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CANADIAN FORCES COLLEGE / COLLÈGE DES FORCES CANADIENNES CSC 31 / CCEM 31 EXERCISE/EXERCICE NEW HORIZONS PEACEKEEPING: SHOULD BRUNEI JUMP ONTO THE BANDWAGON? By /par Maj Rosman Ismail Syn 8 (Term 1) 29 April 2005 This paper was written by a student attending La présente étude a été rédigée par un stagiaire the Canadian Forces College in fulfilment of one du Collège des Forces canadiennes pour of the requirements of the Course of Studies. satisfaire à l'une des exigences du cours. The paper is a scholastic document, and thus L'étude est un document qui se rapporte au contains facts and opinions which the author cours et contient donc des faits et des opinions alone considered appropriate and correct for que seul l'auteur considère appropriés et the subject. It does not necessarily reflect the convenables au sujet. Elle ne reflète pas policy or the opinion of any agency, including nécessairement la politique ou l'opinion d'un the Government of Canada and the Canadian organisme quelconque, y compris le Department of National Defence. This paper gouvernement du Canada et le ministère de la may not be released, quoted or copied except Défense nationale du Canada. Il est défendu de with the express permission of the Canadian diffuser, de citer ou de reproduire cette étude Department of National Defence. sans la permission expresse du ministère de la Défense nationale. ABSTRACT The Bruneian Ministry of Defence has recently published two important documents last year – the Brunei Darussalam Defence White Paper 2004 and the Ministry of Defence Strategic Plan. Both documents stated that Brunei has made a voluntary commitment to participate in United Nations peacekeeping missions. So far, Brunei has participated in a small role in United Nations Transitional Authority Cambodia (UNTAC) in 1992/1993 and currently, the Royal Brunei Armed Forces (RBAF) is engaged in a military observer mission in Southern Philippines. The RBAF had also contributed to the humanitarian relief efforts in Sumatra post December tsunami disaster. This paper will explore the issues Brunei and the RBAF will likely face in their commitment to participation in UN peacekeeping operations. It will also discuss the benefits and risks that will likely be encountered. Finally, the paper concludes by affirming the reasons why Brunei and the RBAF should consider participating in more UN peacekeeping missions in the future. 1 “For the last sixteen years, Brunei Darussalam has participated in the United Nations as a full member of the international community of nations. We have strongly supported the UN’s role in international affairs. We have done what we could to promote the principles and processes of the UN Charter. Despite our small size, we have provided equipment and participated in UN peacekeeping operations. We are committed to continuing this within the limits of our resources”.1 In conjunction with its 43rd anniversary in May 2004, the Royal Brunei Armed Forces (RBAF) published two important documents - the Brunei Darussalam Defence White Paper 2004 and the Ministry of Defence Strategic Plan. This was the first time such papers were published and simultaneously launched on the World Wide Web. These documents were published and promulgated as a result of a wider plan to align and focus the efforts of the ministries under the Government of Brunei Darussalam to create a “nation that is always safe, peaceful and prosperous.”2 The Defence White Paper was published in the midst of an ever challenging and complex environment that aim to address the challenges of regional and global security. The pressing threats posed by terrorism, drug trafficking, illegal immigrants and weapons of mass destruction not only affect the security and stability of Brunei but also the region and beyond. The White Paper not only describes the role that the RBAF must play, most importantly, it also provides a “clear statement” of the policies that the RBAF will adopt and pursue to “maintain security.”3 Additionally, the White Paper also provides 1 United Nations, “Speech made by His Majesty Paduka Seri Baginda Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mu’izzaddin Waddaulah ibni Al-Marhum Sultan Haji Omar’Ali Saifuddien Sa’adul Khairi Waddien, the Sultan of Brunei at the United Nations Millenium Summit on 8 September 2000,” http://www.un.org/millennium/webcast/statements/brunei.htm; Internet; accessed 28 Nov 2004. 2 Ministry of Defence, Brunei Darussalam Defence White Paper 2004, (Brunei: Ministry of Defence, May 2004); available from http://www.mindef.gov.bn/; Internet; accessed 28 Nov 2004. 3 Ibid., 10. 2 “transparency” and contributes to regional “confidence building.”4 It also outlines the “key policy priorities” for defence for the next decade.5 On the other hand, the Ministry of Defence Strategic Plan takes into account the security threats, and “identifies” and “focuses” the tasks needed by the Ministry of Defence and the RBAF to shape its future defence capability in order to support the national policies.6 In other words, the Strategic Plan presents a blueprint and sets the mechanism for implementing the tasks that will bring the White Paper into fruition. Some of the tasks that will be undertaken by the RBAF will be a step out of the national arena and into the regional or international domain. Specifically, the Strategic Plan document identifies the involvement and participation of the RBAF in peacekeeping operations, regionally or further a field as a likely “political priority for defence.”7 However, before committing any troops on the ground, the Bruneian Government will continue to “evaluate the strategic and political implications” of such participation.8 The RBAF has participated in a small role in a peacekeeping operation in the past but is now considering a much greater involvement. Last year, there were 120,000 military and civilian police personnel involved in 17 peacekeeping missions.9 Indeed more troops have been deployed on peacekeeping missions than there has ever been in 4 Ministry of Defence, Brunei Darussalam Defence White Paper 2004, (Brunei: Ministry of Defence, May 2004): 10; available from http://www.mindef.gov.bn/; Internet; accessed 28 Nov 2004. 5 Ministry of Defence, Ministry of Defence Strategic Plan, (Brunei: Ministry of Defence, May 2004): 11; available from http://www.mindef.gov.bn/ ; Internet; accessed 28 Nov 2004. 6 Ibid., 4. 7 Ibid., 25. 8 Ibid., 14. 9 United Nations Peacekeeping, “The Surge in UN Peacekeeping,” http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/dpko/pub/exhibition/; Internet; accessed 22 Apr 2005. 3 the past. The United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations (UN DPKO) had also forecasted that there would be an increase or “surge” in the number of peacekeeping operations in the near future because it believes that some of the “world’s most intractable wars” are coming to an end. 10 Brunei has participated in one UN peacekeeping operation in 1992. Last year, 102 countries participated in peacekeeping missions. In 2001, there were 87 on the list of contributors.11 Statistically, there is an increasing number of peacekeeping missions and number of troop contributing countries. Is there a rush of countries contributing troops for peacekeeping operations? Should Brunei jump onto the peacekeeping “bandwagon”? The purpose of this paper is to examine if Brunei should play a more active role in UN peacekeeping missions. It exerts that on the balance of arguments, Brunei could consider playing a greater role in peacekeeping operations in the future. To this end, the paper will first provide a brief description on Brunei Darussalam and the Royal Brunei Armed Forces. It will then examine the peacekeeping role and the arguments why Brunei should and should not consider taking on a more active role in this area. It will then explore what the RBAF should do if it was to consider playing a greater role. The paper will conclude by affirming Brunei’s commitment to participation in UN peacekeeping missions. Brunei Darussalam or the “Abode of Peace” is a peace-loving nation and is a small country situated in the northwestern corner of the island of Borneo occupying an area of 2,228 square miles and has a population of around 350,000. Brunei was colonised 10 United Nations Peacekeeping, “The Surge in UN Peacekeeping,” http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/dpko/pub/exhibition/; Internet; accessed 22 Apr 2005. 11 Ibid. 4 by the British in 1888 and only gained her independence in 1984. On gaining her independence, Brunei became a member of the Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN), the United Nations (UN), the Organization of Islamic Countries (OIC), the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) and is also part of the Commonwealth. Brunei is a constitutional monarchical state and ruled by the Sultan of Brunei. The Sultan is also the Supreme Commander of the Royal Brunei Armed Forces. The Royal Brunei Armed Forces was formerly known as the Royal Brunei Malay Regiment (RBMR) and was formed on 31st May 1961.