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Nanoict STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA nanoICT STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA nanoICT Strategic Research Agenda VVVersionVersion 2.0 Index 1.1.1. Introduction 777 2.2.2. Strategic Research Agenda 131313 2.1 ––– Graphene 15 2.2 ––– Modeling 19 2.3 ––– Nanophotonics and Nanophononics 23 3.3.3. Annex 1 --- nanoICT wwworkingworking gggroupsgroups position papers 252525 3.1 ––– Graphene 27 3.2 ––– Modeling 79 3.3 ––– Nanophotonics and Nanophononics 105 3.4 ––– BioInspired Nanotechnologies 141 3.5 ––– Nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) 149 4.4.4. Annex 2 --- nanoICT groups & statistics 171 Annex 2.1 ––– List of nanoICT registered groups 173 Annex 2.2 ––– Statistics 181 555.5... Annex 3 --- National & regional funding schemes study 185 Foreword Antonio Correia Coordinator of the nanoICT CA Phantoms Foundation (Madrid, Spain) At this stage, it is impossible to predict the exact and accelerate progress in identified R&D course the nanotechnology revolution will take directions and priorities for the “nanoscale ICT and, therefore, its effect on our daily lives. We devices and systems” FET proactive program and can, however, be reasonably sure that guide public research institutions, keeping Europe nanotechnology will have a profound impact on at the forefront in research. In addition, it aims to the future development of many commercial be a valid source of guidance, not only for the sectors. The impact will likely be greatest in the nanoICT scientific community but also for the strategic nanoelectronics (ICT nanoscale devices - industry (roadmapping issues), providing the latest nanoICT) sector, currently one of the key enabling developments in the field of emerging nano- technologies for sustainable and competitive devices that appear promising for future take up growth in Europe, where the demand for by the industry. technologies permitting faster processing of data at lower costs will remain undiminished. This updated version of the research agenda is an open document to comments and/or suggestions Considering the fast and continuous evolvements and covers a very wide range of interdisciplinary in the inter-disciplinary field of Nanotechnology areas of research and development, such as and in particular of “ICT nanoscale devices”, BioICT, NEMS, Graphene, Modelling, initiatives such as the nanoICT Coordination Action1 Nanophotonics, Nanophononics, etc. providing should identify and monitor the new emerging insights in these areas, currently very active fields research drivers of interest for this worldwide. Community and put in place instruments/measures to address them. Expected impact of initiatives such as this nanoICT strategic research agenda is to enhance visibility, One of the main challenges is the timely communication and networking between identification and substantiation of new directions specialists in several fields, facilitate rapid for the physical realisation of ICT beyond CMOS information flow, look for areas of common that have a high potential for significant ground between different technologies and breakthrough and that may become the therefore shape and consolidate the European foundations of the information and research community. communication technologies and innovations of tomorrow. I hope you will enjoy reading this document. Please contact coordinators of the working groups Therefore, the second version of the nanoICT if you are interested in providing a comment or Strategic Research Agenda (SRA) provides focus would like to see your research featured in future editions. 1 www.nanoICT.org nanoIC T Strategic Research Agenda 555 1.1.1. InInIntroductionIn troduction Introduction Robert Baptist CEA (France) The nanoICT Coordination Action (CA) ends adoption of the FinFET or FD-SOI transistor, on with an extremely positive balance. This CA had the possibilities of using in short or middle term for purposes, first to draw up, according to the such or such type of lithography (EUV or e- current worldwide situation, the relative beam) or of continuing with the double situation of the nanosciences & patterning at 193nm, or of adding to it the self- nanotechnologies towards Information and assembling of di-block copolymers hit the Communication Technologies (ICT) and headlines of international conferences or the secondly to give an insight of the European titles of reporting done by consulting firms. research in these domains. We shall give Nevertheless microelectronics laboratories will successively an outline of these two points certainly continue to work on silicon chip during this introduction. scaling, more computing power, lower energy consumption during the next 15-20 years To start with, it is useful to specify that the introducing new technologies, new materials world context in microelectronics escapes the and new fabrication techniques. academic world for the most part of the decisions which are taken. A decision such as This relative tightness on the economic plan passing from 300mm to 450mm wafers leads to between big industrial actors of the major economic, strategic and political changes. microelectronics sector and the world of the On the financial plan, sums of the order of 5-6 nanosciences/nanotechnologies is, maybe, less billion dollars are put forward to estimate the marked in a domain in very fast emergence price of the construction of such factories. It which is the Organic Electronics one (OE). To thus reduces to the leading players of the get an opinion on the growth of this sector, it is microelectronics the possibility of embarking on enough to quote some relative figures in one of such operations. As the amount of planned the major conferences of this sector, the investments should restrict the number of conference LOPE-C which is organized every factories in the world to some units, it is year in Germany, (on 2011, Frankfurt, on 2012 probably desirable that besides US and Asia, it in Munich). In 2011 this conference gathered, exists at least a manufacturing unit in Europe. indeed, 1500 participants and attracted 88 exhibitors. Its major sectors of development A lot of web sites and blogs echo rumours of are OLED screens, organic electronics for the meetings, discussions, forecasts, between photovoltaic, and lighting with organic diodes, industrial actors, institutional and the lobbies three sectors of considerable economic or organizations connected to the domain of importance. All the techniques of microelectronics. In the same way, discussions manufacturing, roll to roll printing, impression just as much technical as strategic on the on substrates or foils, deposits under vacuum nanoIC T Strategic Research Agenda 999 Introduction are neck and neck to the applications, the size It is a tribute to nanoICT to have launched, in and the nature of the substrates and the game the course of project, the creation of working thus remains relatively open. The academic and groups such as those on grapheme or bioICT. the laboratories of R&D play a major role and Both members of these groups and their feed this infant industry with new conclusions played an essential role in the manufacturing processes, with new molecules progress of the first phases of each of the or new functional electronic layers (blocking corresponding Flagships. Besides, if we imagine layer for electrons or holes, adaptative layers that “critical” dimensions for “of today” CMOS for the work function, etc.). Furthermore they devices will be reached in 10 or 15 years, we feed the perspectives by aligning performances also see that new original fields of research can which improve regularly as time goes by. Let us appear to study original tracks on calculation or note that a lot of concepts or functional nano- on new manufacturing techniques. For the objects developed in molecular electronics first, we may mention, of course, quantum meet right now in the prototype lines. It is the computing, unconventional architectures case for numerous nanomaterials that we find (reversible computation, those combining logic under hybrid shape (nanowires, carbon and memory (memory embedded in logic, nanotubes, graphene - organic material) or MLU), neuromorphic approaches, etc. For the "simple" shapes, such as the sheets of second ones, will mention in the first place the grapheme or the conducting metallic difficulty in defining the future device itself and nanowires both used for flexible transparent separating it from the physical link carrying the electrodes in place of ITO. We also find a lot of information delivered by the device; this will work on applications in connection with ICT probably lead in the future (10 years-15 years) and we shall quote in particular those on to radical changes in manufacturing processes memories, on printed batteries, on RFID tags like the one we observe today with 3D- and CMOS organic devices. Naturally, the assembling. The same holds with the inclusion analogue devices which can be fabricated on of numerous new materials in CMOS since 5-10 flexible substrates (recently works on graphene years. It is foreseen that problems due to transistors working in the GHz domain have interferences, leakages and parasites will been published), or thinned and then added to predominate across the entire ultra-dense flexible substrates are indispensable for systems, with dimensions of about number of applications. 100nmx100nm and containing many devices in close proximity. Furthermore, these systems These two big electronics sectors have will not be allowed to dissipate more than different strategies of development, but each allowed by the physics and they
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