃫⼜㉜γ㏼侹ȡ ܿᵵ喍 Ꭱ喎ȩ㻱ܿଶჇ࠲᠙ଶٰ็ Ą̭ρą䬡喑ᠶ⚔Ą̶͗䯳͚ą⮱㺮Ⅿ喑ᬻ ჇͨࡧȠࢄ㔁হႶϚ⮱㏱व喍ఫ 喎ȡ᱙᪴ ጯഌĄąΎ㻱ܿҀ㈨喑ិ̷⊤ጯഌ͚ܳᓰȠ ऻ䲏䃧䔝⮱ଶჇ㠒⇎ᰶ➦ݘᠴᬻͧଶჇͨܧ Ƞጯ䩴Ƞ͚ᓰ᱾ఈ͗ᅯ䲏䔈㵹㐌ウႶᢿ喑仃⁎ ࡧȡ 㺳Ⰳ喑⿸γ̷⊤Ύ㻱ܿҀ㈨ᵩᅭڕጯഌΎ㻱ܿ⣝ 喍ఫ 喎ȡ ჇѺ̻Ⱋᴴ
ଶჇắۢ ჇѺ
ଶჇࡧѺλ̷⊤ጯ⮱㺬ࡄ䘕喑̻㟼Ⱞ⮱ᬳᆞጯহ ᭜̷⊤ጯ̓ࢇऻᝅ⪒ࣾᆂ䛺◦ౝࡧȡऻ̓ࢇᬣ ๗Ѐጯᣒฑ喍ఫ 喎喑ᕨ䲏⼜㏓LN喑 Ꭱ⣝⟣ ⮱̷⊤⾧䬡ᝅ⪒ᄳ㖇♓λ䗷ࡧȡᐧ䃫ᄳ҉ͧ ፥Ѽϧऐ ̴ϧ喑䩴ᐧ䃫⩕ౝ LNȡଶჇ ̷⊤䔈̭ₒࡴࣾᆂ㘪㏔Ƞ䄸ܿ̓ࢇऻጯࣾᆂ⮱䛺㺮 ࡧѺλ䪬̶㻿≟䛺㺮⮱⇗Ⴎࣾᆂ䊝喑㏼≻ࣾᆂⅡᎠ ͫᣗ̭喑̷ͧ⊤᱗Გᝅ⪒䒙ಸ⮱䛺㺮ៀȡ ⰡѺλ̷⊤䗷ࡧݺ݄喑ጒ͇ࣾᆂВ↪䒓ϔ͇ͧ➦㞟ȡ ᭜̷⊤ጯ㏼≻ࣾᆂ⮱䛺㺮⒉߈ౝࡧȡࣾᆂ䗷ࡧ̭ Ꭱౕ䓾㻱ܿ㡶ᵵ喍ఫ 喎⮱ധ̷喑 喑䔈̭ₒ㑖ᄼহ͚ᓰ⮱ጛ䌊喑Ӱ䔈䛺๔ധ ⩌喑␎䋠ᅲℾ⮱ڒጯᩬᏉឦ۳ᐧ䃫ϧऐ㻱 ̴ϧ⮱ ͗࢘ᭌȡ䔆 䃫Ƞх䉕᪆㗟ࡨ⫄䉱⎽䔈⊤̷ ͚ ϔ⩌≨䰭Ⅿ喑̷ͧ⊤᱗Გࣾᆂӈጕ๔⒉㘪ȡڣ࢘ᭌ࠲᠙䬢㵹Ƞॡ∫ȠଶჇȠႶϚহᲫȡ͗ ଶჇ喍ѺλଶჇ㔮喎হႶϚ ͗࢘ᭌѺλଶჇࡧȡ ᭜̷⊤ጯ⣝जᠮ㐚ࣾᆂ⮱ᱧ䕴ౝࡧȡᐧ Ꭱ喑పߎ䮏ឦ۳⮱Ȩ̷⊤ጯጯᕨҀ㻱ܿ 䃫̷ͧ⊤ጯ䔈̭ₒࣾᆂӈጕ๔⮱ࣾᆂ⾧䬡ȡ䔆ᬏᐣ㐚 ᱾䯳䩴 γĄρąВᲒ̷⊤ጯࣾᆂ䛺ᓰϻጯࡧा䗷ࡧ䒙⼨⮱ۉᵵȩ喑ᬻγ͚ᓰ喒࢘ᭌ喒䗷࣬ᄼ䩴喒 ͗ᅯ⁎Ჱ⮱䩴Ҁ㈨喍ఫ 喎ȡଶჇȠႶϚϺ♣҉ͧ 䊸߬喑Ό䔯Ꮑ⮱ᝅ⪒䰭Ⅿ喑हᬣΌこवప䭲๔䘪ጯ ࢘ᭌ喑ࢄ㔁҉ͧ䗷ࡧᄼ䩴ȡ Ąጯ喒ࡧഌą⮱⾧䬡ᄩाȡ ㏗ ᎡА᱘喑̷⊤ጯᐭᆂγᕨҀ㻱ܿ⮱㑃ݣ̓ ጒ҉ȡ Ꭱ㏼పߎ䮏ឦ۳⮱Ȩ̷⊤ጯጯᕨҀ㻱ܿ ࣾᆂⰛᴴ 喍喎ȩᄳଶჇ҉ͧ㻱ܿ⮱ ̭͗喑 ݝ Ꭱ喑ᐧ䃫ःᓄ⾮ⵡᕔ䔈ᆂ喑ౕ䗷ࡧധ 㻱ܿϧऐ ̴ϧȡႶϚȠࢄ㔁㻱͚ܿͧᓰ䩴喑ϧऐͧ ᱙ᒏ̻͚ᓰࡧߌ㘪ο㶒Ƞࣾᆂ䩆ѺȠ㖁㈨㉔ჳ⮱ ̴ϧጓठ喍ఫ 喎ȡ 㓑ȡ
55 ͚పࡧ㻱̻ܿࣾᆂ
ఫ ̷⊤ጯΎ㻱ܿҀ㈨ఫ ጨଙઠᇸǖĖฉ࡛ৎॺยࡀࣄDŽ2006.2010Džė
56 ̷⊤ଶჇ喟䲏ाजᠮ㐚ࣾᆂ⮱㻱ܿᣏ㉏
ఫ ଶჇࡧࡧѺఫ ▝㞟喟̷⊤ጯጯഌ㠰డ喠叱㞟喟̷⊤ጯক䓦す̭⩹䲏䩴喠㨊㞟喟̷⊤ጯক䓦すι⩹䲏䩴 ၕ݀ቛࡀࣄჺ৯ . 2012ۼٷገ႙݀ቛđԝৠူฉ࡛ ۯႎൻظጨଙઠᇸǖฉ࡛ࡀࣄยऺჺ৯ᇾ .Đ
ఫ ̷⊤ࡧഌ㻱ܿᘼ㡶ఫ喍 Ꭱ喎 ఫ ̷⊤ጯ࢘ᭌহ䗷ࡧ䛺◦䩴ܳጰᘼఫ喍 Ꭱ喎 . ጨଙઠᇸǖฉ࡛ࡀࣄยऺჺ৯ᇾ . თग·ഔႎǖฉ࡛ࡀࣄᄇ . ጨଙઠᇸǖฉ࡛ࡀࣄยऺჺ৯ᇾ . თग·ഔႎǖฉ࡛ࡀࣄᄇ ბӲมLj2008ٷბӲมLj2008 ฉ࡛ǖཞषٷฉ࡛ǖཞष
57 ͚పࡧ㻱̻ܿࣾᆂ
ఫ ̷⊤ጯ䩴Ҁ㈨㻱ܿఫ喍 Ꭱ喎 ጨଙઠᇸǖฉ࡛ጺ༹ࡀࣄDŽ1999.2020Dž
58 ̷⊤ଶჇ喟䲏ाजᠮ㐚ࣾᆂ⮱㻱ܿᣏ㉏
/
N
ఫҸ ଶჇͨࡧ ଶჇႶϚȠࢄ㔁㏱ఏ ጯ䩴 ͚ᓰ ᅲѼࡧ喍䩴ಸ喎 ᅲѼࡧ喍ധౝಸ喎 ͚ᓰ᱾
ఫ ଶჇࡧΎҀ㈨㻱ܿఫ ጨଙઠᇸǖूۨ൶൶ᇘጺ༹ࡀࣄํแݛӄDŽ2006.2020 Dž
ଶჇȠᲫ݊ₒ⿸䪬̶㻿ౝࡧ㐩वᕔ㞯 ◦ጯౝѺ喑䯳㖇 ̴ _ ̴ϧऐ喠⊓͉͡⍜Ƞ ч㏼≻ ̷⊤ጯ⮱㏼≻ࣾᆂ 䒰倅㘪㏔⮱ጯ㐩व䯳㖇 ᵦᢛ Ꭱ⮱ᢛܳᲽิڤ䱿⊓Ƞ䉑ࢄᶒ 䒽ᄱߌ㘪喑䯳㖇 ̴ _ ̴ϧऐ喠䛾ᆞȠሴᬻ ⅡᎠ䔅䒰ѻȡ̭䲏̷̻⊤ϧ (%1 Ⱕ℁喑䮑ଶჇ Ѓڣᶒᄦক䓦ౝࡧࣾᆂ⮱ߎፓߕ҉⩕ᬻ᭫ᑧ喑䯳㖇 ϧ (%1 䓫ݝ̷⊤ጯᎠⅡᎠใ喑 ̴ _ ̴ϧऐ喍ఫ 喎ȡ ⮱ϧ (%1 ѻλ̷⊤ጯᎠⅡᎠȡओ̭䲏̻㉔ 䗨̷⊤⮱ক䓦䪬̶㻿䩴Ⱕ℁喑ࣾᆂΌႅౕ䒰๔ ࣾᆂ⣝⟣➦◦ ጛ䌊ȡ㉔䗨ଶჇ⮱ᬳᆞጯহ๗Ѐጯ⮱ϧ (%1 䊲 䓴̷⊤ȡ Ąρą㻱ܿВᲒ喑䗷ࡧጟͧᣕ䔈̷⊤䩴ࡃ ϻす̭ȠιȠ̶ϔ͇⮱ࢍ℁Გⰸ喑ᒀݺ㏼≻㐀 ⮱ͨ㺮䒪ҀȡଶჇ㻱ܿᐧ䃫᩵᭫㦄ȡ㔮㖁ߕ ᲱВすιϔ͇ͧͨᄩ喑ധ᱙ัλĄι̶̭ąϔ͇㐀Ჱ䭣 ⪑喍ఫ 喎ȡଶჇすιϔ͇℁䛺ౕ ጓठ喑⃢ ڕ⼸ᣕ䔈喑͚ᓰጯᩬധ䃫ᵳ᳣ധ᱙ᒏ喑ᮜ㻯ጒ ߈ᣕ䔈喑чθ͇হߌ㘪ᕔ䶦Ⱋ倅ᴴ۳䙺㒛喑ጯߎ 倅λᬳᆞȠ๗ЀȠॡȠଶȠᎠ⎃ぶ̷⊤ক䓦䪬̶㻿 㘪㏔ᬻ᭫ࡴ喍ఫ 喎ȡϧऐ䔽⌽ा䯳͚ȡ 䩴喍 嗣 喎ȡ
59 ͚పࡧ㻱̻ܿࣾᆂ
ᶒ ̴
ଶჇ ̴
͚ᓰ
䱿⊓ ࣷ᠀ᆂࡧ ̴
Ძ ̴ ࢄᶒ ͡⍜ ̴ ̴
䛾ᆞ ̴
ఫ ̷⊤ጯࣾᆂ㻱ܿఫ ఫ ଶჇ㻱ܿ᩵᭫㦄 ࠶ਆںጨଙઠᇸǖฉ࡛ࡀࣄยऺჺ৯ᇾ . ጨଙઠᇸǖूۨ൶ࡀࣄࢅཱི ၕ݀ቛࡀࣄჺ৯ . 2012ۼٷገ႙݀ቛđԝৠူฉ࡛ ۯႎൻظĐ
ᐧ䃫⩕ౝϔܧѻλ̷⊤ጯᎠⅡᎠহ͚ᓰࡧ 䪬⢴ϲ⪒倅λࡧ䪬⢴喑ϔ㲺वᏓ倅䊸̺߬ ͚Ძᰭ ᬻ᭫ȡڣ䬡ႅౕⱭ䒰๔ጛ䌊喑ܧⅡᎠȡౝϔ ଶჇহ䱿⊓喑ᶒȠࢄᶒহ͡⍜ౝࡧⰥᄦ䒰 ϻᒞ৺॥ᑂᅲѼᘼᙬ⮱㉍ⰸ喑仃㺮⮱㉍᭜ͧ⁎ڣ倅喑 ѻ喍ఫ 喎ȡₑใ喑䕇䓴ᄦ̷⊤ጯ ͗ጯ㏔В̷ᐭࣾ ̻ጯࡧϑ䕇㖁㈨⮱Ӭ⼸Ꮣ喑䔆ࣺγ⮱⠙⿸ᕔϺ ᭜ᅞ͇Ϻ䰭㺮Ԋᠮ̻͚ᓰᒵ倅ڣ⮱ᐭࣾ ♣̺䋠喑䃥็ߌ㘪ᅑڲࡧ⮱ౝϔթহែ䉱ᑧᏓ䔈㵹℁䒰喑㠰డ ᭜䉚➖ȠϑȠ᪆㗟ぶ䲏⮱ጛ䌊ȡѳ⁎ڣጯᎠⅡᎠ喍ఫ 喎ȡ ⮱㖁㈨Ꮣ喑ڕࡧΌ䔉ѻλ ᰶ⮱х߬喑ͨ㺮Ҁ⣝ౕ㜗♣⣜ධх㒻Ƞᝬ➦ڣΌᰶ ϧऐࣾᆂ Фぶ⩌≨᱙Ⱕᄦ䒰ѻぶ䲏喍ఫ 喎ȡ ᎡଶჇᕨϧऐͧ ̴ϧ喑̻ ϻᒞ৺॥ᑂጒ҉ᘼᙬ⮱㉍ⰸ喑仃㺮㉍Ϻ᭜̻ ᎡଶჇᕨϧऐⰥ℁喑ϧऐ፲䊲䓴 喑ͨ㺮ः ጯࡧϑ䕇㖁㈨⮱Ӭ⼸Ꮣ喑䔆ࣺγ⮱ᅞ͇㘪㏔হᇄ Ϻ̺ࡦ䙺喑ᅞ͇ᱧчᄾ́䔶᠖ᄾ喍ఫ 喎ȡڒλใᲒϧऐ䪬ȡౕ䗷ࡧ ͚͗䄒䊸߬ധ᱙̭ Ѻ̻ϧऐᄩ۠ 㜡喑ग᭜ౕ፲̷ᰶጛᐯ喍ఫ 喎ȡଶჇ፥Ѽ ϧऐ䪬⢴ౕ䗷ࡧ ͚͗ᢿౕす Ѻȡ̷⊤ጯ䗷 ᅞ͇ᇄѺ ጯᇄѺܳጰ⮱ᗲۢᲒⰸ喑ᇄѺჳڕጒ͇చࡧ፥Ѽϧऐ䪬⢴ധ᱙倅λࡧ喍䮑 ϻ Ꭱڲࡧ ጒ͇చࡧใ⮱ౝࡧ喎ϧऐ䪬⢴喑ࣺܧऱ Ꮣͧ ̴ϧ LN喑Ⱕᒀλ͚ᓰ⮱ 喊喑̻͚ᓰ ϔ㲺वᏓᰶ倅ȡଶჇጒ͇చࡧ፥Ѽϧऐ ক䓦ౝࡧ Ⱕᒀ喍ఫ喎ȡϻ㕹Ѽ℁ Გⰸ喑ᰭ倅喑
ᢛᑂ㜗Ȩ㐌ウΎ㻱ܿ喑хࡃႹ䗷ࡧ䩴㐀Ჱহߌ㘪ጰᅭⵁ⾣ȩȡ ͚ᓰক䓦ౝࡧᠴ̷⊤ጯใ⣜㏬䭱䓾⮱㠒㶄䖀হ䩴喑Ҹຯ࠲᠙ࢄ㔁䩴Ƞᶒ䩴Ƞ䶫᱾䩴ȠᲕ㵹䩴Ƞॡ⌋㶄䖀Ƞࣸ䄷䌜㶄䖀Ƞ倅ᶒ䩴Ƞ倅͉䩴Ƞᰦ䌜䩴Ƞ䩴Ƞ वᎳ䩴Ƞጊ⇆䩴ȠᏤᶒ䩴Ƞক⊓䩴Ƞ⊓䩴Ƞॡ∫䩴Ƞᶲ䭴䩴Ƞ侙ᶒ䩴Ƞᶒ䩴ȠΊϚ䩴Ƞ̰䩴Ƞ㣅Ꮁ䩴Ƞᒽ∫䩴Ƞࡻ⑂䩴Ƞ㮦㶄䖀Ƞ䷈ᶒ䩴ぶȡ 㕹Ѽ℁ᠴᅞ͇ϧऐ̻ᅲѼϧऐ⮱℁թȡ
60 ̷⊤ଶჇ喟䲏ाजᠮ㐚ࣾᆂ⮱㻱ܿᣏ㉏
喎
喍̴ٰ LNܧౝϔ Ძ ଶჇ 䱿⊓ ࢄᶒ 䛾ᆞ ͡⍜ ᶒ ̷⊤ጯ Ძ ଶჇ 䱿⊓ ࢄᶒ 䛾ᆞ ͡⍜ ᶒ すιϔ͇℁䛺 す̶ϔ͇℁䛺
ఫ Ꭱ̷⊤䗷ࡧす̭ȠιȠ̶ϔ͇℁䛺 ఫ Ꭱ̷⊤䗷ࡧౝϔܧ ຕઠᇸǖฉ࡛ႎ݀ቛჺ৯Ljฉ࡛ࡀࣄยऺჺ৯ᇾ ຕઠᇸǖฉ࡛ႎ݀ቛჺ৯Ljฉ࡛ࡀࣄยऺჺ৯ᇾ
喎
ౝϔթ喍̴ٰ LN
ឭᱜᐭࣾࡧ䬢㵹㏼≻ឭᱜᐭࣾࡧ̷⊤ጯጯࡄ倅ឭᱜߎ͇చࡧ̷⊤᱗Გᇈ倅ឭᱜϔ͇చࡧ̷⊤Ვጒ͇చࡧ̷⊤ᆞጒ͇చࡧ̷⊤ᰵᲕጒ͇చࡧ̷⊤ሴᬻጒ͇చࡧ̷⊤ჹⰈ㏼≻ᐭࣾࡧ̷⊤⊓͉वᎳጒ͇చࡧ̷⊤⊓͉⾧⍜ጒ͇చࡧ̷⊤ଶჇጒ͇చࡧ̷⊤ଶჇ↪䒓ϔ͇చࡧ̷⊤㣅Ꮁጒ͇చࡧ̷⊤㉘〦倅ឭᱜϔ͇చࡧ̷⊤䱿⊓ጒ͇చࡧ̷⊤㺬䗷㏼≻ᐭࣾࡧ̷⊤Ძጒ͇చࡧ̷⊤Ძ㏼≻ᐭࣾࡧ̷⊤⊓͉Ꮴᶒጒ͇చࡧ̷⊤ࢄⅴጒ͇చࡧ̷⊤ᭌ▘ጒ͇చࡧ̷⊤䉑㏼≻ᐭࣾࡧ̷⊤ጒ͇చࡧ̷⊤䛾ᆞጒ͇చࡧ̷⊤᳘∫ጒ͇చࡧ̷⊤ᱞ∫ጒ͇చࡧ̷⊤ࡃ႓ጒ͇ࡧڡऐߍጒࡧᑍ倅ឭచࡧ⑂⇠∫ܧใ倅ᶒԊ⼻ࡧ䛾ᶒ
ఫ Ꭱ̷⊤ ͗ጯ㏔В̷ᐭࣾࡧౝϔթ ᢚᲑ⎼喝̶⊣ጮᐬࣽࡦ㐋䃍Ꭰ䞠
ͧ 喑倅λ͚ᓰহক䓦ౝࡧ喑ᅞ͇ᇄѺ㻱হϧऐ 㻱ⰥᄦᎠ㶎ȡଶჇᅞ͇ᇄѺВݣ䕍͇ͧͨȡ ౌౝҬ⩕ ᐧ䃫⩕ౝҬ⩕䒰ͧ㇄ᩫ喑䗷ࡧϧᐧ䃫⩕ౝ 䊲䓴̷⊤ጯᎠⅡᎠȡଶჇϧᐧ䃫⩕ౝౕ䗷ࡧ ͚ѺλすιѺ喍ఫ 喎ȡ ᎡଶჇ䯳ᐧࡧ㠰డ ᱗Გजᐧ䃫⩕ౝ̺䊲䓴㻱ܿᐧ䃫⩕ౝ⮱ 喊喑Ѻڲ Ძ ଶჇ 䱿⊓ ࢄᶒ 䛾ᆞ ͡⍜ ᶒ ݄ऱ͗᱘Ѻ喍ఫ 喎喑ౌౝ䉱⎽㉔㏓᭫㦄ȡ
ᝤㅺϧऐ䪬⢴ ፥Ѽϧऐ䪬⢴ ፥ѼใᲒϧऐ䪬⢴ ϻଶჇ⮱⩕ౝ㐀ᲱᲒⰸ喑ଶჇ䖀䌜Ꭼ౧⩕ ౝࢍ℁ռ倅喑㐬ౝࢍ℁ռѻ⩕וౝࢍ℁ռѻ喑ጒ͇Ѐ ఫ ̷⊤䗷ࡧऱㆨϧऐअࡃᗲۢఫ喍 Ꭱ喎 ຕઠᇸǖฉ࡛ႎ݀ቛჺ৯Ljฉ࡛ࡀࣄยऺჺ৯ᇾ 喍ఫ 喎ȡ
61 ͚పࡧ㻱̻ܿࣾᆂ
Ԋࡨ⫄УጛԊࡨ⫄Уສ㜗♣⣜ධጛ㜗♣⣜ධх㒻ᝬФ䒰倅ᝬФѻѼᝬࡴթ⒉߈ᄼѼᝬࡴթ⒉߈๔㥪ᝤᩬゃ͒ᵩ㥪ᝤᩬゃცᲫڕጯࡧϑ䕇㖁㈨̺Ӭ̻ጯࡧϑ䕇㖁㈨Ӭ䉚➖̺Ӭ䉚➖Ӭ䔉⻨ϟࣸ䲍䓾ϟࣸၽຠ᪆㗟䃫̺⤳ᘠၽຠ᪆㗟䃫⤳ᘠ᪴ཞ䃫̺䋠᪴ཞ䃫䒰̻
ఫ ᒞ৺̷⊤ጯ䗷ࡧ॥ᑂᅲѼᘼᙬ⮱㉍ܳᲽ ᢚᲑ⎼喝̶⊣ጮጮ㻰ܾ䃪䃍ⵀ⾢䮎
喎 ̻ጯࡧϑ䕇̺Ӭ̻ጯࡧϑ䕇Ӭᅞ͇ᱧчᄾᅞ͇ᱧч็䔉⻨ϟࣸᣒ䓾ϟࣸ㕹Ѻহ㫗Ⅱѻᰡສ⮱㕹Ѻহ㫗ⅡԊࡨ⫄УጛԊࡨ⫄Уສ㥪ᝤᩬゃ͒ᵩ㥪ᝤᩬゃცᲫ
ᇄѺჳᏓ喍̴ϧ LN ͚ᓰ ͚ᓰক䓦ౝࡧ
ఫ ᒞ৺̷⊤ጯ䗷ࡧ॥ᑂጒ҉ᘼᙬ⮱㉍ܳᲽ ఫ Ꭱ̷⊤ጯ͚ᓰȠ͚ᓰক䓦ౝࡧȠᇄѺჳᏓ ຕઠᇸǖฉ࡛ႎ݀ቛჺ৯Ljฉ࡛ࡀࣄยऺჺ৯ᇾ ຕઠᇸǖฉ࡛ႎ݀ቛჺ৯Ljฉ࡛ࡀࣄยऺჺ৯ᇾ
ϧ喎 ϧᐧ䃫⩕ౝ喍N Ძ ଶჇ 䱿⊓ ࢄᶒ 䛾ᆞ ͡⍜ ᶒ Ძ ଶჇ 䱿⊓ ࢄᶒ 䛾ᆞ ͡⍜ ᶒ
ఫ Ꭱ̷⊤ጯ䗷ࡧϧᐧ䃫⩕ౝ ఫ Ꭱ̷⊤ጯ䗷ࡧᐧ䃫⩕ౝ҆䛼ࢍᕨᐧ䃫⩕ౝ℁䛺 ຕੰںຕੰ ຕઠᇸǖฉ࡛ཥऺ६Ljฉ࡛ࡀࣄᇾ၄ጒᆩںຕઠᇸǖฉ࡛ཥऺ६Ljฉ࡛ࡀࣄᇾ၄ጒᆩ
62 ̷⊤ଶჇ喟䲏ाजᠮ㐚ࣾᆂ⮱㻱ܿᣏ㉏
чߎ䃫 䗷ࡧ⮱чߎ䃫⮱䛼হ㘪㏔Ϻ㥪ऻλ͚ᓰȡ ጯᕨ䛼⮱ 喑ڕ䗷ࡧ ͗᠒ᰶ უጯ㏔ࡨ䮏喑ࢍ ጯᕨ䛼⮱ 喍ఫ 喎ȡ䗷ڕ᠒ᰶ უࡧ㏔ࡨ䮏喑ࢍ ጯᕨ䛼⮱ڕጯ䛺◦͚႓ 喑ࢍڕࡧ᠒ᰶ 喍ఫ 喎ȡहᬣ喑̻℄䗨̷⊤⮱㟼Ⱞऱጯᄦ℁喑̷⊤ጯ 䗷ࡧౕ࣬ࡨ䮏Ƞ႓ᵎぶࡰϧᠴᴴ⮱ᄦ℁̷ѻλ㟼ࢄౝࡧ 䖀䌜Ꭼ౧ 㐬ౝ ⮱፥⛌ጯȠᬳᆞጯȠ๗Ѐጯ喑Όѻλ㟼ࡄౝࡧ⮱ࢄ䕇ጯȠ ו䃫 ጒ͇Ѐڞڙ ᅲѼ⩕ౝ ⩕ౝ ⩕ౝ ⩕ౝ ఫ Ꭱ̷⊤ጯଶჇ⣝⟣ᐧ䃫⩕ౝ℁䛺 ड़͉ጯȠ⊤䬕ጯぶጯȡ ຕੰںຕઠᇸǖฉ࡛ࡀࣄยऺჺ৯ᇾ၄ጒᆩ
ࡨ䮏喍უ喎
叱⊓ࡧ⎫ࡧᒽⅴࡧ䪬Ⴎࡧ䲆Ⴖࡧᮛ䭭ࡧ䬥ࡄࡧ㮦ऐࡧᲕ⊓ࡧ䬢㵹ࡧᆞࡧ⊓͉ࡧᲫଶჇ͡⍜ࢄᶒ䱿⊓䛾ᆞᶒ
ጯ㏔ࡨ䮏 ࡧ㏔ࡨ䮏
ఫ Ꭱ̷⊤ጯऱࡧጯ㏔Ƞࡧ㏔ࡨ䮏㐌䃎ఫ ට੨ֱዿට੨ْୃڼྺۼຕઠᇸǖ2012 ฉ࡛ཥऺ६Ljഄዐට੨एຕ
䛺◦͚႓喍喎
叱⊓ࡧ⎫ࡧᒽⅴࡧ䪬Ⴎࡧ䲆Ⴖࡧᮛ䭭ࡧ䬥ࡄࡧ㮦ऐࡧᲕ⊓ࡧ䬢㵹ࡧᆞࡧ⊓͉ࡧᲫଶჇ͡⍜ࢄᶒ䱿⊓䛾ᆞᶒ
ఫ Ꭱ̷⊤ጯऱࡧ䛺◦͚႓㐌䃎ఫ ຕઠᇸǖ2012 ฉ࡛ཥऺ६
63 ͚పࡧ㻱̻ܿࣾᆂ
ϑ NȠN㺳Ⰳ⢴ϲͧڙLNLN喎喑፥㻱 㐩वϑ䕇 _喊Ƞ_喊喍͚ᓰͧ 喊 _喊喎ȡ㏬ ϑ㏬䌜䓽㥒ᬣ䬡ⴚȠࣾ䒓䬡䯁䪬喑ڙ䘕⮱ϑ䕇ܳ 䌜䛺ฺ㈨倅 ȠڲᢛᄦጯഌȠڠ䕇䓴 ᎡⰥ Ჽ喑̷⊤ጯ喑➦ݘ᭜ଶჇ喑㐩वϑ䕇䲏ႅౕ 倅ምᬣ⃢ጯ䕇䗷㏬䌜䒰᠒ᡑȡ ܧ䘕ڲ㵹ͨᄩȡ䄰ᴒ᭫ܧ䘕ڲВ̸➦◦ȡ ଶჇВ Ѓࡧഌ⮱℁Ҹͧ 喑㜠ڣጯഌϑ䕇䃫Ⴙ喑䭲ϑ䕇䃫⁍Ҡȡጯഌϑ䕇 㵹℁Ҹͧ 喑㜠䗷ࡧ 㵹℁Ҹͧܧ䌜Ƞ䒕䖀ϑ䕇Ხ๔ౝᩦγ ͚ᓰ⮱℁Ҹͧ 喑䬡⮱ڙ䌜Ƞ㏬ڙ䃫喑ຯ倅䕌 ଶჇϑ䕇䕇䓫ᕔ喑ᰶ߈ᩜᦾγࣾᆂȡВ䧮䌜 喍ఫ 喎ȡ 〆ͧА㶕⮱䭲ϑ䕇䃫ߎߌ㘪䒰ጛ喑ຯႶϚࡄ〆⮱ ᚏ㵹ϑ䕇ͨᄩȠ͗Ҁᱧߕϑ䕇ࣾᆂ䓲⡈ȡᚏ㵹ܧ㵹 ℁䛺䊲䓴 喑⇗ $ ❹⚔ 㵹ᕨवܧ ࠲᠙ₒ㵹হ㜗㵹䒓 䯳᪐㈨㐌⁍Ⴙ喑ᬍ∂ࣾᡒࡧഌᕔ倅ᴴ۳Ƞ倅䉕䛼⮱ 㵹ܧࡧഌ喎ߖᣕ͗Ҁᱧߕ䒓ڲใ⣜㏬Вڒ䭲䓽ϑ䕇ߎߌ㘪ȡଶჇ̻͚ᓰ⮱㖁㈨䓴Ꮣӊ 喍ጒ҉ᬒ̺ᓄ䔈 㵹℁Ҹ̺䋠 喍ఫ 喎ȡܧϑڙ䌜ȡ ℁Ҹᮛ䕺䊲䓴 喑ڙ䊃倅䕌 㵹ⅡᎠᕨҀ̻͚ᓰⰥᒀ喑ѳВᦖច䒓ͧܧ䘕ϑ䕇䃫ⅡᎠ̺倅ȡ䌜㑾ჳᏓռѻ喍ఫ ͗Ҁᱧߕ䒓ڲ 喎喑ଶჇ䖀䌜㑾ჳᏓͧ LNLN喍͚ᓰͧ ͨ喑䔉䗷ᅑͧᬻ᭫ȡ
喎
䌜㑾ჳᏓ喍LNLN
ᆞ 䬢㵹 Ძ ଶჇ 䱿⊓ ࢄᶒ 䛾ᆞ ͡⍜ ᶒ
ఫ ̷⊤ጯ䗷ࡧ䌜㑾ჳᏓ㐌䃎ఫ ຕઠᇸǖฉ࡛ႎ݀ቛჺ৯Ljฉ࡛ࡀࣄยऺჺ৯ᇾ
Ѓࡧഌ 㜠͚ᓰ 䬡ڣ䘕 㜠䗷ࡧڲ
ఫ Ꭱ̷⊤ጯ䗷ࡧܧ㵹Ⱋ⮱ౝ㐌䃎ఫ ຕઠᇸǖฉ࡛ႎ݀ቛჺ৯Ljฉ࡛ࡀࣄยऺჺ৯ᇾ
ϑ䕇㏬䌜ᕨ䪬Ꮣ̻㏬䌜㑾䪬Ꮣ℁ȡڞڙϑ䕇㏬䌜䛺ฺ㈨᭜ᠴڞڙ
64 ̷⊤ଶჇ喟䲏ाजᠮ㐚ࣾᆂ⮱㻱ܿᣏ㉏
ϻ䕇ᒭଶჇ⮱䒕䖀ϑ䕇 त㏬⮱≮➦ᒮ喍㶕喎 ⮱΅ౕ͚ᓰ̸䒓喑ज㻮䒕䖀ϑ䕇ͨ㺮ߎλ ࡧ〆 ᄦใϑ䕇ȡڕ๖̷䛼ͧ ̴ϧ⁎喑ࢍڕᲒⰸ喑ౕ⮱ ◦ᕨ䛼⮱ ȡᬖ倅ም䬡 ⮱΅ౕଶჇࡧ̸䒓喑
ᶒ
䛾ᆞ
䱿⊓
ࢄᶒ
͡⍜
ଶჇ
Ძ
͚ᓰ
ጯڕ
ϑ䕇 ͗Ҁϑ䕇 ᚏ㵹ϑ䕇ڞڙ
ఫ Ꭱ̷⊤ጯ䗷ࡧܧ㵹ᐼ㐌䃎ఫ ຕઠᇸǖฉ࡛ႎ݀ቛჺ৯Ljฉ࡛ࡀࣄยऺჺ৯ᇾ
㶕 Ꭱ̷⊤ጯ䒕䖀ϑ䕇 त㏬≮➦ᒮ ᑂᄩ䌢⮱⤳ᔢȡӊᢛଶჇࡧࢄⅡΎ⮱➦䉕喑ౕጯ
ଶჇ〆◦ ଶჇࡧ〆◦ 䃫䃎ⵁ⾣⮱ധ̷喑ܧᐧ䃫Ąࡰㆠ̭⎃Ƞ⮫ㆠ̭᳄Ƞ ̸ࡧഌ ⇠⎃Ⱕ͟Ƞ㢤仆␎ą⮱⩌ᔮᅲጯ⮱㻱ܿⰛᴴȡⰛ 㻱 ℁䛺 㻱 ℁䛺 ݺ喑ͨࡧࡧഌᣔ㻱㺳Ⰳ⢴䓫ݝ В̷ȡĄ̭ᵥ ଶჇࡧ ͑㔩Ƞ̶Ѻ̭ҀȠᬍ㑊ᄦᣒą⮱䯳͚䔋❴ጯࡃࣾᆂᵩ ڲ⣜ڲ㺬⊓ ᅭ䔽⌽ಸȡ Ꭱ喑ౕఈ๔Წ಄ጰᅭ⮱ധ̷喑 ⣜ใڲ㺬⊓ ܧଶჇ̶͗㏱ఏ喑ࢠଶჇͨࡧȠႶϚȠࢄ㔁̶Ѻ Ҁ⮱㏱वᐼࣾᆂ⮱ᵥᓰ⤳ᔢȡ Ꭱ喑ౕᵥᓰ̭ ڲ⣜ڲ͉⊓ ใ⣜ ࡧߍ䕌ࣾᆂ⮱ധ̷喑ᕨ㐀̶๔㏱ఏ⮱ࣾᆂ⟣ۢ喑Вߍڲ͉⊓ ♓Ą㖇ܧЃౝࡧ 䕌ጯࡃȠӰ䔈Ą͑͗㲺वąͧᕨҀᕊ䌜喑ڣ
ᢚᲑ⎼喝̶⊣ࣽᆁᝄ⪑ⵀ⾢喏̶⊣ጮጮ㻰ܾ䃪䃍ⵀ⾢䮎Ƞ ̭͗ᵥᓰȠᐣѥ͑㔩ąȡ
ଶჇᐧ䃫䌢 㻱ܿ
䄫䷅㏱䄰ᴒ᭫喑 ͗Ⱞч ݆࣌ڠᵦᢛపუࣾᩦ༁Ⱕ 㵹Ƞఈ͗ᅞౝȠٵጯ喑Ꭰ͗ጯ㺮ᐧ ͗ࡧ喠 ͗ౝ㏔ ଶჇ㻱͚ܿಇᠮĄఈ͗ 㵹Ƞധٵ㵹Ƞߕ䓮ٵ㵹ą᭜ᠴ㻱ܿٵጯ喑Ꭰ͗ጯ㻱ܿᐧ䃫㏓ ͗ࡧȡᐧ ఈ͗㦄ऺąȡĄఈ͗ 㵹ȡĄఈ͗ᅞౝą᭜ᠴϔ͇ᅞٵ⯷ᕔ䶦Ⱋڙ㵹Ƞٵ䃫᭜ప䩴ࡃࣾᆂ⮱䛺㺮䕁ᒱȡϻᎡݝᎡ喑 䃫 ℾᅞౝႶ㒛ȠࣾᆂᅞౝۉଶჇ⮱ᐧ䃫ጟ䊷䓴 Ꭱ喑ଶჇᐧ䃫䌢䓴⼸ ౝࡴȠധ䃫ᅞౝႹȠ ͚⼜㉜γ͝ჹ⮱㏼侹ȡ 䶱⪆ȡĄఈ͗㦄ऺąࢠ㦄ऺᐧまጵȠ㦄ऺᐭࣾੳȠ㦄ऺ ጒЮ͇ក䕍㦄ऺ䶦ⰛȡԊ䯉ᕨҀ㐀Ჱ⮱व⤳ᕔ喑ᅲ 㻱ܿᑂ䶳 Ѽহᅞ͇⮱㶎ᕔ喑ᐧ䃫⮱倅৮䉕喑ϔ㲺व̻ज হ⾧ٺ㔰㭾ᒀౝᅲℾ⮱ݖ⯷喑䖬ܳٲଶჇౕጯᐧ䃫䓴⼸͚ᅑͧ∕䛺㻱ܿᑂ䶳ȡ㻱 ᠮ㐚ࣾᆂ喑हᬣ ̷̭ܿⰡಇᠮ᪴ࡃᑂ䶳ゃܿȠゃܿᑂ䶳㻱ܿȠ㻱ܿ Ą偩ąȡ
65 ͚పࡧ㻱̻ܿࣾᆂ
ह㏱ଶჇࡧڞ ⁎ す̶ᅯ ϑڙȠ፥㻱 す̭ᅯ⁎ 䕇 ⍥ゃ⪒喑ଶٶϑ㑾㐉㈨㐌ȡѻⷠ㻯ڙ⁎ᅞ ็ᅯ ㏼䓴 Ꭱ⮱ߗ߈喑ᐧ䃫ःᓄ䛺๔䔈ᆂȡ͚ᓰ Ⴧఈ๔ᮜ㻯͚㵹ϧₒ䖀Ƞ㜗㵹䒓䖀ȠⅡ̷⍥㻵ぶᚏ হノ⤳ឭᱜȡڤ㺳ⰃȡᣕᎬҬ⩕ѻⷠϑ䕇ጒڕ⣝ࡧጯᩬധ䃫ᵳ᳣ധ᱙ᒏ喑Ąఈ๔ᮜ㻯ą⩌ᔮ⣜ධጒ 㵹㈨㐌 ߈ᣕ䔈ȡчθ͇হߌ㘪ᕔ䶦Ⱋ倅ᴴ۳䙺㒛喑ጯ ౕଶჇ͚ᓰࡧᐧ⿸ᮧ㘪ϑ䕇㈨㐌喑࠲᠙ϑ䕇Ԏᖜ䛴ڕ⼸ ߎ㘪㏔ᬻ᭫ࡴȡ 䯳̻ࣾጰ㈨㐌Ƞϑ䕇⯾ᣔ̻Ⴖ䭟㈨㐌Ƞϑ䕇Ԏतᣔݣ㈨ ͚ᓰࡧ䖀䌜ϑ䕇Ҁ㈨ധ᱙ᒏ喑ᵥᓰࡧ㻱 㐌হ։䒓䄞ᄩ㈨㐌ȡ ܿ䖀䌜㏓ LNȡ㜠 ᎡᎡᏂ喑ᵥᓰࡧĄఈ㏢ ᣕߕ㞯㘪ឭᱜ䓽⩕ÿÿ⩞λᣕ㵹Ą㞯㘪Ƞ㞯ౝȠ ఈὗą俕䖀䌜ᵳ᳣Ҁ㈨ጟധ᱙ᒏ喑ᰶ 䖀䌜ᐧ 㞯ⅡȠ㞯ᱽą⮱ᐧま㺮Ⅿ喑ଶჇ㷘পऺ̷ͧ⊤仃 ͚ଶჇఫΓ亳䛴⩕γᰡͧ㞯ڣϑ㏬䌜䕇䓫喑 ͗ᐧま㞯㘪㠰ࡧȡڙᰶ ڞ䕇䒓喑䕇䒓䛹⼸㏓ LN喑 䃎Ⴙែ䉱 Ϭٰȡ 㘪⮱⛰⅁⾧䄰㈨㐌喠㻱ܿᆂ亳ݖ⩕㔮ࢯᝬᩦᐧ喑䛴㉜ Ąఈ๔ᮜ㻯ąぶ⩌ᔮᮜ㻯Ҁ㈨ጟ㏼ᒏ喑㜠 Ꭱ ⩕ౝ⎽☚∢҉ͧ☚⎽喠᪆ᆂ͚ᓰहᵤݖ⩕㔮ࢯᝬ 㧱ۤȠౝ̸ᔮᮜ㻯ጒ⼸ጟᐧ䃫Ⴙ ̴ N喑 ᩦ䕍喑हᬣ䃫䃎㐬㞟ᅸ䶣Ƞౝ⎽☚∢Ƞ⩌ڲᎡᏂ喑͚ᓰࡧ చڙ⎃ᄩ⚔ᬻȠ䰕Ⅱఋᩣݖ⩕ぶ㞯㘪ᣗ喠䔉仆ٶᐧ⩌ᔮᮜ㻯ጒ⼸ ̴ N喠ノ㏬䙺ຄጒ⼸हₒᣕ ბౕ 䔈喑㜠 ᎡᎡᏂ喑ጟᐧ䃫Ⴙ⩢߈ LNȠ⛰⅁ 䛴⩕γ⩌ᔮⅡۭࡃ㈨㐌Ƞ㺳ౌᐧまȠ䔼Ⅱᱽ᫆Ƞఋᩣ LNȠ̷Ⅱ LNȠԎᖜノ㏬ LNȡ ᱽ᫆ȡ ⇠䖀⎃⇷㐩व᪡⇨᩵ᬻ᭫喑͚ᓰࡧ㻱ܿ 喍喎⣜ධԊ៑ ⇠䖀 LN喍࠲᠙①⊓⇠Ƞὗ⇒⇠ぶ喎喑⩌ᔮᮜ㻯⎃ ଶჇ㻱ܿᐧ䃫͚∕䛺⣜ධԊ៑ȡ䛴⩕㘪⎽Ƞ ⇷ ͗ȡ㜠 ᎡᎡᏂ喑Ⴙ⇠䖀᪡⇨ LN喑 ឭᱜ∕䛺ರ౫ั⤳喑䛴⩕⣜Ԋಸअ⩢〆ȡౕರ౫ั ⩌ᔮᮜ㻯⎃⇷ ͗喠ౕᐧ⇠䖀 LN喑ᮜ㻯⎃⇷ ͗ȡ ⤳䲏ᣕ䔈ᅲℾ⩌≨ರ౫ܳㆨ䄂◦ጒ҉Ƞᣏ㉏䯳䉥ጯ 䛼䉱⎽ࡃݖ⩕Ƞᣕ䔈䩴㏔ರ౫ࢸ㑖͚䒙〆ۼ㜗ᐧ䃫ВᲒ喑⦋䛾ࡨ䮏ࡄ䮏Ƞϑ๔䭱͚ଶჇܳ ౧ರ౫ ᵎȠࡧఫΓ亳喍᪴ࡃ亳喎Ƞࡻι݊㏔͚႓ȠࡧິᎩԊ֒䮏Ƞ ᐧ䃫ȡ ଶჇ侹Ꭹ٬చȠଶჇ㻱ܿᆂ亳Ƞᓤჹ䌜႓ ଶჇᐧ䕍γ̷⊤⩢߈㈨㐌͚仃Ꮤ⣜ԊಸȠ㞯 Ҭ⩕喑 㘪ಸȠႄࡃअ⩢〆ÿÿL7 ᄮক䌜अ⩢〆ȡϻᐧڒᵎȠࣹ̮䌜Ꭹ٬చぶ ͗ߌ㘪ᕔ䶦Ⱋ【ጒᎣែ 㔰㭾γ㞯㘪⣜Ԋ⮱㺮ܳٲᐧま䲏⼜㏓ ̴ N喑㉜䃎ែ䉱䷊㏓ Ϭٰȡ ま䃫䃎Ƞ䃫ิ䔶᠖ぶ䲏 ͚ែ䉱ౕᐧ ͗ Ⅿ喑Ꭳ䛴⩕γౝ⎽☚∢⾧䄰Ƞ๗䭠㘪ࣾ⩢Ƞ㞯㘪ಸ⚔ᬻڣᰶ უᐭࣾੳ喑ڞᵥᓰࡧ ⚑䔈㞯㘪ឭᱜ⮱䃫ิ喑䶱䃎Ꭱज㞯㏓ᴴٵ䶦Ⱋ喑ԊݖუచȠ͚Ԏ∝ჹ̭ࣵȠ哆⎃䘓ȠⰅऑ๖ ぶ็ప䭲 ٵڲᄾι⅔ࡃⷠᢿᩫ U喑㞯㘪䭺㕄䓫ݝపۼౝȠ㐬ౝ䱋౷Ƞଶ㉘⎫Ƞ吻⩠䷻㢤ͪᮜぶ̭ឦ倅 U喑 ৮䉕ẩⰅⰥ㐔ᐭⰅ䨭ਜ਼ȡ㜠 ᎡᎡᏂ喑ጯ౧ࡃ䶦Ⱋ 䔈ⅡᎠȡ ㉜䃎ᐭጒ䲏⼜ ็̴ N喍࠲᠙ߕ䓮䙺ຄᝬ喎喑【ጒ䲏 ⼜䓾 ̴ N喑䨭ਜ਼䲏⼜䓾 ̴ N喑ᕨែ䉱 ็ 䉱䛾䓽҉ᐼ 䃖ᩣܧϬٰȡ Ꭱ̷ࡷᎡ喑͚ᓰࡧ⮱ጯ౧ࡃ䶦Ⱋࣾᆂᔮ ଶჇᐧ䃫䉱䛾Გ⎽ͨ㺮̶ͧ䘕ܳ喟ౌౝ Ƞ⼻ᩣȠ㲺䉱ȡڒ ߬㞜ສ喑ᐭጒ䲏⼜ ̴ N喑【ጒ䲏⼜ ̴ N喑 ͚喑䨭ਜ਼䷊ Ϭٰ喑ह℁䪬ڣႹែ䉱 Ϭٰ喑 ڒȡ ౌౝᩣ ÿ Ꭱ喑ଶჇ㉜䃎ܧ䃖ౌౝ㏓ NV喑 ͚ࡧ㏔ᓄថ䮑ڒ䃖ᩣܧ䃖䛾㏓ Ϭٰ喑ౌౝܧÿÿក䕍̓ࢇచใጯᰭҠ䌢ࡧ ㉜䃎݈ ᐧ䃫̀䶦ധ䛾喍ఫ 喎ȡڒ喍喎ѻⷠࣾᆂ ᱙䘕ܳ䔈 ใڲଶჇᐧ䃫ಇᠮѻⷠࣾᆂ⤳ᔢ喑Ꭼ∈Ռ䞡ప ጯजᠮ㐚㻱ܿᐧ䃫⮱ᵵҸ喑㜡߈λក䕍̷⊤ጯ̓ࢇచ ⼻ᩣ ㏓ ̴უ喑ڞЮ͇ᕨڹ⧵ใጯᰭҠ䌢ࡧȡ ÿ Ꭱ喑 ധ䛾ڒ͚ࡧ㏔⼻ᩣ㏓ Ϭٰ䔈ڣଶჇ๔߈ࣾᆂ㐬㞟ϑ䕇Ҁ㈨ȡࣾᆂВ͚ぶღ䛼 ⼻ᩣ㏓ Ϭٰ喑 ϑ㈨㐌喑̻䒕䖀ϑ 喍ఫ 喎ȡڙ⁎ϑͧͨҀ⮱ଶჇࡧすιᅯڙᔘ䕌
66 ̷⊤ଶჇ喟䲏ाजᠮ㐚ࣾᆂ⮱㻱ܿᣏ㉏
喎
喎
䲏⼜喍̴ N ẩᲬФ喍ٰ N
ܧ䃖䲏⼜ जᐧ䲏⼜ ẩᲬФ
ఫ ࢳᎡଶჇ㏼㥒ᕔౝ಄ܧ䃖䲏⼜㐌䃎㶕 ຕઠᇸǖฉ࡛ूۨႎ݀ቛᆶ၌ࠅິ
喎 ᩣ喍ٰ N⼻
⼻ᩣव䃎 ࡧ㏔⼻ᩣव䃎
ఫ ଶჇ⼻ᩣࢳᎡ㐌䃎㶕 ຕઠᇸǖฉ࡛ूۨႎ݀ቛᆶ၌ࠅິ
㲺䉱 䶦Ⱋឦᱧݣ݈喑⿸ԛᐧᕔ䄓㏳㻱ܿВࣷ
㜗Ꭱ㜠Ꭱᰵ喑ଶჇ㲺䉱ᕨ䷊㏓ ䷻䆹ᣔݣ༁অч थౕ Ꭱᐭᆂγᣔݣᕔ䄓㏳㻱ܿ⮱㑃ݣڙϬٰ喑䨣㵹䉤㏓ Ϭٰ喑ԎចȠ༁ចէᱰȠЮ էぶ㲺䉱 Ϭٰ喍ఫ 喎ȡ ጒ҉喑ϻጯ䃫䃎ᅯ䲏喑ౕౝ಄ܿܳȠ͇ᔮȠ㞟ᒖȠใ͇ 䬡Ƞౝ಄็ᅯ倅ᅯᣔݣ㏬Ƞᐧま䷻ᵩȠ⾧ڞڙෆᱽ᫆Ƞ ノ⤳∂݈ ᐧまᄼ৮Ƞᴴᔄᴴぶ̺ह䲏Вጯ䃫䃎ᄩ݆ᐼ䔈 ଶჇౕ㻱ܿᬣಇᠮĄఈ͗㦄ऺą⮱݆࣌喑䔆ͧ 㵹ᣔݣȡ䶦Ⱋ⿸γ䷻䆹ᣔݣ༁অч喑ࢠ喟 ᐧ䃫৮䉕ຍჇγധ喑ѳ㺮ⱌₐ⣝ᄳĄᐧ䃫 喍喎ౕᵵ្ឦݺ喑ᄦ͗ౝ಄⮱ᐧま䃫䃎ᵵᆂ ᐭ䃱Ⴧ喑ᄦλこवጯ䃫䃎㺮Ⅿ⮱ᵵ喑εВ̷្ȡ ڕ⤳ສᒏ䆎ą喑͗䶦Ⱋᓲ䶨ϻ㻱ܿȠ䃫䃎Ƞጒݝノܧ λ䔆 喍喎ౕ⿸䲏ጒ䭣⃢喑ᄦᐧまᄼᵤ䔈㵹ᷭᴒȠᄮᵤ喑ڠ͚⮱ᰭ䯫◦ᅞ᭜ጯ౧ᕔ䶦Ⱋ৮䉕喑ڣ䓴⼸ノ⤳喑 䲏ଶჇևγ̭ψᰶ⯷⮱ᅊ䄂ȡ ̺こव⿸䲏ᣔݣٰ㉍̺εጒȡ
67 ͚పࡧ㻱̻ܿࣾᆂ
㲺䉱䛾䷊喍Ϭٰ喎
Ꭱ Ꭱ Ꭱ ÿ ᰵ
Ⱑᣒ㲺䉱 䬡ᣒ㲺䉱
䷊थࢳᎡ㲺䉱䛾ڙఫ ଶჇ ຕઠᇸǖฉ࡛ूۨႎ݀ቛᆶ၌ࠅິ
喍喎ౕ【ጒ侹ᩣ䭣⃢喑ᄦᐧまᒏᔮ䔈㵹ฺᴒ喑㠒ႅ ᵵ䃫䃎》䊈喑䃱ܧх㘉ᵵᎣჇ⌞ࡃࢂѺ喑㏼ԛᩦ ౕ䬛䷅݆䔈㵹䔁ጒȡ ⌞ࡃ㜠ጒఫ⌞Ꮣ喑ᒏᠯ❹ܧ䃖ጒ⼸ឭᱜᵵȡጒ⼸ В͉ξ㶄ੳ͇ౝࡧᐭࣾͧҸ喑͉ξ㶄ऱౝ಄⮱䔽ₒ ᵵᄦノ㏬Ƞᴴ倅ȠბใᕨҀぶឭᱜ㺮◦͒ᵩᣔݣȡᠯ 䃖⮱ጒ⼸䃫䃎ᵵ҉ͧܧ㥪ౝ喑䷻䆹ᣔݣ⮱᩵⌲ᮝज㻮喟̶უᐭࣾੳ喑䮑͗ ❹᪴У㺮Ⅿ》Νϧᠶ⚔ᰭ㏵ ౌڒथᩜЅ喑Ꭳ㏠ڙݘౝ಄ใ喑䷻ᵩധ᱙̭㜡喠ࢄⅡΎ䷻ᵩധ᱙Ҁ⣝喠 ᐧ䃫Уȡ㻱ܿ䃫䃎䉦⩕⩞ ጯᎬ౧⾧䬡εВԊ⪆ȡ ౝܧ䃖᱙ȡ Ꭱ ᰵȨଶჇ͚ᓰࡧᕨ䘕చࡧᣔݣᕔ䄓 䶦Ⱋᣔݣឭᱜ⃢݈ÿÿᣕ㵹䭱ߍఫ݆ ㏳㻱ܿ㶒ఫ݆ࣷ䭱ߍఫ݆ȩ㣤̷⊤ጯϧℾᩬᏉឦ喑 ࢲឦ۳⮱Ȩ̷⊤ጯᣔݣᕔ ͧଶჇጯᐧ䃫ࣵ㔨ᐭ⮱̭䶢ȡڙӊᢛ̷⊤ጯϧℾᩬᏉߋ 㻱Ⴧ喑ଶჇ㻱ܿᐧ䃫ᣔڠ䄓㏳㻱ܿឭᱜ۳݆ȩ⮱Ⱕ ݣᑂᄩ䛴⩕ᣔݣᕔఫ݆হᑂᄩᕔఫ݆Ⱕ㐀व⮱ᐼȡଶ ጯ㻱ܿᐧ䃫⮱ఝ䯫̻ᠾᝅ ᮛܧ㑃ݣ⮱ᣔݣᕔ䄓㏳㻱ܿ䮑γڲჇͨࡧ㠰డ 䔯ᕔ⮱㻱ܿᣔݣ㺮Ⅿ喑ᒏᮛ䔯ఫ݆喍ᣔݣಸఫ݆喎ใ喑 ᐧ䃫হノ⤳㖁ߕᱧݣᰶᒲႹ 䭱ߍ⮱㻱ܿᣔݣ㺮Ⅿ喑 ᵦᢛ̷⊤ጯଶჇࡧϧℾᩬᏉ喍ଶᏉࣾȲȳܧ䰭㺮䕇䓴ጯ䃫䃎ᝃ̀䶦ⵁ⾣ ➢⮱㻱ܿͨҀ喑ڲᒏ䭱ߍఫ݆喍ᑂᄩᕔఫ݆喎喑ᄦ㻱ܿᐧ䃫হᐧま䃫䃎䔈 त喎喑ଶჇノ༁ч᭜LN ࡧഌ Ҁܳጒ̷喑ڤчθ͇䃫㻱ܿȡౕڲₒ䔈㵹ᑂᄩ喑Ԋ䃮ᐧ䃫৮䉕ȡ 㑃ݣ䓃ࡧ̭ ᐧ䃫ͨҀ喑䉌䉐ᐧ䩴㏔чθ͇䃫喑ڲथ҉ͧ䓃ࡧڙ Ȩ̷⊤ጯᣔݣᕔ䄓㏳㻱ܿឭᱜ۳݆ȩ㺮Ⅿ⮱ᣔݣౕ ᐧ䙺ຄ䉱䛾হጯ̀䶦ڙᕔᠴᴴใ喑ଶჇᣔ㻱ߍγᣔݣᕔఫ݆⮱㠰⪡ȡ ᐧ䃫䉱䛾Გ⎽ͧ̀䶦䉱䛾Ƞ ᐧ䙺ຄ䃫ᐧऻ喑ᵦᢛᬻࡧノᝃ䩴ڙຯᐧま➖䉡㏬⢴ࣷ⇬㶄倅Ꮣ⮱͒ᵩᣔݣȠᏂᅯ⮱侾ẩ 㶒䉡䉱䛾ȡ㔹℁ 䔭⩹হѺ㒛Ƞ倅ᅯඁẩ⮱Ѻ㒛Ƞᅸ䶣㐬ࡃহಯⰡ㐬 ノᐼߋ⤳⼨ϑ喑ࡧ㏔чθ͇䃫䓽㥒ノ⤳̻㐡៑㐡 䉦⩕⩞ࡧ䉏ᩬឬڠऐࣷιᅯ䔋⮱Ѻ㒛ぶȡߍጯ ԛ喑⩞ࡧчθ͇ͨノ䘕䬕䉌䉐喑Ⱕڒࡃ⮱䛼ࡃᣔݣȠౝ಄ 䃫হౝ̸⾧䬡⮱̀䶦ᣔݣᕔᄩ݆ȡౕጯ䃫䃎 ៲ȡ䩴㏔чθ͇䃫䓽㥒ノ⤳̻㐡៑㐡ԛ喑⩞ノ⩕ڙᩬ 䉦⩕⩞ノ༁ч䉏߈喍䩴㏔䉏߈喎ឬڠ〆Ƞ⛰⅁䄰 ༁ч䉌䉐喑Ⱕڠ䭣⃢㑃ݣጯᩬ㐩वᵵ喑ᬻచࡧ⩢߈ᐭ ⤳ 㥒䕍ᒭᒭ䛺ᐧ䃫䒨ノ ࢸ〆ぶጯᩬ䙺ຄ䃫⮱Ѻ㒛হ㻱喑Ꭳᄳ㥪ݝᄩ ៲ȡѳౕ䭲᧺҉䓴⼸͚ ݆͚ȡ 䩴㏔ᰶ䭽⮱䉏߈Όᒭᒭ䕍倅ⅡᎠノ⤳⮱㑧Ѻȡᐧ䃛ౕ 㔰㭾ऻܳٲ䃖ȡ⩞ ̀䶦䉱䛾Ƞ䙺ຄ䉱䛾হ̀䶦㶒䉡䉱䛾͚ܧᐭڙ❹ₑใ喑ಇᠮĄፓጒ⼸䃫䃎ᵵąᠯ ह㏱㏴䔈㵹 㐚ノ⤳⮱䰭Ⅿ喑Ⴙᐧ䃫হノ⤳㖁ߕᱧݣȡڞथڙଶჇࡧ㻱ܿহౌౝ䉱⎽ノ⤳ᅭȠ
68 ̷⊤ଶჇ喟䲏ाजᠮ㐚ࣾᆂ⮱㻱ܿᣏ㉏
⩕ౝ⮱ᰡᐼȡᄦጒ͇⩕ڙឭⵁࣾ⩕ౝᝃੳ͇ߋͧ 䒰ສ⮱ࢯᝬ䔈㵹ᐧまᩦ䕍喑҉ͧчߎ䃫䔈㵹ڲऻλጯᐧ䃫 ౝ␋ڒϔᄩ ଶჇ⮱ጯࡃࣾᆂ喑㺮̷ౕ⊤ࣾᆂ๔ᵩᅭ͚喑Ჱᐧ ݖ⩕喑ຯ㻱ܿᆂ亳হ᪆ᆂ͚ᓰぶȡ 㜗䏘ᬏᰶ⩌ᔮх㒻Ƞ͇ᅲ⮱➦䉕喑ࣵᰶϔ㲺वࣾ ᕨ䘕㏼≻喑 ጯ䷻䆹ڒᆂ⮱ᵩᅭȡଶჇ㜡߈λϔ͇䒙ಸ喑ᑂ ॥ᑂγϙ͉Ƞ⮫ᏓȠ͉䉏ჹぶ̭ឦⴒऺ⩢ੳ⮱ౝࡧᕨ ଶჇࡧВĄ⮫ㆠ̭᳄Ƞࡰㆠ̭⎃Ƞ⇠⎃Ⱕ͟Ƞ㢤仆 侨喑ѳϔ ␎ąͧጯ䷻䆹ൾ䕍⮱݆࣌喑Ą㨊㐬Ⱕ䬡ą⮱⩌ᔮ⣜ධڒ䘕喑̷⊤㖁वϔᱰϑᭀぶ็͗䶦ⰛΌჇ ⮱䒙ಸࣾᆂϺ♣␋ऻλᔘ䕌⮱ጯᐧ䃫ȡ ৮䉕ᄦࡴጯ᪡Ҁ⣜ධ৮䉕হᄦϧ⮱॥ᑂ߈䊤ݝ㞜ສ͇ ଶჇ㺮ⱌₐᅲ͇ 㖇䯳ϧ⅁ᒀᆋ䛺㺮⣜㞯ȡ ⮱Ӱ䔈҉⩕喍ఫ 喎ȡ ᐧ䃫㜗 Ꭱᐭ喑䮼Ɑ䒕䖀ϑ䕇 त㏬ᐧ ҉ͧࢳट᪴ࡃऺ喑ͨࡧࡄ䘕㔮э㐌䷻䆹Ԋ៑ 喑ౝᴴᐧま∂ࡻᄧڲ䕇䒓喑ఈ๔ᮜ㻯⮱㥪喑ₐͧ䯳㖇Ɑϧ⅁喑ѳ᭜喑 䒰ສ喑ᐧま倅Ꮣᣔݣౕ䒰ѻ⮱㠰డ ϔ͇㙞㞯Ƞੳ͇䙺ຄᐭࣾ䔈Ꮣ⮱␋ऻ喑ᄦϧऐ⮱ᄩ ඁ⾧䬡➦ᒮᬻ᭫喍ఫ 喎喠ࢄ䘕ࡧጯ䷻䆹ͧ⣝Аキ ӊᬔႅౕᒵ๔⮱ݣ㏓ȡౕଶჇ⮱᱗Გᐧ䃫͚喑Ϻ ㏓喑̻ଶჇ↪䒓⮱ࣾᆂჇѺᒏ㞜ສᏁȡϻ⣝⟣ጯڒ ᄳಇᠮĄ͇ᅲą⮱ჇѺ喑ϻ㔹䃖Ąສϔ͇ąহĄສ ᐧ䃫Გⰸ喑᱗Გጯᄳॵ⣝ࢄⅡΎэ㐌হ⣝Аキ㏓䷻ ⩌≨ąⅴ㖇ଶჇȡ ᵩⰥ䒲Ⱕ⮱䷻䆹➦ᒮȡ ᑧࡃͨࡧᄼᅧᏓ㶄౷➦ᒮ喑䕇䓴ߍᩜ䌜ჳᏓȠ 䘕䕇Ƞхࡃ䖀䌜䲏ᒏᐼȠ䃫䃎ₒ㵹ੳ͇ڲ喑ह䉕ࡃ》ζ͒䛺 䃫㶄౷ޖੳ͇䲏⼜䓴 ≩ⰛݺଶჇ㻱ܿ䔉仆⎃ੳవহଶჇ〆͑͗๔ 㶄ぶᐼ喑䔈̭ₒߍᑧϧᕔࡃϑ䕇ज䓫ᕔ喑ᑧౝࡧ ಸੳవ喑ᰶ๔ੳ͇㶄Ƞ๔ੳ͇㐩वҀȠ͗䗨䛹͚ᓰȡ ߈喍ఫ 喎ȡ ⮫䉔Ƞٶ㻱ܿᐧ䃫Ԋݖझࡄ䷻ᗲ㶄Ƞ͚Ԏ∝ჹȠڲࡧഌ ќ❢๖ౝȠ͉ξ㶄Ƞ㺬ξẩぶ Ꮤጯ㐩वҀ喑 ⩌ᔮᐧ䃫ٶᬒᰵ ᕨ䃎ੳ͇䲏⼜ᄳ䊲䓴 ̴ N喑ϧੳ͇䲏⼜㏓ Nȡ ଶჇ㻱ܿჇγĄ̭ᵥȠ̭䒡Ƞ͑⣜Ƞ็చȠ ϻ⣝䭣⃢ⰸ喑⮱ੳ͇ౝϔ喑ጟॵ䓴Ꮣᐭࣾ喑ᅪノ䗷 ็ą⮱㐬ౝ㈨㐌喍ఫ 喑ఫ 喎ȡ㻱ܿͧଶჇ⮱ చহ㐂ڙ䋠⮱⩌ᔮ⣜ධ⾧䬡ȡଶࡄ䗷䛻ٲ喑 ࣾᆂ䶱⪆γޖࡧΌ㺮䒙ಸࣾᆂ⣝Аߎ͇喑ѳੳߋ➖͇ጟᮛ䕺䓴 㔹ੳ͇⮱Ҁ䛼ѩͻΌ䊲ܧࡧഌ⮱⊵䉦㻱ȡ ḛ᳄ぶ㐬ࡃ⾧䬡ͧଶჇ᱗Გ⮱৮䉕ࡴহ⩌ᔮ⣜ධ ᐧ䃫䶱⪆γ⾧䬡ȡ 㻱ܿ㏼侹̻ࣺᕊ 䃫ᐧ䃫ڞڙ
⅁㉘ϻଶჇ㻱ܿᗲۢᲒⰸ喑ևᓄ℁䒰ສ⮱ͨ㺮 Ꭱ ᰵ喑䔉仆⎃̭ጒ⼸ᐭᐧ喑̻Ѻλ 䃫ᐧ䃫 ͉Გᮜ㻯䒡㺬〜⮱Ą̷ąႄᒏ ' 䊈䖀䖒ⰥᏁȡ ᎡڞڙᰶጯḂౝᰡȠጯ䷻䆹হ⩌ᔮᐧ䃫Ƞ 䮏䶦Ⱋ䃫䃎ᵵ喍⩞̓⩹ᐧま๔ጵޔぶ䲏喑ѳౕࡧഌ̭ҀࡃȠϔ㲺वȠ␕Ⅱౝࡧᩦ䕍Ƞ ᰵ喑ଶჇԊݖ๔ ڙϑ䕇ぶ䲏Ϻ♣ᰶᒲࡴȡ Ⴖ㬑ᔍ䯱៲㏟䃫䃎喎ᤚᎂȡ Ꭱ ᰵ喑ଶჇࣸ䄷 చᐭచЗᐼౕଶჇͫ㵹ȡ Ꭱ ᰵ喑ଶჇ ㏼侹Ռ䞡 ጯ㻱ܿᆂ亳【ጒᎣᐭ亳ȡ Ꭱ ᰵ ᬒ̷⊤ ȡڥϑ䕇๔႓ࡨ႓䮏䭱ᆋ⦋䛾ࡨ䮏ࡄ䮏ͫ㵹ᐭጒ ጯḂౝᰡ Ꭱ ᰵ喑̷⊤ϑ๔䭱͚ଶჇܳᵎͫ㵹γव҉ߋᵎࡼ䃛 ଶჇࡧ҉̷ͧ⊤ጯ⮱㔮ጒ͇ധౝ喑ႅౕ๔䛼ጒ͇చ ΓカႄЗᐼȡ Ꭱ ᰵ喑䒕䖀ϑ䕇 त㏬ࡄ⃢̭ ࡧহጒ͇⩕ౝ喍ఫ 喎ȡౕଶჇाࢄࣾᆂ⮱䓴⼸͚喑 䕇䒓ȡ Ꭱ ᰵ喑ଶჇఫΓ亳喍᪴ࡃ亳喎Ƞࢇ 䛴⩕̭⁎㻱ܿܳₒ⮱ゃ⪒喑ᩦ䕍ጒ͇⩕ౝ͚ͧ ➖亳䶦Ⱋᐭጒȡ 㵹喑倅ぶ㏔⮱ٵ䃫ڞڙथ҉ͧ㐌ウ㻱 ଶჇᐧ䃫㏵ಇᠮڙᓰࣷᅲѼ⩌≨ࡧȡଶჇࡧ⿸ଶჇ थȡᄳᵥᓰࡧ⮱ጒ͇ ᪴᪆Ҁ࢘䃫Ⱕ㐔㥪ᝤ喍ఫ 喎喑ᰶ᩵ౝᩦγڙ䃖হᐧ䃫⮱పᰶᐭࣾܧȠౌౝܿ ߎ䃫䙺ຄⅡᎠহ㘪㏔喑倅γ⮱॥ڞڙౝ䒙ಸ҉ͧੳ͇ȠᅲѼহ㐬ࡃぶ⩕ౝ喍ఫ 喎ȡᄦᵥ ጯ⩕ ᓰࡧক䓦䒰ͧ䯳͚⮱ጒ͇⩕ౝ䛴⩕䓾Ԋ⪆喑䔉ᩦ䕍 ᑂ߈ȡ
69 ͚పࡧ㻱̻ܿࣾᆂ
LN
ᐧま⩕ౝ ➦₷⩕ౝڞڙ ఫ Ҹ 㕂ౝ ੳ⩕ౝ ധ䃫⩕ౝ Ⅱഌڞڙ చౝ ጒЀᏀ⩕ౝ Ѓ᱗ݖ⩕ౝڣ ᳄ౝ 䩴ѼႲ⩕ౝ ⳨Нᮜ㻯о䬟⩕ౝ ᱾ᅲℾ◦⩕ౝ ϑ䕇䓽䓀⩕ౝ ឦ⁎ӈౝۉ ౝ⩕ۉЃڣ
ఫ ᎡଶჇͨࡧౌౝҬ⩕⣝⟣ఫ ຕੰںຕઠᇸǖฉ࡛ࡀࣄยऺჺ৯ᇾ၄ጒཱི
70 ̷⊤ଶჇ喟䲏ाजᠮ㐚ࣾᆂ⮱㻱ܿᣏ㉏
ఫ Ҹ
/ ᅲѼ⩕ౝ 䭟៑㐬ౝ Ⅱഌ
䃫⩕ౝ ጯᩬ䃫⩕ౝ 㻱ܿ㠰డڞڙ
ੳѼ㐩व⩕ౝ ᄦใϑ䕇⩕ౝ N
ⵁࣾϔ͇㐩व⩕ౝ 䖀䌜Ꭼ౧⩕ౝ ౝ⩕ۉ㐬ౝ ⩌ᔮ㐀Ჱ⩕ౝࣷڞڙ
ఫ ᎡଶჇͨࡧౌౝҬ⩕⣝⟣ఫ ຕੰںຕઠᇸǖฉ࡛ࡀࣄยऺჺ৯ᇾ၄ጒཱི
71 ͚పࡧ㻱̻ܿࣾᆂ
ఫ ଶჇͨࡧጯ䃫䃎᩵ఫ ࠶ਆںೌઠᇸǖूۨ൶ࡀࣄࢅཱི
ఫ ଶჇͨࡧࡄ䘕㔮ጋᶒᮜࡧ⣝⟣⚔❴ࣷᒞఫ ں ೌઠᇸǖፕኁಆฝत Google
72 ̷⊤ଶჇ喟䲏ाजᠮ㐚ࣾᆂ⮱㻱ܿᣏ㉏
ఫ ଶჇͨࡧ䖀䌜㈨㐌ܳᲽఫ̻᩵ఫ ࠶ਆںೌઠᇸǖूۨ൶ࡀࣄࢅཱི
73 ͚పࡧ㻱̻ܿࣾᆂ
ఫ Ҹ చڙ㐬ࡃ ๔ಸ⩌ᔮ
చڙ㐬ࡃ䕇 ͨ㺮ጯ
㐬ࡃͨ㺮䒡㏬
ఫ ଶჇͨࡧ㐬ౝ㈨㐌㻱ܿఫ ጨଙઠᇸǖฉ࡛ࡀࣄยऺჺ৯ᇾLjूۨዷ൶ጺ༹ࡀࣄႪՊDŽ2012.2020Dž
㠒ᕊ㔰 ͧ哆喑ᑂ䶳็ᅯ⁎⮱㚦ౝ⾧䬡喑ᒏࡧഌ⾧䬡㑾㐉 喍ఫ 喎ȡ ࡧഌ̭Ҁࡃ ϻ๔䘪ጯࡧ㻳䛻Გⰸ喑ധλчȠ㏼≻Ƞ⣜ධऱ ぶڡᄦλ̷⊤ጯ⮱ࣾᆂ喑➦ݘ᭜ଶჇ⮱ࣾᆂ 䲏⮱ο䕇হ㉔ჳᒞ৺喑̷⊤̻䓾⇗⮱㟼ጋȠଶ Ꮑϻࡧഌ⮱㻳㻿䔈㵹ܳᲽȡϻ䪬̶㻿㻳䛻Გⰸ喑⩞⇗Ƞ ጯ⮱Ąहࡃą᭜ᓲ♣䊸߬喑䰭㺮ᄨⅯᝅ⪒ࡼ҉⾧䬡 Ƞ⊆Ƞ⯃Ą̶Ⱞ̭ጯą㏱̓⩹㏔ጯ㓑喑̷⊤҉ 喍ఫ 喎ȡ
74 ̷⊤ଶჇ喟䲏ाजᠮ㐚ࣾᆂ⮱㻱ܿᣏ㉏
ଶ❴᳄ 㐂ḛ᳄
ଶჇ ㉘⅁͉Გ䒡 䔉仆⎃
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ఫ ଶჇͨࡧͨ㺮ᮜ㻯㞯◦⣝⟣ఫ ࠶ਆںೌઠᇸǖूۨ൶ࡀࣄࢅཱི
䮏ޔᎩԊ֒䮏 थ∂͚ᓰ ఫΓ亳喍᪴ࡃ亳喎 Ԋݖ๔ິ
䮏ޔᎩ٬చ 㻱ܿᆂ亳 ⦋䛾ࡨ䮏ࡄ䮏 Ԋݖ๔
ߎ䃫⣝⟣ࣷ᩵ఫڞڙఫ ଶჇͨࡧͨ㺮 ࠶ਆںೌઠᇸǖूۨ൶ࡀࣄࢅཱི
75 ͚పࡧ㻱̻ܿࣾᆂ
ఫ 䪬̶㻿㚦ౝ㻱ܿఫ ၕ݀ቛࡀࣄჺ৯ . 2012ۼٷገ႙݀ቛđԝৠူฉ࡛ ۯႎൻظጨଙઠᇸǖฉ࡛ࡀࣄยऺჺ৯ᇾ .Đ
ఫ ̷⊤๔䘪ጯᝅ⪒㻱ܿఫ ၕ݀ቛࡀࣄჺ৯ . 2012ۼٷገ႙݀ቛđԝৠူฉ࡛ ۯႎൻظጨଙઠᇸǖฉ࡛ࡀࣄยऺჺ৯ᇾ .Đ
76 ̷⊤ଶჇ喟䲏ाजᠮ㐚ࣾᆂ⮱㻱ܿᣏ㉏
ଶჇࡧ̷ͧ⊤ጯ⮱㺬ࡄ䬕ᝤ喑Ѻλᄦᣒ㟼Ⱞ⮱ݺ 㔰㭾ࡧഌव ␕Ⅱౝࡧߌ㘪ࡴܳٲȡѳౕଶჇ⮱㻱ܿᐧ䃫͚喑ᅇ᱗⇬ ㏰⇠㔹ᓄऺȡଶჇڲȡࡧഌϔ͇Ƞ⩕ౝጰᅭȠϑ䕇ぶ䲏䰭䔈̭ₒ⌞ࡃ ଶჇऑ⼝㏰ጯ喑ධ҉ ᰶ㏰⇠Ƞ䓮⇠Ƞὗ⇒⇠Ƞ㪝㬨⊉喍ఫ 喎ぶ็ڲ 㔰㭾̻ক䓦䩴喑➦ݘ᭜̻ᬳᆞȠ๗Ѐ⮱㲺वࣾᆂ̻䩆 ⇬ぶ⩕ౝࢍᢛ喑וाჇѺ喍ఫ 喑ఫ 喎ȡ ⇠≮⾬䊷喑ѳ⇬⇠ౝࡧ็ͧ㷘ጒ͇Ѐ ज䓫ᕔጛ喑⼭㑧⮱␕⇠䉱⎽ᅇ᱗ᓄݝݖ⩕喍ఫ 喎ȡ⇠ ใ␕⇠Ⅱ㈨⮱ᐭࣾᰡ㏼侹喑хࡃ࠲ڲϔ㲺व ₑ䰭㺮Ռ䞡ప ଶჇ⣝⟣ᰶ๔䛼⮱ጒ͇⩕ౝ喑ӈγ๔䛼⮱ᅞ ᠙㪝㬨⊉ぶ俕Ⅱ㈨⮱ߌ㘪喑㐩व᪡⇨⇬㏬⣜ධȡ ᇄѺ喑ѳ็ͧ䒰ѻ〜⮱ݣ䕍͇ᇄѺ喑̻⮱ࣾᆂჇ͇ ⮱倅〜ϧ喑 㐩वϑ䕇хࡃڒѺ̺こȡ̻ₑहᬣ喑ᄦλ䛺◦䰭㺮ᑂ ڙࣺ㔹ᬍ∂ౕ᱙ౝ⣝ⰥᏁ⮱ᅞ͇喑㕹Ѽܳ⻨ⴈⰫ͒䛺ȡ ࡧഌϑ䕇䲏喑ଶჇϑ䕇䓴็ӊ䲍⇗ଶ倅䕌 䌜⮱䕇䓫ᕔহ䕇㵹㘪߈ϺڙЃ㏬ڣ⣝ϔ㲺व䰭㺮䔈̭ₒ䕇䓴ϔ͇㐀Ჱ䄰᪡喑 䌜̻͚ᓰ㖁㈨喑 Ӱ䔈ϧऐ㐀Ჱхࡃ喑В䔯Ꮑౕ䪬̶㻿ౝࡧ⮱ჇѺȡ ♣̺倅喑̻͚ᓰ㑾㐉ࡃ㖁㈨ᅇ᱗ᐧ喍ఫ 喎ȡ
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ᬳᆞ ଶჇ
ఫ ଶჇᬳᆞ๗Ѐౝࡧ㻱ܿ⩕ౝᠩवఫ ၕ݀ቛࡀࣄჺ৯ . 2012ۼٷገ႙݀ቛđԝৠူฉ࡛ ۯႎൻظጨଙઠᇸǖฉ࡛ࡀࣄยऺჺ৯ᇾ .Đ
77 ͚పࡧ㻱̻ܿࣾᆂ
ఫ Ҹ ᅲѼ⩕ౝ 䭟៑㐬ౝ Ⅱഌ
䃫⩕ౝ ጯᩬ䃫⩕ౝ 㻱ܿ㠰డڞڙ
ੳѼ㐩व⩕ౝ ᄦใϑ䕇⩕ౝ
ⵁࣾϔ͇㐩व⩕ౝ 䖀䌜Ꭼ౧⩕ౝ
ౝ⩕ۉ㐬ౝ ⩌ᔮ㐀Ჱ⩕ౝࣷڞڙ
ఫ ଶჇͨࡧౌౝҬ⩕㻱ܿఫ ጨଙઠᇸǖฉ࡛ࡀࣄยऺჺ৯ᇾLjĖूۨዷ൶ጺ༹ࡀࣄႪՊDŽ2012.2020DžėDŽ࿄಼ጚDž
78 ̷⊤ଶჇ喟䲏ाजᠮ㐚ࣾᆂ⮱㻱ܿᣏ㉏
ఫ 㪝㬨⊉⇬㏬⣝⟣⚔❴ ೌઠᇸǖፕኁಆฝ
44 ч։䒓౧Ꭼ౧⩕ౝ
/ ౝ $ ᪆㗟ⵁ䃫䃎⩕ౝ 5 ᄦใϑ䕇⩕ౝ % ➦₷⩕ౝ⩕ڙ᪡Ҁⵁ⾣ࡧഌ 3 ఈㆨᅲѼ⩕ౝ $ 㵹ᩬߋ ఫ 䛺◦䃫䃎㠰డ 3 ρㆨᅲѼ⩕ౝ $ ੳ͇ߎ͇⩕ౝ $ ᪴ࡃऑ䔦⩕ౝ 4 䖀䌜⩕ౝ " ᒲᐧౕᐧ⩕ౝ ᱾ᐧ䃫⩕ౝۉ & ౝ 44 ч։䒓౧Ꭼ౧⩕ౝ⩕ڙ㐩व⩕ౝ $ ੳߎߋڙჇᅲѼ⩕ౝ 34 ᪆㗟䃫⩕ౝ $$ ੳ͇ߋ̺ 3 ᱾⾧ౝۉ & 䃫⩕ౝڞڙ䃫⩕ౝ 6 ጯᩬڞڙЃڣ $ ㆨᅲѼ⩕ౝ 3$ ࡧߎ䃫⩕ౝ $ ᪴ࡃཞͽ⩕ౝ̭ 3 㐬ౝ & Ⅱഌڞڙ ) Ҹ 3 ιㆨᅲѼ⩕ౝ 3/ ᕨᐱ⩕ౝ $ Ҁ㗟⩕ౝ . ጒ͇⩕ౝ LN ౝ ( ⩌ϔ䭟៑㐬ౝ & 㕂ౝ⩕ו䃫⩕ౝ $ ࡨ⫄࢘⩌⩕ౝ 8 ЀڞڙㆨᅲѼ⩕ౝ $ ̺Ⴧ̶ 3
ఫ ଶჇࡧ㪝㬨⊉⇬㏬ౌౝҬ⩕⣝⟣ఫ ጨଙઠᇸǖฉ࡛ࡀࣄยऺჺ৯ᇾLjूۨ൶㪜ሩᄂ၍क़၄ጒۙჺ
79 ͚పࡧ㻱̻ܿࣾᆂ
ᶒ
ଶჇ
ᆞ
䱿⊓
Ძ 䬢㵹
͡⍜ ࢄᶒ
䛾ᆞ
͚ᓰ 㻱ܿ㠰డ 倅䕌䌜 ఫ 䧮䌜 ͨ㺮㏬ Ҹ ጯ䩴 ͨ㺮䧮䌜㏪ 䧮䌜〆
㈨ܳᲽఫڠఫ ̷⊤ጯ䗷ࡧ̻ጯഌᔘ䕌䖀䌜হ䒕䖀ϑ䕇 ጨଙઠᇸǖฉ࡛ࡀࣄยऺჺ৯ᇾLjႎࡀࣄॺยೠࠚ
80 ̷⊤ଶჇ喟䲏ाजᠮ㐚ࣾᆂ⮱㻱ܿᣏ㉏
䒕䖀ϑ䕇 त㏬〆䌊䒰ⴚ喑〆◦䓴ჳ喑ᄩ㜡䓽㥒 թᓄࣾᆂՌ䞡⮱ḂౝᰡȠጯ䷻䆹Ƞ⩌ᔮ⣜ධȠ ଶჇϷܧ䃫ᐧ䃫ぶ䲏⮱ߌ㏼侹喑हᬣᠴڞڙ 䕌ᏓⰥᄦ䒰ѻ喑䯫Вᒏᄦࣾᆂ⮱ᰶ߈ᩜᦾ喑䕍 䌜⮱፥Ꭱ᠒ൢ喑Вࣷ䕇㵹ᬣ䬡 ऻࣾᆂᏁౕࡧഌ̭ҀࡃȠ␕Ⅱౝࡧߌ㘪ࡴȠϔ㲺वȠڙଶჇ̻͚ᓰ倅䕌 ప⮱ڕȡጹ᱈㘪์ᄦ⧵ڠ䓴䪬喑㖁㈨㪱ᑞȡ 㐩वϑ䕇хࡃぶ䲏εВ ᐧ䃫ӈ̭Ⴧ⮱㏼侹Ռ䞡喑Ӱ䔈ࣾᡒ䛺๔҉⩕喑Ӱ ڣₑଶჇ̭䲏Ꮑᑧࡃ̻͚ᓰ⮱㖁㈨喑ᅑ ᭜хࡃᔘ䕌䖀হ䒕䖀ϑ䕇⮱㖁㈨喑ओ̭䲏ΌᏁߍᑧ 䔈⮱जᠮ㐚ࣾᆂȡ Ѓౝࡧহጯ࠲᠙䱿⊓ȠᲫȠᬳᆞȠ๗Ѐڣڲࡧഌ̻ ぶౝ⮱㖁㈨ȡౕࡴᄦใϑ䕇㖁㈨⮱हᬣ喑хࡃВ㏪ ࣯㔰᪴⡛ .[ϑ䕇Ҁ㈨ȡ [1] ̷⊤ጯጯ㻱ܿ䃫䃎ⵁ⾣䮏 . 㻱ܿᐧ䃫䃱ѝ [Rڞڙ䘕ڲ͚ᓰ⮱ͧ [2] ̷⊤ጯጯ㻱ܿ䃫䃎ⵁ⾣䮏 . ଶჇͨࡧᕨҀ㻱ܿԛ㑃 喍2012ÿ2020喎[R]. 㐀䄚 [3] ̷⊤ጯጯ㻱ܿ䃫䃎ⵁ⾣䮏 .Ą݈侞ߕ 䒙ಸࣾᆂą㗹ᮜ̸ ̷⊤๔䘪ጯΎࣾᆂ㻱ܿᝅ⪒ⵁ⾣ [R]. 2012. ߍᔘ䗷ࡧ䩴ࡃₒнȠᣕߕጯഌΎ̭Ҁࡃࣾᆂ᭜ [4] ̷⊤ጯ㻱ܿহపౌ䉱⎽ノ⤳ᅭ . Вϧͧ᱙喑႓㻱ܿ喑ߍᔘ ᩜᠮ̷⊤᱗Გࣾᆂ⮱ᑧ๔ߕ߈ȡᣕ䔈̷⊤⮱ᐧ䃫喑 ̷⊤๔䘪ጯ݈䒙ಸࣾᆂ [R]. ⵡ㼐ࣾᆂ⨣䶵喑хࡃጯഌጯ⾧䬡ጰᅭ喑ᬏ᭜䄸̷ܿ⊤ [5] ̷⊤ጯጯ㻱ܿノ⤳ᅭ , ̷⊤ጯጯ㻱ܿ䃫䃎ⵁ⾣䮏 . ̷⊤ .[ጯጯ䓾ᐧ䃫㻱ܿ喍2006ÿ2010喎[R ڲऻ̓ࢇᬣጯࣾᆂ⮱䛺㺮ͫᣗ喑Ό᭜ᣕߕࡧഌڒ䔈 [6] ̷⊤ጯጯ㻱ܿ䃫䃎ⵁ⾣䮏 . ᓗ䔦 · ड़ÿÿ̷⊤ጯ㻱ܿ ऱጯ䬡व҉ᬒ⯷ჳܴ⮱ᓲ♣䔶᠖喑ᰡ᭜̷⊤ጯ݈侞 ⑁䔈 [M]. ̷⊤喟ह≻๔႓ܧ❵喑2008. ߕȠ䒙ಸࣾᆂ⮱䛺㺮䒪Ҁহ䕁ᒱȡ㏼䓴Ꭱ⮱ࣾᆂᐧ [7] ̷⊤ጯጯ㻱ܿ䃫䃎ⵁ⾣䮏 . ଶჇࡧࡧഌᕨҀ㻱ܿᵵ 䃫喑̷⊤ጯࣾᆂःᓄγ̭Ⴧ⮱㐖喑㻱䔽ₒ 喍2006ÿ2020 Ꭱ喎[R]. .[ព๔喑㏼≻ࣾᆂᔘ䕌ࡴ喑ጯ䷻䆹ᓄݝᲮ๔ᩦ喑␎ [8] ̷⊤ጯϧℾᩬᏉ . ̷⊤ጯጯᕨҀ㻱ܿ喍1999ÿ2020喎[R 䋠ጯℾ⮱⩌ϔ⩌≨䰭Ⅿ喑̷ͧ⊤᱗Გࣾᆂӈጕ๔⒉㘪ȡ 2001. ̻ₑहᬣ喑ࣾᆂΌႅౕⱭ⩕ౝ㻱䒰ͧ㇄ᩫ喑ϧ⅁ [9] ̷⊤ጯጯ㻱ܿ䃫䃎ⵁ⾣䮏 .Ąιρą䬡̷⊤ᝅ⪒ ⵁ⾣ [R]. 2011. ̺䋠喑ᅞ͇ᇄѺ䒰ᄾ喑⩕ౝ㐀Ჱ̺व⤳喑ϑ䕇䃫̺Ⴙ [10] ᑍᢤ喑䊢ℾ . 㻱ܿ⮱⤳䃧̻䌢喟⩝చጯᕊᘠ⮱̓㏗ ぶ䬛䷅ȡ᱙᪴ᕨ㐀ଶჇࣾᆂ⮱㏼侹হ䬛䷅喑ܧ ⑁㏻ [M]. ࡄϙ喟͚పᐧまጒ͇ܧ❵喑2005.
81 Ϙąⵁ䃕ч喑 Ꭱ ᰵ ᬒڞĄχ≟ᐭࣾ䨣㵹 ह≻ጯⴒ䃳 ͚పহࡧ喟ᠾᝅ̻ᱧ䕴
Ϙⵁ䃕чȡ㐔 ᎡȠ ᎡȠ Ꭱχ≟ᐭࣾ䨣㵹喍В̸キ⼝Ąχ㵹ą喎ह≻๔႓ࡧڞすఈᅷጯⴒ䃳 Ϙąⵁڞഌᕔጯजᠮ㐚ࣾᆂⴒ䃳͚ᓰ喍キ⼝Ąጯⴒ䃳͚ᓰą喎ߌͫߋγ ᅷĄχ≟ᐭࣾ䨣㵹 ह≻ጯⴒ䃳 䃕чऻ喑 Ꭱͨߋすఈᅷప䭲ⵁ䃕чȡч䃛䬡ᄳϸ㏺হܳϘ䓾͚పহࡧ㻱ܿࣷ⮱㏼侹喑Ꭳౝ㔰 Ϙ͚ᓰव҉ͫߋ䷅ͧĄ͚పহࡧ喟ᠾᝅ̻ڞᄌ̷⊤হᬍ䩎⮱ᰭҠᵵҸȡ᱙ᅷч䃛Ό̻χ≟ᐭࣾ䨣㵹ࡧഌⴒ䃳 ᱧ䕴⮱ᒞᕊ㔰ą⮱ᥱᒞᆂȡ
す̭๖̷ࡵ䃛⼸࠲᠙ᐭᎂᐼহͨ䷅ࣾ㼭ȡᐭᎂᐼ⩞ह≻๔႓Ƞχ㵹হ̷⊤ጯ䉏ᩬᅭА㶕㜡䓋ȡͨ䷅ࣾ㼭⩞ప䭲 ጯࣾᆂ̀უহ̷⊤ጯ㻱ܿᅭ䶳ᄩϸ㏺হࡧ㻱ܿȠ̻ノ⤳⮱∂ȡ̷ࡵ̸ࡷ౧̸ࣷࡵ͑͗̀౧⩞ጯࣾ ใࡧᵵҸ喑ᎣⱭ䛺䬽䛷ᵵҸౕ㻱ܿহ͚⮱㏼侹হ᪆䃚ȡ⑁䃟㐀ऻ䔈㵹̀უ㏱ڲᆂ̀უϸ㏺㏼ᠾ䔶⮱ప 䃕䃧হᐭᩫᐼ䯳Ҁ䃕䃧喑ᎣВₑ҉ͧ᱙⁎ч䃛⮱ᕨ㐀ȡᵦᢛⵁ䃕чэ㐌喑ጯⴒ䃳͚ᓰᄳͧᰭҠᵵҸ㣤А㶕䶮ȡ
すι๖ᰶ̻ч㔲΅౽ጡธ㔰ᄌす̭๖ϸ㏺⮱̷⊤হᬍ䩎͑ัᰭҠᵵҸ喟Ą̷⊤ଶჇąহĄᬍ䩎๗⎃ąȡ ᒀౝ㻱ܿহノ⤳ϧঅ䔈㵹ϑ≮হ䃕䃧ȡ̻ܳٲчА㶕जВ̻
χ≟ᐭࣾ䨣㵹̸ᆋ⮱͉χᅭহ̷⊤ह≻๔႓ᐧま̻ጯ㻱ܿ႓䮏㖁वᐭࣾĄጯⴒ䃳͚ᓰą䔆͗仃݈䶦Ⱋȡ䞡λጯ Ѓౝࡧ䬡ጯノ⤳㏼侹⮱ᰶ⯷ϑ≮ȡڣ∸ࡃ⮱Ꮛ๔㻱হᠮ㐚ࣾᆂ喑䄒䶦Ⱋᬕౕ⼜ᲮӰ䔈͚పহχ≟Вࣷ๗Ꭰ
82 Ϙⵁ䃕чڞ䭱ᒂ喟χ≟ᐭࣾ䨣㵹ह≻ጯ
す̭๖喟 Ꭱ ᰵ ᬒⵁ䃕ч ࡧᆂ 喟䗾͉ࡧ 喑≟㖁䯳ఏᕨ㻱ܿጵ⩌ٵ⋈ह≻๔႓ᐧま̻ጯ㻱ܿ႓䮏喑᪴䔉ẩ喍" ẩ喎̶ẩ 䮣⊤̷
ࡧᆂ 喟䛾ጋࡧ喍๔䔋㏼≻ឭᱜᐭࣾࡧ喎 ڹ⧵ ݅݇ࢇธ喑ह≻๔႓ᐧま̻ጯ㻱ܿ႓䮏 ᐭᎂᐼ㜡䓋 ͨᠮϧ喟 ၽᲒ᪆ᢵ喑ह≻๔႓ᐧま̻ጯ㻱ܿ႓䮏㻱ܿ㈨ͨШ 䯳Ҁ⚔喑$ ẩᏂẩ
к᪆ᢵ㜡䓋喑ह≻๔႓ޜᵎ䪬 ࡵ丽喑̶ສಋ丽ࢲιẩ 喑χ≟ᐭࣾ䨣㵹㵹䪬⩌ٵᄼ㺬ₒ喍"ZVNJ,POJTIJ喎 ݘ倅㏔䶫䬛 ᵵҸ➦ ᪆ᢵ喑ह≻๔႓ᐧま̻ጯ㻱ܿ႓䮏ڝ⢸ ⅶߴࢇธ喑̷⊤䉏ᩬᅭᄦใ㏼≻ัั䪬 ͨᠮϧ喟݅
ͨ䷅ࣾ㼭 ̷⊤ଶჇࡧ ಸጯᐼ⮱㏼侹ܳϘ ᕨጒ⼸ጵȠޜ喑̷⊤ጯ㻱ܿ䃫䃎ⵁ⾣䮏⩌ٵ≟ᠮϧ喟 ၽᲒ᪆ᢵ喑ह≻๔႓ᐧま̻ጯ㻱ܿ႓䮏㻱ܿ㈨ͨШ 㾦䓽ͨ ᕨ㻱͚ᓰͨШ थᕨ㷮ߖ⤳Ƞڙ喑̷⊤ଶჇࣾᆂᰶ䭽⩌ٵ⋈͚ప⮱⑁अ喟ϻጒ͇࢘ᭌ䩴ݝ⩌ᔮጯ⮱䒙अ ҂ᮀ ॡ㑇哆᪆ᢵ喑ѓ᪓๔႓႓䮏ጡ➦䰤➦ᐧま႓䮏㻱ܿ㈨᪆ᢵ ᕨጵߋͨШ
̷⊤⮱㏼侹᪆䃚 䬛̻め ᅭ䪬ޜ喑̷⊤ጯ㻱ܿহపౌ䉱⎽ノ⤳ᅭ⩌ٵᒽᲫ ᵵҸ 䬛̻め ͨᠮϧ喟亣ธ喍4UFGBO3BV喎喑χ≟ᐭࣾ䨣㵹͉χᅭጯࣾ ᆂ̀უ 㡣⁴ ᬍ䩎๗⎃⮱ѻⷠ⩌ᔮጯ ͨ䷅ࣾ㼭 ॡᮀ㢶ຠธ喑⌞ౠጯጯ㻱ܿ䃫䃎ⵁ⾣䮏ޜᕨ㻱ܿጵ ᅭ䪬ޜᠮϧ喟⣈ͪχe⯛༲eႶ៶喍.BSJB1JB"ODPSB喎喑χ≟ᐭ ۜᮀᭌຠธ喑ᬍ䩎ጯ㻱ܿᅭܳᅭͨ ࣾ䨣㵹͉χᅭጯࣾᆂ̀უ 䬛̻め ࢝Ꮣᓤ䛹ȠႌΝহߍᅁऱめ⮱ࣾᆂ ࢎ⨓eࢎፂ䔗χ喍,BWBT,BQBEJB喎᪆ᢵ喑࢝Ꮣ 㡣⁴ ᓤ䛹㻱̻ܿᐧま႓䮏࣌䮏䪬 ᵵҸ Ƞ็ߌ㘪Ƞ㐬㞟Ƞᅲ⮱ࡧ ͨᠮϧ喟 ⢸ьᑧ᪆ᢵ喑ह≻๔႓ᐧま̻ጯ㻱ܿ႓䮏۾㉔⮱⩌ᔮጯ喟≟⁔ 亣ธ喍4UFGBO3BV喎喑χ≟ᐭࣾ䨣㵹͉χᅭጯࣾ ᆂ̀უ ࡄጊ喟ϻ▫ऻᏌ͚ᐧ䊤⮱ 喑͚పጯ㻱ܿ䃫䃎ⵁ⾣䮏̷⊤ܳ䮏䮏䪬⩌ٵ䗾ᓤ倅 ጯ䪬ޜΓ䪬喑ࡄጊጯ࣌⼅ޜ喑ఈጊⰮ㐢䭠ጯ⩌ٵ䬛̻め 䉧ᬧ ᥱᒞᆂĄ͚పহࡧ喟ᠾᝅ̻ᱧ䕴⮱ᒞᕊ㔰ą 䬛̻め ͨᠮϧ喟㪱∸喍+PSO#SPNNFMIPSTUFS喎喑χ≟ᐭࣾ䨣㵹͉χᅭ Ҁ䃕䃧ڕ仃ፚ㏼≻႓უ ̀䷅ࣷ 喍%JXFTI4IBSBO喎喑χ≟ᐭࣾ䨣㵹͉ڝ⇆ᠮϧ喟䔗ьϭeͨ ᆂ㻵ᐭᎂ喟͚పࡧᵵҸ χᅭጯ̻чࣾᆂัั䪬 喑χ≟ᐭࣾ䨣㵹㵹䪬⩌ٵᄼ㺬ₒ喍"ZVNJ,POJTIJ喎 ݘ倅㏔䶫䬛 ̀䷅䃕䃧喟ϻᵵҸⵁ⾣͚㣤ः⮱㏼侹̻᪆䃚➦ 喑χ≟ᐭࣾ䨣㵹㵹䪬⩌ٵᄼ㺬ₒ喍"ZVNJ,POJTIJ喎 ࡧᆂ 喟Ⴎ∏͉䘕ࡧ ➦ݘ倅㏔䶫䬛 喑χ≟ᐭࣾ䨣㵹͉χᅭ倅㏔䶫䬛⩌ٵьᑧ᪆ᢵ喑ह≻๔႓ᐧま̻ጯ㻱ܿ႓䮏 Ვ䛾᳄⢸
83 ͚పࡧ㻱̻ܿࣾᆂ
ၽᲒ᪆ᢵ喑ह≻๔႓ᐧま̻ጯ㻱ܿ႓䮏㻱ܿ㈨ͨШ すι๖喟 Ꭱ ᰵ ᬒহࡧ㔰ᄌ 〒ᬻ᪆ᢵ喑ह≻๔႓ᐧま̻ጯ㻱ܿ႓䮏 ॡ㑇哆᪆ᢵ喑ѓ᪓๔႓႓䮏ጡ➦䰤➦ᐧま႓䮏㻱ܿ㈨᪆ᢵ ̷⊤ଶჇ㔰ᄌ ࣾܧძ亳ڝ⢶㐡ᅩඁe䯲䓫๘喍7JOJUB:BEBW喎᪆ᢵ喑࢝Ꮣᓤ䛹 ⮪ 㻱ܿহᐧま႓䮏 喑࢝Ꮣ㻯ᄌუⵁ⾣ ₒ㵹㔰ᄌ̷⊤ଶჇ喑Ꭳ̻㻱ܿጵࣷᒀౝჅঅ䔈㵹䃕䃧⩌ٵ喍3VNJ"JKB[喎ڦ冮ㆠe㞫 ധ䛾ч 䬛̻め ̀䷅ᕨ㐀喟χ㵹䶦Ⱋ⮱㏼侹̻᪆䃚 喑χ≟ᐭࣾ䨣 ଶჇࡵ丽⩌ٵ喍%JXFTI4IBSBO喎ڝ⇆䔗ьϭe 㵹͉χᅭጯ̻чࣾᆂัั䪬 ᬍ䩎㔰ᄌ ࣾܧ ̷⊤ଶჇڥጯⴒ䃳͚ᓰᰭҠᵵҸ䶮 ᪆ᢵ喑ह≻๔႓ᐧま̻ጯ㻱ܿ႓䮏ڝ⢸ᠮϧ喟ͨ ₒ㵹㔰ᄌᬍ䩎๗⎃喑Ꭳ̻㻱ܿጵࣷᒀౝჅঅ䃕䃧 ڥᎡᏓᰭҠᵵҸ䶮 䬛̻め ᕨ㐀 χ≟ᐭࣾ䨣㵹 ᬍ䩎ᮇ丽 ⩌ٵ৵ㆠᓤe䅏䛹๘喍)BNJE4IBSJG喎 侨͚పА㶕ัͨШ ၽᲒ᪆ᢵ喑ह≻๔႓ᐧま̻ጯ㻱ܿ႓䮏㻱ܿ㈨ͨШ 䔁ఋ̷⊤
๔䙿Ꮔڝ⢶ძ亳ιẩი๔യ ២䓫⮪ڝ⢶ᮇს喑⮪
84 Planning Concept and Development Model of New Towns and New Districts in the People’s Republic of China
Introduction to New Towns and New Districts
85 New Towns and New Districts Case Studies from the People’s Republic of China
Planning Concept and Development Model of New Towns and New Districts in the People’s Republic of China Lan Wang
86 Planning Concept and Development Model of New Towns and New Districts in the People’s Republic of China
The development of new towns and new districts The establishment of a system of paid use of in the People's Republic of China (PRC) plays an state-owned land in 1987 liberalized the land market. important role in its recent urbanization. In the past The removal of the housing allocation policy, which 30 years, PRC's urbanization rate has increased by required the state-owned enterprises to provide 1% per year, with new towns and new districts being housing for workers, and the privatization of housing the main form to expand urban space. In 2013, the ownership in 1994 established the housing market and research group of Cities and Small Towns Reform and triggered the vigorous development of the real estate Development Center of the National Development industry. While satellite cities solely provided space to and Reform Commission conducted research on serve industries, new towns and new districts emerged 12 provinces and 156 prefecture-level cities from around the year 2000 that provided space for industrial autonomous regions. Findings include that 90% of all and residential real estate development. The new type prefecture-level cities plan to develop new towns and of real estate development became the main form of new districts and 12 provincial capital cities planned approved land leasing, making it the main source of and developed 55 new towns and/or new districts. capital for urban construction for local governments. There are three key drivers for large-scale urban The various types of newly established new development. The first is land leasing, which is the towns and new districts included (i) residential and main source of fiscal revenue for local governments in real estate development; (ii) industrial and technology the PRC. The second is the provision of ample space business cluster development; (iii) university campus for urban growth, including industrial land, housing, development; (iv) relocated government departments; and commercial real estate development. The third (v) regional transportation facilities development (i.e. key driver is the provision of space for resettlement high-speed train stations). In some cases, larger new from old cities with high population density and aging towns or new districts integrate several of the above facilities and support for old city redevelopment elements. Chenggong New District in Kunming in using revenue from new towns and new districts. Yunnan Province, for example, includes relocated The development, therefore, of new towns and new government offices and a new university campus. A districts plays a very significant role for the PRC's rapid university campus, commercial retail, recreation, and and massive urbanization and economic development. several residential real estate developments anchor Before the reform and opening-up policy that Shanghai Songjiang New Town. started in 1978, industrial satellite cities were the main Developing new towns started as a movement in form of new towns and new districts. The centers of the United Kingdom originating from the Garden City these cities were large, heavy industry, state-owned concept by Ebenezer Howard in his book Tomorrow: A enterprises. Proximity to raw materials primarily Peaceful Path to Real Reform. He proposed new town determined the location. Since 1978, with the shift planning and construction to consider the benefits of from a planned economy to a market economy, the both urban and rural areas in metropolitan suburbs. formulation of mechanisms and policies stimulated the A typical Garden City would have around 30,000 development of new towns and new districts. residents and commercial and public services around
87 New Towns and New Districts Case Studies from the People’s Republic of China
a commuter railway station. Howard established a in demand and supply. It also benefits from support new town development company, carried out new and assistance by the government in planning, town construction experiments in the surroundings of development, and approval procedures. A semi-public London, and started the new town movement, which development company also has a higher level of social influenced urban development around the world. responsibility wherein developers balance public with The PRC’s new towns and new districts also drew private interests. lessons from Howard’s Garden City model — such as Typically, for each new town and new district, combining the advantages of both urban and rural a semi-public development company under the areas, functional separation of residential and industrial municipal government is responsible for planning, land, and the preservation of large-scale green land for implementation, financing, procurement, and farming and recreation — and adopted them in varying management. The government appoints a steering degrees. With a large population moving to cities, committee as a government agency to supervise and developers in the PRC sought high returns on their manage the development company and assist the investment. High-density, car-oriented developments company with communication and negotiation with are typical, influenced by Architect Le Corbusier’s various government departments to advance the Bright City. Some of the PRC’s new towns adopted planning and construction of the new town. Corbusier’s model that included car-culture and Local governments initiate projects and regulate wider roads, higher density and high-rise residential the development and, in some cases, invest in the buildings. initial planning and implementation phases. The With newly built subways extending out to city mayor establishes a management committee, suburban areas of the PRC’s megacities, the PRC which coordinates the planning and implementation adopted the concept of transit-oriented development process. The committee organizes auctions for the (TOD), which the American New Urbanism movement developers, develops the basic requirements for promoted. Key features of TODs are subway lines preliminary planning, selects the design institutes that connect suburbs and new towns to the central that participate in the urban planning and design areas of the city and comprehensive mixed use, higher competition as engineering consultants, presides density development around subway stations. Some over design competitions, and determines the final new towns that have strong anchor users such as a master plan. After urban planning and urban design key industry, government center, university or other is completed, two main entities would be responsible special facilities have their own planning features for implementation. The municipal government and layouts. For example, new towns around a high- is responsible for first-degree land development. speed train station rely on incoming traffic and capital. Various departments are in charge of land acquisition, Therefore, businesses, commercial, and residential relocation and resettlement of residents, basic road functions are closely connected around the station. In and infrastructure construction, completion of soil new towns and new districts plan for public facilities storage and leveling, main road construction, and within convenient reach of residents and workers to municipal infrastructure, for example. The government ensure a good level of service. consults with private real estate developers in second- The management and operation model com- degree development, which includes arrangements bining the new town and new district construction such as access to land use rights and real estate management committee and the development company development according to the master plan. combines good features of both government-led and The City of Shanghai pioneered the new era of market-based instruments. A semi-private development new towns and new districts construction in the PRC. company can respond quickly and flexibly to changes It presented its "One City and Nine Towns" program in
88 Planning Concept and Development Model of New Towns and New Districts in the People’s Republic of China
2000 to organize the rapid urban and industrial growth. which is also due to the unpopularity of renting out After extensive redevelopment in the 1990s, Shanghai condominiums. This “ghost town phenomenon” has proposed an increase of green and open spaces and occurred in many places. This urbanization model has a decrease of development density and intensity for been called "land urbanization" in the PRC’s academic its central city. Shanghai also proposed an increase circle, as opposed to "population urbanization", which in suburban development. It provided 10 suburban builds on relocating people from rural to urban areas. towns seed capital to select sites and construct their Lessons learned from Shanghai and from the own new towns with a specific style. The district PRC’s overall experience with new towns and new governments of Shanghai appointed development and districts initiated new approaches and experiments construction management committees. It incorporated in planning and development. This book reflects development companies to take charge of planning some of these new approaches and experiments, and development, including implementing guidelines along with case studies that the ADB-Tongji Regional for an assigned specific style given by the government Knowledge Hub for Sustainable Urban Development and organizing international design competitions, in the PRC selected. The Beichuan New Town with to ensure high quality urban design. This model of overall planning and development by a single body planning and developing new towns and new districts explored how to preserve local cultural characteristics in the PRC centered on land leasing and real estate and promote economic and industrial development. development eased overcrowding of original center Wuxi Taihu New Town adopted a variety of ecological cities and improved the quality of life for residents. planning methods and techniques. Jiading New Town Meanwhile, revenues from land leasing boosted the made innovations in small-scale blocks, public space, economic development of the cities. The advantage of landscape design, development, and operation. later development with state of the art infrastructure New towns and new districts have become an and larger dwelling units and more space for cars important part of the PRC's urbanization because make new towns compared to old towns popular for of specific mechanisms, which include the planning residents and investments. system that enables swift implementation, land use In terms of planning, however, new towns and rights leasing approval system, governing rights to land new districts tend to be land use extensive with wide rent for local governments. These mechanisms ensure roads, large setbacks, large development blocks, the integrated promotion of new town and new district and car-dependent, often with low quality pedestrian construction along with their economic development. environment. While the separation of industrial and These are some of the lessons other countries residential land results in long commuting distances may learn from the PRC’s experiences to promote from home to work, the construction of public sustainable new town planning and development with transportation connecting the new towns with the their own countries’ characteristics to provide their main cities is lagging, intensifying dependence on citizens better living conditions. cars. Also, inadequate and inconvenient public service facilities, especially at the beginning of implementation, 3FGFSFODFT restricted the popularity of the new towns. [1] Xinhua Net. 90% Prefecture-level city seek to build new At the same time, investing in residential property town, how to avoid becoming "Dead City"?[N/OL]. (2014- 04-20). http://news.xinhuanet.com/ politics/2014-04/20/ in new towns and new districts has become an c_1110319687.htm. important way for private households to hedge [2] Wang Lan, Wang Can, Chen Chen, et al. Development against inflation. This investment strategy of private and planning around high-speed railway stations: Empirical households is also the reason for low occupancy analysis based on Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway[J]. rates in many of the new towns and new districts, Urban Planning Forum, 2014(4): 31-37.
89 New Towns and New Districts Case Studies from the People’s Republic of China
[3] Wang Lan. Research framework and demonstration of high- China and India[J]. Research in Urban Sociology, 2010, 10: speed railway's influence on city space[J]. Planners, 2011, 319-345. 27(7):13-19. [6] Chen X, Wang L, Kundu R. Localizing the production of [4] Zheng Degao, Du Baodong. Seeking balance between global cities: A comparison of new town developments transportation value and city function value of the junction: around Shanghai and Kolkata[J]. City&Community, 2009, Investigate the theory and practice of high-speed railway 8(4): 433-465. station, airport and other transportation hub areas in China and [7] Wang L, Hoch C. Pragmatic rational planning: Comparing abroad[J]. Urban Planning International, 2007, 22(1):72-76. Shanghai and Chicago[J]. Planning Theory, 2013, 12(4):369- [5] Wang L, Kundu R, Chen X. Building for what and whom? 390. New town development as planned suburbanization in
90 Planning Concept and Development Model of New Towns and New Districts in the People’s Republic of China
Eco-Cities in Europe: Compact, Mixed-Use, Green, Livable New Districts Stefan Rau
91 New Towns and New Districts Case Studies from the People’s Republic of China
Planning and implementing new towns and new unsanitary living conditions in historic and industrial districts — as opposed to unplanned urban expansion towns, especially the early industrial cities such as and sprawling development — are an effective way to London, Liverpool, and Manchester. Birmingham and manage urban growth and provide adequate, efficient, London were the first industrial metropolises that and sustainable municipal infrastructure and services. expanded with factory and housing districts. With Ideally, new towns and new districts should follow sound the introduction of the steam-powered train, ideas sustainable development practices, ensuring compact, emerged to move residents and polluting industries mixed-use development based on public transport and away from the congested center city and separate pedestrian-friendly environments; preserving ecosystems, factories from residential neighborhoods and civic farmland, and other green space between existing and and commercial centers. These separated districts newly planned urban areas; and protecting green space would then be linked by trains and develop around and ecosystems within the new towns and new districts railway stations. Ebenezer Howard, in his book Garden that provide climate resilience and ecosystems services. Cities of Tomorrow, was motivated to improve public It is critical that public transport, such as commuter rail, health, hygiene, and overall healthy living when he first subway, light-rail, or bus rapid transit, link new towns and promoted these principles. new districts to the rest of the city. In the 1940s, urban planner, Patrick Abercrombie, New towns and new districts are necessary to developed the concept of a greenbelt surrounding manage urban development and growth. Unplanned London, organizing the region in four rings: core city, and uncoordinated settlements and developments will suburban ring, greenbelt and outer country ring with otherwise lead to unsustainable structures with lack of new towns along train lines radiating out from the services and likely negative social and environmental center. These robust regional and urban planning impacts that will be hard to overcome later as concepts have recently been re-used and are now infrastructure and land parcels will be locked in for called urban growth boundary and transit oriented generations. In light of expected rapid urbanization in development. the next 20 to 30 years, Asia and the Pacific, including Sprawling suburban subdivision developments the PRC, will face massive environmental and social started in the 1950s. Based on Frank Lloyd Wright’s challenges. The development of sustainable new towns principles from his Broadacre City concept, these and new districts is an important task for all policy makers. developments were car-oriented versions of Howard’s The task is no less than sustainably accommodating an garden city. Expanding highway systems and shopping expected 2.7 billion new urban residents by 2050. malls, industrial zones, and office parks at freeway intersections later lead to what are now called edge Industrial Pollution, Garden Cities, and cities. These very unsustainable development patterns Suburban Sprawl in Europe and United States lead to land and resources inefficient and needlessly energy consumption, especially for transport due to New town planning and design evolved in the very low density and single-use development. early 20th century in response to poor, unhealthy, and
92 Eco-Cities in Europe: Compact, Mixed-Use, Green, Livable New Districts
and a rating system for energy efficient buildings and Emerging Paradigm of Sustainable Urban sustainable planning principles for neighborhood Development and Eco-City Planning in Europe development. Cities like Chicago developed its green city concept with ambitious targets to reduce The 1992 United Nations Conference on greenhouse-gas emissions. The government of the PRC Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro was has been promoting low-carbon eco-city development, a turning point for mainstreaming sustainable urban and many pilots have produced remarkable results. development. The Agenda 21, the Rio Declaration In Europe, eco-city development research and on Environment and Development propelled global pilot projects identified key planning principles, awareness of the need to change toward a sustainable, often summarized as the compact city concept with nature preserving, resource-efficient mode of transit-oriented development around stations that development and human life. Local governments, integrate several modes of transport with high-density businesses and citizens in many cities around the world urban fabric, a mix of uses and pedestrian-friendly took part in developing Local Agenda 21 programs. environments, parks, and urban services. Below are Since the mid-1990s many new urban districts three best practice cases. around the world started to follow principles of eco- efficiency including land, energy, water, and general New Eco-District Best Practice Case: resources efficiency in cities, districts, neighborhoods, Hammarby Sjöstad, Stockholm, Sweden and buildings. This set new standards for energy and water efficient buildings. Germany’s regulations, for Hammarby in South Stockholm was an industrial example, evolved from requirements for increased area around bodies of water. It was planned to be the building insulation into laws that ensure local small- Olympic Village for Stockholm’s unsuccessful bid to scale renewable energy producers can feed into the host the Olympics in 2004. Planning to redevelop this power-grid at a guaranteed price. In the United States, polluted brownfield into a new urban district started smart growth and green growth became common, in 1990. The original plan was adjusted to make it a indicating a departure from the car-oriented land-and- comprehensive eco-city development, one of the most transport extensive urban sprawl. The New Urbanism successful worldwide, even ahead of its completion in movement promotes transit-oriented development and 2015. Hammarby was transformed into an attractive more compact and dense neighborhood development. new district with 11,000 dwelling units for 25,000 The US Green Building Council developed guidelines residents, mostly young families, jobs for 10,000
喍B喎 喍C喎
Fig. 1 Hammarby Sjöstad: Compact and Green, Livable, District with Human-Scaled Spaces and Buildings Source: Johan Fredriksson / Arikogan
93 New Towns and New Districts Case Studies from the People’s Republic of China
workers, and beautiful waterfronts, parks, and green to 100 square meters of gross floor area of residential courtyards. building space). Environmental protection guidelines Buildings with 4 to 8 stories advocate human- protect valuable natural areas from development. A scaled density and environment on small blocks. compensation mechanism required that development Public housing comprises 22% of the housing stock. of a previously undeveloped green area be replaced Cooperatives own 55% and individuals or firms by biotopes that ensure biodiversity in another place own 23%. Buildings are now twice as eco-efficient nearby. compared to normal standard buildings. These buildings Hammarby now enjoys fast and attractive focus on sustainable materials that are healthy, dry, and public transport service with light-rail transit, buses, environmentally sound such as glass, wood, steel, and and ferries. The ferries are free of charge and run stone. The soil was thoroughly decontaminated from daily from early morning to late night. Attractive industry pollutants before construction began. public transportation, carpooling, beautiful bicycle Planning for the open space system and parks paths, and very attractive pedestrian pathways and followed high standards requiring, for example, a small sidewalks reduced the use of private cars. The district park or courtyard with an area of 25 to 30 square government organizes a carpool, which is open to meters within 300 meters of every apartment (equivalent all residents and workers. About 10% of households
喍B喎 喍C喎
Fig. 2 Parks, Waterfronts and Pathways for Pedestrians and Cyclists Enhance the Livability of the District Source: Arild Vågen
喍B喎 喍C喎
Fig. 3 Light-rail and Ferry Service to Hammarby Sjöstad Is Convenient All Year Source: Arild Vågen / Ankara
94 Eco-Cities in Europe: Compact, Mixed-Use, Green, Livable New Districts
joined the carpool system that has 25 to 35 gas- Freiburg Rieselfeld is home to 11,000 residents efficient cars available. As a result, the people prefer and 1,000 permanent jobs on a 70-hectare area, and public transportation, bicycles, and walking for 80% of protects a 250-hectare nature reserve next to it. The all their trips in Hammarby. development pattern follows a system of small urban While renewable sources, such as biogas, fuel blocks, scaled for walking with less than 100 meters cells, solar cells, and solar panels, supply most of between street intersections. Well-designed sidewalks Hammarby’s energy, energy efficient buildings also and paths, bicycle lanes, trails, green parks, and reduce the need for energy. A district heating and attractive public plazas also make walking pleasant. cooling system uses excess energy, a by-product, Public facilities include community centers, churches, in the form of heat and/or cold temperature from and schools for 3,000 students. wastewater from a pilot wastewater treatment plant. To avoid uniform building blocks, each block was Hammarby targets to locally produce half of the local subdivided into parcels and sold mostly to building energy demand. cooperatives. Private building cooperatives were Water supply and wastewater management formed to design and build a multi-story residential systems use innovative water and energy conserving building together, engage an architect, plan and finance technology. Hammarby has a goal to reduce water the building. There are 6 to 10 different owners, often consumption from the average 200 liters per person young families, who would then each own a unit and per day to 100 liters. So far, they’ve managed to bring live in the building they helped design and develop consumption down to 150 liters by using water efficient according to their specifications and budget. A total of appliances, low-flush toilets, and mixer taps. 150 cooperative projects were built in Rieselfeld. The city manages solid waste through an Rules were established to prohibit developers from innovative automated system of underground pipes that buying a whole block. A single developer is not allowed collects waste through suction from garbage drop-off to own and develop more than three parcels in one points near the buildings with segregating waste at the block to ensure variety. This rule created a pleasant drop-off points into combustible, domestic and food scale when walking along the streets as building waste. The wastes are discharged into underground designs change every 20 to 30 meters. All buildings tanks that are emptied by a collection vehicle that were required to comply with Germany’s low-energy sucks out the waste from the tanks using pumps. building standard. Freiburg Vauban is known as car-free, solar New Eco-District Best Practice Cases: district. It is a former military site redeveloped into a Rieselfeld and Vauban, Freiburg, Germany mixed-use, walkable, and green urban district with a total of 2,000 dwelling units, commercial and office In the city of Freiburg in southwestern Germany, space for 600 jobs, and a central market place with two new districts: Rieselfeld and Vauban were planned a community center. Planning started in 1996, and and built in the mid-1990s. Rieselfeld is a green-field construction was completed in 2006. The city’s general residential neighborhood at the western edge of the public (the future residents) and the private sector took city and next to a light-industry park. A new light-rail part in planning and implementation process. links it to the downtown. Vauban is near the city center. The “Car Free City” concept includes restricted It is a redevelopment of an abandoned military site zones for private automobile access in the whole that was returned to the city after the reunification of district while selected areas are totally free of cars. Germany. Both new districts are designed as compact, Parking structures are located at the periphery of mixed-use transit-oriented, pedestrian-friendly, green the development, and a light-rail transit streetcar urban communities. provides excellent access to the city. Around 40%
95 New Towns and New Districts Case Studies from the People’s Republic of China
Fig. 4 Freiburg Rieselfeld: New Green, Compact, Human Scaled, Pedestrian-Friendly Urban District Source: Norbert Blau Luftfahrer
喍B喎 喍C喎
Fig. 5 Freiburg Rieselfeld: Green Spaces, Blocks with Many Individual Buildings and Tram Service Source: Andreas Schwarzkopf / Dr. Neil Clifton of households moving to the district agreed to live transport in the district are walking and bicycle riding. without their own cars, others park vehicles outside Traffic rules clearly prioritize pedestrians and bicycles in the two parking structures and/or participate in car with speed limit on main streets of 30 km/h. On side sharing and carpooling. The land use plan is arranged streets, also referred to as “communication spaces” so that no home or workplace is more than 500 meters or living streets, the maximum speed is 10 km/h. All away from public transport. The primary modes of streets are suitable for kids to play. Covered bicycle
96 Eco-Cities in Europe: Compact, Mixed-Use, Green, Livable New Districts
Fig. 6 Freiburg Vauban: Planning the Green, Eco-Efficient, Human Scaled Pedestrian Friendly New District Source: Andreas Schwarzkopf (info-board display)
racks at buildings promote cycling. This holistic The “Solar City” concept includes advanced concept for non-motorized transport results in the urban and building infrastructures for water and energy lowest car ownership ratio in Freiburg with 150 cars conservation. Throughout the district, buildings are per 1,000 residents compared to 430 cars per 1,000 required to meet at least the German low-energy residents citywide. building standard, and at least 100 buildings meet the even higher German efficiency standard of “passive house”. A solar-city sub-district was implemented in which solar panels completely cover all house roofs. For individual buildings, a best practice for resource efficiency is a multi-use building with low- energy standard planned and implemented by an owner-occupier cooperative. A community self- organized a matchmaking forum for 16 families who coordinated and developed their building together. The four-story structure accommodates 16 apartments ranging from one bedroom to duplex apartment units for large families and includes 4 offices, an artist Fig. 7 Freiburg Vauban: Solar City Focused on Producing Solar Electricity studio, and communal areas. Gray water from basins and on Public Transport, Bicycles and Pedestrians Source: Mangan 02 and showers are cleaned by an on-site ventilated
97 New Towns and New Districts Case Studies from the People’s Republic of China
喍B喎 喍C喎
Fig. 8 Freiburg Vauban: All Roofs with Solar Panels and Energy and Resources Efficient Buildings Source: Andrewglaser / Mangan 02 sand filtration system and used for flushing. The 25 use urban community in 1993 that utilized all reusable vacuum toilets used in the building are 25% more structures on a former military site that was returned water efficient than conventional toilets. Sewage and to the city after the German reunification. Construction organic waste are collected in a tank in the building’s was completed in 2012, and it is now home for 6,500 basement and fermented into cooking gas in an residents and 1,000 jobs in 150 businesses comprising experimental biogas reactor. Solar-thermal collectors 50% services, 20% skilled trade or production, and on the roof supply 3,400 liters of hot water reservoir 10% retail. and the small combined heating and power plant unit The city prefers selling land parcels to building supplies additional electricity, heat, and hot water. Solar cooperatives over commercial developers, cells totaling 3.2 kW are installed on the roof. The heat implementing the city council’s objective of owner- and power unit and the photovoltaics combined supply occupied small-scale mixed-use buildings. Through 80% of the electricity consumed by the building and its many consultations, the city administration facilitated residents. the process of matchmaking the cooperatives and even These two new districts in Freiburg are some of managed to achieve mixed-use buildings by including Germany’s best practice examples of new district a commercial/craftsman user in the cooperatives. developments that are eco-efficient, livable, compact, Through this process, the administration promoted mixed-use, transit-oriented, pedestrian friendly, and investments in the local economy by supporting small energy efficient. The City of Freiburg has won many owner-operated light industry and retailers as part of the awards for urban sustainability and livability for its implementation strategy of small-scale decentralized overall efforts and for its new and well-integrated supply as opposed to chain supermarkets and stores. districts. This resulted in a unique local neighborhood economy that integrates small-scale light industry that does not New Eco-District Best Practice Case: disturb the residents. French Quarter, Tuebingen, Germany The traffic concept was to limit cars to promote car sharing, cycling, and walking. The city The City of Tuebingen has a 538-year-old university government facilitated car sharing, which enables and a population of 90,000, of which 26,000 are car availability on demand and is now widely used students. The French Quarter was planned as a mixed- by the local residents. The result is a low level of
98 Eco-Cities in Europe: Compact, Mixed-Use, Green, Livable New Districts
Fig. 9 Tuebingen French Quarter: Livable District with Attractive Streets and Plazas Nice for Walking and Cycling Source: Ramessos car-ownership of 220 cars per 1,000 residents in disturbing light manufacturing within the urban district, the French Quarter, compared to 493 cars per 1,000 neighborhoods, and buildings. residents in the overall city. Low volumes of car traffic (iii) Transit-based: convenient public transportation make cycling and walking convenient and safe. For and eco-mobility, i.e. car-sharing, rental bikes, bicycle parking and locking a bicycle, numerous bike stands parking, delivery services, high density and mix of uses are available. The share of cycling as percentage of around transit station. all trips in the eco-district is 24%, compared to 20% (iv) Human-scaled living streets that are pedestrian, in the city and 13% in Germany overall. The district’s and bicycle friendly: fine-meshed network of beautiful compactness makes walking pleasant, short, and sidewalks and pathways, small urban blocks, efficient. pedestrian safety, shops along sidewalks, landscape, lighting and public furniture. Principles of Eco-Cities in Europe: Compact, (v) Eco-efficient: land use efficient, energy efficient, Mixed-Use, Green, and Livable New Districts water efficient urban districts and lifestyles. (vi) Green open space system: green space to provide We may conclude that successful eco-city and eco- ecosystem services, public health, community amenities, efficient urban developments in Europe share some increased land value and ecological infrastructure. common key principles that may serve as lessons for (vii) Inclusive: small scale investments organized in the PRC and Asia and the Pacific. These principles private building cooperatives and prioritization of this include the following: form of ownership by city government as opposed to (i) Compact and human-scaled: small urban proposals from commercial developers. blocks, scaled streets with pedestrian-friendly (viii) Focus group and public participation during environments, and 5- to 10- minute walking distance planning. to and from home and work, to transit stations, retail (ix) Competitive: mixed use with jobs creation shops, public services, and parks. promoting high-tech small and medium-size enterprise (ii) Mixed use: urban vibrancy through a mix of spinoffs and provision of live and work space attractive culture, businesses, residential, institutions, and non- for highly skilled academics.
99 New Towns and New Districts Case Studies from the People’s Republic of China
(x) Sustainable investments as demand-based [17] United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. inclusive development, balancing supply and World Urban Prospects. [18] United Nations. Department of Economics and Social demand. Affairs. Population Division. World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision. References [19] United Nations. Department of Economics and Social [1] Ahrens G A, Ließke F, Wittwer R, et al. Sonderauswertung Affairs. Population Division. The 2011 Revision of World zur Verkehrserhebung “Mobilität in Städten SrV 2008”– Population Prospects: Highlights[EB/OL]. http://esa.un.org/ Städtevergleich[J]. Dresden November, 2009. unpd/wpp/Documentation/publications.htm. [2] Fränne L. Hammarby Sjöstad–a unique environmental [20] United Nations. Department of Economics and Social project in Stockholm[J]. Alfaprint, GlashusEtt, Stockholm, Affairs. World Urban Prospects[EB/OL]. http://esa.un.org/ Sweden, 2007. unpd/wup/Analytical-Figures/Fig_2.htm [3] Freiburg. Rieselfeld[EB/OL]. (2015-05-04). www.freiburg.de/ rieselfeld. Sources [4] Freiburg. Vauban[EB/OL]. (2014-11-21). www.freiburg.de/ Fig. 1(a): Hammarby Sjöstad aerial view of the eco-district vauban. taken by Johan Fredriksson, available online at: https:// [5] Gaffron P, Huismans G, Skala F, et al. Ecocity. Book I[J]. commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hammarby_sj%C3%B6stad,_ Facultas Verlags und Buchhandels AG, 2005. flygfoto_2014-09-20.jpg. This work is licensed under the Creative [6] Hall P G. Cities of tomorrow : an intellectual history of urban Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License. To view planning and design in the twentieth century[M]. Blackwell a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Publishing, 2002. by-sa/3.0/ [7] Hammarby Sjöstad Ekonomisk Förening[EB/OL]. www. Fig. 1(b): Hammarby Sjöstad view of waterfront and human- hammarbysjostad.se. scaled residential buildings. Photo taken by Arikogan, [8] Howard E. Garden Cities of Tomorrow[M]. London: Faber available online at: https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index. and Faber, 1902. php?title=File:Hammarby_Sjöstad_Estocolmo_Suecia_rio. [9] Jessen J, Goerke P, Rau S. New Forms of Urban Mixed jpg&oldid=96533959. This file is licensed under the Creative Use Districts: A European Comparison. For the Federal Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported (https:// Government of Germany, Ministry of Construction[M]. creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en) license. Stuttgart, Germany: Stuttgart University Press, 1996. Fig. 2(a): Hammarby Sjöstad view of scaled public green spaces [10] Ledwoch, Sven. The “French District” Sustainable Urban and waterfronts. Photo taken by Arild Vågen, available online Neighborhood in Tubingen, Germany: GIZ[EB/OL]. http:// at: https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sjös www.thepep.org/ClearingHouse/docfiles/French_District_ tadsparterren_April_2012_03.jpg&oldid=98422881 This file is Final_Draft_20121018.pdf licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike [11] Rau S. Eco-cities and Eco-Territories in China, An 3.0 Unported. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ Opportunity Amidst the Crisis[C]//Proceedings of ACE 3 deed.en) license. Milan Symposium for Architecture and Culture, edited by Fig. 2(b): Hammarby Sjöstad view of scaled green spaces and Marco Imperadori et al. Milan, Italy, 2009. pathways. Photo taken by Arild Vågen, available online at: [12] Rau S. Eight Points to Remember - City Planning https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sjös Principles[C]//Proceedings of ACE 1 Macau Symposium tadsparterren_June_2015.jpg&oldid=163834277 This file is for Architecture and Culture edited by Jose-Luis De Sales licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 Marques, et al. Milan/Macau, 2007. International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ [13] Schulz, Brigitte. Die Tübinger Südstadt[J]. Bauwelt, 2012, deed.en) license. 1(2). Fig. 3(a): Hammarby Sjöstad light-rail service for year-round [14] Stockholms stad. Stockholm växer. Hammarby Sjöstad. convenience. Photo taken by Arild Vågen, available online at: ygg.stockholm.se/hammarbysjostad. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tvärbanan_ [15] Tübingen Universitätsstadt. Franz Viertel/ Loretto[EB/OL]. Luma_November_2012.jpg&oldid=161684973 This file is licensed www.tuebingen.de/franz_viertel. under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported. [16] United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN- (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en) license. HABITAT). State of the World's Cities 2012/2013: Prosperity Fig. 3(b): Hammarby Sjöstad ferry service linking for attractive of Cities. New York: Routledge, 2012. and convenient links to downtown. Photo taken by Ankara,
100 Eco-Cities in Europe: Compact, Mixed-Use, Green, Livable New Districts
available online at: https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index. jpg&oldid=138838601. Category: Vauban (Freiburg im Breisgau) php?title=File:Ms_Lisen_january_2011.jpg&oldid=162904311 This This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution- file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Share Alike 3.0 Unported https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Alike 3.0 Unported. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by- bysa/3.0/deed.en) license. sa/3.0/deed.en) license. Fig. 7: Freiburg Vauban solar city focused on producing solar Fig. 4: Freiburg Rieselfeld aerial view of the new green, compact, electricity and on public transport, bicycles and pedestrians. human scaled, pedestrian-friendly urban district. Photo taken Photo taken by Mangan02, available online at: https://commons. by Norbert Blau Luftfahrer, available online at: https://commons. wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Solarschiff_ Solarsiedlung_ wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Freiburg_Rieselfeld_2007. Freiburg_im_Breisgau_september_2014.jpg&oldid=135161920 This jpg&oldid=142902813 Permission is granted to copy, distribute file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Alike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by- Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version sa/4.0/deed.en) license. published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Fig. 8(a): Freiburg Vauban all roofs with solar panels in the Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. solar district and all buildings are energy and resources A copy of the license is included in the section entitled GNU efficient buildings. Photo taken by Andrewglaser (talk), Free Documentation License. This file is licensed under the available online at: https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index. Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported (https:// php?title=File:SoSie%2BSoSchiff_Ansicht.jpg&oldid=156661661 creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en) license. This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution- Fig. 5(a): Freiburg Rieselfeld view of green spaces and residential Share Alike 3.0 Unported. (https://creativecommons.org/ blocks with many individual residential buildings. Photo taken licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en) license. Attribution: Andrewglaser at by Andreas Schwarzkopf, available online at: https://commons. English Wikipedia. wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Im_Freiburger_Stadtteil_ Fig. 8(b): Freiburg Vauban all roofs with solar panels in the Rieselfeld_mit_Neunaugenbach.jpg&oldid=154207766 This file is solar district and all buildings are energy and resources licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 efficient buildings. Photo taken by Photo taken by Mangan02, Unported (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/bysa/3.0/deed. available online at: https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index. en) license. php?title=File:Vauban_in_Freiburg_september_2014_03. Fig. 5(b): Freiburg Rieselfeld view of light-rail tram service to jpg&oldid=135228323 This file is licensed under the Creative the new district. Photo taken by Dr Neil Clifton (http://geo- Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International. (https:// en.hlipp.de/profile/135). Source From geo-en.hlipp.de (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en) license. geo-en.hlipp.de/photo/6218), available online also at: https:// Fig. 9: Tuebingen French Quarter view of plaza and scaled commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Rieselfeld_tram_ street and individual buildings of the livable district with terminus_-_geo.hlipp.de_-_6218.jpg&oldid=155637125; transferd attractive streets and plazas nice for walking and cycling. Photo by User: oxyman using geograph_org2commons (http:// taken by Ramessos, available online at: https://commons. toolserver.org/~magnus/geograph_org2commons.php). Creative wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:TuebingenFranzViertel1. Commons Attribution Share-alike license 2.0. jpg&oldid=158419078 Ą I, the copyright holder of this work, Fig. 6: Freiburg Vauban infoboard of planning the green, eco- release this work into the public domain. This applies worldwide. efficient, human scaled pedestrian friendly new district. Photo In some countries this may not be legally possible; if so: I grant taken by Andreas Schwarzkopf, available online at: https:// anyone the right to use this work for any purpose, without any commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Infotafel_in_ conditions, unless such conditions are required by law.ą Freiburg-Vauban_an_der_Endhaltestelle_Innsbrucker_Straße_2.
101 New Towns and New Districts Case Studies from the People’s Republic of China
Introduction to the Three Chinese New Town Case Studies Fulong Wu
102 Introduction to the Three Chinese New Town Case Studies
The three case studies presented below were The new town is becoming a new city in itself, rather first presented at the ADB-Tongji Urban Knowledge than a satellite industrial town of Wuxi Municipality. A Hub Seminar in November 2013 (for program details salient feature is the development of a zoning system to see appendix). They have different development cover the new development area (Wu, 2015). With the priorities, each provides different lessons on new town input of overseas expertise from the United Kingdom development in the People’s Republic of China (PRC), based engineering firm ARUP which has planned a ranging from an industrial development approach, a number of eco-cities in the PRC and is specialized in mix of industrial and residential development, to an the integrated approach to sustainable development, approach focusing on reconstructing new residential and other consultants, the ecological codes developed communities after a natural disaster. They demonstrate for the project have been embedded into the zoning the scale and character of new town development in system. the PRC. Its demonstration project of Wuxi Sino-Swedish While the term “new town” is used loosely in the Low Carbon Eco-City is part of international policy PRC, the examples here refer to a specific category learning. While foreign expertise has strong influence of new towns, which are developed through large- over the planning process, the development and scale, state-planned development. At the same time, planning of the new town is more an outcome of PRC's these new towns use the land market as a key driver land and economic development. The eco-city will for housing development and industrial growth. These likely be implemented because the whole new town new towns are, essentially, formally-planned new is viable as a new economic territory. The ecological settlements. codes, therefore, impose some additional requirement to advance ecological sustainability rather than a Wuxi Taihu New Town stand-alone eco-development, which bear the risk of economic failure due to potential lack of economic The strength of Taihu New Town is its location in activities. the heartland of the Yangtze River Delta. The economy In terms of ecological planning, the design of Wuxi, the municipality governing the new town ranks ensures the preservation and construction of green at the top in the region measured in per-person gross corridors and the network of water bodies. This fits domestic product. Wuxi Taihu New Town is a strategic well into the characteristics of this area known for the development of Wuxi, shifting its center of gravity southern Jiangsu water landscape. In terms of the toward the south-west and closer to the Taihu Lake economy, the new town supports the development of from the city’s original core along the Shanghai-Nanjing the service sector, in contrast to many other Chinese railway and the Grand Canal. The development of Wuxi new towns, which are mainly driven by manufacturing enjoys favorable support from the central government. industries. The new economy of Wuxi includes the The development of the eco-city is part of the local financial sector, creative industries, such as the government’s endeavor to capture central support. Its Wuxi Film and TV Studio, IT, leisure, and science development is characterized by plan-led approaches. and technological research. The development also
103 New Towns and New Districts Case Studies from the People’s Republic of China
encourages higher density and a pedestrian system development was slow until the 1990s when new town for green transportation. The development of water developments became a new strategy of Shanghai. recycling and sewage treatment reflects the new By that time, the development of Jiading gained town’s emphasis on infrastructure development to regional importance in enhancing Shanghai’s economic support sustainability. As a result, the new town is competitiveness. Now, the target is to develop Jiading able to balance economic development and ecological into a new city of 800, 000 people. management. Rather than being driven by residential From the economic structure, Jiading is similar to development, the development of Taihu new town another new town of Songjiang in Shanghai (Wang et includes accommodating new economic sectors. al., 2010) and Yizhuang, where Beijing Economic and The integration of physical planning and Technological Development Zone is based (Wu and environmental indexes is the strength behind its Phelps, 2011). Industry, which accounts for 69% of planning-led approach. The ecological demonstration the total gross domestic product (GDP), dominates the zone, or the eco-city, with 2.4 square kilometers (km2), economic structure of Jiading. As a manufacturing base is part of a larger new town area of 150 km2. When for Shanghai, it has important economic functions. infrastructure of the new town is completed and The manufacturing industry is the major source of becomes more established with a growing population, employment. the development of the eco-city will be viable. Its Recent planning efforts began to promote the development thus attracts domestic and overseas development of low-carbon industrial parks and attention. introduce energy-saving technologies into the new town. Analysis shows that land leasing is an important source of revenue for new town construction. The tax income of the new town has been growing significantly, in comparison to the district of Jiading where the new town is located. Since 2011, a new direct fund-raising approach has been introduced, with CNY2.3 billion direct funds raised from trust, debt, and corporate bonds. This direct fund-raising approach aimed to reduce the heavy burden of local public finance, which heavily relies on indirect funds from land development. The development of the new town attracted commercial activities near its mass transit station. The development also emphasizes landscape management Fig. 1 Wuxi Taihu New Town Central Area Source: Photo by Fulong Wu and planning regulation. However, Jiading still faces some challenges. One important challenge is figuring Jiading New Town out how to improve the quality of life. Jiading needs to turn the new town from an industrial base to a livable Jiading New Town is in the north of Shanghai city. and is one of nine towns planned by Shanghai City. Jiading presents an impressive image of a modern Dating back to the regional plan of Shanghai, just city, with signature buildings such as Jiading Poly before 1949, Jiading was chosen as one of the new Theatre and the greenways along the main avenues. towns to develop to reduce the congestion of the city However, given the increasing competition between proper of Shanghai. In the socialist period, Jiading different cities, it still needs to consider what its new was developed as an industrial satellite town. Its role would be in Shanghai and the Yangtze River Delta.
104 Introduction to the Three Chinese New Town Case Studies
Shanghai’s overall new town strategy requires Jiading to consider how to play its role in regional development and cooperation, in particular a triangular cooperation relationship between Shanghai, Suzhou, and Jiaxing, two cities respectively in Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces, next to Shanghai. Jiading, like many other Chinese new towns, needs to pay attention to residential development along with industrial development and promote “town and industry integration”. Historically, the development of new towns was oriented toward industry needs, often leading to long distance commuting and Fig. 2 New Residential Area of Jiading New Town Source: Photo by Fulong Wu underdeveloped residential areas. The separation between residential and industrial areas becomes a incorporated into Beichuan reconstruction because the major obstacle toward an integrated livable city. The new town is an entirely planned new development. new town now strives to improve the quality of its built The development of the new town was completed environment and the public transport system. The in 2011, covering an area of 4.59 km2. To some ecological improvement is also a major issue for the extent, new Beichuan can be regarded as a mega new town to attract residents, because Jiading still urban project. Support from the central government has an image of industrial new town. The ecological and other provinces in the coastal region made this quality of the built environment is important for the new viable. For example, Shandong Province supported town to become an ideal place to live in addition to its the development of an industrial park in Beichuan. economic functions. Nevertheless, the development of Beichuan is very different from other new towns in the coastal region Beichuan New Town such as Jiading New Town in Shanghai, Taihu New Town in Wuxi, and Huaqiao New Town in Kunshan, Beichuan is an administrative center of Beichuan which are driven by manufacturing industries and Qiang ethnic autonomous county. It is not a “new economic development. Although there are some town” within a municipality but a newly built county industrial enterprises in new Beichuan, this new town. Post-earthquake reconstruction drives its town development is centered on the reconstruction development. The earthquake destroyed its old town of a town seat after an earthquake. Consequently, seat, leading to its relocation to another administrative job provision becomes a major challenge. Although area of Yongchang Town. The development of planning guidance emphasizes higher density and Beichuan shows the role of state and city planning in compact development, the residential density is still the process of reconstruction. The town was planned quite low compared to other Chinese cities. A sudden according to a set of principles such as compact influx of capital investment was financed by post- development, more open and green spaces, narrower earthquake reconstruction but investment has since streets to show its residential and commercial function declined. This raises a serious issue about how to (rather than a grid system of superblocks used in many sustain its development. new industrial areas), the balance between residence Much can be learned from post-earthquake and industrial development, preservation of local reconstruction. The decision to relocate was inevitable culture and characteristics, and prioritization of non- and appropriate, given the disastrous effect of the motorized transport. These features have been better quake on the life of the people of Beichuan. The spatial
105 New Towns and New Districts Case Studies from the People’s Republic of China
plan considers the need to preserve local heritage and provide space for industrial development (via the industrial parks through joint development). The functional division between tourism, industry, and living areas has been achieved through land use zoning and design. The development shows that in this particular circumstance planning could immediately create an orderly-built environment. Despite these achievements, it would take a much longer time for Beichuan to become resilient, as economic development has to drive long-term development after the reconstruction of living space. Without a prosperous economy, the Fig. 3 Reconstructed Central Area of Beichuan New Town Source: Photo by Fulong Wu sustainability of Beichuan would become a problem. Further, because this is an ecologically fragile and but substantial construction took place after 2007. sensitive area, it is not suitable for large-scale industrial Accordingly, Wuxi Taihu New Town represents the development. In other words, the natural environment development of the service sector, creative industries, constraint means that it is difficult to replicate the and the experiment of low-carbon and eco-cities, such trajectory of growth in coastal regions. Beichuan as the experiment to integrate land use control and faces high financial pressures as investment falls after ecological indexes. The new development managed to initial reconstruction. Beichuan is trying to find new attract central government support with various new growth impetus by using cultural heritage to develop titles. The new town’s growth is extremely ambitious tourist industries and upgrading its industrial park, for with a target population of one million by 2020. Despite examples. In new Beichuan town, a large tourist resort many new ecological features, the impact on regional has been planned to take advantage of rich natural land use, from a macroscopic perspective, would resources and local cultural landscape. still be significant. Further, because this rural area The three case studies present different models was densely populated, the development of the new of new town developments in the PRC, which provide town involves demolition of rural villages, relocation important lessons for urban planning (Wu, 2015). of rural farmers, and their adaptation to urban living. Jiading represents the development of a new town in The new economic sectors of software, digital image the large metropolitan region of Shanghai, which is and film studio, research and development are not the driven by industrial growth. Infrastructure development source of jobs for its original residents. The challenge is centered on industrial areas and industrial in developing the eco-city, therefore, is to realize its development. Moreover, industrial development needs ecological vision while meeting the social needs of a to consider technological innovations. The economy diverse population. of Jiading new town is now under pressure to be Beichuan New Town is not a new town in a upgraded through innovations. New technological traditional sense. It represents a unique case of state parks have been set up to achieve the objective. intervention in the aftermath of an earthquake. Strong Integrating a livable new residential area and industrial state support and the partnership between Beichuan production has been a challenge. The significance of and the province in the coastal region led to swift post- the new town is its transformation from a satellite town earthquake reconstruction. Due to rapid development, to a new city in the Shanghai city-region. planning played a significant role in determining the Wuxi Taihu New Town is a new generation layout of land uses and the characteristics of the built new town. Its planning proposal started in 2002, environment. The involvement of local community is
106 Introduction to the Three Chinese New Town Case Studies
inadequate, and public participation is lagging. The The case of Beichuan demonstrates the capacities planning of Beichuan incorporates good planning of the state in response to disaster. Residents have principles, such as compact development, preservation been relocated into new town. But the case also reveals of local cultures, and environmental qualities. However, the need for social participation and endogenous state-led planning, which was inevitable in the context economic development in the long term of post- of urgent post-disaster reconstruction, meets the long- disaster resilience. term challenge of resilience. As shown in Wuxi Taihu New Town, the These three new towns are presented here as development of a new town as a regional subcenter case studies rather than model developments that of business and creative industries might bear some could be replicated in other places (Chen et al., 2009). similarities to the post-suburbia in the development They are developed in the specific local contexts: of new economies, where the suburban areas are no industrialization of suburban economies, economic longer residential spaces but rather a mix of offices, restructuring and the expansion of new business commercial, and residential uses. Yet, at the same subcenters outside the central location, and post- time, Wuxi Taihu New Town reflects a process of disaster reconstruction. They reflect the diverse urbanization, as thousands of rural farmers become relationship between the state and market and the new urban residents, their villages become new urban intervention of city planning. They are valuable cases residential areas. Thus, the development of new towns for comparison and cross-country learning, especially in the PRC is a process of relocation of local farmers, in Asia and the Pacific. rural to urban migration, and the out-movement of The cases presented here are more about the residents from the central city. These case studies planning aspects of new town developments. There provide a rich source for further research on the are a lot of questions on the underlying process of dynamics of urbanization in the PRC and lessons from development, such as the politics of growth, economic planning new towns in this context. restructuring, consumption, and housing development. The dual mechanisms of generating revenue through References new real estate development and fulfilling the need of [1] Wu F. Planning for growth: Urban and Regional Planning in a rising middle class drives the development of new China[M]. London: Routledge, 2015. [2] Wang L, Kundu R, Chen X. Building for what and whom? towns as urban decentralization, suburbanization, and New town development as planned suburbanization in China residential relocation. and India[J]. Research in Urban Sociology, 2010, 10: 319-345. In the case of Jiading, we see the introduction [3] Wu F, Phelps N A. (Post) suburban development and state of direct financing through bonds and debts to fund entrepreneurialism in Beijing's outer suburbs[J]. Environment urban development. In the past, land development was and Planning A, 2011, 43(2): 410-430. largely associated with the need for indirect financing [4] Chen X, Wang L, Kundu R. Localizing the production of global cities: a comparison of new town developments through land development. With this new mechanism, it around Shanghai and Kolkata[J]. City & Community, 2009, remains to be seen whether the dynamics of new town development will change.
107
Case Studies of New Towns and New Districts in the People’s Republic of China New Towns and New Districts Case Studies from the People’s Republic of China
Beichuan New Town: Sustainable Development through Post-Earthquake Reconstruction in a Remote Area Degao Zheng, Xingyang Li, Wang He
110 Beichuan New Town: Sustainable Development through Post-Earthquake Reconstruction in a Remote Area
Located in the northwest of Sichuan Basin, from Qushan Town to the former Huangtu Town of An Beichuan Qiang Autonomous Town is 42 kilometers (km) Town, presently Yongchang Town. away from Mianyang, the nearest big city, and 160 km Now there are 8 towns, 14 villages, and 1 ethnic away from Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan Province village under the jurisdiction of Beichuan Town. Its (Figs. 1 and 2). The Great Wenchuan Earthquake of 12 gross domestic product (GDP) was CNY3.17 billion May 2008 destroyed the old town of Beichuan, which was ($508.8 million) in 2012, and GDP per capita was on the fault line near the epicenter. It was the only Qiang CNY15,835 ($2,542) with a ratio of 25ń42ń33 for autonomous town in the People’s Republic of China (PRC). primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors contributing Due to the limited available land, it was decided, through respectively. By the end of 2012, it had a population comparison of various options and public participation, of 241,000, of which 78,000 were non-agricultural, that the new town would be relocated 30 km to the south accounting for about 32.4% of the total.
Fig. 1 Location of Beichuan in Sichuan Province Source: Drawn by the authors with the base map from Urban System Plan of Sichuan Province, China Academy of Urban Planning & Design
111 New Towns and New Districts Case Studies from the People’s Republic of China
Fig. 2 Location of Beichuan in Chengdu-Deyang-Mianyang District Source: Drawn by the authors with the base map from Master Plan of Regional Cooperation in Chengdu, Deyang and Mianyang District, China Academy of Urban Planning & Design
112 Beichuan New Town: Sustainable Development through Post-Earthquake Reconstruction in a Remote Area
Since 2008, Beichuan New Town went through people. The medium-term goal is to cover 7 km2 of two rounds of overall planning. In November 2008, the development land and accommodate 70,000 people executive meeting of the State Council approved the by 2020. relocation and officially initiated the overall planning for The new town adheres to the concept of reconstruction. In March 2009, the Sichuan provincial concentrated, compact city with a system of public government (SPG) approved the post-earthquake green open spaces, human-scaled, comparatively reconstruction overall plan of Beichuan Qiang narrow streets, jobs-housing balance, landscapes Autonomous Town. In June 2011, the comprehensive using traditional features of the Qiang people, and master plan for 2011–2030 started; the SPG approved buildings and urban infrastructure technology that are it in July 2012 as the statutory guideline for Beichuan's environment-friendly, low-carbon, and eco-efficient. urban development for the next 20 years. In line with both the vision of PRC’s former Premier, Wen Jiabao, of a safe, livable, prosperous, distinctive, 1 Overall Planning for Post-Earthquake civilized, and harmonious city and the policy of people- Reconstruction: A Relocated New Town oriented and scientific reconstruction, new Beichuan town was built as a model for urban re-construction Due to geographic and topographic reasons, projects with seismic-proof technology, rich with the construction of Beichuan Town since 2008 cultural heritage (Fig. 3). concentrated in valleys between the old Huangshan Town and the new Yongchang Town. These key areas 1.1 Planning Principle 1: Concentrated and involved 368 projects and a total investment of CNY8 Compact Layout billion ($1.17 billion). The economy of this area recently Strict limits on development land enforce the changed from agricultural commodity before the concept of a concentrated and compact layout. earthquake to manufacturing and light industry with According to the Code for Classification of Urban Land distinct activities, including local agricultural product Use and Planning Standards of Development Land, processing, cultural tourism products manufacturing, urban development land per capita in ethnic minority materials, machinery manufacturing, electronic areas can be increased to 150 square meters (m2) per products manufacturing, and cultural tourism featuring person, but the number is under 105 m2 per person in earthquake remains in the old town and modern Beichuan. cultural features in the new town. In 2007, the total Compact urban layout enables short trips from population was 115,000 accounting for about 49% home to work, shops, services and recreation within of the population in Beichuan County. In 2009 it walking distance of most residents, and optimize was 118,000, making up 50% of Beichuan County’s efficiency of public facilities and infrastructure. For residents. 35% of the residents, community centers are within 5 According to the overall plan for post-earthquake minutes' walking distance, 10 minutes for 91%, and 15 reconstruction of Beichuan Qiang Autonomous Town, minutes for 97%. Public green spaces and city parks Beichuan New Town is the political, economic, and are also within a 5-minute walk for almost all residents. cultural center of Beichuan County. It is also a tourism This layout promotes high foot traffic, which benefits base for western Sichuan, an industrial base for commercial development. western Mianyang, the city of modern Qiang culture, In addition to the above advantages, compact and an ecological garden city. The short-term goal urban layout also protects local environment has been to construct the east bank of Anchang River and landscape, significantly easing the urban before 2015, which will cover 4 square kilometers infrastructure construction, and shortening the (km2) of development land and accommodate 35,000 construction period.
113 New Towns and New Districts Case Studies from the People’s Republic of China
500 m N
200 m 100 m 0 500 m
Fig. 3 Layout of the New Town According to Overall Planning for the Post-Earthquake Reconstruction Source: Beichuan Qiang Autonomous Town Overall Planning for the Post-Earthquake Reconstruction (20082020), China Academy of Urban Planning & Design
114 Beichuan New Town: Sustainable Development through Post-Earthquake Reconstruction in a Remote Area
public service functions including corporate offices, 1.2 Planning Principle 2: Public Green Open manufacturing, administrative offices, concentrated Space System open green space, cultural facilities, and educational In line with the development’s goal to effectively institutions are located along Qilu Road, forming a use public space, promote a sense of community semicircular service zone. Along Xinchuan Road, one among residents, and develop more compactly, the of the first roads built with assistance from the Zibo new town has a riverfront park along the Yongchang City government, are commercial facilities catering River. It is a major public green space that runs north to the daily needs of residents. They also include to south through the town. Historical sites, earthquake travel agencies, forming another semicircular zone of remains, outdoor activities, and recreation are commercial services. The thousands of jobs generated organically connected to the riverside green space, by commercial streets and the industrial park nearby forming a connected open space system (Fig. 4). will significantly lower commuting costs for residents.
1.3 Planning Principle 3: Comparatively Narrow 1.5 Planning Principle 5: Landscapes Using Streets Traditional Features of the Qiang People
Rather than following the development pattern of The new Beichuan town’s architectural design new towns and new districts in large cities with large and landscape adheres to the principle of preserving blocks and wide roads, the new Beichuan town adopts cultural heritage and ethnic characteristics. Architectural a road network pattern with short distances between guidelines for private building construction respond intersections and narrow streets that are friendly to the city to the Qiang people’s request to highlight their culture pedestrians and bicycles. Road boundary lines are often by following the traditional and modern Qiang styles 20 meters (m) wide. In the core area, the distance between in building architecture. The guidelines ensure that two roads is no more than 200 m. Outside the core area, construction uses traditional Qiang structures, materials, the distance is typically 300 m. Without increasing the land and proportions: public construction outweigh residential area used by roads, the density of the road network is buildings; corners and edges outweigh the interior; roofs greatly increased and the traffic system is more accessible. and foundations outweigh the middle portions of building, The comparatively narrow streets provide residents with and oddments outweigh constructions. This lends the pleasantly scaled urban spaces to meet and interact. town a unified urban landscape and architectural style that is uniquely Qiang (Table 1). 1.4 Planning Principle 4: Jobs-Housing Balance
The principle of “people-orientation” focuses on 1.6 Planning Principle 6: Environment-Friendly, livelihoods and social inclusion. A 1.2 km2 industrial Low-Carbon and Eco-Efficient Technology park is under construction at the southeast of the town, The plans for the new town follows the national which will generate 20,000 jobs. Currently, major urban energy saving and emission reduction policy
Table 1 Method of Controlling Architectural Style in Beichuan
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5PJOIFSJUUIFFTTFODF *OIFSJUFE2JBOHTUZMF #BDLHSPVOEBSDIJUFDUVSF NBJOCPEZPGDPOTUSVDUJPO
5PQVUPOBNPEFSOMPPL .PEFSO2JBOHTUZMF )PUTQPUBSDIJUFDUVSF GJOJTIJOHUPVDI
4PVSDF#FJDIVBO2JBOH"VUPOPNPVT5PXO0WFSBMM1MBOOJOHGPSUIF1PTU-&BSUIRVBLF3FDPOTUSVDUJPO $IJOB"DBEFNZPG6SCBO 1MBOOJOH%FTJHO
115 New Towns and New Districts Case Studies from the People’s Republic of China
500 m N
200 m 100 m
0 500 m
Fig. 4 Green Area Layout of the New Town, Overall Planning for Post-Earthquake Reconstruction Source: Beichuan Qiang Autonomous Town Overall Planning for the Post-Earthquake Reconstruction (20082020), China Academy of Urban Planning & Design
116 Beichuan New Town: Sustainable Development through Post-Earthquake Reconstruction in a Remote Area
throughout conceptual design, master planning, and Town covers an area of 4.6 km2 and accommodates a building construction. This remains evident through population of 26,000 (Fig. 5). control plans and monitoring with structural and non- Unfortunately, new development and a change in structural engineering measures and new technologies. socioeconomic and environmental developments will The urban layout increases green space and benefits affect the development and spatial layout of Beichuan from ecosystem services such as reduced urban heat New Town directly and indirectly. Due to the special island effect with cooler temperatures in hot summers circumstances at the time, the original overall master in parks. Rainwater filters through permeable paving plan can no longer provide adequate guidance for and green space, enhancing groundwater recharge, the continued sustainable development of Beichuan. benefiting from the new town’s high green ratio. Beichuan now faces a deficit of residential population Strict thresholds implement energy savings and and the inability to attract a sufficient number of jobs emissions reduction in industries, commercial, and and improve its strategic advantage, possibly due to its domestic buildings. Non-motorized traffic, pedestrians, remote location. and bicycles are also a priority. The town’s environment- friendly walkway network saves energy and reduces 2.1 Planning Evaluation 1: Contemporary Cultural emissions by reducing the need for private vehicles. Heritage A smart power grid and technology that merges three Since the earthquake, the relief and post- networks increase efficiencies and avoid redundant earthquake reconstruction of Beichuan have fully construction. The town uses energy-saving LED embodied the national spirit of patriotism and triggered lamps in 70% of its streetlights and strictly enforces a spirit of reform and renovation. As the only Qiang national standards for green building. As a result, the autonomous town in the People’s Republic of China, town uses clean energy more efficiently, improves Beichuan has inherited and carried into the future the energy savings — by using energy saving appliances, Qiang culture, which also reflects socialist core values for example — and reduces emissions in building with Chinese characteristics. construction and operation. On 16 November 2008, during his visit to Beichuan, former Premier Wen Jiabao pointed out that the new 2 Post-Earthquake Reconstruction town should be built as "a symbol of urban construction Planning Evaluation projects, earthquake relief, and cultural heritage". With the completion of the east bank development, residents The overall post-earthquake planning guided the have started to move in. Thanks to the cooperation resettlement of affected people, implementation of of domestic experts, the east bank, with its high level aid funded construction projects, and fast restoration planning, new design concept, and excellent quality, of urban functions. The planning was comprehensive has become a model for urban construction projects. and included advanced concepts, implementation Due to the vast scope of mobilization, great investment, measures, master planning, project level construction and high efficiency of overall planning, it has also planning, sector planning, engineering construction become a model of earthquake relief and response. planning control, and construction management. With strong ethnic characteristics, local features, and The plan layout and urban design also reflect the unified architectural landscape, it has become a model government decision-making process and the will of of reviving cultural heritage. the people through an intensive participation process. Based on the above features, as well as the After 2 years' planning and construction, Beichuan request of former Premier Wen Jiabao, Beichuan New Town officially opened to the public on 1 February New Town should make full use of its cultural value, 2011. Currently, the occupied land of Beichuan New take contemporary cultural heritage as the guideline,
117 New Towns and New Districts Case Studies from the People’s Republic of China
㜟Ⴕ࣫
Fig. 5 Land Use Status Quo According to Overall Planning of Beichuan Qiang Autonomous County Source: Urban Overall Planning for Beichuan Qiang Autonomous Town (20112030), China Academy of Urban Planning & Design
118 Beichuan New Town: Sustainable Development through Post-Earthquake Reconstruction in a Remote Area
and balance both cultural protection and future Park, six of the eight non-local enterprises started development in the years to come. operations. Most of these enterprises are involved in machinery manufacturing. However, they all face 2.2 Planning Evaluation 2: A “Cold Beauty” problems of low productivity as measured by gross While the construction of Beichuan new town domestic product (GDP) per land area. A survey shows achieved the standard proposed by former Premier that the output of enterprises is just over CNY130,000 Wen Jiabao of a safe, livable, prosperous, distinctive, (just over $20,000) per Chinese mu, or 666 m2. civilized, and harmonious city, Beichuan needs to In contrast, local enterprises using local resources further develop its economy and raise its urbanization and markets are developing well. Some are consumer level. The overall economic strength of Beichuan is far from sustainable, its industrial development is not yet competitive, and the urban-rural development and income gap is significant. The population of the newly constructed urban area on the east bank is hardly growing and needs more residents. Without sufficient population, it will become a cold beauty. Beichuan needs economic growth accelerants, investments, employment, housing, sustainable finance, and, above all, people to transform it into a prosperous and sustainable new town.
2.2.1 Land Use and Ecological Conditions Insufficient to Support Large-scale Industrial Development
According to the main functional zone planning of Sichuan Province, Beichuan is located in a national key ecological protection region, which is not suitable for the development of polluting industries. Meanwhile, a comprehensive analysis on slope and geological disasters shows that only 10.9 km2 of the 22 km2 area of Yongchang Town is available for development; 5.6 km2 of this has already been used, leaving 5.3 km2 Fig. 6 Suitability Analysis on Land Use in Central Urban Area of Beichuan Source: Urban Overall Planning for Beichuan Qiang Autonomous Town to be developed (Fig. 6 and Table 2). With so little land (20112030), China Academy of Urban Planning & Design to spare, it is not suitable for large-scale industry that demands a large amount of land. Table 2 Suitability Analysis on Development Land in Beichuan Town
2.2.2 Local Industrial Enterprises with Great Growth ;POF5ZQFT "SFB IN 1SPQPSUJPO
Potential 4VJUBCMF[POF
Non-local enterprises play an important role in 3FTUSJDUFE[POF the post-earthquake reconstruction and industrial 1SPIJCJUFE[POF revitalization of Beichuan. However, judging from 8BUFSBSFB enterprises in the Shandong Industrial Park, local 5PUBM industrial enterprises have greater long-term growth 4PVSDF6SCBO0WFSBMM1MBOOJOHGPS#FJDIVBO2JBOH"VUPOPNPVT5PXO potential. Of the 33 enterprises in Shandong Industrial $IJOB"DBEFNZPG6SCBO1MBOOJOH%FTJHO
119 New Towns and New Districts Case Studies from the People’s Republic of China
electronics manufacturers that cooperate with big People working in the non-agricultural sectors enterprises in the region, like Changhong. There are of Beichuan county are mainly employed outside of 12 enterprises using local resources and four of them Beichuan, which accounts for 35.7% of the whole have started operations. Most of these enterprises are county's labor force and 77.3% of the whole town's in the food or pharmaceutical sectors. There are six labor force. People working outside of Beichuan enterprises that produce for local markets and three of County but still in Sichuan Province represent the them have started operation. Most of these enterprises majority. Beichuan needs to develop industry and are materials manufacturers. Local enterprises using tourism and create more jobs to build up a solid jobs local resources are the most labor-intensive, which is and population base. beneficial for residents and urban growth. With a higher gross domestic product per land area, enterprises 2.2.4 Low Density Residential Development based on local markets have been an important pillar Developed residential land on both sides of the to promote intensive industrial development. river covers 87.6 hectares (hm2), including 7.8 hm2 for primary schools and kindergartens. On the east bank of 2.2.3 Lack of Jobs Anchang River, 43.8% of the planned residential land The development of the industrial park and the has multistory buildings, with an established height construction of commercial space failed to absorb limit and a maximum plot ratio of 1.5 (Table 3). Of the the surplus labor to boost urbanization. Shandong 10.8 km2 of land available for development in the Industrial Park only employed 1,408 people in 2011. downtown area, 25%–30% is for residential use that can The average number of employees was only 12. house 50,000 to 85,000 residents at a plot ratio of 1.5.
Engaged in primary industry Labor export Employed by enterprises or government Self-employed and flexible employed Public welfare jobs 5IF(%11FS-BOE"SFB UFOUIPVTBOE$/:NV Unemployed Mechanical Electronic Food and drug Material
Fig. 7 The Gross Domestic Product per Land Area of Enterprise, Shandong Fig. 9 The Employment Situation of Beichuan, 2011 Industrial Park, Beichuan, 2011 (CNY ten thousand) Source: Urban Overall Planning for Beichuan Qiang Autonomous Town Source: Urban Overall Planning for Beichuan Qiang Autonomous Town (20112030), China Academy of Urban Planning & Design (20112030), China Academy of Urban Planning & Design
Employed by enterprises Public welfare jobs Self-employed and flexible employed Labor export (In Sichuan Province) Labor export (Outside of Sichuan Province) Labor export (Overseas) PG&OUFSQSJTFT QFSTPO Labor export (In Beichuan) Unemployed 5IF"WFSBHF/VNCFSPG&NQMPZFST Mechanical Electronic Food and drug Material
Fig. 8 The Average Number of Employees of Enterprises in Shandong Fig. 10 The Employment Situation of New Beichuan Town, 2011 Industrial Park of Beichuan, 2011 Source: Urban Overall Planning for Beichuan Qiang Autonomous Town Source: Urban Overall Planning for Beichuan Qiang Autonomous Town (20112030), China Academy of Urban Planning & Design (20112030), China Academy of Urban Planning & Design
120 Beichuan New Town: Sustainable Development through Post-Earthquake Reconstruction in a Remote Area
As the town’s influence grows and urban development progresses, more people will migrate from rural villages to Beichuan’s downtown area. The town, therefore, must anticipate the challenge of supporting rapid population growth with limited residential land reserve. Currently, the low-density residential development directly affects the local Amount (Billion) government’s financial revenues, due to lower land leases, limiting financial capacity. Table 3 Relevant Economic & Technical Indexes, Existing Residential Areas #VJMEJOH "SFB IN 1MPUSBUJP EFOTJUZ GDP(Billion) Fixed Assets Investment(Billion)
Relation Between Local GDP and #BJZBOHQJOH"SFB Fixed Assets Investment
)POHRJ"SFB Fig. 12 Relation Between Local GDP and Fixed Assets Investment from 2004 to 2011 )PUTQSJOH"SFB1IBTF Source: Urban Overall Planning for Beichuan Qiang Autonomous Town (20112030), China Academy of Urban Planning & Design )PUTQSJOH"SFB1IBTF
4PVSDF6SCBO0WFSBMM1MBOOJOHGPS#FJDIVBO2JBOH"VUPOPNPVT5PXO 2.2.5 Financial Constraints $IJOB"DBEFNZPG6SCBO1MBOOJOH%FTJHO Driven by investment, post-earthquake reconstruction
of Beichuan stimulated short-term economic growth, but
post-reconstruction investment is slowly decelerating. Before the earthquake, fixed assets investment Plot Ratio1.8 accounted for 50%–70% of local GDP. In 2009, it Plot Ratio2.2 became five times the local GDP in 2009, 4.5 times Plot Ratio2.6 in 2010, and 1.5 times in 2011. Estimates expect the figures to keep dropping from 2012 onwards. 6OJU4BMF1SJDF $/:TRVBSFNFUFS In the meantime, the debt burden to banks is more Land Transferring Fee (10 thousands/mu) than $1.5 billion, compared to revenues of Beichuan of Fig. 11 Relation between Land Transfer Fee, Plot Ratio, and Unit Sale Price about $47.8 million in 2010 and $67.9 million in 2011. Source: Urban Overall Planning for Beichuan Qiang Autonomous Town (20112030), China Academy of Urban Planning & Design This is a challenge to financial sustainability.
According to land economics, when unit price million is fixed, the lower plot ratio results in lower land transfer fees. In Anxian Town, Beichuan’s neighboring city, unit price is CNY3,300 to CNY3,400 per square – 2 meter[($509 $525)/m ] and land transfer fee reaches up to CNY2 million per mu (about $309,000 per 666 m2). In Beichuan, it is only about CNY1 million per mu
($154,000 per mu). Therefore, it is necessary for 'JOBODJBM3FWFOVFT $/: Beichuan to raise the proportion of residential land and Fig. 13 Financial Revenues of Beichuan, 2004–2011 (CNY hundred million) Source: Urban Overall Planning for Beichuan Qiang Autonomous Town increase development intensity in undeveloped areas. (20112030), China Academy of Urban Planning & Design
121 New Towns and New Districts Case Studies from the People’s Republic of China
According to the valley effect, the investment (iii) industrial base in Western Mianyang; and (iv) efficiency coefficient of fixed assets investment is low, political, economic and cultural center of Beichuan measured as increase of GDP divided by fixed assets, County. and follow-up investment after large infrastructure investments (money spent in the following 5 years) is 3.1.1 Contemporary Cultural Heritage and a Town of small. The loan repayment period is long and coincides Qiang Culture with the valley effect. To cope with this, the efficiency Beichuan New Town is a relocation town. Its of the investments and other benefits should be design represents a combination of traditional Qiang optimized. culture and modern culture. It deeply embodies the As the post-reconstruction development of concept of a modern city of Qiang culture and achieves Beichuan New Town reaches normal speeds and as the the goal of a symbol of urban construction engineering, number of construction aid projects from Shandong the spirit of earthquake relief, and cultural heritage. Its Province decreases, the stimulus of investment in construction, which has high cultural value, is a model economic growth will weaken. Beichuan needs to find of cooperation between planners and architects in a new momentum to generate sustainable economic the planning and construction of contemporary small development. towns (Xiaojiang Li, 2011). Considering Beichuan New Town together with the old Beichuan County, which is 3 Post-Reconstruction Overall Planning now an Earthquake Relief Memorial Museum, Beichuan can expand its role as a showcase for contemporary In light of the opportunities and challenges of cultural heritage. Beichuan, the new overall master plan should focus on Beichuan’s regional economic positioning. It 3.1.2 Tourism Base in Sichuan Province should lay out a sustainable development trajectory There are obvious location and resource and framework that aims for sustainable prosperity, advantages for promoting the development of tourism breakthroughs in regional industry development, in Beichuan. It is and will be an important gateway and and initiates various policies to develop the different node leading to the mountain area in western Sichuan. economic sectors. Beichuan New Town is located at the conjunction of three classic tourism routes, the Jiuzhaigou North 3.1 Beichuan’s Positioning Loop Route, Qiang Culture Route, and Wenchuan According to the overall plan for post-earthquake Earthquake Memorial Route. In the future, along with reconstruction of Beichuan Qiang Autonomous the route change of the Ninth Loop Route to Guixi- Town, Beichuan New Town is defined as the political, Qushan-Yongchang, the location advantages of economic, and cultural center of Beichuan County, the Beichuan will increase. Beichuan New Town and its tourism base in western Sichuan, an industrial base in surroundings possess a diverse and multi-layered western Mianyang, the city of modern Qiang culture, set of tourism resources including traditional Qiang and an ecological garden city. However, along with and Dayu culture, ecological and landscape scenery, the increasing attention Beichuan received after the and current earthquake relief culture. There is also earthquake, it is no longer an ordinary town, and it has further potential for urban development. Its tourism enjoyed attention from all over the PRC and even the will no longer be limited to ordinary travel services as whole world. Therefore, there is a need to reconsider described above. Instead, Beichuan itself will become the potential positioning of Beichuan, which mainly a new tourism destination. Hence, tourism should be focuses on (i) the contemporary cultural heritage and one of the key drivers for the future development of Qiang culture; (ii) tourism base in Sichuan Province; Beichuan. Transforming tourism in the central urban
122 Beichuan New Town: Sustainable Development through Post-Earthquake Reconstruction in a Remote Area
area to include sightseeing, educational, commercial, conference industries based on principles of urban and nature based recreational tourism would boost the prosperity, resilient development of tourism, and country’s awareness of Sichuan Province and uplift its cluster development for selected industries. Beichuan status. should be known as Contemporary Cultural Heritage, a Town of Qiang Culture, Travel Service Base in Sichuan 3.1.3 Industrial Base in Western Mianyang Province, Industrial Base in Western Mianyang, and the Beichuan New Town’s macro location makes it a Political, Economic and Cultural Center of Beichuan key node in the development corridor connecting the County Area. western Mianyang and the northern town of Mian’an. Beichuan has the opportunity and responsibility 3.2 Development Path to transform from a resource-based “mountain There are two types of urban economies: local economy” to a combined resources and industry economy, serving local markets, and regional economy based “mountain-plain economy” and to promote and industry. Restricted by its peripheral location, local industrialization and urbanization. Currently, the economy including industry, housing, and general contradiction between a local economy and economy services, attracts a limited number of workers and dominated by outside investments challenges the residential population. To increase the population and industrial development in Beichuan. While outside improve sustainable development, Beichuan New Town enterprises typically possess advanced technologies, needs to find a breakthrough in the local industries. their links to local industries and resources tend Therefore, sustainable development of cultural and to be weak, resulting in limited impact on the local recreational tourism, conference and exhibition, and economy. Local entrepreneurs, markets, and resources education-based regional industries should serve as are the base for local enterprises, which are now the foundation for post-reconstruction plans. Potentials the main driving force for economic development. for further development may include tourism with Therefore, Beichuan should focus on promoting local small impact on the environment as it may offer a enterprises and improve the enabling environment development path for counties in less developed areas for industrial investments and jobs. The town would with good natural environment and cultural endowment. also benefit much from stronger interaction between industrialization and urbanization. In the short term, 3.2.1 Conference and Exhibitions Industries industrial development should focus on population Conference and exhibition-based industries do not aggregation. Sustainable urbanization, while promoting occupy much land and it can promote the development industrialization, should be a key objective and of hospitality, catering, cultural, educational, and emphasis for the long term. recreational tourism and other industries in its surroundings. Seasons do not affect conference and 3.1.4 Political, Economic and Cultural Center of exhibition-based industries. They can bring a steady Beichuan County flow of people to the city and benefit its development. As the only Qiang Autonomous County in the PRC, Therefore, they have become one of the prime choices the central urban area will be an important political, as an industry type for small and medium-sized cities in economic, and cultural center of Beichuan County and scenic areas. for the whole Qiang ethnic minority inhabited area in The Boao Forum for Asia on Hainan Island for western Sichuan. example has generated a high-end exhibition economy The future development of Beichuan should, promoting tourism and other industries. Through the therefore, highlight the role of contemporary cultural construction of a series of infrastructure and facilities heritage and emphasize the key role of tourism and such as hotels, golf courses, wellness, airports, and
123 New Towns and New Districts Case Studies from the People’s Republic of China
the provision of a full range of related services such as learners in a bottom-up way. From January to April in conferences, catering, and sightseeing tours, Boao is 2014, Jinggangshan received 2.2 million tourists and becoming an ideal place for commercial conferences earned CNY1.5 billion (about $242 million) in tourism and vacations. Currently, Boao has over 40 family inns, revenue, which is 15 times the revenue of the local 3 five-star hotels, 5 four-star hotels, 2 golf courses, and people. an airport. It holds nearly 400 conferences every year. The Publicity Department of the Communist In 2010, Boao received 2.8 million tourists with 7,500 Party of the PRC (CPC) central committee identified guests per day on average from within the PRC and Beichuan as the city of "Three Bases One Window". abroad. It recognizes Beichuan as a "Patriotic Education Along with improvements in the living environment Base, Base of Socialist Core Value System, Publicity and the increasing popularity of Beichuan New Town, Educational Base of National Unity and Progress, the number of regional conferences held is growing. a window for displaying the development model, To adapt to this new trend and to improve its regional development idea and development path of the PRC". function, Beichuan plans to build a regional conference Beichuan should actively implement the relevant center at the southern urban area on the west bank of policies and measures to become an education base to the new town and support facilities like high-end hotels systematically publicize red tourism routes and develop and fitness and wellness centers. It covers an area of the "Three Bases One Window". Beichuan New Town 27.7 hm2 and is located at the southern entrance of should become a base for learning and training on the new town. It will help to create a pleasant gateway constructing a systematic demonstration town and as landscape and drive the development of the southern an educational base for national culture tourism and west bank area. As it is not located on the main axis, intangible cultural heritage. flexibility for facility designs is possible. 3.2.3 Recreation Sector
3.2.2 Education Along with the improvement of people’s living The development of an education sector may standards, there are plans to develop the leisure take advantage of the unique culture and history of industry rapidly. For small and medium sized towns in Beichuan, its space development practice, and the less-developed regions, their unique cultural resources, advanced planning and construction concept of the and outstanding ecological environment will benefit new town. Through top-down organized learning or them in fully exploiting their advantages the in post- bottom-up voluntary learning, the cultivation of an industrial era. Leisure industry will drive its sustainable education sector may deliver a flow of people several development. times the local population and boost the development Napier in New Zealand, for example, is a city that of related industries. resembles Beichuan. It was also a small town revitalized As one of the One Hundred Demonstration through post-disaster reconstruction. In 1931, a 7.8 Bases of Patriotic Education and the PRC’s Top Ten magnitude earthquake struck Napier and destroyed Outstanding Social Education Bases, Jinggangshan most of the commercial buildings. Reconstruction in Jiangxi Province with a population of 148,000 may made it become the newest city in the country with serve as an example for Beichuan. Its education sector a concentration of 1930s style architecture, the only achieved growth in two ways. First, Jinggangshan contiguous Art Décor urban area in the world. Napier Cadre Institute of the PRC holds training courses for relied on its urban area and its natural coastal scenic party and government cadres, business managers, resources to establish diverse festival activities and professional and technical personnel, and military colorful commercial activities, including an Art Décor cadres in a top-down way. Then, it attracts voluntary Weekend and Mission Concert Weekend to attract
124 Beichuan New Town: Sustainable Development through Post-Earthquake Reconstruction in a Remote Area
people from its surroundings. In turn the glamorous characteristics or blocking visual corridors are strictly urban life, the brand and image of the city, helped to forbidden. improve the secondary industry. (ii) Upgrading the Industrial Park The goal for Beichuan New Town is to become a While 33 enterprises have located in the Beichuan tourism destination that features leisure and vacation. economic development zone, most of them have The recreation sector may center on the scenic areas not started operation. Enterprises that now occupy of Kaimao Reservoir and the surroundings of Shunyi River scarce land resources in the east bank have low output for the development of leisure and vacation tourism. production. The plan systematically upgrades Shandong 3.3 Spatial Development Framework Industrial Park. Enterprises on the east side of South The spatial development framework features four Yunpan Road will reposition to form a three-line- functional areas downtown: shaped layout. There are also plans to build an office (i) the east bank area, which focuses on the protection zone along Yongchang Road. Replacing the current and development of contemporary cultural heritage and industrial architecture style with modern Qiang upgrading of the industrial park; architecture style will improve the appearance along (ii) a new residential area on the west bank; Yongchang River. In the meantime, there are plans for (iii) the Kaimao Tourism Resort area in the north; and a production, exhibition, and experience zone along (iv) the new part of the economic development zone Yunpan River, and the current secondary industry will on the west side. be replaced with “industry 2.5” to promote industrial upgrades in Beichuan downtown. Along Jiangjia River 3.3.1 East Bank will be a recreational and tourist zone to boost the (i) Protect and Develop the Contemporary Cultural tourism development of Beichuan. Heritage According to the master plan, two zones form the 3.3.2 West Bank: A New Livable District east bank: a core protection area and a construction In the urban area around the west bank of the river, control area. Covering 2.6 km2, the core area includes there are plans to develop an area of 289 hm2 with the developed area on the east bank (except the 5,500 residents into a new livable urban district. Beichuan Shandong Industrial Park). In this zone, The landscape axis on the east bank will extend there is a landscape ring, an ecological corridor, the into the west bank district. There will be commercial recreation belt, the growth ridge, a public facilities areas on both sides of the central greenbelt of the bracelet, and a landscape axis. Most structures here west bank. Construction heights may increase by 30% are protected, such as the urban fabric, which is neat compared to the basic height limit to emphasize the in detail and orderly — the Qiang architecture, several axis. Land on both sides of the axis will be a mix of corridors, and the road network. commercial and residential uses. At the end of the axis The construction control area covers 11.2 km2 will be high-end tourism facilities. and includes undeveloped areas in the east and On the west of Xizongsan Road, plans for a west banks as well as the Kaimao Tourism Resort. green park along the Guihua River will complete the In this area, mountain and water landscapes are open space network. East of Xizongsan Road will be protected and maintenance is required. Vegetation and commercial facilities, including travel services, to serve ecological environment of the surrounding mountains local residents. There will be a riverside commercial are also protected. New construction has to follow street on Xizongsan Road, which will intersect with the existing typologies, architectural appearance, and axis of the green park, linking it to the public space on height requirements. Damages to original Qiang the west bank of the river.
125 New Towns and New Districts Case Studies from the People’s Republic of China
Fig. 14 Land Use Planning Map for Beichuan Qiang Autonomous County in Overall Urban Planning Source: Urban Overall Planning for Beichuan Qiang Autonomous Town (20112030), China Academy of Urban Planning & Design
126 Beichuan New Town: Sustainable Development through Post-Earthquake Reconstruction in a Remote Area
The four residential areas allow 6 to 12-story buildings and plot ratios from 1.8 to 2.5. Its plot ratios are properly increased based on 1.8 in the overall plan for post-earthquake reconstruction to ensure the new town is a compact city. In addition, there will be a low-density residential area along Xishaner Road with a middle school, a primary school, and a hospital built nearby.
3.3.3 Kaimao Tourist Resort
In Beichuan New Town 192.4 hm2 of land is set aside for tourism; 145.7 hm2 of it is on eastern side, primarily in the Kaimao Tourism Resort north of the new town. There is no implementation schedule at this time. An expert consultation process will be established to control the development and layout of tourism and promote a flexible development. Major roads separate Fig. 15 Public Open Space on the West Bank of the River mountains and divide the land into 8 development units. Source: Urban Overall Planning for Beichuan Qiang Autonomous Town 2 (20112030), China Academy of Urban Planning & Design The development land for each unit is from 10 to 20 hm .
Fig. 16 General Plan of the Tourist and Leisure Resort on the North of the New Town Source: Urban Design for the Tourist and Leisure Resort on the North of the New Town, China Academy of Urban Planning & Design
127 New Towns and New Districts Case Studies from the People’s Republic of China
Taking advantage of the natural setting and cultural characteristics in combination with landscape resources such as the reservoir and hot spring, tourism beauty (Table 4). themes are carefully chosen to build on the Qiang
Table 4 Themes of Tourism Development and Suggestions on Projects
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area planned at the post-earthquake reconstruction 3.3.4 The West Area of Economic Development Zone: planning stage. The 0.25 km2 land transfer in 2011 Phased Construction and Featured Development earned CNY300 million (about $49.6 million) in land During the gradual upgrade of Beichuan Shandong lease for the Beichuan government. The achieved Industrial Park, construction of the Beichuan, Sichuan unit price for land is significantly higher than in the economic development zone will begin. The urban surrounding counties, which demonstrates the good development land is 570 hm2, of which the east area living environment in Beichuan and its positive impact covers 114 hm2 and the west, 456 hm2. The industrial on local finance. land is 359 hm2. In the meantime, according to the requirement Construction of the new part of economic and guidance of overall planning for post-earthquake development zone will be in phases, and separate reconstruction, Beichuan actively develops potential development prohibited. In the short term, construction tourism resources such as Kaimao Reservoir. So far, of the industrial zone in Changle south of west bank it received interest from many tourism and leisure will start. In the medium term, industrial clusters on developers for the area surrounding the reservoir. the southwest will be developed, and in the long term, As the only relocation county after the Great industries will be developed in the northwest. With Wenchuan Earthquake, Beichuan New Town took an regard to access to the economic development zone, investment and supply driven approach and benefited industries that suit local markets and resources will be from high-speed urban development. However, as developed, including farm product processing, cultural Beichuan New Town enters a slower pace and state and tourist product processing, tourism, etc. Industries of development, as a less-developed small town that cover a large area of land, consume a large amount that resembles many others of the same kind, a key of energy, and affect the environment are forbidden. question is how Beichuan New Town can attract continuous attention, jobs and people, and lead a 4 Conclusion sustainable future development? Through the two overall planning practices By the end of 2013, Beichuan New Town reached a since 2008 and the current development reality of permanent resident population of 31,000. Construction Beichuan, we find that exploration and exploitation land increased in 2011 from 4.6 km2 to 4.8 km2. The of local resources can provide a basis for sustainable scale of land for construction exceeded the short-term development. The establishment of a city brand
128 Beichuan New Town: Sustainable Development through Post-Earthquake Reconstruction in a Remote Area
and image may become a key to its sustainable The development of locally based industries should development. The development of locally based build on local resources and rely on creative planning industries is one of the main ways to promote the and careful implementation. By developing local sustainable development of similar cities successfully. industries, limited space can attract a large population Cities in less-developed regions need to build that creates a lively atmosphere and promotes the on their special features. Feature development needs development of related industries. This would improve a deep understanding and sustainable use of local the process of further urbanization and industrialization, resources. Beichuan actively develops a sustainable leading to sustainable economic development. tourism industry taking full advantage of its location, local cultural, natural resources and materials, and its 3FGFSFODFT manufacturing industry. Beichuan aims to be a tourism [1] China Academy of Urban Planning and Design. The Overall base and destination and a featured industry base. Planning for After-Earthquake Reconstruction of Beichuan Qiang Autonomous Town[Z]. 2009. The establishment of a city brand and image [2] China Academy of Urban Planning and Design. The Overall involves an advanced marketing strategy emphasizing Planning of the Town of Beichuan Qiang Autonomous Town its resources, its location, culture, nature, and (2011–2030)[Z]. 2012. industries. Marketing will take advantage of the [3] Sun Tong, Yin Huiliang, Zhu Ziyu. Practice and experience advanced planning concept, compact and reasonable of the work model of the overall planning of new Beichuan layout, clear space structure, distinctive spatial town[J]. Urban Planning, 2011, 35(Z2): 17-36. [4] Li Xiaojiang. A Role Model of the Cooperation Between style, and environment-friendly low-carbon eco- Planners and Architects[M]. China Academy of Urban efficient building and infrastructure technology. The Planning and Design, China Academy of Architecture establishment of a distinct city brand and image will Design, Construction of Beichuan New Town. Beijing: China improve the overall value of the city, enhance the Architecture and Building Press, 2011. awareness of the good living environment for local [5] Zheng Degao, et al. Thoughts on theĄ post-reconstructioną residents, and attract surrounding population and high- development path of Beichuan[J]. Urban Planning, 2011, 35(Z2): 110-114. end industries.
129 New Towns and New Districts Case Studies from the People’s Republic of China
Wuxi Taihu New Town: Planning and Building a Low-Carbon Eco-City Xiao Sima, Xiaoxing Feng, Xiaoli Wu
130 Wuxi Taihu New Town: Planning and Building a Low-Carbon Eco-City
6 km south of the historic urban center. About 1 The Making of Taihu New Town 400,000 residents currently enjoy its beautiful natural environment and convenient access to 1.1 Wuxi: “Pearl of Taihu Lake” Built on History, transportation. The suggestion to build this new Culture, and Prosperity town was first proposed in 2002 as part of Wuxi’s Wuxi City in Jiangsu Province is famous for its new general plan. The goal was to provide a history and its culture. As the “little Shanghai” and framework for urban and economic development by “City of Abundance” of the People’s Republic of China constructing a new city center. It would also further (PRC), it is also the birthplace of modern industry in promote the city’s strategy of urban development the country. Wuxi is known for innovation, creativity, toward the south. Taihu New Town was part of Internet of Things (IoT) industrial development, a strategy to turn Wuxi from a city by the Grand environmental governance, and ecological Canal to a city by Taihu Lake. rehabilitation of Taihu Lake. Wuxi is 128 kilometers (km) Against the background of national and west of Shanghai and 183 km east of Nanjing. It international advocacy and policies to reduce is bordered by the Yangtze River to the north and carbon emissions and promote eco-efficient Taihu Lake to the south. Wuxi has more than 6 developments, former Premier Wen Jiabao million permanent residents. Three million of these noted during his 2009 visit in Wuxi “the focus of residents live in urban districts that take up 1,659 governing Taihu Lake and its transformation should square kilometers (km2) of Wuxi’s total land area of be on developing Wuxi as a livable city based 4,788 km2. on environmental sustainability, ecological and As one of the key cities in the Yangtze River cultural tourism, modern service, and high-tech Delta Region, Wuxi enjoys advantageous natural industries". In the process of rapid urbanization, surroundings, excellent human resources, a dynamic Wuxi’s development faces increasing challenges, market, and an advanced, diversified economy. In such as competition among cities in the Yangtze 2012, Wuxi’s gross domestic product (GDP) ranked River Delta Region, urban sprawl, excessive fourth; its per capita GDP first; its total industrial output occupation of cultivated land, and management value, third, and its fiscal revenue, sixth among the and environmental protection issues of Taihu Lake cities in the Yangtze River Delta Region. Its aggregate Basin. On 3 July 2010, the Ministry of Housing, economic and industrial output value ranked among Urban and Rural Development, and the Wuxi the top 10 in the PRC. Municipal Peoples Government signed the National Low-Carbon and Eco-City Demonstration Area- 1.2 Taihu New Town: A National Level Low- Taihu New Town cooperation framework agreement, Carbon Eco-City Demonstration Project which names Taihu New Town as a National Level Wuxi Taihu New Town covers an area of 150 km2. Low-Carbon Eco-City Demonstration Area. The It is at the shore of Taihu Lake, only 1 km west goal was to develop a land use, resource, energy of the Sunan Shuofang International Airport and efficient urban development pattern.
131 New Towns and New Districts Case Studies from the People’s Republic of China
Table 1 Ranking of Cities’ Comprehensive Strength in Yangtze River Delta Region, 2012
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Fig. 1 Location Map of Taihu New Town, Wuxi City, Jiangsu Province Source: Urban Planning & Design Institute of Shenzhen
pattern of the time in the PRC, but shifted to 1.3 Planning the Transformation of the Taihu New a new and more integrated approach, with a Town Low-Carbon Eco-City program and guidelines from the Ministry of Planning and construction of Taihu New Housing, Urban, and Rural Development, to build Town first followed the conventional development a low-carbon eco-city.
132 Wuxi Taihu New Town: Planning and Building a Low-Carbon Eco-City
The Wuxi Planning Department first organized enhance planning and to make sure plans would be an international planning competition for Taihu New implemented in the best way to achieve the goal of Town. It carried out research on land development and an advanced low-carbon eco-city. The Sino-Swedish functional layout for the core area of the new town. Low-Carbon Eco-City Demonstration Area covers Then, it integrated the key results into the Zoning Plan 2.4 square kilometers (km2). It promotes bilateral of Taihu New Town, which was completed in 2003. cooperation with Swedish partners on green economy In 2004, the conceptual planning for the core development, low-carbon technology, and successful area and lakefront of Taihu New Town began. A implementation of eco-city planning and construction comprehensive land use plan for the core area was by learning from advanced Swedish ideas. ARUP envisioned, and ideas for the lakefront area were and Tengbom worked collaboratively with the local developed. The result was a plan for a compact, government to develop the Planning Indicator System high-density, mixed-use urban center with attractive and Implementation Guideline of the National Low- pedestrian areas and waterfronts. Carbon Eco-City Demonstration Area in Wuxi Taihu In 2005, the conceptual master plan for Taihu New Town, 2010–2020 and Indicator System and New Town was completed. In 2005–2007, detailed Implementation Guideline of Wuxi Sino-Swedish Low- municipal engineering, landscape, and detailed Carbon Eco-City, 2010–2020. These two key planning urban design plans for areas along key urban documents guided the development and construction corridors and waterfronts were developed and of Taihu New Town. optimized. By 2007, all regulatory and detailed Since 2011 the establishment and management of plans for the entire Taihu New Town were complete. Wuxi Taihu New Town plans have included (i) energy The headquarters for construction supervision was efficiency, non-motorized transport, and environmentally then arranged on site, marking the official launch of sustainable landscape; and (ii) 10 detailed control plans. construction. The detailed control plans gave clear direction for a In 2010 the engineering and planning firms, more sustainable development of the new town. They ARUP and Tengbom were engaged for the ecological were adjusted, with guidance from the two consulting planning of Taihu New Town and Sino-Swedish firms and the developed indicator systems, to allow Low-Carbon Eco-City Demonstration Area, to key ecological performance indicators to be measured,
Fig. 2 Timeline of Planning and Implementation of Taihu New Town Source: Urban Planning & Design Institute of Shenzhen
133 New Towns and New Districts Case Studies from the People’s Republic of China
Fig. 3 Overall Framework of Taihu New Town Planning Source: Office of Headquarter for Wuxi New Town Construction which became a key condition for leasing contracts with accounting for 67% of the total land area of Wuxi land developers. New Town. The remaining 50 km2 are for roads, open Eco-city planning focused on establishing space, and other land uses. Per capita construction key performance indicators and merged with the land for Taihu New Town will be about 100 square conventional planning system that followed the PRC’s meters (m2). planning model and regulations, such as general About 2,544 hm2, or 25% of the urban construction planning, urban design, and detailed control plan. The land is for residential; about 2,415 hm2, or 24%, for resulting framework became the foundation for the public facilities; and 568 hm2, or 6%, for industrial transformation and upgrading of the new town. use. Warehouse and logistics get 24 hm2, or 0.2% of the urban construction land; 8 hm2, or 0.1%, for 2 Spatial Planning external transport; 2,079 hm2, or 21%, for roads and open spaces; 202 hm2, or 2%, for municipal public 2.1 Vision: Establish a New Central Area as Low- facilities; and, finally, 2,141 hm2, or 21%, for green Carbon Eco-City for Wuxi open space. The new Wuxi General Master Plan positions Taihu New Town as the new city center that will be 2.2 Urban Structure: Clear Functions of Three Zones home to many vital urban functions, including the Bounded by Huayi Road and Lihu Avenue, Taihu city administration and business center, research, New Town is divided into three distinct zones with science and education, recreation and residential clear functions from east to west. areas and it will be a new modern city based on The eastern zone occupies about 23 km2. Its ecological planning. According to the general master main feature is Taihu International Science Park, plan, the estimated population of Taihu New Town including the National Sensing Information Center in 2020 will be about 1 million and the estimated and high-tech research and development, University number of jobs will be about 500,000. The total Science, software, digital design, and the creative urban construction land area is about 100 km2, industry parks.
134 Wuxi Taihu New Town: Planning and Building a Low-Carbon Eco-City
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Fig. 5 Three Functional Zones of Taihu New Town Source: Office of Headquarter for Wuxi Taihu New Town Construction
135 New Towns and New Districts Case Studies from the People’s Republic of China
The central zone, the heart of Taihu New Town, covers about 55 km2 and focuses on the financial and business center, administrative center, cultural center, and high density livable residential communities. The western zone covers about 72 km2 with Shanshui City Scenic Resort and the Science and Education Industry Park as the main features. Plans for this zone include creative industries, ecological and recreational tourism, a national first-class university science park, a demonstration area integrating administration, production, study and research, and a base for tourism, leisure, and the movie and television Fig. 7 Supporting System on the Public Facility Level of Taihu New Town industry, all of which attract domestic and international Source: Supporting Facility Plan for Taihu New Town Community, Office of Headquarter for Wuxi Taihu New Town Construction interest.
2.4 Public Facilities: A Three-Tier System of Street, Neighborhood Center, and Grassroots Community
A three-tier public facility system comprising the streets, neighborhood centers, and grassroots communities, was established. The public facilities serve a population of 50,000 to 100,000 at the street tier; 30,000 to 50,000 at the neighborhood center tier; and 10,000 to 15,000 at the grassroots community tier. The street tier includes public facilities such as the administrative offices, sports activity center, cultural activity center, health Fig. 6 Spatial Structure Diagram for Taihu New Town Source: Office of Headquarter for Wuxi Taihu New Town Construction service center, nursing home, and community park. The neighborhood center tier includes the community recreational activity center, community 2.3 Spatial Structure: One Core, One Belt, Two business facilities, produce market, postal Parks, and Two Zones telecommunications facilities, renewable resources Taihu New Town is nestled under a mountain recycling, public toilets, and public parking lots. and near a lake. It established an overall structure of The third tier grassroots community includes one core, one belt, two parks, and two zones to take facilities such as the residential committee, cultural advantage of its lush and green natural environment. activity station, community health service station, The core refers to the administration, culture, and community home endowment service station, business financial area. The belt refers to the Taihu resident fitness center, and community green space. Lakefront landscape scenery. The two parks refer to The construction of public facilities should carry out Taihu International Science Park and the Science and the concept of intensive and optimal land use. The Education Industry Park, while the two zones refer to community centers are encouraged to follow the the residential communities planned on both sides of mixed land use model. the core area.
136 Wuxi Taihu New Town: Planning and Building a Low-Carbon Eco-City
Fig. 8 Planning Map for Road Traffic of Taihu New Town Source: Office of Headquarter for Wuxi Taihu New Town Construction
to public transport service from all residential 2.5 Sustainable Road and Urban Transport System: areas, commercial areas, workplaces, and Metro-Rail-Transit, Bus Rapid Transit, and recreational areas. Bus Service
The road network of Wuxi Taihu New Town is 2.6 Open Space and Ecosystem Structure: Green laid out as a grid of trunk roads comprising five Parks, Corridors, Lakefront and Riverway Network main east-west, eight main north-south roads, Wuxi Taihu New Town is endowed by a scenic and smaller local roads. There are four levels natural setting with a mountain, lake, forest, of roads: expressways, trunk roads, secondary wetland, and river. The plan focuses on making trunk roads, and branch streets, with a total a green city with an abundance of green open length of 300 kilometers (km). The road network spaces. The green space system comprises three density is 6 km per km2. A highway (Circum-Taihu major east-west and three major north-south green Lake Highway) and three expressways (Gaolang corridors. The three main north-south greenbelts are Road, Yihu Avenue, and Huaqing Avenue) provide the Shangxian River Wetland Park, Changguangxi rapid road access. Public transport linking Taihu Wetland Park, and Lihe River Landscape Belt. The New Town with other parts of Wuxi includes three main east-west open spaces are the Liangtang two rail transit lines (Lines 1 and 4) and 6 bus River Ecological Landscape Green Space, Wudu rapid transit lines to enable transit-oriented Road Landscape Belt, and Taihu Lakeside Park. The development (TOD) easy and convenient access green corridors are about 4 km apart, spreading
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Fig. 9 Green Space System of Taihu New Town Source: Office of Headquarter for Wuxi Taihu New Town Construction
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Fig. 10 Comprehensive Improvement for River System of Taihu New Town Source: Office of Headquarter for Wuxi Taihu New Town Construction
138 Wuxi Taihu New Town: Planning and Building a Low-Carbon Eco-City
across the entire Taihu New Town. They offer many buildings. It also suggests that the ratio of mixed-use well-distributed ecosystem services to the new blocks to residential and other uses in the new town development such as improved air quality, pollutant exceed 50%. absorption, microclimate, water filtration, and storm water management, and other ecosystems services 3.1.2 Land Use Intensity and Efficiency that green space provide. The development intensity and the mix of The new town will preserve and rehabilitate land uses surrounding the metro stations and more than 300 rivers and creeks and their transportation hubs will increase. The construction environments by 2020 in the form of a 200 km of high-density, mixed-use development complexes primary water network comprising four east- with public activity centers is advocated, with 80% west and four north-south rivers. The network of these centers connected to public transportation will have drainage density of 1.9 km/km2 and a hubs. Mixed-use developments must be high water surface ratio of 4.3%. A key goal is to link density with a total comprehensive plot ratio the Taihu Lake Wetland and open space system between 2.5 and 6.0 for office facilities and between closely to the new town. 3.5 and 6.5 for commercial facilities. In addition, underground space will be developed to connect 3 Eco-City Development and Construction buildings. The transit-oriented, mixed-use, and Strategy high-density development around public transport stations and reasonable block sizes promote 3.1 Eco-Efficient and Energy Saving Urban Spatial Layout walking and cycling, and will reduce the number of private vehicles used. 3.1.1 A Vibrant Mix of Uses: Diverse and Complex Urban Functions 3.1.3 Optimize Public Facility Layout
Wuxi Taihu New Town will be a compact city The locations of basic public service facilities are with complex and diverse residential, commercial, distributed to make sure all residents and workers in industrial, and recreational functions. It will the new town have equal and convenient access. To build on and expand the energy, film and movie, encourage non-motorized transport, public facilities recreation, and tourism industries. Industries are near residents to enable 97% of residents to walk and universities will organize the expansion of to childcare within 500 meters, over 80% to walk to research and development. The town’s focus on primary schools within 500 meters, and all residents to business finance, leisure tourism, information and walk to public green spaces within 500 meters. Hence, communication technology (ICT) development, new green transport is advocated. materials research and development, technology incubation centers, science and education in 3.2 Establish a Multi-Tier Sustainable Public the arts and creative industries, and low-carbon Transport Network industry development promotes the services sector. Transportation links and the close relationships 3.2.1 Develop Green Public Transportation System between industries, public services, and residential Wuxi Taihu Low-Carbon Eco-City New Town aims land will create favorable jobs and housing balance, to build a sustainable urban transport and eco-mobility resulting in a compact city with short distances from system, focusing on public transport service with home to work and leisure. convenient multimodal transfer stations that integrate Within urban blocks, the plan advocates mixed railway transit with local and city-buses to realize a land use with residential, commercial, and office convenient and low-carbon transport system.
139 New Towns and New Districts Case Studies from the People’s Republic of China
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Fig. 11 Eco-City Planning Improves the Accessibility of Public Facilities Source: Office of Headquarter for Wuxi Taihu New Town Construction
The optimized bus route alignments and exclusive of service radius, combined with the high-density bus lanes on both sides of the trunk roads increase mixed-use developments around transit stations speed and density of the bus route network that will and distributed public facilities, ensure a sound and reach at least 3 km per km2 of urban area. Throughout convenient framework for pedestrian and bicycle the Taihu New Town, bus stops are within convenient circulation. A convenient public bicycle leasing system walking distance of only 500 meters, which equals will encourage green trips, further reducing the need for about a 6-minute walk. private vehicles. In addition, there will be convenient and attractive 3.2.2 A Pedestrian and Bicycle Friendly New Town pedestrian and bicycle pathways in the five green Focused on Non-Motorized Transport corridors that offer pleasant leisure and recreation Throughout Taihu New Town, blocks that are routes with various themes: a water environment route, not too large, through-block connections, and wide an ecological experience route, a cultural heritage sidewalks and bicycle lanes create a convenient route, a leisure tourism route, and an urban experience pedestrian and bicycle path network. At least one to route. Pathway network density reaches at least a two public transport transfer stations for every 2 km 3.7 km of pathway per km2.
140 Wuxi Taihu New Town: Planning and Building a Low-Carbon Eco-City
Fig. 12 Non-Motorized Transport System of Taihu New Town Source: Office of Headquarter for Wuxi Taihu New Town Construction
Fig. 13 Convenient Bus Stops and Traffic Service Node for Non-Motorized Transport of Taihu New Town Source: Slow Traffic System Plan for Wuxi Taihu New Town Plan, Office of Headquarter for Wuxi Taihu New Town Construction
141 New Towns and New Districts Case Studies from the People’s Republic of China
3.3 Eco-Efficient and Integrated Utilities for 3.3.3 Integrated Solid Waste Management Energy Savings and Emissions Reduction (i) Solid Waste Generation Reduction Wuxi Taihu New Town advocates green lifestyles 3.3.1 Common Utility Trenches and reduced consumption with no more than 0.8 kg of Common utility trenches with ducts for various solid waste per capita daily. It also aims for no more services in Taihu New Town follow international best than 450 tons per hectare of construction waste through practices. New pipes and a comprehensive utility resource recovery and utilization, and landscape trench is used along the road around the core area construction balancing cut and fill earthwork. including electricity cable, telecommunications, a water (ii) Solid Waste Recycling, Resource Recovery, and supply main pipe, and a reclaimed water pipe with a Utilization total length of about 16.4 km. The solid waste management system maximizes solid waste recycling. It requires that at least 95% of 3.3.2 Water Use Efficiency, Wastewater Treatment, domestic waste and at least 75% of construction waste and Water Reuse is recycled. (i) Improve Efficiency and Use of Unconventional (iii) Separate Collection and Harmless Treatment of Water Resources Solid Waste Taihu New Town has an ambitious target of no Solid waste is segregated at the source and more than 5% non-revenue water lost from leaky pipes. collected in separate units. The non-hazardous solid It aims to utilize more than 40% of unconventional waste treatment rate reaches 100% in Taihu New Town. water resources, i.e., treated wastewater. The use of In the Sino-Swedish Eco-City Demonstration Area, water-saving appliances in private households and a vacuum waste collection system is being installed commercial, industrial, and public buildings should be introducing advanced technology from Sweden as at 100%. These key measures will maximize water use used in Hammarby Sjöstad. efficiency and decrease loss of water resources. (ii) Improve the Wastewater Treatment Ratio 3.3.4 Energy Saving and Regeneration Technology Wuxi Taihu New Town has full coverage of (i) Energy Efficiency for New Buildings wastewater collection and treatment. When completed, Given the hot summer and moderate winter the unified wastewater treatment and reclaimed water climate zone in the middle and lower Yangtze River recycling system will make sure that the effluent quality Region, the planning code requires north-south building meets PRC standards and water quality requirements orientation, with main rooms in dwelling units facing after physical, chemical, and biological treatment. The south, encouraging passive solar gains in the winter town aims to use reclaimed water for 30% of all water and natural ventilation. The buildings follow advanced its water needs. green building technology by adopting environmental (iii) High Infiltration and Zero Impact of Rainwater protection technologies such as external sun shading, Drainage heat preservation, and thermal insulation to reduce In Taihu New Town, roads and buildings adopt a the energy demand and consumption, and ensure that comprehensive rainwater filtration system to maximize the energy savings rate of new residential and public rainwater infiltration and groundwater recharge through buildings are at least 65% compared to conventional permeable ground. This ensures that land absorbs buildings in the PRC. the same amount of rainwater even after urban New public buildings must achieve the standard development, achieving zero impact on groundwater for public building energy efficiency. Energy- recharge. saving measures of green buildings are in the form
142 Wuxi Taihu New Town: Planning and Building a Low-Carbon Eco-City
B %JTUSJCVUFEFOFSHZ C $POTUSVDUJPOPGTPMBSTUSFFUMBNQBMPOHUIFSPBE D 4PMBSMBOETDBQFMJHIUJOHGBDJMJUZ Fig. 14 Distributed and Renewable Energy Production Compact Combined Heat Power and Photovoltaic Cells Source: Office of Headquarter for Wuxi Taihu New Town Construction of thermal insulation of walls, roofs, raised floor, and low-E double pane glass windows for good 3.4 Protect and Improve the Ecological Environment thermal performance of the building envelope. While Targets for environmental quality targets include controlling the building shape coefficient, window monitored air quality with better or equal to secondary to wall ratio, and building orientation, the shading standard 350 days per year. Water pollution prevention facilities are applied according to code requirements. and control of Taihu Lake is strengthened, making For roof insulation, 120 millimeters (mm) of foam the quality of the surface water environment in Taihu glass is used; in some cases, green roofs are also New Town no worse than class IV, including surface adopted. For outer walls with 50 mm thick rock wool water source from second-level protected areas, fish insulation boards, 200 mm thick shale hollow bricks and shrimp wintering grounds and migration routes, are used. Elevated floors use 30 mm thick mineral aquaculture areas, and other fishing waters and wool insulation board. Insulated aluminum alloy with swimming area. For all projects, a construction and low emission is used in glass curtain wall facades. environmental impact assessment is required, with an Long-term efficiency gains compensate for increased aim to reach 100% coverage of up-to-standard, noise- investment costs. control zones. (ii) Strategy of Distributed and Renewable Energy The protection and development of significant Supply public green open space improves the capacity Wuxi Taihu New Town has a system that distributes of ecosystem services related to microclimate energy supply from renewable sources, such as improvements, air quality improvements through photovoltaic cells. The renewable energy production oxygen production, pollutant absorption, and carbon rate of Taihu New Town will reach at least 8% and the sequestration. The forestation rate in afforesting land Sino-Swedish Low-Carbon Eco-City Demonstration will be increased to at least 45%. The forestation rate of Area, a minimum of 20%. New buildings will reach at production and protective green space, roadside green least 15% by 2020. Taihu New Town also uses facilities space, park green open space should be respectively for distributed energy generation using different no lower than 80%, 70%, 60% and 40%. Building technologies of combined forms of renewable energy owners will implement the requirement under the with energy from the grid to improve the efficiency of town master plan to follow a certain proportion when energy utilization. greening building roofs.
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The town’s livable urban blocks and buildings detailed control plan, various sector plans, and sub- are people-oriented. In terms of architectural layout, area plans. wind environment model, heat island effect simulation, In line with the theory that urban development sunlight simulation, and other technical models were follows industrial development and jobs, the eastern used to optimize urban microclimate in the architectural and western industrial parks were developed early layout, which minimizes urban heat island effect and in 2005, establishing a foundation to create jobs and promotes natural urban ventilation with suitable wind attract people to the new town. By the end of 2009, speeds. In pedestrian areas, building arrangements in the 700,000 m2 eastern Taihu Science Park — reduce wind speed to no more than 5 meters per the technology innovation, startup, and creativity second. In residential areas, the standard sunshine center — was built. It attracted over 60 research coverage rate should reach 100%. In new residential and development institutions and software service areas, the daily average outdoor heat difference should outsourcing enterprises. In Shanshui City in the west be no more than 1.5 degrees. area, taking advantage of its proximity to the university town, the Wuxi branch of Peking University, Henghua 3.5 Promote Green Building Technology Park, Business Incubator for new graduates, In Taihu New Town, new buildings are constructed and other science and education bases were built. This according to the Evaluation Standard for Green attracted more than 70 high-tech enterprises, including Building and Evaluation Standard for Green Building Giant Interactive Group, IBM – PRC Cloud Computing in Jiangsu Province. Under these evaluations, all Center, iSoftStone, and other reputable firms. buildings are required to be certified with at least a In line with the strategy to construct infrastructure 1-star rating, 20% with a 2-star rating, and 10% with first before developing plots, the construction a 3-star rating. headquarters for Taihu New Town was established in In residential projects, solar and geothermal energy, 2007 and large-scale construction started. As a primary unconventional sources of water supply, water-saving framework for the development of the new town, the appliances, and environment-friendly construction first construction was the trunk lines of municipal materials are used and actively promoted. The use ratio infrastructures, key environmental engineering projects, of green material is required to reach 100% and that of and resettlement housing to guarantee people's living the local building materials is required to reach 70% or space. Meanwhile, the planning and construction of more. Construction adopts industrialized prefabricated the Civic Center, Expo Center, Grand Theater, and elements for residential buildings using intelligent other key projects were launched to create an image of systems and green construction at 100%. completeness for the new city center instantly. It took only 3 years to build the basic framework of the new 4 Economic, Social, and Environmental city center, including the road network, greenbelt and Impacts of Taihu New Town wetland, and key development projects. During the past 2 years, the construction of office, 4.1 Timeline of Taihu New Town Construction residential, and commercial projects moved forward Based on the principle of advanced planning, in line with the idea of a centralized development and followed by coordinated construction, the planning moderately developed support functions in the center. department started research on the planning of Taihu High-end office buildings and office occupancy are New Town in 2002. The master plan was completed in prioritized for centrally located sites. The large-scale 2007 after constant improvements of the general plan, central business district facilities and urban complex
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144 Wuxi Taihu New Town: Planning and Building a Low-Carbon Eco-City
projects were prioritized near the Civic Center; in this was invested in the development and construction of location, residential projects were also constructed first. housing, commercial buildings, and office buildings. A development principle was to focus on developing Private capital is also invested in the construction of the center first followed by periphery. Residential schools, hospitals, and other public service facilities development and construction followed a sequence arranged in public-private partnerships. of orderly southward development with land leases allowing the funding and development of public service 4.3 Social Impact of New Town Construction facilities. 4.3.1 Native Resident Resettlement and Livelihood Security
4.2 Financing Mechanism of the New Town Construction Prior to the construction of Taihu New Town, The start-up capital for construction of Taihu New there were about 195,000 residents in the area, most Town is mainly obtained through the development of whom have rural household registration. The and consolidation of land resources and land leases residential land was scattered in the form of natural to developers. The government used commercial villages with mainly two-story rural residences built bank loans to obtain the start-up capital for advance in the 1980s with relatively good construction quality. construction of infrastructure and key public structures. During the urbanization process, in line with the pace Land auctions were held, and the revenue was used to of infrastructure construction and environmental repay the commercial bank loans. engineering, high-quality residential communities were built to accommodate affected people whose lands 4.2.1 Construction Investment and Operation, and and homes were expropriated and demolished. All Maintenance Cost landless farmers were included in the urban social From 2007 to the end of 2012, the cumulative insurance system for a lifetime and enjoy the same investment in infrastructure, civil and environmental benefits as urban residents. Furthermore, the policy engineering projects, public facilities, and resettlement on land reserved for sub districts was adopted, under housing in the center of Taihu New Town1 was about which 10% of the total collectively owned land within CNY50 billion (about $8 billion). The operation and the Taihu New Town’s leased land is reserved as assets maintenance (O&M) cost for road, pipe network, and and managed collectively to bring dividends and job environmental infrastructure about CNY150 million opportunities to locals. (about $24 million) in 2011. The O&M cost will increase with the continued development of the new town. 4.3.2 Attract New Residents As the development of the eastern and western 4.2.2 Economic Benefit Analysis industrial parks and financial business district matured, From 2007 to the end of 2012, a land area of 4,500 a large number of qualified and talented people flocked Chinese mu (1 mu = 666 m2) in the center of Taihu into the new town. Meanwhile, the attractive natural New Town was auctioned off, and the revenue was environment of the lakefront, excellent living conditions, CNY14 billion (about $2.2 billion). Economic benefits, and high quality housing and public facilities attracted including land value increase, industrial development, many old town citizens to buy apartments and settle and job creation are very significant. The average down. By the end of 2012, about 4 million m2 in the center price of residential land in the center was CNY8 million of Taihu New Town made up the market-rate housing. (about $1.3 million) per mu in 2012, four times the amount compared to the price in 2004. Along with 4.3.3 Planning and Construction of Public Service Facilities the successful development and construction, a large Through a number of special plans, land for public amount of private capital flowed into the new town and facilities, culture, education, sports and health facilities,
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and other community support facilities was reserved. planning, coordination, and organized implementation. These public facilities provided services on time while Construction was delegated to sub district construction allowing some consideration for efficiency. Public management offices by dividing Taihu New Town into service facilities in cities and districts were developed by different areas. the public agencies operating the facilities. Meanwhile, The Binhu District administration was responsible it actively introduces social capital to promote public- for planning, development, and construction of the private partnerships in the construction and operation of east area of the Taihu Science Park and the west area public service facilities such as schools, hospitals, and of the Landscape Park. The office of construction nursing homes. The three-tiered public facilities service headquarters was responsible for the central area. coverage system consists of the street, neighborhood Apart from construction management, the Binhu center, and grassroots community tiers. The public District also undertook work on economic and social service facilities in sub districts are generally developed development, social affairs and administration, and on land separately obtained by the sub district financial management. government. The corresponding housing developers construct public service facilities at the neighborhood 5.1.2 Investment and Financing System center and grassroots community levels on their parcels The construction headquarters established the to make sure that everyone has equal access to and Taihu New Town Development Group. This company is adequate provision of public services. responsible for investment and financing in the central area and construction of projects, such as resource 5 Planning and Implementation development, infrastructure, environmental engineering, and key public buildings. It also developed other 5.1 Implementation Mechanism of New Town operations by setting up subsidiaries. The Wuxi Taihu New Town Construction Management Center, a legal 5.1.1 Construction Management System entity as state-owned enterprise, was incorporated on The Wuxi municipal government set up the the municipal level and put in charge of land-leasing construction headquarters in 2007, with direct management in the central area. Its capital injection oversight by the mayor and the department heads as into the group as a stakeholder increased the registered board members. The construction headquarters was capital of the group and strengthened abilities to invest in charge of the overall guidance and management, and construct.
Fig. 15 Construction Management System and Institutional Arrangements of Taihu New Town Source: Urban Planning & Design Institute of Shenzhen
146 Wuxi Taihu New Town: Planning and Building a Low-Carbon Eco-City
After deducting charges by the municipal finance bears expenditures for expressways and trunk roads bureau and funds applied for coordination according under its management while the new town office of to policies and regulations, the remaining land-leasing construction headquarters bears expenditures for all revenues from the center are given back to the office other roads. of the construction headquarters. Taihu New Town Development Group financed construction with up to 5.2.2 Operation and Maintenance of Urban Green CNY46 billion (about $7.5 billion) by way of bank loans, Space and Supporting Facilities trust products, equity financing, and finance lease until After 2 years of O&M, the Office of Construction September 2013. Headquarters entrusted the property management In consideration of the achievements in ecological subsidiary of Taihu New Town Development Group to design, Wuxi Taihu New Town received special state take over the wetlands and parks in the central area and province subsidies for low-carbon ecological and allocated funds for O&M based on budget and construction, water-system management, and wetland cost. This property management subsidiary collects construction. These subsidies include a subsidy for an rent on supporting facilities of wetlands and parks by energy-efficiency and green buildings demonstration area inviting investments. by Jiangsu Province and a central government subsidy for an eco-city demonstration area. For the wastewater 5.2.3 Operation and Maintenance of Important management system, subsidies from the central and Functional Projects provincial governments included CNY200 million Since 2007, several important facilities such as the (about $32.7 million) as part of the central government Civic Center, Taihu International Exposition Center, and subsidy for water pollution control in Taihu Lake Basin Wuxi Grand Theater have opened. The government and special provincial capital for water environment funds the operation and management of these non- management in Taihu Lake Basin. Other special funds profit facilities by private management companies provided important financial support for water and identified through bidding. Apart from getting a certain wastewater management, and wetland construction. amount of government subsidies from finance every year, their income mainly comes from ticket sales. 5.2 Operation and Maintenance of Wuxi Taihu In 2010, operations began after Phase 1 of the New Town Taihu International Expo Center was completed. The Taihu International EXPO Center Limited Company, a 5.2.1 Operation and Maintenance of Roads professional expo platform management company, is a As the profit from land lease and tax revenue subsidiary owned by the Taihu New Town Development in Taihu New Town went separately to the office of Group. It was established to operate and manage construction headquarters and the district government, the Expo Center. In May 2012, Wuxi Grand Theater differences remained in claiming O&M responsibility. was completed and put into operation. Wuxi Grand The Wuxi municipal government held a coordination Theater Poly Management Limited was incorporated meeting in February 2010 to define which entity to operate and maintain the theater. The Culture and should be responsible for O&M of the roads. The Arts Company of the PRC Poly Group Corporation, Binhu District took over all new roads in the central with a professional theater management background, area. Lower level agencies are now responsible for holds 60% of the company, while Taihu New Town expressways and main streets that were previously Development Group holds the remaining 40%. The under municipal departments. The expenditure for above two management companies are managed management and O&M was charged according to soundly and achieve a balance of expenditure and municipal stipulations. The municipal finance bureau payment or even produce a small surplus.
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on every level of new urban development and urban 6 Conclusions management while guiding the implementation of eco- cities remains a key challenge. Taihu New Town offers According to the survey data of the National some lessons learned. Development and Reform Commission in 2012, each of the 12 provincial cities plans to construct an average 6.1 Comprehensive Eco-City Planning of 4.6 new towns and/or new districts and each of the Taihu New Town builds on an improved traditional 144 prefecture level cities plans for an average of 1.5. master plan. It integrates comprehensive eco-city Large-scale new town developments have become planning principles, including sound traditional planning an important and strategic element for the PRC's principles, incorporation of eco-efficiency principles, economic and urban development. the development and adoption of a key performance With the change of economic conditions, reduced indicator system, updated master plan, and a growth rates, and importance given to the development monitoring mechanism to report environmental quality of an ecological civilization, low-carbon eco-city standards set in the key performance indicators. construction has become a government priority, From an ecological perspective on the traditional stimulating a new round of construction of new towns. planning, an optimized sustainable development However, many domestic eco-cities fail to consider a strategy for local climate conditions was established. comprehensive approach and ineffectively integrate The local government, together with consulting comprehensive eco-efficiency objectives with the firms, ARUP and Tengbom, developed two sets of current planning regulatory system. Many projects key environmental and eco-efficiency performance pursue high efficiency, economic development, and indicator systems: (i) Planning Indicator System and lower pollution within a confined area and system. Implementation Guideline of the National Low-Carbon For new urbanization in the PRC, including the Eco-City Demonstration Area in Wuxi Taihu New various aspects of ecological civilization effectively Town and (ii) Indicator System and Implementation
Fig. 16 Technical Route: Traditional Planning, Ecologic Survey, Indicator System, planning update Source: Urban Planning & Design Institute of Shenzhen
148 Wuxi Taihu New Town: Planning and Building a Low-Carbon Eco-City
Guideline of Wuxi Sino-Swedish Low-Carbon Eco- the planning indicator system as an example, 62 City. The planning indicator system, as a basis for the common indicators are designed to guide the general strategy, focused on indicator control on a less detailed planning and construction of Taihu New Town. In the level, while the indicator system and implementation guideline, the key performance indicators are targeted guideline focused on the Sino-Swedish Low-Carbon and decomposed to address specific requirements, Eco-City and emphasized on the technical and i.e., building types, functional position of the Taihu operations aspects on a detailed level. New Town planning. For example, a key performance The key performance indicator system provides indicator on energy efficiency requires that energy- Taihu New Town with an objective reference on low- savings rate of newly built residential and public carbon ecological efficiency, but it cannot be directly buildings 65% or more compared to standard buildings applied to daily planning and management. In terms in the PRC. Considering the complexity of energy- of eco-city construction, it is still necessary to monitor saving measures for different buildings and referring and provide performance feedback of the eco-city to the energy saving design standards of buildings objectives, and monitor indicator performance and in Jiangsu Province, the index is decomposed and all aspects of the planning and operations. Taihu operable. According to the decomposed index, the New Town planners completed the Detailed Control design and energy saving rate of new residential, Planning and Ecological Index Update of Taihu New commercial, cultural and entertainment facilities, and Town and Editing and Revision of Detailed Control school buildings should be 65% or more. Adjusting the Planning of Sino-Swedish Low-Carbon Eco-City. They implementation of the energy-saving targets makes developed many specialized sector and area-specific sure that technical measures are possible. eco-city plans on energy, sustainable urban transport, municipal pipeline, water and wastewater management, 6.2.2 Combination of Technical and Management environmental management, and other relevant Strategy specialized ecological plans. Finally, at the parcel Technical measures must be chosen carefully planning level, as terms and conditions for the leasing during planning and design to achieve the targets. contracts, the eco-efficient key performance indicators After construction, only operation and management provided direct guidance for the implementation and (O&M) means are relevant such as energy-savings construction of resources, water, and energy efficient and water-savings during operation. Therefore, the buildings and site planning. guideline emphasizes on the combination of the technical aspects during planning and construction of a 6.2 Key Performance Indicator Systems for management strategy for operation. Hence, indicators Planning and Operations for both technical and eco-efficient operations to manage the new town are included. 6.2.1 No "Sweeping Approach", Enough Flexibility Is For example, to achieve the energy-consumption in the Guideline target of buildings per unit area, the planning indicator Compared to the traditional indicator system proposes to technical measures such as energy- of eco-cities, the system of Taihu low-carbon eco- efficient architectural design, including natural lighting city is not a simple objective system that can be and ventilation, building insulation, energy-efficient applied to all eco-city developments. Rather, it is a heating and cooling systems, energy-saving elevators, system in which a targeted decomposition for the key and office equipment and smart metering devices performance indicators are (i) considered according connected with urban energy data center providing to their feasibility of implementation and (ii) presented real-time consumption. In addition, there are operation in the planning and implementation guideline. Taking indicators that consider management measures,
149 New Towns and New Districts Case Studies from the People’s Republic of China
Fig. 17 Optimization Plan for Urban Design in the Core Area of Taihu New Town Source: Office of Headquarter for Wuxi Taihu New Town Construction such as special plans for equipment debugging, energy-saving property management, and energy 6.3 Favorable Support from Local Industry and consumption quota pricing, to carry out the eco- Ecological Environment efficiency objective. The construction of Taihu Low-Carbon Eco-City built on the existing urban area where there are strong 6.2.3 Consideration of the Local Conditions linkages, urban economic support, and innovative The following local characteristics were connected development foundation. Before the launch of the eco- to local regulations during the establishment of the city construction, Taihu International Science Park, indicator system: climate, precipitation, native plant Shanshui City, the production-teaching-research base species, forestation rate in afforesting land, proportion of Southeast University, new energy and new material of permeable ground, annual energy consumption of industries laid a favorable foundation and formed a buildings per unit area, the proportion of the renewable complete industry adjacent to the new town project. energy accounting for total energy consumption in Many other domestic eco-cities prioritize eco-efficiency newly built area, water supply pipeline leakage rate, concepts without integrating urban context and mixing coverage rate of urban wind environment, coverage urban land uses. In addition, many eco-city projects rate of standard sunshine in residential area, the daily are separate from the local urban economy and social average outdoor heat island intensity in residential area, and environmental context, which leads to a lack of and new green buildings with star ratings. comprehensive and overall planning.
150 Wuxi Taihu New Town: Planning and Building a Low-Carbon Eco-City
Taihu New Town includes a mix of uses that nodes and supporting facilities. On the implementation integrate ecological, residential, high-tech industry, level, the important index of urban design is directly tourism and modern service, and links them to the measured in the planning terms and conditions of the urban context. Its powerful new energy industry base parcel leasing contracts to guide the building design supports the development of low-carbon ecological and construction of the new town. technology. It set the stage for cooperation between government, enterprises, research and development, References and the market. [1] ARUP Engineering Consulting (Shanghai) and the Construction Headquarter Office of Wuxi Taihu New City. 6.4 Urban Design Guiding the Spatial Wuxi Taihu New City Eco-Planning Consultation[R]. 2010. Development of Taihu New Town [2] Tengbom and the Construction Headquarter Office of Wuxi Taihu New City. The Demonstration Area Planning of Wuxi In 2005, the urban design stage for the Wuxi Taihu Sino-Sweden Low-Carbon Eco-City[R]. 2010. New Town core area started. Its aim was to optimize [3] China Academy of Building Research, Science, and the functional layout of the central area, and to research Technology Development Center, Construction Department on urban skylines, important spatial nodes, interfaces, of Jiangsu Province, Wuxi Academy of Planning and Design, and ARUP Engineering Consulting (Shanghai). The Planning and sites. In the following 3 years, it successively Indicator System and Implementation Guidelines for the completed the urban space design covering the entire National Low-Carbon Eco-City Demonstration Area of Wuxi new town by 2007. Taihu New City[R]. 2010. The new town features spaces each with its own [4] China Academy of Building Research, Science and research emphasis. Urban design in important function Technology Development Center of Construction areas focuses on the overall harmony of building height, Department of Jiangsu Province, Wuxi Academy of Planning and Design, and Tengbom. The Construction Indicator skyline, building masses, building types, materials, and System of and Implementation Guidelines for Wuxi Sino- public space design in the area. On both sides of the Sweden Low-Carbon Eco-City[S]. 2010. trunk roads, there are guidelines on building-public [5] Feng Xiaoxing, Wong Linmin, You Zhibin. Planning and space interface, building setback lines, and other street Construction of Low-Carbon Eco-City: A Case Study spatial design aspects. In Binshui District, according to of Wuxi Taihu New City[C]// The Eighth International the drainage function, it focuses more on the design of Conference on Green and Energy-Efficient Building, 2012.
151 New Towns and New Districts Case Studies from the People’s Republic of China
Shanghai Jiading New Town: Adjusting a Plan Toward Sustainable Development Yunzhou Zhan, Xiaotao He, Yu Zou
152 Shanghai Jiading New Town: Adjusting a Plan Toward Sustainable Development
1 Background and Overview in the Yangtze River Delta form the PRC's largest agglomeration region. Shanghai has become a modern Shanghai, or Hu, is at the central coast of the first tier global megacity with key functions in global People’s Republic of China (PRC). It is in the Pacific economy and finance, production, trade, land, water Ocean’s Yellow Sea Region at the head of the Yangtze and air transportation. In 2014, the Communist Party River Delta. It has convenient transportation, vast of China’s Central Committee and the State Council fertile and productive hinterland. At the end of 2013, issued the New Type Urbanization Plan for the PRC, the Shanghai Municipality had a permanent residential 2014–2020. The plan is a blueprint for strategic and population of about 24.2 million and a gross domestic general planning to guide the next stage of the PRC’s product (GDP) per capita of $14,547. It reached a urbanization in a sustainable and inclusive way. level of moderately developed countries and regions The new towns in Shanghai meet the development in the world. Shanghai is a key economic center objectives of the urbanization plan. It facilitates and transportation hub, and a nationally significant sustainable growth, integration, and cooperation in the historic and cultural city in the PRC. The Jiangsu and Yangtze River Delta. Zhejiang Provinces and the City and Town Cluster 1.1 Development History of New Towns in Shanghai
The towns in the suburban area of Shanghai underwent a transformation from “satellite city” to “new town”. In this process the location of functions among central city and decentralized locations were optimized and urban nodes were promoted outside the central city and along the regional transport corridors, aiming at a polycentric urban spatial structure. In 2001, the State Council approved the Comprehensive Urban Plan of Shanghai, 1999–2020. It proposed the construction of 11 new towns and new districts in the suburban areas, including the new towns of Baoshan, Chengqiao, Haigang, Huinan, Jiading, Konggang, Jinshan, Minhang, Nanqiao, Qingpu, and Songjiang. To advance new town development and promote diversity of new towns, pilot projects of the “one city and nine towns” concept were planned during the period of the 10th Five-Year Plan, 2001–2005. During the 11th Five-Year Plan, 2006–2010, according to the requirements of “three centralizations”, the “1-9- Fig. 1 Spatial Development Structure of Yangtze River Delta Region Source: Shanghai Municipal Planning, Land and Resources Administration 66” Urban-Rural Planning System of the administrative
153 New Towns and New Districts Case Studies from the People’s Republic of China
Fig. 2 History of Comprehensive Master Development Plans of Shanghai from 1949 to 1999 Source: Shanghai Urban Planning and Design Research Institute region of Shanghai was enacted. The “1-9-66” stood In the late 1990s, Shanghai started to develop a for an overall plan of Shanghai at four levels of the comprehensive master plan. In the Comprehensive central city (“1”), new satellite cities and new towns Urban Plan of Shanghai (1999–2020), Jiading was (“9”), and central villages (“66”). It is the first attempt declared one of the 11 new towns with a planned to include both urban and rural areas in one city population of 250,000. Anting and Nanxiang were plan, establishing the basic framework of urban-rural categorized as central towns with a population of planning in Shanghai. 100,000. After that, the development of the regional 1.2 Overview of Jiading New Town comprehensive development plan began in Jiading Jiading District is in northwest Shanghai, at the District. Approved in 2007, the Implementation border to Kunshan and Taicang of Jiangsu Province. It Plan of Regional Overall Planning in Jiading covers an area of 463 square kilometers (km2) with 221 District (2006–2020) stipulated that the new town be km2 of developable land and a population of 1.5 million composed of Anting Town, Nanxiang Town, and the in 2011. Jiading is located along the Shanghai-Nanjing core area of Jiading New Town. Unless otherwise Development Corridor and is characterized by its specified, “Jiading New Town” in this report refers to automobile industry. It currently leads economic growth the core area. among the suburban districts of Shanghai. Already, in the 1956–1967 short-term city 1.3 Positioning and Development Goals of Jiading development plan, the Shanghai municipal government New Town approved the construction of five satellite towns —Anting, Jiading, Minhang, Songjiang, and Wujing — each with 1.3.1 Positioning of Jiading New Town a population of 200,000. Among them, Jiading (in the Jiading New Town is a key area for development historic Jiading Town) and Anting are in Jiading District. following the 2010 World Exposition in Shanghai. The The 1986 State Council approved the Urban development strategy of Shanghai focused on new Comprehensive Plan of Shanghai. It defined a four-level towns in suburban areas following the exposition. New urban structure comprised of the central city, satellite town construction will be one of the most important cities, suburban towns, and rural market towns. Jiading measures to promote advanced development and and Anting continued as satellite towns and Nanxiang prepare for Shanghai's further growth. It will become a as a small suburban town. strategic tool for future urban transformation.
154 Shanghai Jiading New Town: Adjusting a Plan Toward Sustainable Development
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Fig. 3 Shanghai Urban-Rural Planning System of 2006 Source: Shanghai Municipal Urban Planning Administration Bureau & Shanghai Urban Planning and Design Research Institute
155 New Towns and New Districts Case Studies from the People’s Republic of China
Fig. 4 Location of Jiading District Source: Shanghai Urban Planning and Design Research Institute Gray: Shanghai Domain; Yellow: Cities belong to the 1st interface surrounding Shanghai; Blue: Cities belong to the 2nd interface surrounding Shanghai
Fig. 5 Draft Shanghai Region Development Plan, 1959 Fig. 6 Distribution of Satellite City and Suburban Key Town in Shanghai, 1985 Source: Shanghai Urban Planning and Design Research Institute Source: Shanghai Urban Planning and Design Research Institute
156 Shanghai Jiading New Town: Adjusting a Plan Toward Sustainable Development
Fig. 7 Planning of Town System of Shanghai, 2001 Source: Shanghai Municipal Government
157 New Towns and New Districts Case Studies from the People’s Republic of China
/
N Huating
Xuhang Zhuqiao
The Main Area of Jiading Waigang
Nanxiang Anting
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Fig. 8 Urban-Rural System Plan of Jiading District, 2006-2020 Source: Shanghai Urban Planning and Design Research Institute
Jiading New Town has potential for strong economic Jiading New Town is full of opportunities for growth in the near future based on expanding industries, sustainable development and significantly contributes mainly the automotive industry and its supply chain. The to Shanghai’s overall development. It will provide construction of new towns will reduce the socioeconomic sufficient space for industrial and urban development and infrastructure service divide between the central and continue Shanghai's shift of focus from central city and the suburban areas. The new town will improve urban areas to suburban areas following the 11th Five- the livelihoods of local people by major investments in Year Plan. The move delivers the new strategic needs infrastructure, education, and health care facilities. This will of the agglomeration region and follows principles and stimulate and enable the future sustainable development patterns of other megacities in the world. of Shanghai and its surrounding areas such as Jiading.
158 Shanghai Jiading New Town: Adjusting a Plan Toward Sustainable Development
promote integrated development with their surrounding 1.3.2 Development Goals of Jiading New Town areas, each accumulating a population of 200,000 to According to the comprehensive development 400,000. plan, by 2020, Jiading New Town will have achieved its major development goals. One of its goals is to 2 Jiading New Town's Current Development transform into a suburban new town cluster that is well connected to and complements functions of downtown Since the 10th Five-Year Plan, new towns Shanghai. This would significantly contribute to its have been a main vehicle to promote balanced and overall development, with industrial production and distributed urbanization in Shanghai. Remarkable research and development focused on automotive achievements were made in the planning and industries, science, and education, while providing construction of Jiading New Town, including the pleasant residential communities and enabling harmonious restoration and revitalization of its harmonious social development. historic town center and the development of a Jiading and Songjiang New Towns were modern new town. The municipal infrastructure established with the objectives of becoming key and services of the central new town is complete. urban nodal points in the Yangtze River Delta, each Landscape and open space projects were designed accommodating a population of 800,000 to 1 million. and constructed. Public social facilities and Fengxian Nanqiao, Pudong Lingang, and Qingpu programs were implemented at very high standards. are to become new towns with high levels of urban, The level of services provided by Jiading New integrating, clustering, and radiating functions, each Town has significantly improved, attracting a accommodating a population of 600,000 to 800,000. large population to live in the central new town Jinshan and Chongming would be new towns that area.
Fig. 9 New Town Development Planning of Shanghai Fig. 10 The Planning Achievements of Jiading New Town with Pleasant and Source: Shanghai Urban Planning and Design Research Institute Green Environment Source: Jiading District Planning and Land Administration Bureau
159 New Towns and New Districts Case Studies from the People’s Republic of China
both far ahead of Shanghai's new towns in terms of per 2.1 Economy capita GDP. According to 2010 statistics, the level of economic Secondary sector industries dominate the current development in Shanghai's new towns is low. economic structure of the new towns, like in the case of Compared to the per capita GDP of Shanghai’s city Jiading’s car and supply manufacturing. Manufacturing center, the level in the new towns is below average, in Jiading New Town accounts for about 65% of except for Jiading New Town, which reached the total GDP. This is slightly higher than the number of average level of Shanghai. There remains a wide neighboring towns within the Yangtze River Delta, such development gap between Jiading and neighboring as Jiashan, Kunshan, Pinghu, Taicang, and Wujiang, where towns like Kunshan and Taicang. The latter two are the second sector accounts for 60%-65% of GDP.
78.84 68.85 65.00 63.88
56.00 55.05 49.13 42.05
Proportion of primary industry Proportion of secondary industry Proportion of tertiary industry Songjiang Jiading Qingpu Nanqiao Jinshan Lingang Chengqiao Shanghai
Fig. 11 Primary-secondary-tertiary Industrial Structure of Shanghai New Town by percentage of GDP, 2010 Source: Strategy Research on Shanghai New Town's Development; Shanghai Urban Planning and Design Research Institute
The productivity per developed land area of Jiading different in rate numbers. The 2000 to 2010 growth New Town is below average compared to Shanghai rate of the permanent population in Jiading New Town and its core area. There are also significant variations ranked 4th among seven Shanghai new towns. The among the new towns in Shanghai, with the highest per growth rate of permanent population in the industrial area output in Songjiang, followed by Jiading, Qingpu, park is generally higher than that in the urban area. Chengqiao, Nanqiao and Lingang, the latter being relatively low. Comparisons are also made to quantify the )
2 49,686 average output value of land and investment intensity of 46,481 31 development zones in Shanghai. Productivity levels of 40,599 development zones in the new towns are far below the 27,974 average of Shanghai for these two indicators.
15,153 13,303 2.2 Population 6,312
In 2010, the total population of Jiading New Town Output (CNY10 thousand/km Average was 474,000. The population growth rate from 2000 to Songjiang Jiading Qingpu Nanqiao Jinshan Lingang Chengqiao
2010 was 70% in Jiading New Town, which depended Fig. 12 Average Output of Built-up Land of Shanghai Suburban New Town, 2010 mostly on migrants.1 The growth trend resembles that Source: Strategy Research on Shanghai New Town's Development; Shanghai Urban Planning and Design Research Institute of the other six new towns in Shanghai, only slightly
5IJTEBUBJTGSPNA Study on Integrating Urban-Rural Development and Optimizing the Structure and Functional Layout of Cities and Towns in Suburbs
160 Shanghai Jiading New Town: Adjusting a Plan Toward Sustainable Development
) 2
Average Output Value Average (CNY10 thousand/hm
Shanghai Western Suburbs Economic Development Zone Jinqiao Export Processing Zone Minhang Economic and Technology Development Zone Shanghai Pudong Kangqiao Industrial Park Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park Shanghai Songjiang Industrial Park Shanghai Zhujing Industrial Park Shanghai Zizhu Hi-Tech Industrial Park Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone Shanghai Xinzhuang Industrial Park Shanghai North Hi-Tech Park Shanghai Jiading Industrial Park Shanghai Pudong Heqing Industrial Park Shanghai Songjiang Economic Development Zone Shanghai Fengxian Economic Development Zone Shanghai Qingpu Industrial Park Shanghai Jiading Automobile Industrial Park Shanghai Xinghuo Industrial Park Shanghai Future Island Hi-Tech Park Shanghai Pudong Konggang Industrial Park Shanghai Western Suburbs Economic Development Zone Shanghai Fengjing Industrial Park Shanghai Xinyang Industrial Park Shanghai Zhujing Industrial Park Shanghai Baoshan Industrial Park Shanghai Yueyang Industrial Park Shanghai Fengcheng Industrial Park Shanghai Jinshan Industrial Park Shanghai Nanhui Industrial Park Shanghai Chongming Industrial Park Shanghai Fusheng Industrial Park
Fig. 13 Average Output Value of Land of 31 Development Zones Above Municipal Level in Shanghai Source: Shanghai Development Zone Statistics Yearbook
However, the level of integration between the city center and the industrial zone is not obvious. Convenient public transportation with easy access to the city center plays an important role in attracting new residents in a new town. Many service functions, especially jobs, are concentrated in the city center, as are many other functions including commerce, health care, education, culture, and social interaction. Besides, Songjiang Jiading Qingpu Nanqiao Jinshan Lingang Chengqiao the new town has its own advantages, such as more Registered population growth rate green space in a beautiful environment, lower housing Permernant population growth rate prices, and a generally lower cost of living. Migrant population growth rate
Among the factors that attract people to move to the Fig. 14 Population Change of New Town in Suburban Shanghai, 2000-2010 new town, convenient public transport access to the city Source: Strategy Research on Shanghai New Town's Development; Shanghai Urban Planning and Design Research Institute center ranks at the top. There is a job-housing mismatch that indicates that the number of jobs and job diversity are to 29% of that in central Shanghai and similar to the insufficient to serve the residents of the new town. surrounding areas of the city center.1 Judging from the job-housing ratio, Jiading New Town ranks first with 2.3 Employment 0.52, even higher than that of the cental area and its Judging from the distribution of jobs in the whole surrouding area.2 Jobs and population are thus in a city, the employment density of Jiading New Town rational balance. However, most jobs in Jiading New is 2,600 persons per square kilometer (km2), equal Town are manufacturing jobs.
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161 New Towns and New Districts Case Studies from the People’s Republic of China
Poor access to the central city Easy access to the central city Poor access to the shopping mall Easy access to the shopping mall Far away from relatives Close to relatives Unfavorable education facility for kids Favorable education facility for kids Insufficient entertainment facility Sufficient entertainment facility Poor social security and medical condition Good social security and medical condition Poor natual environment Beautiful natual environment High housing price Low housing price Small appreciation potential for housing Great appreciation potential for housing Strict settling policy Easy settling policy
Fig. 15 Factor Analysis of Appeal of New Town for Residents in Suburban Shanghai Source: Shanghai Urban Planning and Design Research Institute )
2 (10 thousand persons/km Poor access to central city Easy access to central city Less job opportunities More job opportunities Far away from relatives Close to relatives Lower position and salary Higher position and salary Poor social security and medical condition Good social security and medical condition Strict settling policy Easy settling policy
+PC%FOTJUZ Central city Surrounding areas New Town of central city
Fig. 16 Factor Analysis of Appeal of New Town for Job Opportunity in Fig. 17 Job Density of Central City, Surroundings of Central City and New Suburban Shanghai Town, Shanghai, 2010 Source: Strategy Research on Shanghai New Town's Development; Shanghai Source: Strategy Research on Shanghai New Town's Development; Shanghai Urban Planning and Design Research Institute Urban Planning and Design Research Institute
From the perspective of land use structure in 2.4 Land Use Jiading New Town, the proportion of land used for Construction land in Jiading New Town is roads, public squares, and public green space is low, extensive and the per capita construction land in the while that for industries is high. suburbs is above the Shanghai average. The per capita construction land in Jiading New Town ranks second. 2.5 Social Services and Infrastructure The urban land left for future development within the In terms of the number and level of social service intensive development area is no more than 15% of the facilities and infrastructure, the suburbs lag behind planned land for construction in Jiading New Town, the the center city of Shanghai. Seven new towns in the lowest among the new towns. Land resource is quite suburbs have two municipal hospitals, accounting for limited. only 3% of that of the whole municipality; 21 district level hospital, accounting for 20%; and 14 key middle
162 Shanghai Jiading New Town: Adjusting a Plan Toward Sustainable Development
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Fig. 18 Per Capita Construction Land of New Town in Suburban Shanghai, Fig. 19 Ratio of Remaining Construction Land to Total Construction Land of 2010 New Towns in Suburban Shanghai, 2010 Source: Shanghai Statistics Yearbook; Shanghai Urban Planning and Design Source: Shanghai Statistics Yearbook; Shanghai Urban Planning and Design Research Institute Research Institute
schools, accounting for 17.7%. Compared with cities in Jiangsu Province next to Shanghai, suburban new towns in Shanghai do poorly in health services, with one hospital per thousand persons and one school per thousand persons. Shanghai’s new towns fall behind cities in southern and northern Jiangsu like Haimen, Kunshan, Nantong, Taicang, Qidong, and Shangshu.
2.6 Comprehensive Transportation Residential land Land used for Land used Land used Green space public facility for industrial for roads and The main findings from the transport system storage square analysis of Shanghai and the central area of new towns Fig. 20 Proportion of Current Construction Land of New Town in Suburban Shanghai, 2010 in 2010 are as follows. Source: Shanghai Urban Planning and Design Research Institute Current Situation of Land Use Database
Hospital Number
Huangpu district Luwan district Xuhui district Changning district Jingan district Putuo district Zhabei district Hongkou district Yangpu district Minhang district Baoshan district Pudong New district Songjiang new town Jiading new town Lingang new town Nanqiao new town Qingpu new town Jinshan new town Chengqiao new town
Municipal hospital District hospital
Fig. 21 Number of Municipal and District-Level Hospital in Different District of Shanghai, 2011 Source: Shanghai Statistics Yearbook, 2012 Note: Population base statistics are the resident population from the Sixth Population Census.
163 New Towns and New Districts Case Studies from the People’s Republic of China
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Huangpu District Luwan District Xuhui District Changning District Jingan District Putuo District Zhabei District Hongkou District Yangpu District Minhang District Baoshan District Pudong New District Songjiang New Town Jiading New Town Lingang New Town Nanqiao New Town Qingpu New Town Jinshan New Town Chengqiao New Town
Fig. 22 Number of Key Secondary School in Different Districts of Shanghai, 2011 Source: Shanghai Statistics Yearbook, 2012
The transportation infrastructure and facilities operation time of bus lines is short, the interval time at the municipal level are sound while the intercity between buses is long, and roads from the central city transportation lags behind. The transportation to suburbs are congested during rush hours. infrastructure and facilities in municipalities, The road and transport network focus on needs expressways, trunk roads, and rail transport, for within Jiading. Statistics show that the internal transport example, have greatly improved the accessbility of Jiading New Town accounts for 79% of all trips, 11% of Jiading New Town, which has supported its for trips between suburbs, 9% for trips to the central development. The service provided by intercity city, and 0.8% for trips between new towns. transportation and facilities, i.e. by the train station, Non-motorized transport dominates while private is poor. For instance, the distribution control system car ownership and use grows very rapidly. is insufficient to provide high standard and high level More than 60% of local communters choose intercity transportation service. The commute between non-motorized transport modes of walking and Jiading and the central area relied heavily on vehicles cycling. The “Hu C” license is exclusively issued for and buses on the expressway. vehicles in suburban areas while entry into the center Transport infrastructure and facilities in the Jiading city within the outer ring road on working days is New Town need to be improved. The density of road forbidden. The number of license increased and the networks is low at 1.29 km per km2 in Jiading New use of private vehicles as a mode of transportation Town and 1.7 km road per km2 in the central city. In surpassed 20% while the transportation by bus is Jiading New Town, coverage of bus stops within a 300 less than 10%. In Jiading New Town, private vehicle meter (m) radius is 12% to 36% and within a 500 meter use for trips is equivelant to that of the center city, radius, 26% to 65%. In the central city, it is 68% within but most people in peripheral locations choose a 300 m radius and 86% within a 500 m radius. The motorbikes, which is more obvious in more remote coefficient of repetition of lines and roads is high,1 the suburbs.
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164 Shanghai Jiading New Town: Adjusting a Plan Toward Sustainable Development
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Fig. 23 Density of Road Networks of New Town, Suburban Shanghai Source: Strategy Research on Shanghai New Town's Development; Shanghai Urban Planning and Design Research Institute
Inside the new town To other areas in suburbs To central city Between new towns
Fig. 24 Travelling Destination of New Town in Suburban Shanghai, 2010 Source: Strategy Research on Shanghai New Town's Development; Shanghai Urban Planning and Design Research Institute
Chengqiao New Town
Jinshan New Town
Qingpu New Town
Nanqiao New Town
Lingang New Town
Jiading New Town
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Central City
Citywide
Public transport Individual transport Non-motorized transport
Fig. 25 Modes of Travel in New Towns, Suburban Shanghai, 2010 Source: Strategy Research on Shanghai New Town's Development; Shanghai Urban Planning and Design Research Institute
165 New Towns and New Districts Case Studies from the People’s Republic of China
Metro Line 11 transports more than 34,700 District; 19% of the passengers exit in Jiading District and passengers from Jiading New Town to the center city every 69% in the center city. Therefore, the rail transit serves day, accounting for 57% of all passengers from Jiading mainly out-going commute of the new town ( Table 1).
Table 1 Passenger Flow of Metro Line 11, 2011
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3 Implementation of the Jiading New Town the concept was adapted to focus on the main area Master Plan and extend the two wings toward the main area to accelerate development and promote the linkage of New city and new town construction has become manufacturing and services industries in the district. an important instrument for urbanization in the PRC. From 2004 to 2014, Jiading New Town has been under 3.2 Implementation of the Plan construction and gathered much practical experience. 3.2.1 Principle
3.1 Planning Guidance In implementing the plan of Jiading New Town, the The implementation of the plan is based on the principles of four priorities, four local preferences, and principle that the design should be guided by culture, four prominent projects have been applied. Priority is design, and sound planning. Jiading is in the Jiangnan given to (i) planning, (ii) resettlement, (iii) infrastructure, area south of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and (iv) functional projects. Local preferences include with an abundance of lakes, rivers, and canals. This (i) the promotion of industrial upgrading using local geographical feature was translated into urban design conditions, (ii) improvement of local infrastructure, (iii) local for a livable and green city featuring one lake per km, resettlement of farmers, and (iv) reserved adequate space a forest per hectometer, with interwoven water bodies, for future development. Four prominent projects should and the fragrance of lotus flowers in the air. Currently, be developed by renowned architects, developers, the detailed control plan for the main urban area of and famous contractors. The rational development Jiading New Town covers more than 95% of the total layout, the balance between housing and jobs, and land area. The development layout is organized in high quality construction of the new town was to be three areas with one core area and two "wings". A ensured. The affordability of housing for local residents key concept introduced in 2004 is the City Cluster of should be considered to avoid high vacancies and Jiading, composed of the main urban area of Jiading keep the new town from turning into a “ghost town”, District, Anting New Town, and Nanxiang New Town, with investments by out-of-towners. This would make based on the previous pattern of four subdistricts. sure that industrial and residential development is In 2009, in light of rapid growth of the main area, sustainable and integrated.
166 Shanghai Jiading New Town: Adjusting a Plan Toward Sustainable Development
With this momentum, another 808,000 m2 was newly 3.2.2 Implementation progress constructed in the first half of 2013, with 193,000 m2 After 10 years of development, Jiading New completed and a total investment CNY2.0 billion (about Town construction has made great progress. The $321.0 million). Meanwhile, sales increased by 50% framework of municipal infrastructure in the main area yearly to CNY2.8 billion (about $454.3 million). was constructed. Social facilities are completed and equipped with high standards that elevate level of 3.2.3 Innovation-Aiming for Urban Best Practice Area urban services. The road network in the main area of outside the Exposition Park the new town is completed, including 31 roads with (i) Low-Carbon Development a total length of 60 km and 18 bus lines, with a total Jiading New Town applies lessons learned from investment of CNY1.8 billion (about $290 million). low-carbon development from the PRC and abroad, The ecological landscape system comprised of aiming at becoming a best practice outside the four parks was established and, by the end of 2012, a Shanghai Expo Park. The new town invested in a green 2-km2 green ecological parkland in the main area of the transportation system with a multi-tier, multi-modal new town was completed, with another 779,000 square transport system focusing on public and non-motorized meters (m2) under construction. transports. The public transit system is comprised of By the end of 2012, the town had 48 km of cables metro rail transit as the first layer, medium capacity for the transmission of power, 54 km of pipes for gas, bus rapid transit as second layer, and regular bus 58 km of pipes for water, and 60 km of cables for service as the third layer. The new town adopts a low- communications. Comprehensive improvement of carbon sightseeing tour strategy. The non-motorized waterways and lakes was completed. According to the system includes pedestrian pathways, bicycle paths, plan, there are about 30 km of waterways (including and water excursion in the four landscape parks. Low- Zhangpu River and Hengli River) and 18 lakes in carbon transport management is applied in the form of the main area. By the end of 2012, 18.5 km of the an intelligent transport and traffic management system waterways and 13 lakes were completed, with another in the main area, including traffic information collection 2.4 km and one lake under construction. and release system, monitoring and security system, A total of 14 public service facilities were built and centralized traffic signal control system, and parking put into use since the start of the new town project, guiding system. including Shanghai Ruijin Hospital North, Shanghai New energy-saving and resource efficient Jiaotong University High School (Jiading Campus), technology is promoted in the new town. By fulfilling Jiading Library, Shanghai Hua Er Middle School, the construction standards of an energy, land, water, Jiading Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Jiading and material efficient district, Jiading New Town was Urban Planning Exhibition Hall, Jiading Defulu School awarded the title of first demonstration area for building and Shuangdinglu Kindergarden, with a construction energy-efficiency in Shanghai. Energy-saving gas area of 450,000 m2 and an investment of CNY2.5 billion air-conditioning operates in the Jiading Library and (about $401.3 million). old factories were renovated and transformed to an In the new town main area, 31 developers invested urban planning exhibition hall with geothermal pumps in 38 ongoing projects, with upscale residential as heat source. The Jiading Science and Education properties put on the market sequentially. By the end Center, formerly an old factory building, has energy- of 2012, the housing construction area reached 4.6 saving and water resource recovery technologies in million m2, including resettlement houses, with 2.5 place such as green roofs, geothermal heat-pump, ice million m2 completed and 1.9 million m2 sold, with a storage system, underground lighting guide devices, total investment of CNY20.0 billion (about $3.2 billion). and rainwater collection and reutilization systems.
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Yuanxiang Lake Park introduces an ecological water (ii) Tax Revenue treatment system, earth-covering structures, pervious The corporate tax revenue in the new town area material, and recycled material in its construction. from 2006 to 2012 amounted to about CNY2 billion (ii) Environmental Management Infrastructure (about $321 million); around 180,000 enterprises Environmental infrastructure and management in registered in Jiading New Town and about CNY1 billion Jiading New Town is vital. Renewable energy sources (about $161 million) from districts were allocated to the and technology are introduced. Solid waste treatment special fund for the new town construction. includes waste classification and segregation in pilot (iii) Loans, Bonds, and Trust Funds communities, waste reduction and recycling in market Since 2011, a total of about CNY10.0 billion (about fairs is under research, and waste transfer stations are $1.6 billion) has been raised for the Jiading New Town under construction. Project, with CNY8.2 billion (about $1.3 billion) from The 110kV Transformer Substation in Fengzhou commercial bank loans and CNY2.3 billion (about Road is the first digital substation used in Shanghai. $365.1 million) from trust funds, entrusted debt, and Energy efficient design and facility technologies were corporate bonds. applied such as geothermal air-conditioning and solar powered lighting that are estimated to save 41.2 t of 3.4 Innovations in Management standard coal units and reduce CO2 emissions by 79 t, Selecting renowned architects, developers, and an advanced level in the PRC. contractors for the projects guarantees the quality of the construction in Jiading New Town. However, to 3.3 Funding and Operations Model build a better image of new Jiading, the whole process The funding for the planning and construction of every project, from planning, design, construction to of Jiading New Town includes land transfer fees, tax management, must be monitored to control the quality revenues, loans, bonds, and trust funds. of market housing and office building. The following (i) Land Revenue attempts were made in Jiading. About 6,000 mu (1 Chinese mu = 666 m2) of land has been leased in Jiading New Town since 2003, with 3.4.1 Innovation in Approval Mechanism of Projects: a total transfer revenue of about CNY25 billion (about Developing Regulatory Plan and Establishing $3.9 billion). All land lease revenue from districts will go Landscape Control Committee into the construction special funds for the new town In 2006, the New Town Development Company after the cost is deducted. started to develop the regulatory plan as an urban
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Fig. 26 Statistics of Assigned Area of Operational Land in Jiading New Town over the Years Source: Shanghai Jiading New Town Development Company
168 Shanghai Jiading New Town: Adjusting a Plan Toward Sustainable Development
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Fig. 27 Annual Tax Revenue of Jiading New Town over the Year Source: Shanghai Jiading New Town Development Company
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Fig. 28 Financing Amount of Companies in Jiading New Town over the Years Source: Shanghai Jiading New Town Development Company design guideline to regulate the development of the typical feature of watertowns in the Jiangnan area, parcels, commercial and office buildings, colors, southern Yangtze River Delta, was showcased, and a exterior materials, public space design, height limit flexible space for the city square was reserved. of high-rises and multi-storey buildings, architectural style, and street furniture and signage. A Landscape 3.4.2 Innovation in Technical Tools for Project Committee was established to (i) evaluate the design Regulation: Implementing Additional Plans projects of every parcel and submit qualified approvals; According to Shanghai Technical Guidelines on (ii) examine and seal samples of architecture for Detailed Control Planning approved by Shanghai construction of facades and stop construction of Municipal Government Office, the control and guide in elements that do not complying with the guidelines; and Jiading New Town’s planning and construction adhere (iii) review the architectural form during the construction to a combination of regulatory and guiding plans. The period and upon completion and request remedies and detailed control plan developed in the scope of the changes as needed. main town area of Jiading New Town provides not only In Dongyun Street, for example, each parcel of the the regulatory plans but also the urban design guideline street has been implemented, and the effect of lanscape plans with added requirements. It further guides the control gradually became visible. With few exceptions, planning and construction of architectural design and the 30 developers cooperated to keep a unified style, ensures the quality of construction.
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In addition to the regulatory index required by the public utilities. The New Town Development Company Shanghai Technical Guidelines on Detailed Control handles the construction of the area, including public Planning, the scope of the regulatory plan for Jiading utilities, with special funds for new town development, New Town is extended, which includes minimal funds for public facilities, and special subsidy from the setbacks, building lines, and building heights along municipality. After the public facilities are constructed, the street, location of ground-level arcades, position management, and operation and maintenance (O&M) of high-rise buildings, quantitative controls for rooftop of the district facilities will be transferred to the district and vertical greening, and the position of entrance public service departments from the district budget and stairs to second floor. Regulatory plans for public office. The New Town Administrative Committee will utility and underground space was also expanded. carry out management, operation, and maintenance A comprehensive plan was formulated during the of the town facilities with the funds coming from the urban design phase to define the position and size of town budget. But in actual operation, the construction municipal facilities like substations and gas regulating of Jiading New Town often prefers construction to stations. management, and limited township financial resources Public bids to prepare an engineering and often cause the absence of high-level management. design plan was launched. The Jiading District Urban It is recommended to fully consider (i) the needs of Planning and Land Administration Bureau and the follow-up management in special funds for the new New Town Development Company cooperated to town, matching funds, and special allowance funds and organize competitions for design plans and decided (ii) improve the linkage mechanism of construction and the winning schemes, which were the basis for detailed management. construction design. In the end, the final engineering and technical program and design was to be publicly 3.5.2 Industry and City Integration Lags Behind auctioned. The program strictly regulates the technical Urban Construction elements like pipelines, elevation, and outdoors Jiading’s urbanization should have its own projects. The bidding documents require the buyers to character in the broader context of Shanghai’s carry out construction in strict accordance with the final development. It should build itself a beautiful plan. The New Town Development Company will bear environment for residents and workers while ensuring the planning and design expenditures as a part of the a development pattern that integrates industries and cost of land transfer. towns. The new town has succeeded in industrial In May 2013, the Shanghai municipal government transformation by introducing headquarters economy approved the Supplementary and Additional Plans in the past 2 years. It has attracted a number of of the Detailed Control Plans of Headquarter Park in headquarters for e-business enterprises like Jingdong, Jiading New Town, marking a new chapter for the new Baidu, and Eastmoney as well as Shanghai United town construction. Assets and Equity Exchange. However, to create a livable and business-friendly place, it is important 3.5 Challenges to attract more residents and gather consumption activities in the area. Since construction of Jiading New 3.5.1 Mechanism Linking Construction and Town started in 2004, Metro Line 11 and four major Management Needing Improvement landscape parks have been built, which attract people According to the Document Published by the to the new town. However, more people need to move District Government of Jiading[2012] NO.15, the to Jiading, which is constrained by a slow development Jiading New Town Administrative Committee takes of industries and commercial facilities. Jiading New charge of the planning for the 64-km2 area and its Town will continue to work on a “livable and business-
170 Shanghai Jiading New Town: Adjusting a Plan Toward Sustainable Development
friendly” environment to integrate good industries and planning, land transfer management, and construction. a good life. The industrial land in the main area is redeveloped as commercial, residential, and green land. The 3.5.3 Commercial Areas Become Excessive and industrial land concentrated around the main area is Competition among Similar Kinds Is Fierce planned as reserve land in the near future. It will be The current commercial areas planned in Jiading later redeveloped as a science and research park, and New Town include two business centers in Yuanxiang commercial and office center in the long term. The Lake and Jiading New Town Station, comprised of well-preserved factories in the industrial areas will be three commercial streets, four commercial mixed-use converted into public social service facilities, such as developments, and seven neighborhood centers. There the Planning Exhibition Center and the Science and are plans for 21 commercial mixed-use developments Research Center. within the new town with a total gross floor area of more than 700,000 square meters (m2), about 6 m2 4.1.2 Urban Design per resident. However, given the current situation, the The goal of the plan is to build a livable city with business property has been excessively developed green open spaces and ecological water environments although industries in the suburban areas are still with one lake per kilometer, a forest per hectometer, transforming into modern service industries. It seems interwoven water bodies, and the fragrance of lotus that most business properties are redundant and the flowers in the air, making it attractive for residents and business volume seems to still exceed the capacity of workers. consumption in the area. The famous historic and cultural city center of Jiading in the northern district has been well preserved, 4 Evaluation of the Implementation of the Plan restored, and revitalized, with low buildings to contrast with the Fahua Pagoda, the local historic landmark. After the plan was implemented, achievements The new area in the south represents a simple modern were made in the redevelopment of brownfields, style, fitting with its industrial orientation as a motor urban landscape and ecological park development, town with automotive industries. Based on current and public facilities. However, further improvement urban construction, the whole district will later show is needed in regional integration, harmonization of an integrated and contracted style with both watertown urban development with industrial development, traditions in the Jiangnan style, the style in the southern rehabilitation of water ecology and riverside areas, as Yangtze River Delta, and morden intepretation of that well as improvement to the transport system. theme with simple architectural expression. In the next phase of construction, the small-scale 4.1 Lessons Learned neighborhoods in the central district will be improved and rehabilitated with a more flexible and accessible 4.1.1 Redevelopment of Brownfields road system. There will be more bypasses, corridors As an old industrial base in Shanghai, Jiading within neighborhoods, and improved cross-sections of accommodates land for industrial use. In its roads and pedestrian streets to improve access to the southwards development, Jiading New Town adopts a area. strategy of phased building construction to redevelop industrial land and adapt it to uses for the main area 4.1.3 Public Green Open Space System and and residential uses. Jiading New Town Company Ecological Projects was created in Jiading District. As a state-owned The Jiading New Town Master Plan specifies a development company, it is in charge of the overall green space system made up of one core park, one
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Fig. 29 Land Use of the Main Urban Area of Jiading New Town, 1996 Source: Shanghai Urban Planning and Design Research Institute; Current Situation of Land Use Database
172 Shanghai Jiading New Town: Adjusting a Plan Toward Sustainable Development
Fig. 30 Land Use of the Main Urban Area of Jiading New Town, 2010 Source: Shanghai Urban Planning and Design Research Institute; Current Situation of Land Use Database
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Fig. 31 Urban Design of the Main Urban Area of Jiading New Town Source: Jiading Planning and Land Resource Administration Bureau
Fig. 32 Photos and Satellite Image of Zhouqiao. Restored and Revitalized Historic Jiading of Jiading New Town Source: Photos by the Writers and Satellite Image from Google Maps
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Fig. 33 Analysis and Effect of the Road System, Main Urban Area, Jiading New Town Source: Jiading District Planning and Land Administration Bureau
green axis, two green rings, and multiple parks and green corridors. More space was reserved for ecological 4.1.4 Public Service Facilities rehabilitation projects in the future. The Jiaoye Park Public facilities were prioritized in the construction in Northern Jiading and the suburban forest rings will of Jiading New Town. General service improved in the contribute to ecosystems services and park amenities new town and resulted in attracting more residents in Jiading New Town and improve the livability for all with the completion of many facilities, including people. cultural, education, sports, and health facilities.
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Fig. 34 Planning of the Greenfield System, Main Urban Area, Jiading New Town Source: Shanghai Urban Planning and Design Research Institute, Revision of the Overall Plan for Main Urban Area in Jiading, 20122020
In November 2008, Phase 1 construction of In August 2009, Jiading New Town Urban Planning Yuanxiang Lake started, echoing the Shang-shaped Exhibition Hall was completed and opened to the Formula One race track on the west landscape axis public. On December 24, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital of Ziqidonglai Park. In January 2009, the Jiading Poly North, an affiliation to the School of Medicine of Theater opened (design by Japanese architect Tadao Shanghai Jiaotong University started its operation. In Ando). In April 2009, Jiading Friendship Park opened. November 2009, the signing ceremony of Shanghai
176 Shanghai Jiading New Town: Adjusting a Plan Toward Sustainable Development
Jiabao Forest Raocheng Forest
Jiading New Town Ziqidonglai Axis Yuanxiang Lake
Lvzhu Lake
Fig. 35 Present Main Scene Node, Main Urban Area, Jiading New Town Source: Jiading Planning and Land Resource Administration Bureau
Maternity and Infant Health Hospital Justice Center Library (Culture Center) Poly Theatre
Kindergarten New Town Planning Pavilion Ruijin Hospital North Poly Theatre
Fig. 36 Present Situation and Effect of the Main Public Service Facilities, Main Urban Area, Jiading New Town Source: Jiading Planning and Land Resource Administration Bureau
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Jiaotong University High School, Jiading Campus was but regional cooperation is not fully considered in its held. In December 2009, the first section of the north planning. Improvements should be made in intergrated end of Line 11 was completed and put into use. In planning and development of industries, land use, and January 2010, the construction of the new library and transportation in coordination with adjacent towns and museum started. cities, especially with Kunshan and Taicang.
4.2 Reflection 4.2.2 Integration of Town and Industry There are large areas of industrial land and 4.2.1 Regional Integration companies in the new town with a large number of The development of new towns in Shanghai, jobs. Currently most jobs are in low-end manufacturing, especially Jiading New Town, needs to be looked which does not align with the development strategy at from a regional development perspective. The for Jiading New Town. Qualified talents cannot role of Jiading New Town should be understood find adequate employment here, which causes an in the context of the Yangtze River Delta Mega- imbalance between jobs and housing. However, the Agglomeration, a world-class city cluster within strong manufacturing base and the large number of Shanghai Municipality and the provinces of Anhui, jobs is one of the key strengths of Jiading New Town. Jiangsu, and Zhejiang. The industrial structure of Jiading New Town Jiading New Town and its role also needs to be should be further improved. Industries should be understood from the Shanghai Megacity perspective, upgraded to enhance the function and balance the based on interactions in terms of society, economy, and high quality housing supply with adequate, qualified environment, and the relationships of co-urbanization jobs, which would contribute to a better population between Shanghai, Suzhou, and Jiaxing. distribution in the Yangtze River Delta Agglomeration As the northwestern gateway to Shanghai, Region. Jiading New Town is the frontier to Jiangsu Province,
Fig. 37 Planning of the Hinterland of Yangtze River Delta Source: Shanghai Urban Planning and Design Research Institute
178 Shanghai Jiading New Town: Adjusting a Plan Toward Sustainable Development
Fig. 38 Strategic Planning of Shanghai as a Metropolis Source: Shanghai Urban Planning and Design Research Institute
complete transport network to the central city has yet 4.2.3 Upgrading the Waterfront Areas to be built. Historically known as Lianqi, Jiading was named While Metro Line 11 is convenient, it has many after its main river within its territory, the Lianqi stations close to each other, which reduces its speed River. There are four main rivers flowing throught and increases the trip duration between Jiading New the district: the Hengli, Lianqi, Qiqian, and Yunzao Town and Shanghai’s center city. Traffic congestion on rivers. Currently, areas along the river banks are the expressway frustrate the commuters. Therefore, mostly used for industries and warehousing with poor improved links with the center city and other suburban accessibility. The potential of riverfront development towns like Qingpu and Songjiang districts, Kunshan, has not been utilized. Hence, lessons learned from and Taicang in the region are needed. Shanghai needs successful international and domestic cases of renewal to introduce a rapid commuter rail system as regional of waterways, ecological rehabilitation of rivers and rail networks linking the center city with the new towns riparian landscapes, river greenways, and waterfront and the suburban areas with high-speed, high volume developments should be applied in the next phase of rail service. This missing intermediary system between Jiading New Town development. citywide metro systems and intercity high-speed rail network is also missing in other agglomeration regions 4.2.4 Optimization of Comprehensive Transportation in the PRC and needs urgent attention, planning, and Currently, commuters rely heavily on the investments. Meanwhile, it also needs to optimize the Shanghai-Jiading Expressway because of limited internal transportation system within the new town accessiblity and capacity of public transport. A more area.
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Fig. 39 Land Use of Jiading, Kunshan, and Taicang Source: Shanghai Urban Planning and Design Research Institute
180 Shanghai Jiading New Town: Adjusting a Plan Toward Sustainable Development
Fig. 40 Land Use Planning, Main Urban Area, Jiading New Town Source: Shanghai Urban Planning and Design Research Institute, Revision of the Overall Plan for Main Urban Area in Jiading, 2012–2020 (Unapproved)
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Fig. 41 Present Situation Along Wenzaobang Source: Author
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Fig. 42 Present Land Use Situation Along Wenzaobang Street, Jiading District Source: Shanghai Urban Planning and Design Research Institute, Report on Current Space Situation alongside the Wenzaobang Street in Jiading District
182 Shanghai Jiading New Town: Adjusting a Plan Toward Sustainable Development
Fig. 43 Analysis of the Relationship between Expressway and Rail Transit in New Towns in Suburb Shanghai and in the Central City Source: Shanghai Urban Planning and Design Research Institute
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high-volume, high-speed suburb-city and suburb- 5 Conclusion suburb commuter rails; and improve green networks, waterfront parks, environmental protection, ecological Ten years of rapidly developing new towns restoration, and environmental management. surrounding the center city and promoting urban-rural integration in Shanghai has been very successful in References managing a balanced and orderly urbanization in the [1] Shanghai Urban Planning and Design Research Institute. heart of the Yangtze River Delta Mega-Agglomeration Evaluation of Planning and Construction of New Towns[R]. [2] Shanghai Urban Planning and Design Research Institute. Region. A further improved development of new Revised General Planning of the Main Urban Area of Jiading, towns will continue to contribute greatly to the future 2012–2020[R]. sustainable development of Shanghai. Advancing new [3] Shanghai Urban Planning and Design Research Institute. town construction in Shanghai, reducing the strain on Strategic Research on Urban-Rural Development Planning the center city, and optimizing the distribution of urban for Shanghai as a Metropolis in the Context of "Innovation- development are important measures for the future of driven and transformational Development"[R]. 2012. [4] Shanghai Municipal Planning, Land and Resources Shanghai and the Yangtze River Delta Region. Closer Administration. Scientific Planning Oriented Toward People cooperation among cities in the region and innovation- to Accelerate the Innovative and Transformative Development driven transformative economic development of of Shanghai as a Metropolis[R]. Shanghai and the region is crucial. [5] Shanghai Municipal Urban Planning Administration Bureau New towns grow rapidly, their economies & Shanghai Urban Planning and Design Research Institute. develop fast, the cityscapes improve, and the needs Recent Urban Construction and Planning of Shanghai, 2006–2010[R]. of residents and industries are served increasingly [6] Shanghai Urban Planning and Design Research Institute. well. Many challenges such as extensive land use, Inspiration by Tracing History – Evolution of Urban Planning lack of resident population and jobs, inadequate of Shanghai[M]. Shanghai: Tongji University Press, 2008. land use structures, and lack of adequate transport [7] Shanghai Urban Planning and Design Research Institute infrastructure remain. Implementation of the General Planning of Regions in Successful experience of brownfield redevelopment, Jiading District, 2006–2020[R]. [8] Shanghai Municipal Government(1999–2020). Urban General ecological infrastructure and green space integration, Planning of Shanghai[R]. 2001. urban design, and public facilities can be used as [9] Shanghai Urban Planning and Design Research Institute. reference for other new towns. Strategic Research on Shanghai New Town During the However, Jiading New Town urgently needs to Twelfth Five Year Plan[R]. 2011. improve development. It needs to improve industrial [10] Zhangjie, Zhaomin. Theory and Practice of New Town development; upgrade job levels; improve integration Planning: A Century Interpretation of Garden City Idea[M]. Beijing: PRC Architecture and Building Press, 2005. of industrial transformation with research and development; improve transport systems, including
184 www.tongji-adb-ukh.org
ADB-Tongji Urban Knowledge Sharing Seminar, Shanghai, 12-13 November 2013 New Towns and New Districts in China-Challenges and Opportunities
This book is the result of the hub’s activities that culminated in the workshop in 2013.
The Urban Knowledge Hub is a pioneering initiative made possible through partnership between the East Asia Department of the Asian Development Bank and the College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tongji University in Shanghai. Given the enormous scale and continuing nature of urbanization, the goal is to nurture productive knowledge exchanges in urban management which can be applied within the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and elsewhere in Asia and the Pacific.
The Workshop program has been as follows:
Fourth Seminar. Following three successful Urban Knowledge Sharing Seminars in 2010, 2011 and 2012, the Asian Development Bank (ADB)-Tongji University Regional Knowledge Hub for Sustainable Urban Development is organizing the fourth seminar in 2013 to disseminate best practices in sustainable urban development in the People’s Republic of China. The topic of this year’s seminar will be New Towns and New Districts in China – Challenges and Opportunities. Best practices case studies of recently planned and implemented New Towns and New Districts in the People’s Republic of China will be presented and lessons learned will be discussed followed by field visits to some of the examples in and near Shanghai. This year’s seminar is organized in cooperation with ADB’s Regional Knowledge Sharing Initiative.
Day 1. The morning session on Day 1 will include ADB, Tongji University and Shanghai Municipal Government welcoming addresses and presentations by international resource persons who will introduce the topic and share state of the art approaches to planning, implementation and administration of New Town and New District developments. Later in the morning the exhibition on New Towns will be opened. The last morning session and the first three afternoon sessions of Day 1 will include portraits and case study presentations emphasizing lessons learned from the process and from the life in and operations of the New Towns and New Districts. These presentations will be followed by a panel and plenary discussion. The afternoon sessions conclude with a panel and plenary discussion. Following the tradition, on Day 1 in the evening, the Urban Knowledge Hub Good Practices Award will be presented to representatives of the respective award winning projects.
Day 2. Participants will be taken on a site visit to those good practices cases of New Towns and New Districts presented on Day 1 which are within reach of Shanghai via bus: Shanghai Jiading New District and Wuxi Taihu New Town. Participants will be able to ask and discuss with planners and administrators involved in the preparation and administration of the New Town and New District projects.
185 New Towns and New Districts Case Studies from the People’s Republic of China
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2VFTUJPOTBOE"OTXFST ,FZOPUF4QFFDIFT4FTTJPO .PEFSBUPS.BSJB1JB"ODPSB 6SCBO%FWFMPQNFOU $BTF4UVEZ 4QFDJBMJTU &BTU"TJB%FQBSUNFOU "%# .PEFSBUPS4UFGBO3BV 6SCBO%FWFMPQNFOU4QFDJBMJTU &BTU"TJB%FQBSUNFOU "%# New Towns Development in Delhi, Mumbai and Kolkata 1SPG,BWBT,BQBEJB 'PSNFS%FBO 4DIPPMPG Wuxi Taihu New Town: A Low-Carbon Eco-City 1MBOOJOH"SDIJUFDUVSF /FX%FMIJ *OEJB 9JBPMJ8V %FQVUZ$IJFG1MBOOFS 4IFO[IFO 6SCBO1MBOOJOHBOE%FTJHO*OTUJUVUF Eco-Cities in Europe-Compact, Mixed-Use, Green, .T9JBPYJOH'FOH %FQVUZ%JSFDUPS /FX5PXO Livable New Districts %JWJTJPOPG8VYJ1MBOOJOH#VSFBV 4UFGBO3BV 6SCBO%FWFMPQNFOU4QFDJBMJTU &BTU "TJB%FQBSUNFOU "%# 2VFTUJPOTBOE"OTXFST
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186 Appendix: ADB-Tongji Urban Knowledge Sharing Seminar
$BTF4UVEZ 4FNJOBS$MPTJOH3FNBSLT .PEFSBUPS1SPG8FJRJBOH8BOH $"61 5POHKJ6OJWFSTJUZ )BNJE4IBSJG $PVOUSZ%JSFDUPS "%#T3FTJEFOU Beichuan: A New Town Rising from Post-Disaster .JTTJPOJOUIF1FPQMFT3FQVCMJDPG$IJOB Rubble 1SPG;JMBJ5BOH )FBEPG1MBOOJOH%FQBSUNFOU %FHBP;IFOH %JSFDUPS 4IBOHIBJ#SBODI $"61 5POHKJ6OJWFSTJUZ $IJOFTF"DBEFNZPG6SCBO1MBOOJOH%FTJHO 8BOH)F 7JDF4FDSFUBSZ(FOFSBM .JBOZBOH %JOOFS3FDFQUJPO 5BOHHPOH3FTUBVSBOU OE $JUZ 4JDIVBO1SPWJODF 'PSNFS7JDF.BZPS 'MPPSPG.BHOPUFM)PUFM #FJDIVBO$PVOUZ
2VFTUJPOTBOE"OTXFST %BZ /PWFNCFS4UVEZ5PVSUP4IBOHIBJ BOE8VYJ 1BOFMBOE1MFOBSZ%JTDVTTJPO 4UVEZ5PVSUP/FX5PXOT/FX%JTUSJDUTGSPN .PEFSBUPS %JXFTI4IBSBO %JSFDUPS 6SCBOBOE4PDJBM $BTF4UVEJFT 4FDUPS%JWJTJPO &BTU"TJB%FQBSUNFOU "%# 4JUF7JTJUPG4IBOHIBJ+JBEJOH/FX%JTUSJDU Panel Discussion: Lessons Learned from the Case Studies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onclusion: Lessons Learned for ADB Project %JTDVTTXJUI1MBOOFSTBOE-PDBM0GGJDJBMT Cities %JXFTI4IBSBO %JSFDUPS 6SCBOBOE4PDJBM 2VFTUJPOT"OTXFST4FTTJPOXJUI1MBOOFSTBOE 4FDUPS%JWJTJPO &BTU"TJB%FQBSUNFOU "%# -PDBM0GGJDJBMT
6SCBO,OPXMFEHF)VC"XBSET$FSFNPOZ %JOOFSJO8VYJ .PEFSBUPS1SPG-BO8BOH $"61 5POHKJ6OJWFSTJUZ 3FUVSOUP4IBOHIBJ Best Practices Awards in 2013 "SSJWBMBU5POHKJ6OJWFSTJUZ 4IBOHIBJ
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