RCL — Revista de Comunicação e Linguagens Journal of Communication and Languages N.54 (2021) ISSN 2183-7198 - 104 lonial perspectives. perspectives. lonial decolonisation | images| wars activism | colonial Women’s ar- de fontes outras e de Com base imagens no estúdio de político que o envolvimento artigo argumenta este quivo, Novo Estado do coloniais as guerras contra mulheres das fronteiras das além para que vai escala numa aconteceu By focusing on the study of images and other archival and other archival focusing on the study of images By engagement points women’s this article out that sources, of the Portuguese Novo Estado wars the colonial against state national overcame largely on a scale that occurred a plural the globe, across In these movements borders. emerge. of women and representations scenario of roles and methodology In discussing between the connection the debate to contribute the article aims to epistemology, productionthe of knowledge between relationship the on and deco feminist and the transnational, about women — Keywords — Resumo — Abstract [email protected] Universidade NOVA de Lisboa de NOVA Universidade Sociais Ciências e Humanas de Faculdade Contemporânea História de Instituto GIULIA STRIPPOLI GIULIA Imagens para além das fronteiras. A produção A produção fronteiras. das além para Imagens mulheres de o ativismo sobre conhecimento de coloniais guerras contra as Images beyondImages borders. productionThe of knowledge against activism about women’s the colonial wars GIULIA STRIPPOLI GIULIA RCL — Revista de Comunicação e Linguagens Journal of Communication and Languages N.54 (2021) ISSN 2183-7198 - - - 105 do estado nação. Ao traçar os movimentos das mulheres mulheres das os movimentos traçar Ao nação. estado do papéis muitos de plural um panorama emerge mundo pelo em luta. A partir mulheres conexão de da e representações artigo pretende este e epistemologia, metodologia entre de produção entre a relação sobre debate o para contribuir trans perspetiva e uma mulheres as sobre conhecimento e decolonial. nacional, feminista | desco | imagens coloniais | guerra militantes mulheres lonização By using images as historical sources to address issues concerning issues concerning address to sources as historical using images By 1 Images have, for many years, been an important es years, part many research, for of historical have, Images The use of images for studying women’s activism women’s studying for images use of The On the other hand, through images scholars have analysed and deconstructed the and deconstructed analysed have scholars images On the other hand, through Consider for instance the value of visual documents and other sources developed by the feminist postcolonial postcolonial the feminist by developed of documents the value visual and other sources instance for Consider 2018. 1999; Srigley, See: method. Kolawole, research

This article uses multiple archive sources to illustrate women’s commitment against against commitment women’s illustrate to sources archive usesarticle This multiple that demonstrates It (1961-1974). of Portugal wars colonial the and Novo Estado the by and is characterised dimension on a transnational occurred engagement women’s among women. and alliances representations, of experiences, the plurality — Palavras-chave pecially for methodologies focusedpecially on social those methodologies and for for that processes and cultural docu visual - memory, archives, literary the importance value history, of oral clearly ments and so forth. imperialist ideology, by furnishing critical perspectives on the colonial mission, on the on the colonial perspectives critical furnishing by imperialist ideology, - of the Por context and on the sense In the historical of territories, empire. colonised of regime the wholeness the used represent was to propaganda tugueseNovo, Estado mission the ecumenical about assimilation, ideas propagating of the empire, and that Portugal about view an ideological colonialism. Thus building effects of and “peaceful” territories. and “multicontinental” as being “multiracial” provinces” and its “Overseas have Portuguesecontext the in films and colonial photographs into In-depthresearch the struggle against the regime and the colonial wars, the article aims to contribute to to contribute the article aims to wars, and the colonial the regime against the struggle - knowl critical provide to in order and interpreted analysed are images in which works been a powerful tool in the construction of have imperial- Images about the topic. edge the perpetuation to has contributed the Other and the act of representing ist ideologies, of images still influencereception the today that prejudices and hierarchical of racial (Sealy 2019). representations and people’s 1 STRIPPOLI GIULIA RCL — Revista de Comunicação e Linguagens Journal of Communication and Languages N.54 (2021) ISSN 2183-7198 - - - - - 106 The 3

2 - focus wom on other aspects, like placing by commitment women’s Approaching this period during occurred struggles women’s that it is evident the sources From - con women, on internationalist among relationships The focuson transnational In the following paragraphs, sources are interpreted to value the transnational di- the transnational value to interpreted are sources paragraphs, In the following I am especially referring to works by Filipa Lowndes Vicente, 2014, Vicente, Filipa Lowndes Carmo Piçarra, 2015. by do and Maria works to I am especially referring Mitchell proposed a schematic conceptualisation of the debate between radical feminists and abstract socialism, abstract and feminists radical between of debate the conceptualisation proposed schematic a Mitchell of consciousnessof and a feminist the scientific the limits of bothsocialist the development demonstrate to (pp. processes of the two conjunction pointing the necessary to 94-96). therefore analysis,

en’s movements, roles in political organisations, establishment of political alliances of alliances political establishment organisations, political in roles movements, en’s politics, to art, contributions seems be ade to more culture, women’s among groups, be can as interna defined and that borders state the national overcame on a scale that ment provides a new interpretation to works that have “feminized Africa” by focusing by Africa” “feminized have that works to interpretation a new ment provides (Calafate on military missions their husbands accompanied on Portuguese who women mostly pointed out the rela have that works account into alsoRibeiro takes It 2004). - nation within analysed — experiences women’s between and contrapositions tionships parties as the Portuguese — and male Co Party (Partido such Communist al borders Libertação de de (Frente Front Liberation the Mozambique Português,munista PCP), - (Mov of Angola the Liberation for Movement the People’s FRELIMO), Moçambique, the Liberation Party for the African MPLA), Libertação de Angola, de Popular imento e Cabo Guiné a Independência da para Africano (Partido and Cape Verde of Guinea 2014; 2019). 2016; (Ly 2015; Stucki 2018; Galvão-Laranjeiro Melo PAIGC) Verde, - and shaped the confron dependent by not overly of a history women in achieving quate of representations a plurality convey Images with male-dominatedtation organisations. everyday doing women children, with portrayed mothers fighters, guerrilla ofwomen: and so abroad, politicians travelling activists in demonstrations, work, at women tasks, the wars. during experiences of women’s the variety representing forth — images The use of these is in line with or transnational. terms tional, internationalist, global focused have who and scholars interpretations and historical processes the historical Mitchell’s Juliet implications. and their political interventions on the scale of women’s and socialism theory women, feminist between has studypioneering on relationships - identi the in then organisation, the in not if — character international the interpreted liberation women’s of character — as the distinguishing goals sharing of and fication 1971, 11). (Mitchell century born in the second half of movements the twentieth tents of women’s struggles and on the plurality of experiences of political commit their of experiences on the plurality and struggles oftents women’s mension of the struggle of women against war, thus challenging the narratives where where the narratives thus challenging war, against ofwomen of the struggle mension struggle. not absent, and do are or silent, women not move do or victims, or workers’ associations that characterised the history of socialism until World War II have II have War of the history socialism until World characterised associations that workers’ (1864-1876),been popular International” with the name “First “Second International” 3 STRIPPOLI GIULIA 2 deconstructed these ideas, by showing and re-interpreting the images produced by the by produced images the and re-interpreting showing by these ideas, deconstructed dictatorship. Novo Estado RCL — Revista de Comunicação e Linguagens Journal of Communication and Languages N.54 (2021) ISSN 2183-7198 5 - - - - 107 Moreover, the term transnational, more than global, more transnational, the term Moreover, 6 . 4 - phenom ofhistorical dimension transnational the underlining By 7 The terms “global” and “transnational” have implied, in recent decades, an epis decades, in recent implied, have and “transnational” “global” The terms On the International Women’s Year and the interpretation of the encounters between First World and Third and Third World First between of the encounters and the interpretation Year Women’s On the International see Year International on Women’s perspective a transnational For see 2017. and feminists Olcott, women World in Year Women´s “International University, Complutense at Jarska Natalia by coordinated project ongoing the Reception, impact and legacies”. 1975 of Women. and the UN Decade 2020. Delap, consider publications Among the most recent has been term, after one more transnational some for authors that See: alsoexplains The author Desai, 2005. in that some aware is Desai meanings. political different it implies others for while and global, international in in Brazil, Dialogues the Feminist at Feminists mentions the case American — she of Latin activism contexts 2005 — the use is contested. of the term 2003. Mohanty, See: C. Talpade ena, the article refers mostly to practices and theories that have overcome material and material overcome have that and theories practices mostly to ena, the article refers GIULIA STRIPPOLI GIULIA 4 5 6 7 Transnational refers to movements across borders, but also to the conceptualisation of the conceptualisation but also to borders, across movements to refers Transnational discourse, in a transnational global) national, of activism (local,the other scales regional, description, not only a alsobut constructhe implies - using transnational that revealing of tion and shaping the movement. (1889-1916), (1919-1943) as “Third International” most important and the — women’s sociation born at the end of the war called Women International Democratic Federa Democratic International Women sociation called the end of born the war at has movement the left-wing century, mid-nineteenth the since Moreover, tion (WIDF). beyond relationships of establishment with the aims been influencedby internationalist anarchist, — like groups left-wing among the alliances and by limits, state the national work to internationalism has mostly linked socialist, historiography Marxist. Although that as political parties this does not mean such trade-unions, and organisations, ers’ has been internationalist. In sum, “international” the terms less engagement women’s to as well as states national between relationships the to refer “internationalist” and of the history socialism account into take aims. These and political terms goals shared and conferences at circulation women’s to and also refer and socialist organisations, Women’s Nations of United the least, establishment the at since, meetings, institutional in 1975 Year, International at least in feminist studies, is linked to intersectional analysis, to feminist political alli- feminist to analysis, intersectional to studies, in feminist is linked least at in an anti-imperialisticances and anti-capitalist sense for cross-cultural and to practices purposes. decolonial temological challenge to Eurocentric and methodologically ethnocentric narratives that narratives ethnocentric and methodologically Eurocentric to challenge temological of the en- history the to refer not do terms The two borders. based state are on national focused networks, on circulation, rather but are analysis, comparative nor to world, tire and phenomena, flows entanglements, aspect of historical the relational exchanges, written — explicitly offeminisms dimension Studies on the global centred encounters. not that circulation ofdimensions an extensive various the stressed have — plural the in feelings dreams, fashion, objects, but also and their actions, people ideas, only involves and of spaces the crossing light on movement, shed have Theseand songs. contributions and memory as tools the celebration and cultural—, the encounters, — physical borders further be to given value. deserve that all elements time and space, across travelling for RCL — Revista de Comunicação e Linguagens Journal of Communication and Languages N.54 (2021) ISSN 2183-7198 - - - 108

8 (Talpade Mohanty 1984). Mohanty collection the In (Talpade Third World Woman World Third The theoretical reflection on historical ideas and narratives has has particularlybeen narratives and ideas on historical reflection theoretical The “Gaze”, “eyes”, “vision”, “perspective”, “look” have long been recurrent terms terms been long recurrent “look” have “perspective”, “vision”, “eyes”, “Gaze”, The relationships between methodology and the production of knowledge of production the and methodology between relationships The perspectives studies and transnational gender history, studies, women’s Feminist In terms of global and transnational women’s activism, in different contexts, consider in particularconsider Hann De contexts, activism, in different women’s and transnational ofIn terms global in: networks women’s concerning topics to Ghodseereferring I am also 2019. 2013, Donert Bonfiglioli 2016, 2017, all the to the discussion and focus on periodisation I am grateful on space-time boundaries For 2020. Brazzoduro Communism, Rights Socialism: and Global Feminism, “Women’s in the project involved of the group researchers Donert. Celia by coordinated I am particularly World”, and the Postcolonial Europe in Eastern and Nationalism their contributions. for Donert, Sinha Roy, Celia Mallarika Allison to Drew, grateful

called “Black Looks” (2015), hooks demonstrates how the gaze is political and how the and how is political the gaze how Looks” (2015), hooks demonstrates “Black called and subversion. of resistance beact of looking can a manifestation GIULIA STRIPPOLI GIULIA 8 important in projects that in the last decade have focused women. concerning on issues have decade important last in the that in projects - wom about knowledge historical to contributed strongly not only These studies have of conceptualisation the to proposals alternative also furnished activism, but have en’s of research, the boundaries the time and space rethinking by frameworks; historical emerged. focuses and new periodisation new have immaterial borders, to circulation and encounters among women, beyond national state state national beyond women, among and encounters circulation to borders, immaterial social in left-wing interested of history conceptualisation theoretical a and to borders, projects. and decolonial of feminist ideas and in the transformative changes, used in the elaboration of feminist epistemologies of knowledge. Laura Mulvey, in her Mulvey, Laura of knowledge. epistemologies of feminist used in the elaboration 1975), (Mulvey Cinema” in Narrative “Visual titled contribution pioneering Pleasure analysis. of a psychoanalytical way by women of looking at the pleasure deconstructed focused and political implica a proposal on ethical (1988) elaborated Donna Haraway are some of the areas that in recent decades have most contributed to innovations in innovations to most contributed have decades in recent that someare of the areas of the past, enhancing the understanding these perspectives By knowledge. historical the issue of a discourse the relationship on the present, also addressing stimulated have of produc- implications and the political of the object research, the researcher, between the borders, state of the national the conceptualisation In challenging ing knowledge. and scholars narratives, White and the established of visions the world androcentric also cre have they but of history, conceptions alternative created only not have activists epistemologies. new ated - in con as being objectivity local and partial, on feminist and always tions of knowledge, “The Persis of her essay In one of the chapters of nection with other forms knowledge. argue to nowhere” from 1988, 581), questions the “gaze she (Haraway of Vision” tence in her essay Mohanty, Talpade Chandra before, Some years knowledge. about situated production feminist on the posited her critique of Western Eyes”, the Western “Under particularin on Other, RCL — Revista de Comunicação e Linguagens Journal of Communication and Languages N.54 (2021) ISSN 2183-7198 - - - - - 109

9 arguing that thinking about the “locus that of- arguing enun 10 The relationships between Western culture, racialised and marginalised people and marginalised racialised culture, Western between The relationships - point univer neither is the gaze out contributions As these — feminist — and other Giving visibility to other narratives as opposed of his the continuous to whitening other narratives to visibility Giving Consider, for instance: hooks (1984), instance: for (1984), Lorde Consider, Gonzalez (1988), (1985; Carneiro (1987), Anzaldúa 2001), (1990; 2011), (1986). (2019 Condé Kilomba Evaristo [2008]), On feminist standpoint see: Collins 1997. standpoint On feminist see: 1997. Collins

and knowledge all problematise the gaze. The acknowledgement of the existence of a of existence the The acknowledgement the gaze. all problematise and knowledge compo culture’s of very this recognition a necessary implies culture white hegemonic tween the construction, the teaching, and the dissemination of knowledge of the Other the construction, of and the dissemination knowledge tween the teaching, among women. — of the alliances — or the undermining and the promotion vi- of racism, peoples, hierarchisation — eurocentrism, as — among others nents, such to has perfected and justifications its tools time, across This culture, ignorance. olence, and marginalisation oppression, of enslavement, histories whose other people, muting artists, activists, performers, writers, Scholars, within its narrative. place still find no which through the mechanisms explained forms, in different poets, and so forth have, the evi- up to add All in all, these works cancelled. and their histories muted people are these processes. against and struggle of continuous resistance dence sal, nor neutral; it is always located somewhere. Feminist theory is not accomplished, nor theory is not accomplished, Feminist somewhere. located always it is nor neutral; sal, non-White on the questioning of instance production the of for and knowledge univocal of second-wave the evolution to referring is born studies. ofwomen Mostly feminist an in-depth furnished (2005) demonstration Nnaemeka Obioma in the US, feminism - of margin scholarship, feminist by of the conceptualisation, scrutiny of the necessary link be a direct has established alised The author women. particularly women, African 9 10 GIULIA STRIPPOLI GIULIA tory is, presently, the focus of numerous Black feminist movements, mostly in contexts mostly in contexts movements, feminist the focus Black of numerous is, presently, tory few the last during and strong has been particularly active wave the feminist where Patricia by developed on ideas builds Ribeiro Djamila (2019) work, In a recent years. the end of the nineties, at Hills Collin ’) breaks the silence of people who, over time, were relegated to to relegated were time, over of who, people silence the breaks ’) fala de lugar (‘ ciation” of a decolonised the idea position. to attitude Ribeiroa subaltern this ethical connects (2016). Alcoff Linda by mostly on contributions her arguments Pro basing knowledge, posals concerning the decolonisation of knowledge have unpacked the “coloniality of “coloniality the unpacked have of knowledge decolonisation the concerning posals new stimulated by Aníbal Quijano (1991; and have 2000) forged first a concept power”, Sousa de of Boaventura works the in demonstrated as of knowledge, epistemologies to contributed largely perspectives Feminist (2008). Meneses Paula and Maria Santos discussing, by instance, for knowledge on the possibilities of a decolonised the debate be Lugones’s as can seen in María and gender, coloniality between the relationships and re feminisms perspective, gender The link between 2008). (Lugones contributions broadening thereby years, few last has in the coloniality been strengthened on flection intersection on the and of“gender” pertinence the on of category the using debate the RCL — Revista de Comunicação e Linguagens Journal of Communication and Languages N.54 (2021) ISSN 2183-7198 ------110 (decoloniality). (decoloniality). for instance as in instance for 11 (decolonization); and one without the “s”, like the Spanish decolonialidad the Spanish like and one without the “s”, (decolonization); descolonización - pur and decolonial of epistemologies feminist of the relevance The awareness potheir women, among encounters focusthe If transnational the of are article this Though the two processes are not different, the second term moves beyond the transformation of something that of that something the transformation beyond not different, the term moves are processes second the two Though See existence. conditions of of different or reconstruction totally re-foundation the and towards already exists 55). (2009, Walsh In some languages, like Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, two terms are involved: one is spelled with an “s”, like the like “s”, with an spelled one is involved: are terms Portuguese, Spanish, two Italian, like In somelanguages, Spanish

GIULIA STRIPPOLI GIULIA 11 between feminism and decolonisation (Miñoso, Correal, Muñoz, 2014). Muñoz, and Proposals Correal, (Miñoso, decolonisation and feminism between re the on a reflection also implied have of knowledge on the decolonisation processes lationship between the decolonisation of bodies the construction and of and minds a the decolonisation between lationship political project a decolonial sense), (in a Gramscian hegemony new poses is considered crucial in an article that focuses on women’s engagement during during engagement crucial focuses in an article that poses women’s on considered is “if colonial talk about but not because we equation of the simplistic wars, the colonial and feminism gender implied, or “if are women must quote the decolonial” we wars, (and these references are of an article, writing the formal beyond Why, implied.” are - coloni the during activism of women’s history a for fundamental here) missing others ques long have perspectives and decolonial epistemologies Because Feminist al wars? Catherine Walsh’s important (2009; 2020). analysis Walsh’s Catherine Eurocentric, gender-blindness, around constructed narratives accepted tioned globally this they have doing and by of visions the world, and White perspectives androcentric on history. perspectives and new of research interests new stimulated reasons: essentials of two this is a result of their experiences, actions, the plurality litical anti-racist, anti-imperial to oriented - movements left-wing the activism of transnational epis ist, decolonial of and feminist anti-capitalist, and the development goals feminist of and without the development Without the political actions of movements temologies. with or struggles political with of accordance level the matter no — theseepistemologies - of wom level plural and focusa — transnational a on narratives decolonial and feminist The polit emerge. to be would unlikely wars colonial Portugal’s during commitment en’s the production on of knowledge proposals and the theoretical actions ofical movements - transfor and social for political projects changes to oriented partare of reality, the same object — the of transnationalism women’s in to imagine the interest is difficult It mation. - chal have that and theories movements practices, without existing this article — arising from women, non-White and mostly women, excluded have that the narratives lenged vis hardly was their political intervention positioned them where have or that the frame, ignored. impact on society decidedly and their transformative ible RCL — Revista de Comunicação e Linguagens Journal of Communication and Languages N.54 (2021) ISSN 2183-7198 - - - - 111 (Victory is Certain)is (Victory During her first trip to trip her first During 12 La è Vittoria Certa activists. In addition, two women worked in worked women activists. In addition, two 13 . Preface by Joyce Lussu, photographs by Augusta Conchiglia, Lerici, Conchiglia, 1969. Augusta by Lussu, photographs Joyce by . Preface Angola popolo in di Guerra ). Maria do Carmo Piçarra has accurately reconstructed reconstructed has accurately Carmo Piçarra do ). Maria Algeri di Battaglia (La Women’s movements across boundaries across movements Women’s images producing Women move liberation the and wars colonial the about images produced have Women Augusta Conchiglia is Italian and her work as film director and photographer photographer and as film director her work and is Italian Conchiglia Augusta Other examples can be found in the almost unknown films of Sarah Maldoror, Maldoror, becan in the almost unknown films found of Sarah examples Other OMA was born in 1962 inside MPLA. Throughout the colonial wars it published periodical news on the struggles on the struggles periodical news it published born was in 1962 wars OMA MPLA. the colonial inside Throughout UI 7512: em Mulher da AHD, Organização , n/d. angolana Revolução da mulher da women. See: O papel of Angolan (2015). see also Paredes Angola; ARMAL,

supported and promoted the struggle of the Angolan people. of Angolan the supported the struggle and promoted ments. Photographs, documentaries, fictions, images were born from women’s move women’s were born from images fictions, documentaries, Photographs, ments. were who with people their encounters and from spaces the geographical ments across different with nationalities, different from women has involved process struggling. The gaze with a different each and, of course, or directors, as activists, photographers, paths it. and the fight against of the war on the representation pear together, though not explicitly framed within a formal political alliance between between alliance political formal a within framed explicitly not though peartogether, among collaboration of plural pieces one of the countless constitute groups, women’s case, specificthis in — wars colonial the against of struggle the frame the in women, one as reporter their skills: and the other as audiothanks to technician. the shooting of the film. Randi, of Norwegian origin, is the main character: she was the she the shooting ofcharacter: the film. origin, main is the Norwegian Randi, of Ngangula the visited fighters, with guerrilla spoke also but she photographed, narrator, origin, is an MPLA militant and filming. was of Angolan Bella, Massobrio while camp, to learnt she where the Soviet Union, in a course the sound had taken — she recorded is a moment, and There when in the film,Bella Ran- and send coded messages. receive is Bella fighters; of group small a with relaxing and talking are they while filmed are di right thus, Randi photos, it is a good take audio moment to the and tells that recording sunset,before different and Randi Randi activists from Bella are starts photograph. to produc- goal: same the and they experiences shared both and with different countries they ap which The film in sequences struggle. ing a documentary about the liberation 13 STRIPPOLI GIULIA 12 Angola, in 1968, with director Stefano De Stefani, Conchiglia, besides photographing photographing besides Conchiglia, Stefani, De in 1968, Stefano Angola, director with in Algiers, presented was one of which documentaries, two directed she extensively, film directors the two In 1970, 2018, 177). (Piçarra Festival the Pan-African in 1969, at Battle by The another film, inspired shoot to yet crew with a larger Angola to back went Algiers of ena which groups, two into team splitting of the the work, of their steps the different by Angola) (Concerning dell’Angola other films, A Proposito the production ofbled two and Stefani, de Stefano and Conchiglia Augusta 2018, 178-180). (Piçarra with Randi Massobrio, Krokaa This docufiction Lionello by women, MPLA and OMA many features RCL — Revista de Comunicação e Linguagens Journal of Communication and Languages N.54 (2021) ISSN 2183-7198

- - - - - 14 112 , she formed her initial contacts with the leaders of the African liberation move liberation of the African the leaders with her initial contacts formed , she , her film on the fictional character Maria and her involvement in the Angolan Angolan the in involvement her and Maria character fictional the on film her , Other women photographers travelled to Angola, Guinea, and Mozambique. With and Mozambique. Guinea, Angola, to travelled photographers women Other The work of yet another photographer and journalist, Stephanie Urdang (1979; and journalist, Stephanie Urdang photographer another of yet The work The distribution and circulation of Maldoror’s films testify to to some numer- testify of the films of Maldoror’s and circulation The distribution (1973), Fundação Mário Soares — Arquivo Mário Pinto de Andrade, http://hdl.handle.net/11002/fms_dc_82927 http://hdl.handle.net/11002/fms_dc_82927 Pinto Andrade, de Mário Soares — Arquivo (1973), Mário Fundação (2021-1-25).

their cameras, they represented moments of struggle and everyday life. Bruna Polimeni Polimeni Bruna life. everyday and moments of struggle they represented their cameras, Sent as Cape and Verde. political activity in Guinea Cabral’s on Amílcar mostly worked Mondo a reporter newspaper left wing the Khartoum (Sudan, by to Conference 1969) Operaio addressed to her husband and MPLA leader Mário de Andrade, is a testimony of im- the testimony a is Andrade, de Mário MPLA and leader husband her to addressed encounters — dimension transnational a within history women’s portanceof relating ideas. political women’s and films, images, of people, and the migration 1989), is of specific interest for this article since she dedicated her research to wom- to research her dedicated she since article this for ofis specific interest 1989), militancy the multidimensional represent images Her and Mozambique. en in Guinea in mo in ceremonies, their political activity, during photographed are of who women, ments. The following year, during the conference organised in Rome in solidarity with in solidarity in Rome organised the conference during year, ments. The following travel her first with Cabral, organised, of Polimeni the people the Portuguese colonies, zones of Guinea. the liberated to ments of rest, and so forth. born in the Unit in South and an immigrant Urdang, Africa the end of the sixties, in anti-apartheid since movements had beened States, engaged in her book on recalls as she York, in New Southern in the Committee African working not aspect is manifested transnational the her case, In 1979). (Urdang women Guinean 14 STRIPPOLI GIULIA which, as recently proposed by Leroy and Schefer, should be “restored and resignified and resignified be should “restored and Schefer, proposed Leroy by as recently which, cine revolutionary on counter-narrative and feminist of a feminine in the perspective presence Maldoror’s Sarah worldwide. circulated have and objects ideas that ous ways a postcard by 1973), as attested and Film (Toronto, Women Festival the International at ma” (Leroy and Schefer 2021, 168). Maldoror’s cinema is transnational on multiple di- on multiple is transnational cinema 2021,Schefer and (Leroy 168). Maldoror’s ma” messages, the her films, in political addressed topics the biography, her own mensions: of the shooting Sam and production of their circulation. the films, and the materiality bizanga remarkable was States, and in the Unites in Europe distributed movement, liberation on the film production, as an African its inspiration role its pioneer reasons: three for point of feminine a adoption the (Piçarra and of view movements, liberation national cinema, Maldoror’s on Sarah working when scholars, 25). The above-mentioned 2017, the from photographs portraits of her, in their writings: images various included have - and her films in differ Maldoror Sarah place These images shooting film frames. sets, of activism and engaged forms militant the multiple represent and places, ent countries resistance in the involvement women’s of representations different to cinema, and refer wars. the Portuguese colonial against and struggle RCL — Revista de Comunicação e Linguagens Journal of Communication and Languages N.54 (2021) ISSN 2183-7198

- - 18 113 . 15 This is also highlighted in the This is also highlighted 16 and in propaganda brochures authored by women’s groups, groups, women’s by authored brochures and in propaganda 17 (2021-1-20). Women in the images in the Women on dif occasions, multiple on occurred and contacts relationships Transnational Margarida Paredes, Portuguese by birth, abandoned her studies at the University Portuguese birth, by the University her studies at abandoned Paredes, Margarida WIDF’s publications reproduced images taken during the meetings of women of women the meetings during taken images reproduced publications WIDF’s (1970), “Francisca Pereira durante uma conferência com Angela Davis”, FMS, http://hdl.handle.net/11002/fms_ FMS, Davis”, Angela com uma conferência durante Pereira “Francisca (1970), dc_43603 (recortes e africanas árabes mulheres UI 7769, I Seminário das internacional AHD, 4th-6th 1974. March Argel, jornais). UI 3195. Sc 1446/62 Ac SR PIDE/DGS Angola de Mulheres das Organização Michèle Manceaux, French, travelled to Mozambique to collect the stories of Mozambican women, on which she she women, on which of Mozambican the stories collect to Mozambique to travelled French, Manceaux, Michèle 1975; and Portuguese. See: a book, Manceaux 1976. in French published

- research as a later, Years fighter. join the MPLA as a guerrilla to in 1974, in Belgium, images and the armed struggle the during women a book on Angolan published she er, their por printing - to In addition in her book mainly focusportrayed these on years. among work of ethnographic with and accounts interviews has included Paredes traits, - research with the struggles their past and present shared who fighters guerrilla women 2015). er (Paredes organisation, of levels of different context aims and in the with different scales, ferent - Internation the Women by organised and congresses seminars through instance for which Conference, Women’s the Pan-African or by (WIDF) Federation al Democratic space open a transnational up to images Other all countries. from delegates received and Mozambique Guinea, of Angola, movements the liberation from women wherein of the opportunity women with advantage interact take and to conferences large at meet the participation portraying This is the case with the photograph the world. all over from Da Angela by given a conference at PAIGC, and of UDEMU leader Pereira, of Francisca participated. globe the entire from women vis, in which from all over the world, including delegates’ portraits. This large production of images, production of images, portraits. This large delegates’ including the world, all over from In these photographs, women are attending institutional events such as conferences as conferences such institutional events attending are women In these photographs, supposes, debating and, the observer they are space the same and seminars: they share join oth- to travelled have women not only that prove issues. The photographs common by engagement, of political scales within different they moved but alsoer women, that as in international as well born contexts, out of national participating in organisations countries. different from women gathered have that organisations 17 18 STRIPPOLI GIULIA 15 16 so much in a political-institutional alliance, rather emerging on her return to Africa and Africa to return on her emerging rather a political-institutional in so alliance, much women and Mozambican had with Guinean she the encounters namely the images included in the information bulletin published by OMA (Quarterly (Quarterly OMA by published bulletin in the information included the images namely - wom to next in Dar-Er-Salaam pictured are delegates ofIssue 1971), Angolan wherein Women. of All African of on the occasion the X Conference the world, all over en from article about the seminar of Arab-African Women, which was published together with together published was which Women, the seminararticle about of Arab-African of the delegates, pictures RCL — Revista de Comunicação e Linguagens Journal of Communication and Languages N.54 (2021) ISSN 2183-7198 - - - - - 114 that that Portugal Democrático Portugal Through these campaigns, the these campaigns, Through 19 2010) has used the photographs taken by the political police and combined combined and police political the by taken used has photographs the 2010) 48, 48, The archive collected by the Portuguese political police PIDE and other control control and other Portuguese the by police PIDE political collected The archive - cam alsoawareness used international in were of prisoners Passport-size images PIDE/DGS SC SR 51/54 Pt 3 51/54 SC SR PIDE/DGS , 2005;,

19 STRIPPOLI GIULIA besides being a testimony of the presence of women to the events, provides a representa provides the events, to of women ofthe presence being a testimony besides This activities. political documents about women’s contains of the regime organisms personalother with be collected pictures includes folders, trial in organised archive, - on wom calling used occasions them on various which WIDF, by instance paigns, for with imprisoned Portuguese or stand in solidarity to women the world en all around resistance. part of were those the underground who tion of what was a truly global organisation, with its discussions and debates, efforts its discussions with and debates, truly organisation, a global was tion of what These seminars. and aspects congresses accompanied that and the joy and troubles, and women’s women between political alliances of transnational partare and parcel time a Portuguesethe Novo, Estado against periodthe in wars groups of colonial the women many that the fact — including imposedconditions the dictatorship the when by — did not ease wars the ongoing account into and taking underground remain had to and travel. communication headquarters PIDE at taken as photos as well the moment ofincarceration, at longings - Mor purposes.documentary cinema (Natureza identification de for Dias’ Susana Sousa ta focused on the political prisoners. narrative a and memory into history them with oral discourse, Novo by the Estado created to that perspective a different so,In doing it offers the past”. or of “silencing forget to the tendency challenging faces of political prisoners crossed Portugal’s borders. This is the case of Maria Luísa Luísa This is the case of Maria borders. Portugal’s of crossed political prisoners faces - (Movimen Movement Democratic of the Women’s one of the founders Costa Dias, da of Portuguese founded women an organisation — MDM), Mulheres de Democrático to militant for stints in prison, When, could travel the end of two after the sixties. Dias at published and magazines newspapers various crimes, the regime’s denounce actions to news various America, in 1965/1966, within Latin her travels During her photographs. papers published articles about her conferences and meetings using passport-size- im and meetings about her conferences articles papers published imag those decontextualised between contrast a strong thus creating of her face, ages developing, was she and the militant action that of space-time references, devoid es In other cas movements. and transnational relationships encounters, through namely the by given about the conference the information accompanied the newspapers es, on conference, the previous at taken with an image of prisoners” political “ambassador of the Brazilian instance, for the case, was It tour. the same opened the December 1965 issue with a large title dedicated to Maria Luísa da Costa da Luísa Maria to opened dedicated the December title 1965 issue a large with - con America. The article Latin moving was who prisons” fascist from “theDias, voice a few of the Portuguese in São Paulo and a photo activist taken text of sists a lengthy RCL — Revista de Comunicação e Linguagens Journal of Communication and Languages N.54 (2021) ISSN 2183-7198 ------115 , in oth- Lussu visited the visited Lussu 22 in the Italian Resistance, Resistance, in the Italian

20 Fascism and colonialism, conceived as expres conceived and colonialism, Fascism 21 In other images, neither the place portrayed, nor the presence of presence the nor portrayed, place the neither images, other In 24 Joyce Lussu’s images reveal a relentless border crossing. Numerous images images Numerous crossing. border a relentless reveal images Lussu’s Joyce memoirs — of continuity, similarity and convergence between the Italian Resistance and liberation and liberation Resistance the Italian between and convergence similarity — of continuity, memoirs 23 - the wom how demonstrate that examples exceptional provide Some biographies A recent analysis of Italian anticolonialism emphasises how Joyce Lussu’s accounts exemplify the idea — in the idea exemplify accounts Lussu’s Joyce how emphasises anticolonialism of Italian analysis A recent partigiane IV). (Russo 2020, in Africa struggles understood the anti-imperialist have who European first among the was Lussu some to interpretations, According and anti-colonialism anti-fascism as For 2003. in Plaisant, Albano, See of the anti-colonial Marco struggle. level 2018. within, see from Srivastava part the world thing, of the same as the will of transforming militant and a PAIGC was Andrade de Lucette (2021-1-19). http://hdl.handle.net/11002/fms_dc_35059 FMS, activists see women Benoliel on her and other Cape-Verdian information more For in law. sister Cabral’s Amílcar Coutinho (2020). one of the 1969 in Monteiro, is portrayed with Oscar Lussu when of one of her biographies, See cover the front of FRELIMO. representatives PIDE, SC, SR 1699/51, NT 2696 SC, 1699/51, SR PIDE,

en’s movements and their political engagement occurred in line with the historical historical in line with the occurred engagement and their political movements en’s The bi- their nationality. with in accordance than rather aims and political processes af of and ideals people circulation revolutionary the reflects Lussu of Joyce ography ter World War II. Lussu was an antifascist militant, an antifascist partigiana was II. Lussu War World ter explained She Movement. World Peace the in activist and an translator, poet,writer, partigiani other that as the awareness struggles in anticolonial her engagement started because wars, the and necessary conducting right were er parts of the world, and colonialism racism, by extinct, as proven not completely roots were Nazi-fascist supported the armies. by exploitation other people — face close-ups, for instance — directly create a scenario conceivable as conceivable a scenario create — directly instance close-ups, for — face other people since of interpretation, level a transnational to refer do these images Yet transnational. the importance by giv- both characterised the horizon of and the oeuvre, this was her life the Association founded Lussu In 1966, among people. and solidarity encounters en to three countries that were at war against the Portuguese colonial army. There she estab she There the Portuguese army. colonial against war at were that countries three in travelled; and she movements, the liberation from militants with relationships lished de Lucette by written Cabral to in a letter as attested in Guinea-Bissau, was she 1966, Andrade. sions of the same phenomena, influenced her political involvement, initially in the initially of phenomena, influencedsions the same her involvement, political em- she where movements, liberation national and then in African Resistance Italian dimensions. the anti-imperialist and anti-capitalistbraced struggle’s GIULIA STRIPPOLI GIULIA 22 23 24 20 21 days before, during a conference. Maria Luísa da Costa Dias is represented while she she while represented is Dias Costa da Luísa Maria conference. a during before, days bent is sitting,is talking; the left, slightly is she to her head a hand is making her right rep not do photographs the Unfortunately, table. the is on one left the gesture, forward resent the audience, but all the articles, in different newspapers, underline the interna the underline newspapers, different in articles, the all but audience, the resent Argentina, to Dias Costa da Luísa of Maria visit the around developed solidarity tional las de Unión the group by organised was the visit In Uruguay, and Uruguay. Brazil Chile, during that of basedPortuguese Montevideo, in women) Portuguesas (Union Mujeres her imprisonment her liberation. had mobilised for people eration movements. eration place her “far away”, “abroad”, “travelling”, or in the company ofpoliticians of the lib or in the company “travelling”, “abroad”, away”, her “far place RCL — Revista de Comunicação e Linguagens Journal of Communication and Languages N.54 (2021) ISSN 2183-7198 - - - - - 116 established the Day of the the Day established 26 Their faces are accompanied by a text a text by accompanied are Their faces 25 These images are not war photographs in the photographs not war are These images 27 — the anniversary of Josina Machel’s passing, leader of passing, leader Machel’s of Josina — the anniversary th as the day of Angolan women, in their honour. In the same brochure, brochure, In the same women, in their honour. of Angolan as the day nd to the Angolan fighters (Paredes 2015, 122). (Paredes fighters the Angolan to

(1985) The Mozambican Women Organization — OMM Organization Women The Mozambican

Among the women who have travelled the globe and whose faces have been used have faces globe and whose the travelled have who the women Among OMA, n. 1, 1971, PT_AHS_ICS_AHS_MNA_59. Feminine the replaced organisation the FRELIMO, the within beginningthe of seventies the at Founded 1973. March in place took conference OMM The first Detachment. by and distributed printed Machel’, of Josina of the death in English, ‘Anniversary the brochure, See, instance, for http://www.mozambiquehistory. (TCLPAC): Colonies African of Portugal’s the Liberation for Committee Toronto net/people/josina/anniversary_pamphlet.pdf

with their biographies and the history of their capture and death, but also of the celebra and death, of history their capture and the with their biographies 2 tion of March - en while marching her body in 1971. language face, smiling Her FRELIMO, and OMM in Dar-es-Sa FRELIMO by printed in brochures often reproduced are in the war gaged of Josina pictures The globe. the throughout travelled they where from Tanzania, laam, support that committees militant in circulated women Mozambican other and Machel globally. movements ed the liberation al campaign for her liberation. These representations reveal a crossroad, produced by produced a crossroad, reveal These representations her liberation. for al campaign and North and action, Africa celebration and death, life between militancy, transnational The and her comrades. of Davis and the struggle struggles women’s Angolan America, and RodriguezJiménez Limbânia with (Nancy) also appearphotograph a in heroines five the military to part sent contribute team to were of the Cuban women, who other Cuban de the book Rodriguez Heroínas dedicated afterwards, Years women. of Angolan training Angola beyond celebrating its revolutionary heroines, OMA dedicated an entire page to Angela Angela to page an entire dedicated OMA heroines, its revolutionary celebrating beyond of glob the in the context her history, with of her along a photograph publishing Davis, Mozambican Woman as April 7 as April Woman Mozambican 26 27 STRIPPOLI GIULIA 25 in campaigns to support the political struggles, but also as a way to demonstrate the force the force demonstrate to support to but alsoin campaigns as a way the political struggles, died. Indeed, had since who women some represent groups, of the various and history Rodrigues, of Deolinda faces the namely those images, often published brochures OMA of Afonso, and a group and Teresa Paim Cohen, Lucrécia Irene Santos, dos Engrácia — UPA), Angola de Populações da (União Union Peoples’ the Angolan by captured women and murdered. camp tortured in a concentration for the Relationships with African Liberation Movements (Associazione per (Associazione i Rapporti Movements Liberation African with Relationships the for aim of supporting double with the — ARMAL), di Liberazione Africani i Movimenti con ARMAL by A 1969 edited publication, Italy. in them visible and making their struggles images. Conchiglia’s of Lussu, Augusta dialogues with by consists and prefaced classical sense: there are no dead bodies (all the images celebrating dead women repre women dead celebrating bodies the images no dead sense: (all are there classical sent them alive), there is no atrocity. The war is present, but is not represented through through present,is war The represented not but is atrocity. no is there sentalive), them militants used them On the contrary, or death. violation, mutilation, injuries, attacks, - of underlin with the goal and their connections, of women the vital presence show to the this does not cancel However, struggles. and connected ideas political ing women’s RCL — Revista de Comunicação e Linguagens Journal of Communication and Languages N.54 (2021) ISSN 2183-7198 - - 117 carried carried 28 Conclusions of the context within of women images sources, traditional with more Together The relevance of political alliances of women in the past is related to the propor- to in the past is related of women of alliances political The relevance . I am grateful to Paz Bustamante for letting me know about this platform. about this platform. me know letting for Bustamante Paz to . I am grateful https://www.plataformamua.com.ar/

out the collaborative coverage of struggles for decriminalisation of abortion. decriminalisation for In Spain, of struggles coverage out the collaborative deci film Yo in the production of the collective engaged and other directors Font Teresa (2014), filmed during the struggle against the reform of abortion reform of the against (2014), the struggle during filmed la libertad de tren el do, 28 STRIPPOLI GIULIA the Portuguese colonial wars provide evidence of two main historical processes: first, processes: main historical of two evidence provide wars the Portuguese colonial - and nur created and, second, they have been transnational have struggles women’s in and their legacies, among women. These alliances alliances political term long tured often been important women’s more than other issues, including turn, women have for than parties. with men or male More of confrontation framework in the emancipation years, many for and have, of the gaze observers question images sources, traditional - knowl perspective, links between the existing to contributions feminist stimulated of looking has and implications the ways to The attention political intervention. edge, of spec and power - but also on the agency of gaze”, light not only on the “abuses shed of images. evaluation questioning, problematization, and on the spectators’ tatorship, — black (hooks spectators 2015) gaze” enabled of an “oppositional The development deconstruct and struggle to narratives, supremacist white resist — to spectators female The practices. new create so, of to doing looking and, by ways the dominant against on the a reflection implied has and knowledge of gazes of the non-neutrality awareness to episte relation This happened in strict itself. of knowledge variations and definitions pain, and one should keep in mind what remains out of out in focus remains out of and the frame: what in mind pain, keep should one and wars. colonial and the of the dictatorship this case the violence millennium, in the new present. initiated in the and alliances Mostly tions of solidarity alliances before, than ever More scale. on a transnational taken have practices feminist en violador of “Un The circulation and visible. extensive are worldwide among women feminists, and now by Chilean created mob a flash way), in your rapist (A tu camino” immediately that the dimensions of a practice exemplifies level, performed a global at - carry of collectives contexts, several in existence, The borders. state national overcame of the examples is one among other possible struggles, of feminist ing out the coverage to the production paid have feminist group women and that attention of level significant In of engagement. political in the context and images of information and circulation women) (Audiovisual Audiovisuales” “Mujeres called the network Argentina, mological turns directed at decolonial projects, with their political engagement, which which engagement, with their political projects, decolonial at turns directed mological wars. the colonial against intervention women’s of this article, the topic in turn links to RCL — Revista de Comunicação e Linguagens Journal of Communication and Languages N.54 (2021) ISSN 2183-7198 - - . 118 31 Moreover, in the twenty-first century the impressive pro century the impressive in the twenty-first Moreover, 30 Women’s struggles and feminist practices — including the relevant production relevant the — including practices and feminist struggles Women’s 29 Financing a Ciência para the FCT – Fundação through funds national by funded is This work This article ends with the hope of having stimulated the reflection on the strong strong on the the reflection stimulated with the hopeends This article of having Other questions have accompanied the process of writing. To what extent is it extent what of writing. To the process accompanied have questions Other Jesús Ramé has presented the work by Teresa Font in the framework of the encounters of History and Images and Images of History of the encounters in the framework Font Teresa by Ramé the work has presented Jesús 2021. March IHC, Lab, in bell hooks. 2014. consciousness” critical for education “Feminist the chapter instance, for Consider, studies, a of historical 2018. In the field Hollanda, de in Buarque Academia” “Na the chapter See, instance, for in different analysis, comparative to has dedicated been years recent Yan in and Cheng Offen Karen by led project Yan, 2018. studies. See and gender Offen, feminist history, of women’s of the institutionalisation countries,

duction — in terms of quantity, quality, and circulation — of feminist studies, women’s — of studies, women’s feminist and circulation quality, duction of — in terms quantity, of the on the implications and debate research stimulated studies, have gender history, and in society internet through the academy, inside of thesevisibility contributions, DL 57/2016/CP1453/CT0056. – DL Transitória the Norma under I.P., e a Tecnologia, links, past and present, between women’s alliances, feminist consciousness, social feminist alliances, in- links, past and present, women’s between and the production of knowledge. tervention - con editions, journals, — seminars, of debate space expect the academic to reasonable (and — as transformative potentially and differences with all their variations ferences, writing, events, organising as such — practices what academically, And, transformed)? funding, so to and publishing, applying forth teaching, beto — need scrutinised? In dif - con strongly are they and scale transnational a on circulating nowadays are — ofimages as proposals well as on the production of knowledge, reflections theoretical with nected to In this scenario, way. and decolonial an antiracist through world the transforming for have I history whose contributions, feminist, decolonial the transnational, not mention part of forget is to among others, choice epistemological than an rather here, sketched groups. feminist by unleashed was that the history ferent contexts, activists and scholars have focused on the strength and the risks offocused in- risks and the strength on the have and scholars activists contexts, ferent studies.of Starting feminist of academisation and reflection a with stitutionalisation of studies feminist has the legitimation how hooks bell has shown experience, her own of- femi the development of theory and feminist the transmission instance, for allowed, of thought feminist the advancement to nist consciousness, some but also how obstacles of or the dialogue, practices of elitist the creation instance, for regarding, emerged, have thinkers or feminist realm, outside and the academia of the links between weakening movements. and feminist 29 30 31 GIULIA STRIPPOLI GIULIA rights. 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