The Inheritance of This Moment: an Exploration of Temporality
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Duquesne University Duquesne Scholarship Collection Electronic Theses and Dissertations Fall 12-21-2018 The nheI ritance of this Moment: An Exploration of Temporality, Subjectivity, and Liberation in Non- Dual Contemplative Practice and Psychotherapy Jeremy Axelrad Follow this and additional works at: https://dsc.duq.edu/etd Part of the Clinical Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Axelrad, J. (2018). The nheI ritance of this Moment: An Exploration of Temporality, Subjectivity, and Liberation in Non-Dual Contemplative Practice and Psychotherapy (Doctoral dissertation, Duquesne University). Retrieved from https://dsc.duq.edu/etd/ 1728 This Immediate Access is brought to you for free and open access by Duquesne Scholarship Collection. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Duquesne Scholarship Collection. THE INHERITANCE OF THIS MOMENT: AN EXPLORATION OF TEMPORALITY, SUBJECTIVITY, AND LIBERATION IN NON-DUAL CONTEMPLATIVE PRACTICE AND PSYCHOTHERAPY A Dissertation Submitted to the McAnulty College and Graduate School of Liberal Arts Duquesne University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Jeremy Axelrad, MA December 2018 Copyright by Jeremy Axelrad, MA 2018 THE INHERITANCE OF THIS MOMENT: AN EXPLORATION OF TEMPORALITY, SUBJECTIVITY, AND LIBERATION IN NON-DUAL CONTEMPLATIVE PRACTICE AND PSYCHOTHERAPY By Jeremy Axelrad, MA Approved November 16th, 2018 ________________________________ ________________________________ Will Adams, Ph.D. Anthony Barton, Ph.D. Professor of Psychology Professor of Psychology (Committee Chair) (Committee Member) ________________________________ Alex Kranjec, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Psychology (Committee Member) ________________________________ ________________________________ James Swindal, Ph.D. Leswin Laubscher, Ph.D. Dean, McAnulty College Chair, Psychology Department Professor of Philosophy Professor of Psychology iii ABSTRACT THE INHERITANCE OF THIS MOMENT: AN EXPLORATION OF TEMPORALITY, SUBJECTIVITY, AND LIBERATION IN NON-DUAL CONTEMPLATIVE PRACTICE AND PSYCHOTHERAPY By Jeremy Axelrad, MA December 2018 Dissertation supervised by Will Adams, Ph.D. This dissertation considers the meaning of “present-moment awareness” and its role in psychological healing and transformation. The current conversation around mindfulness, a secularized practice with roots in Buddhist contemplative traditions, has largely unfolded within a dualistic framework in which subject and object are separate from one another as well as from a discrete entity called a moment. While widely appreciated for its capacity to foster well-being and insight, mindfulness as construed above remains disconnected from Buddhist psychology’s non-dualistic view of experience, which radically challenges our ordinary understandings of subjectivity and temporality. In the current project, I sought to explore this non-dualistic perspective phenomenologically, and to highlight its potential intersection with psychotherapeutic iv theory and practice. To this end, I worked with Peter Fenner, Ph.D., a non-dual teacher and former Buddhist monk, exploring contemplative instructions from a Tibetan Buddhist tradition known as Dzogchen. These so-called pointing-out instructions involve a teacher “pointing-out” to their student “the nature of mind,” the non-dual reality held to be already present but habitually unrecognized in their experience. Over 11 meetings, I worked with Peter as he abided within the recognition of non-dual awareness, reading and commenting on five different pointing-out instructions from masters in the Dzogchen lineage and spontaneously engaging me in conversation regarding my own understandings. I wrote phenomenological descriptions of what it was like to work with Peter and the instructions, and then analyzed the different texts in terms of what they might suggest about subjectivity, temporality, suffering and healing. From this analysis emerged four themes that cohere as a single way of being: Immediacy, Letting Go, Not Knowing, and Relating Intimately. I then explored how these might already be implicit within the psychotherapy process. Through a consideration of psychotherapy in terms of the relational context, the client’s experiencing, and shifts in understanding, I suggested various ways that effective psychotherapy can be understood as an attenuated expression of non-duality. Insofar as we realize that the gap between ourselves, experience, and time is in fact imagined, and we can never truly be separate from “this moment,” we might discover novel possibilities for psychotherapeutic theory and practice. v DEDICATION May any good that comes of this work go towards the benefit of all beings everywhere. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Warm thanks and deep gratitude to Dr. Peter Fenner, for your unfailing generosity, kindness, and wisdom, without which this project would not have been possible. I have felt your good heart, integrity, and sheer presence guiding me throughout the dissertation process, and I hope in some way to have expressed what it is like to share “this” with you. Thank you for the blessing of these profound teachings, which continue to change the course of my life. Heartfelt thanks as well to my dissertation committee, especially my dissertation chair, Dr. Will Adams. Thank you, Will, for your dedication to this project from day one to the last minute, and for your patient, loving, and incisive relationship to my thinking and writing. Your voice throughout this conversation has been as supportive as it is impassioned, and attests to the way that your practice is so central to your heart and vice versa. When I reflect on the wisdom of your welcoming through the years, I am grateful and touched. Thank you to Dr. Anthony Barton, for your winking, whistling, laughing, nodding, knowing and not knowing way, which has helped me to trust in the process, go with my hunches, and connect the dots; somewhere between a poem and a trance is where our conversations live, I think, and I enjoy that a lot. Thank you Dr. Alex Kranjec, for your willingness to venture outside of your comfort zone and to bring your critical intellect, common sense, and dry, good-natured humor to this project. You have always struck me as someone who not only wonders, but vii experiences wonderment at the possibilities of psychological understanding, and I’m glad to have you as a reader. Thank you, always, Mom and Dad, for more than I can say. But with respect to this project, thank you for listening, for reminding me that this is about helping people, for always rooting for me and for telling me to “just finish it already!” Ditto, Aka and Ev. Specifically, Eric: thank you for your insightful comments about … technology. Evan, please refer to the tattoo of hands. I love you guys! Grandpa, I hope you know what an inspiration you have been to me throughout my life. Thank you for celebrating me and helping me to become myself, thank you for “the listener,” thank you for our long talks with ţuică about the past, the future, and tikkun olam in between. I have been thinking lately that maybe another way to say “Dzogchen” is elohai neshama shenatata bi tehorah - my G-d, the soul that you have given me is pure. My Flavi, you are sleeping next to me as I write these words, and I can only shake my head at the love I feel. Thank you for being my best friend and for really helping me out through every deadline, every outline, all of the places I’ve had to bring my laptop and all of the conversations that ended with “glazing!” Thank you for always believing in me. I can save you a couple hundred pages: you are the meaning of this; every moment with you is a gift. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iv Dedication .......................................................................................................................... vi Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... vii Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 The Depths of Presence ............................................................................................................... 1 The Movement Through, and Beyond, Mindfulness ................................................................... 5 The Non-Duality of Dzogchen .................................................................................................... 9 Non-Duality and Temporality ................................................................................................... 13 Literature Review ............................................................................................................. 21 Psychoanalysis and the Present Moment ................................................................................... 21 Humanistic Psychotherapy and the Present Moment ................................................................ 26 Psychotherapy and Mindfulness ................................................................................................ 32 Critiques and Potentials of Contemporary Mindfulness ............................................................ 35 Method .............................................................................................................................