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Valle De Arán, Spain) LEIDSE GEOLOGISCHE deel 3-5-1967 MEDEDELINGEN, 40, pp. 1—74, published separately Hydrology of the Upper-Garonne basin (Valle de Arán, Spain) BV H. Rijckborst Abstract runoff Valle and mountain basin in the consists of The in the de Arán, which is a steep high Pyrenees, essentially baseflow, and fast runoff is only a minor phenomenon. related and forest, and the of the which contributes the fast The baseflow is to areas of scree percentage precipitation to runoff, is related to the area of barren rocks. determined for It that The orographic precipitation pattern has been statistically eight valleys. was found, orographic precipita- mountain tion increases linearly with altitude, while the maximum increase occurs perpendicular to the slopes of the steep The due of rainfall 1.50 above showed as a 10—15 error ranges. expected errors, to measurements at m ground level, percent in the balance. The Penman values corrected for and reliable water evaporation were snow evaporation they subsequently gave results. Contents Illustrations 2; Tables 3; Tables 1—45 Appendices 5.4 Wind 23 4; List of symbols 4; Abbreviations 5 5.5 Cloud cover 24 5.6 Relative air humidity 25 1. Introduction 7 1.1 The project 7 6. Precipitation analysis 25 1.2 Acknowledgments 7 6.1 Introduction 25 1.3 Location 7 6.2 Precipitation regime 25 1.4 History of the Valle de Aran 7 6.3 Variations in the annual precipitation 1946— 1966 26 1.5 Stream system 9 6.4 Relation of precipitation, wind direction and cloud cover 28 2. Morphometry 9 6.5 The precipitation 28 2.1 Morphomctric data 9 map 6.6 of the rain orifice Height gauge 29 2.2 Influence of basin morphology onhypsometric 6.7 Regression analysis 30 curves 11 6.8 Major topographic features, which affect 2.3 Specific degradation 12 precipitation 31 2.4 Hypsometric integral 12 6.9 Precipitation on steep valley slopes 31 2.5 Erosion models 13 6.10 Snowfall 33 2.6 Origin of the Garonne River 13 6.11 Snow duration 33 2.7 The Miocene planation level 14 6.12 Water content of fresh snow 35 2.8 Quaternary developments ofthe Vallede Aran 17 2.9 Slopes 17 7. Runoff 35 7.1 Introduction 35 3. Available meteorological data 18 7.2 Available data 35 3.1 Introduction 18 7.3 Stage-discharge relations 36 3.2 Precipitation and snowfall 18 7.4 Land classification and map morphological 3.3 Temperature, wind direction, wind velocity analysis 37 and cloud cover 19 7.5 to characteristics 39 Introduction runoff .... 3.4 Air and air 19 pressure humidity 7.6 of the Pontet de Rius basin 41 J-values .... 3.5 Unused records 19 7.7 Relation of runoff, land classification and morphology in Pontet de Rius 42 4. of the Valle de- Aran 21 Climatology 7.8 J-values of the Aigüestortes basin 43 4.1 Introduction 21 7.9 J-values of the Upper Negro basin 43 4.2 Classification of the climates 21 7.10 Monthly runoff variation coefficients of eight 4.3 The effect of the the Valle de Pyrenees on representative drainage basins 45 Aran climate 21 7.11 Relation of variation coefficients, morpholo- and land classification in gy eight drainage 5. Climatic elements 21 basins 45 5.1 Air 21 7.12 Flood 45 pressure frequency 5.2 Temperature 22 7.13 Flood routing through fourteen reservoirs in the 5.3 Vertical temperature gradients 22 Upper Aiguamoix 48 2 H. Rijckborst: Hydrology of the Upper-Garonne basin 8. Evaporation 49 10.6 Groundwater flow through the ungrouted 8.1 Introduction 49 Aiguamoix dam foundations 61 8.2 Evaporation estimations from meteorological data 49 11. Karst systems 61 8.3 Evaporation estimations from the snow cover 50 11.1 Introduction 61 8.4 Mountain shadow and orientation of the 11.2 Geology 62 50 11.3 The del valleys Güells Jueu system 62 8.5 Short wave radiation 51 11.4 measurements .... The Estua system 63 8.6 Actual evaporation estimations 53 11.5 The Ruda system 63 11.6 The Bó system 64 9. Glaciers of the Aneto 54 11.7 The group Pila system 64 9.1 Introduction 54 11.8 Tracer experiments 64 9.2 Precipitation on the glaciers 54 11.9 Chemical analyses 65 9.3 increase of the Monthly 0° C-isotherms ... 55 11.10 Runoff analysis 66 9.4 Snow depth and snow density 55 11.11 Infiltrationinto limestones 67 9.5 Evaporation from the glaciers 56 9.6 term variations of the 56 balance Long glaciers .... 12. Water 67 Water oftwo basins 67 12.1 balance selected . ... 10. The Aiguamoix dam 57 12.2 Water balance of eight basins 67 10.1 Introduction 57 Water the de Aran 68 12.3 balance of Valle .... 10.2 Topography and geology 58 12.4 Runoff ofthe Vallede Aran 69 10.3 Development of the project 58 10.4 Watertight screen and drainage ofthe founda- Conclusions 70 tions 58 10.5 Water permeability tests 60 References 71 ILLUSTRATIONS 1.1 Location of the Valle de Aran. 3.3 rain Mougin gauges. 1.2 The medieaval church of Bossost. 5.1 Mean air of Arties and monthly pressure (mb) Viella, 1.3 Tombstone of an Aráñese nobleman (church of Las compared with the Naca standard atmosphere. Bordas) 12th 5.2 of station Viella and century. Monthly temperature the valley 1.4 Stream of the Garonne River. system the mountain station Bonaigua. 1.5 The karst spring Giiell del Garona where the 5.3 Annual fluctuation of temperature gradients during River Garonne originates. the period 1955—1965. 2.1 Hypsometric histograms of thirty-three basins. 5.4 Wind from the roses meteorological stations during 2.2 and distribu- Hypsometric histogram slope-altitude period 1955—1965. tion of the Valle de Aran. 5.5 Morning valley slope wind in the Valarties valley. 2.3 and distribu- Hypsometric histogram slope-altitude 6.1 Monthly precipitation coefficients for the valley tion of and thejueu- Aiguamoix-River. stations and mountain stations. 2.4 of three sections. Maps simplified valley cross 6.2 Maximum daily rain precipitation and rain duration 2.5 of three simplified valley Hypsometric histograms for Viella and Restanca (1955—1965). cross sections for a and circular- rectangular-, elliptic- 6.3 of the de Aran Precipitation map Valle (1946—1966). drainage basin. 6.4 Double mass curve of the Bonaigua precipitation 2.6 Hypsometric integral of the Valle de Aran, showing in and in rain measured a mougin gauge (y) a daily the volume of eroded material 100 altitude. per m gauge (x). 2.7 Results of the model analysis of the Valle de Aran. 6.5 Accumulated precipitation values of Bonaigua, show- 2.8 Structure-contour of the top Devonian in the map the 44 in the ing percent error measurements 4.40 m Valle de Aran. above ground level. 2.9 analysis of the Iñola basin, showing Morphometric 6.6 Relation of the annual average precipitation (mm) the dip of the Miocene planation level in the direc- and altitude (m) during the period 1946—1966. tion of the present river. 6.7 Relation of the annual snowfall and average (cm) 2.10 of Glaciation a Tertiary planation level. altitude (m) during the period 1946—1966. 2.11 Cross section of the Toran valley at the Lower Toran 6.8 Snowfall of the de Aran the map Valle during period damsite. 1946—1966. 2.12 Cross section of the Toran valley at the Upper Toran 6.9 Snow total of the to precipitation ratio map Valle damsite. de Aran during the period 1946—1966. 2.13 Distribution of the 100 weighted average slope per m 7.1 Distribution of runoff gauging stations and catch- altitude in ten drainage basins. the effect of karst of ment areas, showing systems. 2.14 Frequency weighted average slopes. 7.2 Bar runoff records the 2.15 Length profiles of the Valle de Aran rivers and graph, showing during period 1046—1966. increase of drainage area in a downstream direction 7.3 for station 13 of the Garonne River. Stage-discharge curves runoff gauging and 16 3.1 Location of meteorological stations. (Negro River) (Barrados River). 3.2 Bar graph, showing precipitation records from 1946— 7.4 Area-altitude distribution and hypsometric integral 1966. of the Pontet de Rius- and Aigiiestortes basins. Illustrations 3 7.5 Weir at station 20 and 3 and its stage-discharge rate 9.2 Average monthly rainfall and snowfall in the Aneto relation. area. 7.6 Areas of land classification units in thirty-three 9.3 Position of the 0°C-isotherm in the Aneto area during the drainage basins. summer months. 7.7 Runoffanalysis of the Pontet de Rius basin. 9.4 Snow cover in the Lago Mar area (elev. 2200—3000 of in 7.8 Relation ofbaseflow and percentage the precipita- m) June 1965. the fast runoff of the Pontet 9.5 Estimation of annual tion, contributing to de the average snow accumulation Rius basin. on the Aneto glacier. 7.9 Length profile of the Valarties River upstream from 9.6 Areal extent of the Aneto glaciers in various periods station 20. (1810, 1928, 1948 and 1958). 7.10 Average monthly runoff variation coefficients for 9.7 Longterm precipitation measurements (1922—1965) eight basins. from Lés. 7.11 Relation of maximum runoff variation coefficients 10.1 of the dam. to Topographical map Aiguamoix land classification units. 10.2 Fluvio-glacial material in the left Aiguamoix bank at 7.12 Flood frequency at four stations in the Valle de Aran.
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