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Home , Alfred Lucas (chemist), Crocodile (pharaoh), Djer, Djet, Elephant (pharaoh), George Andrew Reisner

A Journey Up the

Exploring the of Ancient Meghan Strong, PhD History of Archaeology in Egypt

Wallis, Excavating at the Ramesseum, 1895

Egyptology - is the study of ancient Egyptian history, language, literature, religion, architecture and art from the 5th millennium BC until the end of its native religious practices in the 4th century AD. A practitioner of the discipline is an Egyptologist.

Phases of

 Treasure hunting

 Biblical archaeology and antiquarianism

 Nazis and Nationalism

 Pyramid builders

 Revolution and Post-Arab Spring Thutmose IV (ca. 1400 BC) Khaemwaset (ca. 1280 – 1220 BC) Description de l'Égypte

Published following Napoleon’s expedition to Egypt from 1799 – 1802

First edition composed of 23 folios published from 1809-1822

Inspired travelers, artists, and opportunists to journey to Egypt

Sparked the beginnings of modern Egyptology

Frontispiece for Description de l'Égypte Frédéric Cailliaud

Vivant Denon Roberts, Statues of Memnon during the flood Giovanni Belzoni (Egypt: 1812-1819)

Partial monumental statue of II Sarcophagus lid of Ramesses III (E.1.123); (EA19); , London Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge Alma-Tadema, The Finding of Moses

 Draftsmanship/ archaeological illustration

 Photography (Harry Burton)

 Conservation (Alfred Lucas)

Great White Race

James Henry Breasted George Andrew Reisner Who were the ancient Egyptians?

How did they build their civilization?

Egyptian Worldview

John Reinhard Weguelin – The Obsequies of an Egyptian Cat (1886) Chronology

3100 – 2686 BC Early Dynastic (Dynasty 0 – 2) 2686 – 2181 BC Old Kingdom (Dynasty 3 – 6) 2181 – 2025 BC First Intermediate Period (Dyn. 7 – 10) 2025 – 1700 BC Middle Kingdom (Dyn. 11 – 13) 1700 – 1550 BC Second Intermediate Period (Dyn. 14 – 17) 1550 – 1069 BC New Kingdom (Dyn. 18 – 20) 1069 – 664 BC Third Intermediate Period (Dyn. 21 – 25) 664 – 332 BC Late Period (Dyn. 26 – 31) 332 – 30 BC Ptolemaic Period Keep ma’at and carry on

• Balance and order in the universe

• Personified as the goddess,

Tomb of (QV66); , Egypt

Statue of Maat; Third Intermediate Period; , Painted chest of Tutankhamun; Egyptian Museum, Cairo Keeping Ma’at = Paradise Duality Duality in Nature

• Day (sunrise/birth) • Night (sunset/death)

• Inundation [Akhet] • Drought (death) (destruction/birth) • West • East (sunrise/living) (sunset/afterlife) Red Land and Black Land Kmt - Black Land Dshrt- Red Land Netcheru - Gods

Tomb 100

• Hierakonpolis/ (ca. 3500 – 3100BC) • Predynastic tombs with animals and earliest painted tomb (ca. 3500 – 3200BC) • Palette and Main Deposit (ca. 3100 – 3000BC)

2 feet

Found in 1898 by Quibell and Green in the Temple of at Hierakonpolis ; , Oxford

Narmer macehead; Ashmolean Museum, Oxford Kingship

• Powerful, divine ruler

• Head religious figure, kingship affirmed by ritual

• Head of state

• Protector of Egypt – from foreigners, chaotic forces, etc.

• Central to maintenance of ma’at

Tomb 16 Complex

• African 39 Individuals • Aurochs • 1 little person (age 40) • None younger than 8 or older • Hartebeest than 35 • Hippopotamus • More than 75% under age of • 15 and young women • 2 baboons • Nearby another complex • 15 cows found with a leopard, ostrich, crocodile, 6 baboons, 14 • 2 goats humans (including 1 little • 28 dogs person) http://www.hierakonpolis-online.org/ Abydos

Temple of (ca. 1290 – 1279 BC) Tomb of (ca. 1650-1600 BC) Origins of Egyptian State

• Militaristic

• Agricultural

• Specialized craft production Abydos

Early Dynastic • Abydos (ca. 3100 – 2650 BC) • Tomb U-j, 1st Dynasty burials including Narmer, , , and Qa’a (ca. 2920 – 2770 BC) at Umm el Qa’ab • Valley enclosures of , Peribsen, Djer, and (ca. 2900 – 2650 BC)

Tomb of King Djer (ca. 3000 BC)

Umm el-Qaab