MBA (TOURISM MANAGEMENT) IVTH SEMESTER

EMERGING TRENDS IN TOURISM BY: Dr. SIDHANSHU RAI

MBA (TOURISM MANAGEMENT) IVTH SEMESTER EMERGING TRENDS IN TOURISM

UNIT-1 Adventure Tourism: Emerging Trends:

Different new types of concepts emerging in Tourism and its Dimensions. Concept of Adventure, Types of adventure sports and tourism, Land based Adventure (Trekking, Mountaineering, Rock Climbing etc), Water based adventure (Water surfing, white water rafting, para-sailing etc) and Air based adventure (Parachute jumping, Gliding, para-gliding etc) Different new types of concepts emerging in Tourism and its Dimensions.

SPACE TOURISM

CINEMA TOURISM

WILDERNESS TOURISM

GREEN TOURISM

AGRICULTURAL TOURISM

FARM TOURISM

HEALTH TOURISM

MEDICAL TOURISM

SPORTS TOURISM

ECO TOURISM

RURAL TOURISM SPACE TOURISM

Dennis Tito (USA) became the first ever person (cosmonaut) to travel to the International space Station (ISS) as a space tourist. With this journey, the age of travel (on a commercial basis) commenced in the real sense of the word. The costs of the space travel are still high. Space tourism is human space travel for recreational purposes. There are several different types of space tourism, including orbital, suborbital and lunar space tourism. To date, orbital space tourism has been performed only by the Russian Space Agency.

CINEMA TOURISM

It is also called ‘Hollywood Tourism’ because whenever tourists visit the state of California, they visit famous film studios of Los Angeles, the Mecca of cinema. This trend is catching up at a fast pace in India too. The tourists can be taken to the finest of hooting locations and shown how movies are made. Hollywood has a system of taking tourists on thrilling trips to various studios like Paramount, MGM, Columbia etc. The concept behind this type of tourism is that, tourists would have the glimpses of their favorite stars (who would be engaged in the shooting of movies) and at the same time they would also be able to enjoy the beauty of those places or shooting locations.

WILDERNESS TOURISM

Under this concept, tourists are taken to remote areas which are far away from human settlements. These tourists want to enjoy the silence of the nature. We can keep wilderness tourism and Adventure tourism in same footing. The guiding force behind these two is – Explore the nature, to the maximum possible extent. GREEN TOURISM

In this concept, tourists are motivated to preserve the natural beauty of the tourist spot visited by them. E.g. Mountain climbers, who try to scale Mt. Everest, clean the passage to the summit. They remove the garbage that were thrown by tourists or climbers. Such cleaning exercises are being carried out to protect this region from a natural disaster. AGRICULTURAL TOURISM

The idea behind this concept is to educate the techniques and concepts of tradional agriculture. This type of tourists could be students of agricultural sciences and other such branches of education as are directly or indirectly related to the field of agriculture. But these are tourists and not students in the real sense of the word. They will enjoy the traditional hospitality of the farmers and at the same time, learn a lot about the field. FARM TOURISM

It is somewhat similar to Agricultural Tourism. The main difference is that Agricultural Tourism is a rural concept and Farm tourism is an urban concept. In urban areas, there is a trend of constructing walls around fields and manage those fields (which are small pieces of land) on a professional basis. These farms are beautifully decorated, despite the fact that, their chief products are fruits vegetable s and flowers. In fact the owners of these farms develop these for the purpose of their vacations. Their employees grow crops, fruits, and flowers and sell these in the markets. So owners earn profits while their employees also stand to gain. The tourist organizations of the country interacted with these farm owners and the tourist were taken to these farms and bestowed the best in terms of food, liquor and hospitality. The Indian farm houses are available at the outskirts of Delhi, Bangalore, Pune, Chandigarh and many other cities of northern India. HEALTH TOURISM

Health tourism concentrating on the naturopathy. India is known for the traditional healthcare systems and therapies. Some of these include yoga, aromatherapy, ayurveda and naturopathy. Physical euphoria is the name of the game and Indian tourism can given a vent to this passion of foreigners. In 2002, the Centre for Bharatiya Marketing Development (CBMD) organized a Swadeshi Arogya Mela to promote health tourism in Delhi. It was supported by the Ministry of heath and Family welfare. Foreigners are health freaks (crazy0 in and if they can get state-of-the-art health treatment by natural means. Today health tourism is the Unique Selling Proposition (USP) of Indian Tourism that can help this country to promote tourism. MEDICAL TOURISM

Medical Tourism is quite different from health tourism. Medical tourism concentrates on the corrective power of modern medicine (allopathic).Medical treatments and surgeries cost a lot in UK, USA, Australia and other nations of the west. But in India this procedure will comparatively cheap. Several patients have come from Africa and the neighboring countries of India to popular hospitals like Apollo (Delhi), Gangaram (Delhi) to attain perfect health. These patients cannot become tourists, as the main objective of their visits is treatment, but this is also an opportunity for the doctors, paramedics and travel agents. They can utilize these opportunities and develop India as a prominent destination for medical tourism. Kerala tourism declared ‘2006’ as the year of Medical Tourism.

SPORTS TOURISM

In this category of tourism, people visit other countries to watch live sports competitions and matches. They become sports tourists in this context. They watch matches and sports events for which, they book their tickets in advance. They also travel in the country, which organizes these competitions. (In India, cricket tourism is more popular. Charity matches in the field of cricket are not a new phenomenon. If these are organize to bring foreign cricket players and tourists, then India become the hot destination for cricket tourism. We would have to depend upon cricket tourism till the time our sports stars start giving sterling performances in other sports fields as well.

ECO - TOURISM

Eco tourism is a new concept in tourism. Compared to conventional tourism, ecotourism requires less tourism infrastructure facilities and services as eco tourists demand less accommodation and material comforts. Thus ecotourism would entail a reduced impact on environment.

In short in a most simple way ecotourism can be conceptualize as follows –

any tourism program which is

(a) nature based

(b) ecologically sustainable

(c) where education and interpretation are major components and

(d) where local people are benefited –can be called eco tourism.

If it does not satisfy any one of these components then it can not be called a real eco tourism program. RURAL - TOURISM

In this concept advertising/hotel/tourism/entertainment. Tourists are taken to rural areas as are fresh, untouched by materialism and very natural. Rural Tourist destinations are the showcases of our centuries old culture. Many urban dwellers want to get away from the tensions of urban life. They seek relaxation and quite places. Concept of Adventure

An adventure is an exciting experience that is typically a bold, sometimes risky, undertaking. Adventures may be activities with some potential for physical danger such as traveling, exploring, skydiving, mountain climbing, scuba diving, river rafting or participating in extreme sports.

an exciting or very unusual experience. participation in exciting undertakings or enterprises: the spirit of adventure. a bold, usually risky undertaking; hazardous action of uncertain outcome.

Types of adventure tourism

There are basically two types of adventure tourism –

 HARD ADVENTURE TOURISM  SOFT ADVENTURE TOURISM

The types of adventure tourism consists different adventure sports according to their head of types of adventure i.e hard adventure and soft adventure. Hard and Soft adventure activities are as follows:

The basis of the classification of the adventure tourism sports are: (A)

Trekking

Adventure

Mountaineering

Based Based Rock Climbing

Land

TREKKING

"Trekking is a form of walking, undertaken with the specific purpose of exploring and enjoying the scenery. It usually takes place on trails in areas of relatively unspoiled wilderness." Trekking is a form of walking, undertaken with the specific purpose of exploring and enjoying the scenery. MOUNTAINEERING

The mountainscape and its high himalyan peaks are not only attracting the foreigners but even indian climbers.

MR. Nain Singh and Mr. Kishan Singh were the first Indian mountaineers.

Mountaineering, also called mountain climbing, the sport of attaining, or attempting to attain, high points in mountainous regions, mainly for the pleasure of the climb. ... For the untrained, mountaineering is a dangerous pastime.

The Indian Mountaineering Institute at Manali, Darjeeling and Uttar Kashi &

The Indian Mountaineering Foundation at Delhi, helps in oraganising and sponsoring the mountaineering expenditions.They arrange to broadcast special weather bulletins over the All India radio, provide informations to the climbers and coordinate with THE INDIAN AIR FORCE for erscue work. ROCK CLIMBING

Climbing is the activity of using one's hands, feet, or any other part of the body to ascend a steep topographical object. It is done for locomotion, recreation and competition, and within trades that rely on ascension; such as emergency rescue and military operations.

Rock climbing is a sport in which participants climb up, down or across natural rock formations or artificial rock walls. The goal is to reach the summit of a formation or the endpoint of a usually pre-defined route without falling. (B)

Water surfing

Adventure White water rafting

Based Parasailing

Water Water

WATER SURFING

Surfing is a surface water sport in which the wave rider, referred to as a surfer, rides on the forward or face of a moving wave, which usually carries the surfer towards the shore.

Some Best water Surfing Destinations in India:

 Kovalam, Kerala. Kovalam beach town by the Arabian Sea is a Lighthouse beach and most frequented by tourists for surfing. ...  Varkala, Kerala. ...  Mulki, Karnataka. ...  Gokarna, Karnataka. ...  Kapu Beach, Karnataka. ...  Manapad Point, Tamil Nadu. ...  Covelong, Tamil Nadu. ...  Mahabalipuram, Tamil Nadu.

WHITE WATER RAFTING

Rafting and white water rafting are recreational outdoor activities which use an inflatable raft to navigate a river or other body of water. This is often done on whitewater or different degrees of rough water. Dealing with risk and the need for teamwork is often a part of the experience. Spectacular River Rafting Places in India

 1) Indus River, Ladakh.  2) Barapole River, Coorg.  3) Beas River, Kullu & Manali,  4) River Ganga, Rishikesh.  5) Lohit River, Arunachal Pradesh.  6) Spiti River, Himachal Pradesh.  7) Bhagirathi River, Uttarakhand.  8) Kundalika River, Maharashtra.

PARASAILING

Parasailing, also known as parascending or parakiting, is a recreational kiting activity where a person is towed behind a vehicle (usually a boat) while attached to a specially designed canopy wing that resembles a parachute, known as a parasail wing.

parasailing in India.

 HIMACHAL PRADESH – The land of hills. ...  UTTARAKHAND – The place with paradisiacal beauty. ...  RAJASTHAN – The state of heritage and culture. ...  MAHARASHTRA – The popular choice. ...  KERALA – The state of mangroves and backwaters.

(C)

Parachute jumping

Adventure

Hang gliding

Paragling

Air Based PARACHUTE JUMPING

Parachuting is a method of transiting from a high point to Earth with the aid of gravity, involving the control of speed during the descent using a parachute or parachutes.

The first parachute jump in history was made by André-Jacques Garnerin, the inventor of the parachute, on 22 October 1797. Garnerin tested his contraption by leaping from a hydrogen balloon 3,200 feet (980 m) above Paris. Garnerin's parachute bore little resemblance to today's parachutes, however, as it was not packed into any sort of container and did not feature a ripcord.[1] The first intentional free-fall jump with a ripcord-operated deployment was not made until over a century later by Leslie Irvin in 1919.[2] .[3] HANG GLIDING

Hang gliding is an air sport or recreational activity in which a pilot flies a light, non-motorised foot-launched heavier-than-air aircraft called a hang glider. Most modern hang gliders are made of an aluminium alloy or composite frame covered with synthetic sailcloth to form a wing.

The aerofoil wings are heavier than paragliding”s wings. Hanggliding is now confined to competitive events.

Highest governing body= FAI (Federation Aeronautique Internationale)

PARA GLIDING

Paragliding is the recreational and competitive adventure sport of flying paragliders: lightweight, free-flying, foot-launched glider aircraft with no rigid primary structure. The pilot sits in a harness suspended below a fabric wing. Wing shape is maintained by the suspension lines, the pressure of air entering vents in the front of the wing, and the aerodynamic forces of the air flowing over the outside. Despite not using an engine, paraglider flights can last many hours and cover many hundreds of kilometres, though flights of one to two hours and covering some tens of kilometres are more the norm. By skillful exploitation of sources of lift, the pilot may gain height, often climbing to altitudes of a few thousand metres.

Highest governing body= FAI (Federation Aeronautique Internationale) Top 10 Adventure Sports in India

India is fast emerging as a favored destination for adventure sport blessed as it is with mind boggling geographical diversity and varied landscape. The mountains, beaches, oceans and deserts; all present great opportunities for adventure sports. Mentioned below, in no particular order, are the top 10 adventure activities available in India.

Paragliding

Paragliding – one of the easiest ways to fly in air like a bird

Paragliding is a recreational and competitive flying sport. It is a free-flying foot launched aircraft wherein a pilot sits in a harness suspended below a fabric wing. Its shape is formed by its suspension lines and the pressure of the air entering vents in the front of the wing. It is most popular recreational sport that is performed aerially. Some of the most popular destinations for Paragliding include Ladakh, Kamshet, Darjeeling, Solang, Billing and South Anjuna in Goa.

River Rafting

River Rafting in india

River Rafting is one of the most popular adventure sports in India. It provides an exotic location for tourists who love peaceful ambience and also to those who believe in hardcore adventure activities. There are more than a hundred numbers of operators that operate and offer rafting opportunities. It is a fun-filled activity that lets you plunge into the awesomeness that life has to offer and shun the hectic boredom once in a while. Popular destinations for River Rafting include Zanskar, Manali, Rishikesh, Coorg and Brahmaputra. Bungee Jumping

Bungee Jumping in India – Dare to take a leap of !

Bungee Jumping is an exciting and thrilling water sport that is a must for all ages, but before you go on an adventure.

It is an ill-advised sport for the faint hearted. You might be surprised that though a lot of people take the initiative to try it out, but most back off just before the jump. First a long, extremely strong & stretchy cord is tied around the jumper’s ankle, which leaps off of the jumping point.

Rishikesh, Goa, Delhi and Bengaluru are the popular Bungee Jumping destinations in India. Heli Skiing

Enjoy heli skiing in Kashmir,India

Heli Skiing is an abbreviation used for helicopter skiing. It is also known as an exhilarating winter sport.

One drawback of this sport is that it is not for everyone, only the people who are experienced and advance skiers can enjoy the sport.

It is one of the recreational activities that has been and still is popular with active people. It is the best way to get acquainted with the snow clad hills of the Himalayas.

Gulmarg in Kashmir and Manali in Himachal Pradesh offer astonishing activity that takes place. Waterfall Rappelling

Climbing up the Vihigaon Waterfall Rappelling in India

One of the most wonderful creations of nature is the waterfalls. It attracts hundreds of people towards its beauty and offers a chance to explore them a little further and deeper.

The best and the most adventurous way of doing it is via trying water rappelling. It is an adrenaline pumping adventure on the waterfall down the rock and facing the extreme water torrent yourself.

Coorg in Karnataka and Vihigaon in Maharashtra offer a wonderful experience of Waterfall Rappelling in India. Snorkeling

Snorkeling in India – Experience the thrill and beauty of India’s stunning underwater natural world

Snorkeling is considered one of the safest ways of exploring life beneath the waters. It is also a popular activity and a unique way of exploring underwater life.

This is done from the surface of the water and usually requires equipments such as diving mask, fins and a breathing tube.

India is blessed with amazing group of islands that allows the unique experience of snorkeling. Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Lakshadweep are the popular snorkeling destinations in India. Cycle Trekking

The mountainous region delivers a special kind of excitement to the adventure junkies. The great topography of India will let you experience this excitement. For cycle trekking, the Himalayan range and the mountainous regions of Kerala are the most favorite for the activity. One can ride individually or in groups to rejuvenate their senses. Hot Air Ballooning

One of the best things for those who don’t have money to burn, Hot Air Ballooning is the activity of flying hot air balloons. It is the best to way to feast upon the bird eye view of the place. It also allows people to explore the unknown and breathtaking places in India.

Jaipur, Pushkar and Ranthambore National Park. Sky Diving

Sky Diving is an adventure activity that was created out of a necessity. You need immense guts to try it out. It offers an experience to fly with the birds. When the diver is all set to fall from an aircraft and is provide with the parachute to land safely on the ground.

Dhana in Madhya Pradesh, Mysore in Karnataka,

Deesa in Gujarat and Aamby Valley in Maharashtra are some of the popular Indian places for Sky Diving. Scuba Diving

Scuba Diving – the best way to explore the beautiful azure underwater world in India

Scuba Diving is one of the greatest sports activities in the world, but there is certain knowledge required before entering into the journey. It is a very complex sport that requires a good amount of knowledge before you actually enter into it. There are several obvious and hidden dangers that accompany a scuba diving mission. It is a great sport and pastime for professionals and novices alike. Indian water bodies offer great underwater experience and the destinations assure the amazing experience such as

Andaman & Nicobar Island, Barracuda, Islands of Netrani and Goa. THANKS

UNIT – 2 Health & Wellness tourism Introduction of medical tourism A patient going to a different country for either urgent or elective medical procedures is called medical tourism. Medical tourism is a term that has risen from the rapid growth of an industry, where people from all around the world are traveling to other countries to obtain medical, dental, and surgical care, while at the same time touring, vacationing, and fully experiencing the attractions of the countries that they are visiting. Medical tourism is next booming sector in India as information technology. Medical tourism can be defined as the process of traveling outside the country of residence for the purpose of receiving medical care. Growth in the popularity of medical tourism has captured the attention of policy-makers, researchers and the media. Originally, the term referred to the travel of patients from less-developed countries to developed nations in pursuit of the treatments not available in their homeland. History The first recorded instance of people travelling for medical treatment dates back thousands of years to when Greek pilgrims traveled from the eastern Mediterranean to a small area in the Saronic Gulf called Epidauria. This territory was the sanctuary of the healing Asklepios. Spa towns and sanitaria were early forms of medical tourism. In 18th-century Europe patients visited spas because they were places with supposedly health-giving mineral waters, treating diseases from gout to liver disorders and bronchitis. Ethical and legal implications [issue] Some issues raised by participants’ parallel legal and bioethics scholars’ concerns with addressing the health system and public health effects of individual medical tourists’ decisions.45 ,46 The concern, established in tort law, pertains to whether or not patients must assume the full costs of their decisions so that the repercussions are not unfairly borne by others. Such concerns are heightened in a universal healthcare system like Canada's where provincial/territorial budgets are fixed and health resources are shared by all.47 This egalitarian approach to access raises the issue of fairness in relation to addressing complications or the outcomes of other risks experienced owing to medical tourism. This is because Canadian citizens will be burdened by these collectively imposed costs without accessing the individual benefits of engaging in medical tourism.30 This same ethico-legal concern has been raised in other home countries for medical tourists with public healthcare systems, including the UK.2 ,44 Demonstrating an awareness of this concern, participants questioned the extent of their responsibility for addressing negative outcomes experienced by outbound medical tourists, given these patients’ individual decisions to access care abroad. World Medical Tourism Countries Top 10 World’s Best Medical Tourism Destinations in 2019

forbes.com 1. Thailand 2. Malaysia 3. Singapore 4. India 5. Turkey 6. Germany 7. Hungary 8. Mexico 9. Brazil 10.USA

Unit 3 Introduction:-

Understanding rural tourism:-

Rural tourism focuses on actively participating in a rural lifestyle. It can be a variant of ecotourism. Many villages can facilitate tourism because many villagers are hospitable and eager to welcome (and sometime even host) visitors. Agriculture is becoming highly mechanized and therefore, requires less manual labor. This trend is causing economic pressure on some villages, which in turn causes young people to move to urban areas. There is however, a segment of the urban population that is interested in visiting the rural areas and understanding the lifestyle.

Benefits Rural tourism allows the creation of a replacement source of income in the non-agricultural sector for rural dwellers. The added income from rural tourism can contribute to the revival of lost folk art and handicrafts.

Relevance in developing nations Rural tourism is particularly relevant in developing nations where farmland has become fragmented due to population growth. The wealth that rural tourism can provide to poor households creates great prospects for development. Rural tourism exists in developed nations in the form of providing accommodation in a scenic location, ideal for rest and relaxation. There are many scenic towns that have become quaint spots for vacation The main part of the area is used for:

1. Agriculture, forestry, aquaculture, and fisheries. 2. Economic and cultural activities of country-dwellers. 3. Non-urban recreation and leisure areas or nature reserves. 4. Other purposes such as housing. According to Dernoi, rural tourism might be conceived as tourism activities in a ‘non-urban territory where human (land-related economic) activity is going on, primarily agriculture: a permanent human presence seems a qualifying requirement’.

Planning & Managing rural tourism  To diversify and modernise rural tourism products to generate business opportunities suited to local environments and communities and develop a more year round visitor offer.  To increase consumer awareness, understanding and enjoyment of the products and experiences available in rural areas.  To encourage rural communities and economies to benefit from the value of rural tourism by taking ownership of the development, management, protection and conservation of rural assets and locations  Development of outdoor recreation and the government’s role  Discussion: lessons from the past and how to deal with future challenges?  provide flexibility for farmersby allowing for the sale of farm produce without the need for a planning permit and removing restrictions on the sale of processed produce. For

Religious Tourism

MBA (TOURISM MANAGEMENT) IVTH SEMESTER

EMERGING TRENDS IN TOURISM

UNIT 4: Religious Tourism: Ancient Indian Religious: Vedic, , ; Other Religious of India: Islam, Christianity, Sikhism; important Festivals and their Significance: , Dashhara, Holi, Christms, Id, Moharrum, Rakshabandhan, Easter, Paryushmna, BuddhaJayanti, Papeti, Baishakhi .

INTRODUCTION OF ANCIENT INDIAN RELIGIOUS

The and Beliefs of Ancient India is - India is home to the world's oldest , Hinduism and Buddhism, as well as Jainism. All three evolved from shared beliefs and traditions, such as reincarnation, , and liberation and achieving nirvana. VEDIC RELIGION OF ANCIENT INDIA

INDIA – THE LAND OF VEDAS, THE REMARKABLE WORKS CONTAINS NOT ONLY RELIGIOUS IDEAS FOR A PERFECT LIFE, BUT ALSO FACTS WHICH SCIENCE HAS PROVED TRUE. ELECTRICITY, RADIUM, ELECTRONICS, AIRSHIP, ALL ARE KNOWN TO THE SEERS WHO FOUNDED THE VEDAS. —ELLA WHEELER WILCOX

What we now refer to as the “Vedic religion” occurred in the region of ancient India during the Vedic time period — approximately 1,500 – 500 BCE.

The , referred to as “the noble ones,” were a nomadic people from central Asia. And as they made their way into India (during the early Vedic time period), they brought with them their religion.

Their religion was based on the (oftentimes sacrificial) of many and . Their religion was based on a collection of oral poetry and prose, containing many chants, hymns, , spells, mantras, and commentaries known as “Vedas.” The Vedic Age is the “heroic age” of ancient Indian civilization. It is also the formative period when the basic foundations of Indian civilization were laid down. These include the emergence of early Hinduism as the foundational religion of India, and the social/religious phenomenon known as caste.

The Vedic Age of Ancient India

The map of vedic age and ancient India.

These Vedas lived as a faithful word-of-mouth transmission from one generation to another, and weren’t recorded in any physical form until centuries later (well after the “Vedic Age”) — they are now known around the world as the “Vedic Texts,” or “The Vedas.” What Are The 4 Main Vedas? The Vedas are broke into four sacred text: 1) The Rig Veda: The Book of Mantra 2) The Sama Veda: The Book of Song 3) The Yajur Veda: The Book of Ritual 4) The Atharva Veda: The Book of Spell It is from The Vedas that the world religion of Hinduism emerges, and the Vedic religion lives on.

These were composed at around the time of the entry into India and in the centuries following. They were written down many centuries later, long after the “Vedic Age”, but much of what we know about this period of ancient Indian history is as a result of the faithful word-of-mouth transmission of the Vedas from one generation to another. A great religion takes shape The Vedas, the Mahabharata and the Upanishads formed the foundational writings of the Hindu religion, which was gradually taking shape in the Vedic Age. They show that the ancient Vedic religion was evolving into something different. This was probably to a large extent the result of influences from the older Dravidian populations over whom the Aryans ruled. During the course of centuries the Aryan nature lost much of their importance, and three new gods took their place: Vishnu, the preserver; Shiva, the destroyer; and Brahma, the creator.

JAINS SEE THE WORLD AS A RIVER OF SUFFERING & MISERY & FORD-FINDERS FIND A WAY TO CROSS IT. is the history of a religion founded in ancient India. Origin of Jainism in ancient India Jains trace their history through twenty-four and revere as the first tirthankara (in the present time-cycle). ... 527 BCE) are considered historical figures. was the elder contemporary of the Buddha. Jainism is an ancient religion from India that teaches that the way to liberation and bliss is to live lives of harmlessness and renunciation. The of Jainism is concern for the welfare of every being in the universe and for the health of the universe itself. Sanatana (Hinduism) came first before Jainism. Sanatana Dharma (Hinduism) is the oldest religion of the world. Sanatana Dharma (Hinduism) was followed all over the world so it is also called “Sarvatrika Dharma” (or Universal Religion). When did the Jainism religion began?

Early history (7th century bce–c. 5th century ce) Scholars of religion generally hold that Jainism originated in the 7th– 5th century bce in the Ganges basin of eastern India, the scene of intense religious speculation and activity at that time.

Who is God in Jainism?

Lord Mahavir was the twenty-fourth and the last Tirthankara of the Jain religion. According to , all were born as human beings but they have attained a state of perfection or enlightenment through meditation and self realization. They are the Gods of Jains. Who do the Jains worship?

The basic worship ritual practised by Jains is darsana (seeing) of , which includes Jina, or other yaksas, gods and goddesses such as Brahmadeva, 52 Viras, , and 16 Vidyadevis (Sarasvati, Lakshmi, others).

Buddhism is an ancient Indian religion, which arose in and around the ancient Kingdom of Magadha (now in Bihar, India), and is based on the teachings of the Gautama Buddha who was deemed a "Buddha" ("Awakened One"). Buddhism spread outside of Magadha starting in the Buddha's lifetime. Who started Buddhism religion?

Siddhartha Gautama Buddhism, founded in the late 6th century B.C.E. by Siddhartha Gautama (the "Buddha"), is an important religion in most of the countries of Asia.

Overview

 During the , the Indian culture and way of life were deeply influenced by Buddhism.

 Buddhism appealed to people of lower castes because it emphasized individuals’ path to enlightenment and salvation, which could be attained in this life.

 Buddhism also received state support from Emperor Ashoka, who converted to Buddhism in 260 BCE.

The founder of Buddhism, Siddhartha Gautama, was born circa 563 BCE into a wealthy family. Gautama rejected his life of riches and embraced a lifestyle of asceticism, or extreme self- discipline. After 49 consecutive days of meditation, Gautama became the Buddha, or “enlightened one”. He made this announcement in public at about 528 BCE and gained a group of disciples who became Buddhist monks and traveled throughout northern India spreading his teachings.

OTHER RELIGIOUS OF INDIA: ISLAM, CHRISTIANITY, SIKHISM.

7th century

Islam reached India in the very early period and it is believed that one of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)'s companions Malik bin Deenar came to India's western coast in 7th century and a mosque was built there in 629 EC which still exists.

The Earliest Muslim Indians

Even before the life of Prophet Muhammad (Peace Be Upon Him) in the 600s, Arab traders were in contact with India. Merchants would regularly sail to the west coast of India to trade goods such as spices, gold, and African goods. Naturally, when the Arabs began to convert to Islam, they carried their new religion to the shores of India. The first mosque of India, the Cheraman Juma Masjid, was built in 629 (during the life of Prophet Muhammad) in Kerala, by the first Muslim from India, Cheraman Perumal Bhaskara Ravi Varma. Through continued trade between Arab Muslims and Indians, Islam continued to spread in coastal Indian cities and towns, both through immigration and conversion.

Muhammad bin Qasim

The first great expansion of Islam into India came during the Umayyad Dynasty of caliphs, who were based in Damascus. In 711, the Umayyads appointed a young 17 year old man from Ta’if to extend Umayyad control into Sindh: Muhammad bin Qasim.

Sindh is the land around the Indus River in the Northwestern part of the subcontinent, in present-day Pakistan. Muhammad bin Qasim led his army of 6,000 soldiers to the far eastern reaches of Persia, Makran.

Who brought Christianity to India?

Saint Thomas the Apostle The Saint Thomas Christians have also been nicknamed such due to their reverence for Saint Thomas the Apostle, who is said to have brought Christianity to India. The name dates back to the period of Portuguese colonisation. They are also known, especially locally, as Nasrani or Nasrani Mappila.

Which is the first church in India?

Kochi (Cochin), India Palayur famous for the Christian St. Thomas Church which is believed to have founded by St. Thomas the Apostle in 52 AD was the first Christian Church in India. Who founded Christianity?

The history of the Christian religion and the Christian church began with Jesus and his apostles. Christianity is the religion that is based on the birth, life, death, resurrection and teaching of Jesus Christ.

Sikhism was founded in the 15th century on the teachings of Nanak and the nine successive Sikh in Northern India. ... With the colonial dominance of the British a reinterpretation and synthesis of Hinduism arose, which aided the Indian independence movement. Sikhism is a faith whose followers are called "Sikhs". The word Sikh means Student or Discipline. Their holy book is the Sri Guru Granth Sahib Ji. Many sources call Sikhism a monotheistic religion,. Philosophy of Sikhism: reality and its manifestations. Sikh worship is mainly to praise their one true God, referred to as .

How the Sikh religion was founded?

The history of Sikhism started with Guru Nanak Dev Ji. He was the first Guru of the fifteenth century in the Punjab region in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent.

The religious practices were formalised by Guru Gobind Singh Ji on 13 April 1699. Subsequently, Sikhism militarised to oppose Mughal hegemony.

What are the beliefs of Sikhism?

The fundamental beliefs of Sikhism, articulated in the sacred scripture Guru Granth Sahib, include faith and meditation on the name of the one creator, divine unity and equality of all humankind, engaging in selfless service, striving for justice for the benefit and prosperity of all and honest conduct and livelihood .

Diwali is also a major cultural event for the Hindu and Jain diaspora from the Indian subcontinent. The five-day long festival originated in the Indian subcontinent and is mentioned in early Sanskrit texts.

Diwali, Divali, Deepavali is the Hindu festival of lights, usually lasting five days and celebrated during the Hindu Lunisolar month Kartika. One of the most popular festivals of Hinduism, Diwali symbolizes the spiritual "victory of light over darkness, good over evil, and knowledge over ignorance"

Diwali is called the Festival of Lights and is celebrated to honor Rama-chandra, the seventh avatar (incarnation of the god Vishnu). It is believed that on this day Rama returned to his people after 14 years of exile during which he fought and won a battle against the demons and the demon king, Ravana.

Diwali is celebrated as the new year day in the Hindu calendar, across India and in other parts of the world. A number of traditions and customs are followed to celebrate the Hindu new year.

Vijayadashami also known as Dussehra or Dashain is a major Hindu festival celebrated at the end of Navaratri every year. The festival of Dussehra draws its origination from the great Hindu epic Ramayana which says that the eighth incarnation of Vishnu, Lord Rama killed the ten headed devil Ravana in the Sat-yuga, since Ravana had abducted Lord Rama's wife Sita. ... To commemorate this day, Vijayadashmi or Dussehra is celebrated.

In the Braj region of India, where the Hindu Krishna grew up, the festival is celebrated until Rang Panchmi in commemoration of the divine love of Radha for Krishna. The festivities officially usher in spring, with Holi celebrated as a festival of love. Holi originated in India but the festival of colour is known around the world for the bright powder revellers throw on each other to mark the celebration.

Christmas is believed to be the biggest festival of the Christians. This festival is when the Christian families come together and celebrate the birth of the savior Jesus Christ. ... In the South of India, especially in the state of Kerala, many people observe a fast from the beginning of December to the Christmas day.

The first Christmas is estimated to be around 336 A.D. in Rome. It is celebrated on 25th December all over the world, to commemorate the birth of Jesus Christ, the Son of God. It is regarded as one of the most important of all Christian festivals. It is a public holiday in India and most of the other countries.

Eid al-Adha is being celebrated in India on 11 August, and will continue until the evening of 12 August. History/significance: As per the popular legend around Eid al-Adha, Prophet Ibrahim had a dream in which he was sacrificing his only son, Ishmael. Muharram commemorates the martyrdom of Imam Hussain Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, who was killed in the Battle of Karbala in 680 AD. Muharram is the first month, which marks the beginning of a new year in Islamic calendar. ... The tenth day of Muharram is known as the Day of Ashura.

When Rani Karnavati, the widowed queen of the king of Chittor, realised that she could not defend against the invasion by the Sultan of Gujarat, Bahadur , she sent a rakhi to Emperor Humayun. The Emperor, according to one version of the story, set off with his troops to defend Chittor. Also called: Rakhi Pournima, Rakhi, Saluno. Observed by: Hindus, traditionally

Easter goes back to the time of Colonial Period in India when the British Rule and the other European powers like the Portuguese and the French were in power. Easter is celebrated in the joy of Lord Jesus being resurrected after the gruesome crucifixion and sacrifice he gave for his people. Baisakhi Festival. Baisakhi is one of the most popular and important festivals celebrated in the state of Punjab and various other parts of India. The festival takes place on April 13 every year, but once in 36 years, it is celebrated on April 14. This vibrant festival marks the commencement of the Sikh New Year.