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Innovative Implantable and Wearable Medical Devices Enabled By The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School INNOVATIVE IMPLANTABLE AND WEARABLE MEDICAL DEVICES ENABLED BY ULTRASONIC POWER TRANSFER AND PIEZOELECTRIC ENERGY HARVESTING A Dissertation in Electrical Engineering by Miao Meng © 2019 Miao Meng Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2019 The dissertation of Miao Meng was reviewed and approved* by the following: Mehdi Kiani Assistant Professor of Electrical Engineering Dissertation Advisor Chair of Committee Qiming Zhang Professor of Electrical Engineering Weihua Guan Assistant Professor of Electrical Engineering Susan Trolier-McKinstry Professor of Ceramic Science and Engineering Kultegin Aydin Department Head of Electrical Engineering and Professor *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School ii Abstract The objective of the research work enclosed in this dissertation is to develop high-performance wireless power and data transfer technologies as well as energy harvesting techniques for implantable and wearable medical devices. The first part of the research work focuses on developing wireless power transmission (WPT) to and communication with millimeter (mm)-sized implantable medical devices (IMDs). Ultrasonic and inductive techniques are developed to achieve high power transfer efficiency (PTE) and low-power pulse-based communication. The second part is to implement an ultrasonic wireless link in a real-world application of ultrasonically interrogated distributed system for gastric slow-wave (SW) recording. The third part is to develop a power management integrated circuit (PMIC) for piezoelectric energy harvesting in next generation self- powered wearables. Wireless power and data transmission techniques have been proven to be promising solutions for IMDs considering size, weight and lifetime limitations, such as bioelectronic medicines, biosensors, and neural recording/stimulation systems. Ultrasonic links utilizing piezoelectric transducers have shown advantages over other techniques in miniaturizing the IMDs which can greatly reduce the invasiveness and increase the longevity of the IMDs while maintaining high efficiency, especially for applications requiring deep implantation. Ultrasonic wireless links can be used in many applications. In this dissertation, an ultrasonically interrogated (power/data) distributed system (Gastric Seed) is proposed for large-scale gastric SW recording. Efficient ultrasonic power links and low-power pulse-based data communication are developed. A Gastric Seed chip is developed with emphasis on self-regulated power management and addressable pulse-based data communication. The self-regulated power management can perform rectification, regulation, and over-voltage protection in one step using only one off-chip capacitor which significantly reduces the size of the Gastric Seeds. The addressable pulse-based data communication is proposed and implemented as a proof-of-concept distributed Gastric Seeds. The pulse-based data communication consumes ultra-low power of 440 pJ/bit. Energy harvesting has become more attractive for self-powered wearables that can enable vigilant health monitoring with 24/7 operation. Piezoelectric energy harvesters (PEHs) can be excited by iii mechanical vibrations to convert mechanical energy into usable electrical power. PEH is in favor because of high power density and scalability. This outlines the need for an efficient energy- harvesting PMIC to extract maximum energy from PEHs that can be used for self-powered wearables. This dissertation summarizes the contributions in research areas of ultrasonic power and data communication links and energy harvesting PMIC for PEHs. The contributions include 1) development of the theory and proposing the design methodology to optimize the PTE of ultrasonic links involving mm-sized receivers (Rx), 2) design, development, and validation of a hybrid inductive-ultrasonic WPT link for powering mm-sized implants utilizing two cascaded co- optimized inductive and ultrasonic links for WPT through media involving air/bone and tissue, 3) proposing the concept of self-image-guided ultrasonic (SIG-US) interrogation in a distributed, addressable peripheral nerve recording system to ensure high delivered power regardless of the implant’s movements by automatically tracking the location of the implant in real time, 4) development of a mm-sized Gastric Seed chip towards a distributed recording system for acquiring gastric SWs at a large scale, and 5) development of an autonomous multi-input reconfigurable power-management chip for optimal energy harvesting from weak multi-axial human motion using a multi-beam PEH. iv Table of Contents List of Figures ......................................................................................................................... viii List of Tables ...........................................................................................................................xiv List of Abbreviations................................................................................................................. xv Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................... xviii Chapter 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................1 Wireless Power and Data Transmission to Implantable Medical Devices (IMDs) ..............1 Ultrasonically Interrogated Gastric Wave Recording System .............................................3 Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting of Multi-Axial Human Motion ........................................3 Contributions .....................................................................................................................5 1.4.1 Ultrasonic Power Transmission to Millimeter-Sized Implantable Medical Devices ......5 1.4.2 Ultrasonically Interrogated Distributed System for Large-Scale Gastric Slow-Wave Recording (Gastric Seed) .....................................................................................................6 1.4.3 Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting ..................................................................................6 Chapter 2 Free-Floating Ultrasonically Interrogated (Power/Data) Gastric Recording System .....7 Significance .......................................................................................................................7 Current Technologies for High-Resolution Monitoring of Slow-Waves .............................9 Motivation ....................................................................................................................... 10 Proposed System with Ultrasonic Free-Floating Distributed Implants .............................. 11 Chapter 3 Design and Optimization of Ultrasonic Wireless Power Transmission Links for Millimeter-Sized Implantable Medical Devices ......................................................................... 13 Theory of Ultrasonic Wireless Power Transmission ......................................................... 15 3.1.1 Design Parameters for Ultrasonic Transmitter ........................................................... 16 3.1.2 Design Parameters for Ultrasonic Receiver ................................................................ 17 3.1.3 Acoustic Matching .................................................................................................... 18 Optimal Design of Ultrasonic Wireless Power Transmission Links .................................. 18 3.2.1 Ultrasonic Link Design Procedure ............................................................................. 19 v 3.2.2 Ultrasonic Link Design Example for mm-sized Implants ........................................... 21 Measurement Results ....................................................................................................... 24 Comparison of Series and Parallel Resonance Based on FEM Simulation of Ultrasonic Wireless Power Transmission to Millimeter-Sized Biomedical Implants ............................... 29 Ultrasonic Power Link Considering Misalignment ........................................................... 33 Conclusions ..................................................................................................................... 36 Chapter 4 A Hybrid Inductive-Ultrasonic Link for Wireless Power Transmission to Millimeter- Sized Biomedical Implants ........................................................................................................ 38 Hybrid Inductive-Ultrasonic WPT Link ........................................................................... 39 4.1.1 Design and Optimization of the Ultrasonic WPT Link ............................................... 39 4.1.2 Design and Optimization of the Inductive Link.......................................................... 40 4.1.3 Hybrid Link Design Example .................................................................................... 41 Simulation and Measurement Results .............................................................................. 43 Conclusions ..................................................................................................................... 46 Chapter 5 Self-Image-Guided Ultrasonic Power Transmission to mm-Sized Implantable Devices ................................................................................................................................................. 47 Self-Image-Guided Ultrasonic
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