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Nanoict STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA Version 1.0 nanoICT STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA Version 1.0 Index 1. Introduction 7 2. Strategic Research Agendas 19 2.1 Carbon Nanotubes 21 2.2 Modelling 24 2.3 Mono-Molecular Electronics 27 2.4 Nano Electro Mechanical Systems (NEMS) 30 3. Annex 1 - nanoICT Working Groups position papers 33 3.1 Carbon Nanotubes 35 3.2 Status of Modelling for nanoscale information processing and storage devices 69 3.3 Mono-molecular electronics on a surface: challenges and opportunities 90 3.4 BioInspired Nanomaterials 97 3.5 Nano Electro Mechanical Systems (NEMS) 101 3.6 Semiconductor nanowires: Status of the field - research and applications 117 4. Annex 2 - nanoICT groups & statistics 161 Annex 2.1 List of nanoICT registered groups 163 Annex 2.2 Statistics 170 Foreword At this stage, it is impossible to predict the exact course in the field of emerging nano-devices that appear the nanotechnology revolution will take and, therefore, promising for future take up by the industry. its effect on our daily lives. We can, however, be reasonably sure that nanotechnology will have a This first version of the research agenda is an open profound impact on the future development of many document to comments and/or suggestions and covers commercial sectors. The impact will likely be greatest in a very wide range of interdisciplinary areas of research the strategic nanoelectronics (ICT nanoscale devices - and development, such as Mono-Molecular electronics, nanoICT) sector, currently one of the key enabling Bioelectronics, NEMS, Nanotubes, Modelling, etc. technologies for sustainable and competitive growth in providing insights in these areas, currently very active Europe, where the demand for technologies permitting worldwide. faster processing of data at lower costs will remain undiminished. Expected impact of initiatives such as this nanoICT strategic research agenda is to enhance visibility, Considering the fast and continuous evolvements in the communication and networking between specialists in inter-disciplinary field of Nanotechnology and in several fields, facilitate rapid information flow, look for particular of “ICT nanoscale devices”, initiatives such as areas of common ground between different the nanoICT Coordination Action1 should identify and technologies and therefore shape and consolidate the monitor the new emerging fields research drivers of European research community. interest for this Community and put in place instruments/measures to address them. I hope you will enjoy reading this document and look forward to the next edition beginning of 2011 which will One of the main challenges is the timely identification explore some new nanoICT related research areas such and substantiation of new directions for the physical as Spintronics, Nanophotonics and Nanophononics. realisation of ICT beyond CMOS that have a high Please contact coordinators of the working groups if potential for significant breakthrough and that may you are interested in providing a comment or would like become the foundations of the information and to see your research featured in future editions. communication technologies and innovations of tomorrow. The editor Therefore, the first version of the nanoICT research agenda provides focus and accelerate progress in Dr. Antonio Correia identified R&D directions and priorities for the Coordinator of the nanoICT CA “nanoscale ICT devices and systems” FET proactive program and guide public research institutions, keeping Phantoms Foundation Europe at the forefront in research. In addition, it aims (Madrid, Spain) to be a valid source of guidance, not only for the nanoICT scientific community but also for the industry (roadmapping issues), providing the latest developments 1 www.nanoICT.org nanoICT Strategic Research Agenda · Version 1.0 · 5 1 Introduction Introduction 1. Introduction are new challenging areas of research, with great Robert Baptist (CEA, France) promise for novel types of information processing and storage. This introduction does not pretend to be an historical description of developments in nanoscience or All these aspects of research achieved during the last 20 nanotechnology over the last 20 years. It is only a guide years for information and communication technologies through various domains that will influence Future Emerging (ICT), as well as the challenges for their use in the field Technologies (FET) and will definitely inspire or master our of electronics and ICT are presented in the following future. chapters, together with the strategic research agenda and their respective position papers. This research is First, the text introduces the context of nanoelectronics and developed in the world and in many cases specific 7 reports written by experts of the Nano-ICT project on well technologies have been developed for integration into defined topics. It then tries to indicate some (new) standard microelectronics. Applications will be short or perspectives that the author think should be important in medium term depending on the maturity of the domain. the upcoming times. The following chapters, written by experts, give an insight into their time schedules. In order to give some freedom to the reader and enrich the next version of this first draft, this document is voluntarily not However, apart from the domains of investigation that split, nor well organized, into chapters, paragraphs, historical we briefly present below, various possible outlined development, tables, etc. This absence of structure should scenarios could transform in a different manner the enable to point out missing but important issues and “convergence” between (bio) nanomaterials and ICT; generate debates about the respective importance of consequently our vision on the future of electronics (in different fields. Feel free to signal corrections and suggest a broad sense) can be enlarged. Here, in this preface comments/disagreements to enrich this first version and we propose to give an overview of leading trends which prepare the next one, we have to set up during the fourth are not directly covered presently by the nanoICT year of the nanoICT Coordination Action. actions but which could have a real impact in the future of nanoelectronics and its relation to ICT. Naturally Since their discovery by Iijima in 1991, carbon nanotubes many subjects are indeed treated in other European have been the subject of intensive research and programs and when appropriate we will refer to them. development activity. Indeed, they combine a very broad range of exceptional intrinsic properties, which This overview is not intended to describe things have caused interest in many fields of science and accurately or to present recent published literature but technology such photonics and nanoelectronics. The rather to provide a possible guidance towards the 2020- same occurs with semiconducting nanowires which, for 2030 time frames. All information and points of view example, benefit from the fourth dimension in are not expressed in this first draft but will be microelectronics, with nanostructure-based NEMS complemented by the data in the next editions. reaching the quantum world, or with nanotubes, graphene and organic based spintronics research, which nanoICT Strategic Research Agenda · Version 1.0 · 9 Introduction Classical Microelectronics These industrials will fabricate all advanced microelectronics microprocessors and hyper dense Microelectronics follows technical changes and memories to be used in the world and this is thanks to evolutions suggested or required by the International the huge investments needed to produce nano CMOS Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS, on large 300 or 450 mm wafers. Probably, all www.itrs.net) to keep on track with the so-called performances will get better (by a factor of 1000- Moore’s law, and it also follows worldwide economical 1000000) during the next decades. and societal parameters. These developments reflect also national or international technical programs (such This mainstream semiconductor technology is today as those from ENIAC www.eniac.eu, or EPOSS different from what it was 20 years ago before internet, www.smart-systems-integration.org/public in Europe) gaming and mobile phones existed. In particular from and of course the strategies of industrial or research that time, conventional technology has integrated new clusters and their alliances in this field, for example the functions such as RF functions, switches, sensors, etc recent IBM alliance www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/ (which are often fabricated using semiconductor and pressrelease/27222.wss. Any future non CMOS devices nanoelectronics technologies in particular CMOS already studied in laboratories which could replace the technology). All these instruments get progressively CMOS FET as logic switches shall present significant ubiquitous. These orientations are connected to the advantages over these ultimate classical FETs in terms of “More Moore” and “More than Moore” approaches density, power performances and cost. which respectively lead to fabrication of devices at the nano scale and devices with added functions extending Considering Moore’s law and its scale reduction, to Moore's Law. Today, it seems consequently more which future devices coming from other technologies difficult to keep only such a simplified presentation of should be compared, it is enough to mention the “classical” electronics in terms of an industrial sector various devices sizes and the date of their possible working only on “memories and logic for computing” production
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