COSMETICS Definition: the Word Cosmetics Arise from a Greek Word “Kosmeticos” Which Means to Adorn

COSMETICS Definition: The word cosmetics arise from a Greek word “Kosmeticos” which means to adorn. Any material used for beautification or improvement of appearance is known as cosmetics. OR Cosmetics are external preparation meant for applying on external parts of the body i.e. nails, skin, hair, for coloring, covering, softening, cleaning, nourishing, waving, setting, mollification, preservation, removal & protection. OR It is an item intended to be rubbed, poured, sprinkled or sprayed on, introduced into or otherwise applied to the human body or any part thereof for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness or altering the appearance. Hair Products • They can be classified under following heads • Shampoo • Hair tonics & conditioners • Hair colorants along with lighteners & bleaches • Hair grooming aids • 1) Brilliantines & hair oil • 2) Hair setting lotions • 3) Hair creams • 4) Hair lacquers or sprays • Hair wavers, curlers & straightners • Hair removers: depilation, epilations and electrolysis Structure of Hair • The base of hair follicle is called hair papilla, a peg of connective tissues. • Hair papilla is surrounded by hair bulb which consist of epithelial cells. • The epithelial layer involved in hair production is called hair matrix. • The basal cells near to hair matrix are divide by MITOSIS. • The coat of the hair is called cuticle which is formed by the dead cells at the surface of hair. Functions of Hair 1) The hair on head protect the scalp from U.V. light, cushion round the head. 2) Eyebrows protect the eye from foreign particles 3) Vivrissae,the hairs,guarding the entrances to nostrils and exernal ear canals filter the air & help to prevent the entry of small insects & foreign particles. 4) Body hair help in evaporation of perspiration & draining of external water from body. 5) Hair is also part of sensing function. this sensitivity acts as an early-warning system that may help to prevent injury. Shampoo • It is product ( preparation of surfactant) for cleaning dirt , sebum , and sweat off the hair & scalp and imparts gloss to it, but also leaves hair manageable and non dry. Ideal Characteristics • It should effectively & completely remove dust or soil,sebum form the hair. • Should be easily removed by effective rinsing. • Should leave the hair non-dry, soft, lustrous with good manageability. • Should not make the hand rough and chapped. • Should not have any adverse effect on skin and eye. • It should impart a pleasant fragrance to the hair. • It should produce a good amount of foam to satisfy the psychological requirements of the user. • The main problem of cleaning hair is removal of fat or grease which needs a good detergent. Detergent power or the removal of dirt involves:- 1. The ability of the detergent to wet both the dirt and the substrate hair fibre. 2. Lowering of interfacial tension to such a level that displacement of dirt or grease materials becomes easy. 3. Dispersion of dirt particles for easy washing and removal. Composition of Shampoo Surfactant Conditioning Perfumes agents Thickening Sequestrants SHAMPOO agents Anti-infective Pearlescent agents agents Anti- dandruff agents 1.Surfactants • Surfactants are the main component of shampoos. Mainly the anionic surfactants are used. • The raw materials used in manufacture of shampoo may be classified as:- 1. Principal surfactants which provide detergency and foam. 2. Secondary surfactants which improve detergency foam and hair condition. 3. Other additives which impart other characteristics to the shampoo products. • Principal Surfactants: 1. Anionic surfactant mostly used as they have good foaming properties. 2. Non ionic surfactants have good cleansing activity but not sufficient foaming power. 3. Cationic surfactant good foaming and cleansing power but are toxic and cause damage to eye. 4. Ampholytics not good foaming power, are expensive and mainly used in hair conditioners and as secondary suractants. Examples of Principal surfactants: 1. Alkyl Sulphates:- They are sulphated derivatives of long chain fatty alcohols, C12,or above ,obtained by catalytic reduction of fatty acids of coconut and palm kernel oils. Triethanolamine alkyl sulphate is present in most of the present day shampoos. 2. Alky polyethelene glycol sulphates (alkyl ether sulphates) • Secondary surfactants:- These are added to produce more foam and to improve the condition of the hair. They are mostly anionic or ampholytic detergents. Dialkyl sulphosuccients ,monoalkyl sulphosuccients,methyl taurides,fatty acid alkanolamides, acyl amino acids,acyl peptides acyl sarcosins,monoglyceride sulphates turkey red oil,and secondary alkyl sulphates. • Other Additives: 1) Conditioning agents:- These substances give a special conditioning effect to the hair. If amino acids are incorporated into shampoos after washing amino acid remains deposited on the hair and scalp and produces a good conditioning effect of the hair. E.g.: Fatty substances –Lanoline Natural substances-Herbal extracts, eggs, amino acids Mineral oil- Lecithin 2)Germicides and anti-dandruff agents:- Germicides and /or anti- dandruff agents are incorporated to prevent microbial infection of scalp and to treat dandruff respectively. E.g.: Benzalkonium chloride, Cetrimide ( quaternary ammonium compounds) Selenium sulphides, Cadmium sulphide Zinc pyridinium thiol N-oxide (ZPTO) 3) Pearlscent agents:- They brighten the hair. E.g.: Coumarin and sustituted coumarin derivatives are used. 4-methyl-1,7-diethylamino coumarin. 4) Sequestrants:- They form a water soluble complex with Ca++ and mg++ and thus prevent the formation of insoluble salts of soaps or detergents by these two divalent ions present in water. Sequestrants like sodium salt of EDTA (ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid) are used to entrap the interfering ions like Ca++ and Mg++ present in the water. 5) Thickening agents:- To make shampoo preparations viscous , for easy handling and minimize wastage while pouring thickening agents are incorporated. E.g.: Alginates, Polyvinyl alcohols, Methyl cellulose, Colloidal silicates 6) Colors, Perfumes and Preservatives • There are various types of shampoo. Some of them are illustrated as follows: • Powder shampoo • Clear liquid shampoo • Liquid cream/ lotion shampoo • Solid cream shampoo • Jelly shampoo • Aerosol foam shampoo • Anti-dandruff shampoo Evaluation of Shampoo 1) Foam formation and foam stability: 200ml of a surfactant solution is dropped into a glass column containing 50 ml of same solution. The height of the foam generated is measured immediately and again after specific time interval. It is measured in volume. 2) Detergency and cleaning action: It is a primary function, but excessive cleaning may make the hair dry and unmanageable. Three tests are performed for evaluation of cleaning action. A) Effect on water hardness:- It is an important test as soaps are susceptible to the impact of Ca++ and Mg++ions. B) Surface tension and wetting:- The measurement of surface and interfacial tension is a guide for effectiveness of a surfactant solution to surround, to break up and solubilize the soil. The Du Nouy ring tensiometer & wilhemly plate method is utilized of the measurement of this value. C) Surfactant analysis: Can be carry out by any suitable method such as Ion- exchange chromatography. 3)Rinsing capacity & conditioning action: Difficult to evaluate as it is done or felt by user only thus it is subject to variation from individual to individual. 4)Irritation & toxicity: A) Eye irritation: 0.1 ml of test solution is instilled one eye of rabbit. Keep one eye for control test. After 4 sec both eye are washed with saline and observation made after 1 hour. B) Oral toxicity: It is given in terms of LD50 .If LD50 is 5 or more the toxicity is considered as low. 5) Anti – dandruff efficiency: Visual method Effect on the hair can be studied by “Half –head technique” where half of the hair is shampooed the other half is used as control and comparing the two parts by observation and by combing and other process. HAIR TONICS • They claims action against a variety of disorders such as dandruff, alopecia or baldness and seborrhea. • An ideal hair tonic should have the following ingredients: 1. A counter irritant to improve supply of blood to the dermal papillae. 2. Vitamins and sulphur-containing amino acids for biosynthesis of Keratin. 3. Antiseptics for control of dandruff and seborrhea. 4. Optionally it can also contain conditioners. 5. Should not damage scalp on hair. • Normal vehicle for the hair tonics is industrial methylated spirit diluted with water. Alcohol can be used in concentration range from 10-95% as required. It acts as a solvent for removal of a fatty acid-protein complex from the hair. • Glycerine in 2-5% is also incorporated to get emollient and lubricating effects. • The massaging done to apply such tonics also helps in stimulating hair growth as it increases temperature and localized circulation. • Some of the active constituents used are cantharides,pilocarpine,quinine,ammonia, rosemery oil ,acetic acid,capsicum,resorcinol,salicylic acid,sulphur,cholesterol,mercuric chloride. • Other important substances used in hair tonics are vitamin F,Vitamin E,pantothethenic acid,biotin,(VitaminH) protein hydrolysation products and nucleic acids. Conditioners • They are generally used after shampooing the hair to render them more lustrous, easy to comb and free of static electricity when dry. • Conditioners are mainly based on cationic detergents and fatty materials like lanolin or mineral oil. • Formula:

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