Bab 4 : Pentadbiran Negeri-Negeri Melayu Tidak Bersekutu

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Bab 4 : Pentadbiran Negeri-Negeri Melayu Tidak Bersekutu BAB 4 : PENTADBIRAN NEGERI-NEGERI MELAYU TIDAK BERSEKUTU 4.1 Pemerintahan Kesultanan Melayu di Perlis, Kedah, Kelantan, Terengganu dan Johor Sistem pemerintahan kesultanan merupakan sistem kerajaan terpenting yang membawa kemakmuran dalam kerajaan negeri-negeri Melayu iaitu Perlis, Kedah, Kelantan, Terengganu dan Johor. Ini kerana sistem pemerintahan ini diketuai oleh Sultan sebagai puncak kuasa dan kedaulatan yang dibantu oleh para pembesar Kerajaan Perlis Latar Belakang Pentadbiran Wilayah terpisah dari Kedah pada tahun Raja dibantu pembesar tempatan 1842 Tuan Syed Abdullah, Raja Muda Syed Hussin Jamalullail diiktiraf sebagai Dato’ Arau, Perdana Menteri Raja Dibahagikan kepada 22 Mukim Perlis dengan gelaran Phya Songkhram Rama Wichit Willis Asmara Phya Pelit Pengisytiharan diadakan di istana Arau Hubungan Luar Perundangan Hubungan dengan Siam Berasaskan Undang-Undang Kesultanan Untuk tidak diganggu kuasa lain Kedah Pelaksanaanya menitikberatkan kebajikan rakyat Kesultanan Kedah Latar Belakang Pentadbiran Diasaskan abad ke-7 Diketuai oleh Sultan Pemerintah pertama ialah Sultan Mudzaffar Dibantu oleh pembesar Shah Wujud pembahagian wilayah ,daerah dan Pertapakan Islam pada abad ke-12 dengan mukim pusat pemerintahan di Kota Bukit Meriam Wilayah diletakkan di bawah pengawasan pembesar daerah Mukim dikendalikan oleh penghulu Hubungan Luar Perundangan Hubungan dengan Siam bagi elak ancaman Kanun Undang-Undang Kedah 1650 Burma memberi hak kepada Raja Hubungan dalam bentuk hubungan Terdapat 5 bab undang-undang Kedah, diplomatik, pentadbiran dan kewangan antaranya Adat Kebesaran, Adat Meminang 1 ©Kelas Sejarah Cikgu Meriam Yusoff / Tingkatan 3 2020 Kesultanan Kelantan Latar Belakang Pentadbiran Long Yunus menyatukan Kelantan dengan Sultan dibantu oleh pembesar gelaran Yang DiPertuan Sistem ini dikenali Sistem Jemaah Menteri Bagi mengelak ancaman Terengganu, yang dibentuk oleh Sultan Muhammad II Sultan Muhammad I membuat persetiaan Dibahagi kepada tiga jajahan iaitu Selatan dengan Siam Batu Mekebang, Pasir Puteh dan Pasir Mas Maharaja Siam menguriakan gelaran Phya Tok Kweng mentadbir jajahan. Berperanan Pipit Pakdi kepada Sultan Muhammad I sebagai orang tengah antara penduduk Siam meluaskan pengaruhnya di Kelantan dengan pembesar dan istana Hubungan Luar Perundangan Hubungan dengan Siam dijalinkan semasa Ikut undang-undang syarak semasa pemerintahan Sultan Muhammad I pemerintahan Sultan Muhammad II Hubungan dengan Terengganu, Kedah, Membolehkan Kelantan aman dan makmur Pattani dan negeri-negeri Melayu lain sebagai pusat perdagangan Kesultanan Terengganu Latar Belakang Pentadbiran Diasaskan oleh Sultan Zainal Abidin I Sultan dibantu oleh pembesar sebagai Negeri paling akhir menerima Penasihat penasihat British Sistem penghulu diperkemas semasa pemerintahan Sultan Omar Terdapat pembesar bergelar Dato’ Mata- Mata yang bertugas menyambut pelawat dan orang kenamaan Sistem Jemaah Mesyuarat Kerajaan dibentuk bagi memutuskan hukuman datau pengisytiharan negeri. Anggotanya dikenali sebagai Ahli Mesyuarat Hubungan Luar Perundangan Hubungan dengan Siam, Kelantan dan Prinsip keadilan Islam Pattani Tubuh Jabatan Mahkamah dengan Tengku Negeri berdaulat diakui negeri lain Musa sebagai Ketua 1911, Undang-undang Bagi Diri Terengganu digubal Hakim dipilih dari individu berkelayakan dan luas pegentahuan agama 2 ©Kelas Sejarah Cikgu Meriam Yusoff / Tingkatan 3 2020 Kesultanan Johor Latar Belakang Pentadbiran Kesultanan Johor diperintah oleh keturunan Johor mengalami zaman pemodenan Bendahara selepas berakhirnya jurai semasa pemerintahan Maharaja Abu Bakar keturunan Sultan Melaka Baginda mengasaskan sistem pentadbiran Konflik politik yang berlaku menyebabkan moden yang cekap dan berkesan keturunan Temenggung Daeng Ibrahim Mewujudkan Majlis Jemaah Diraja Johor, menjadi pemerintah di Johor Jemaah Menteri dan jabatan-jabatan Kemudian diganti oleh anakanda baginda kerajaan iaitu Daeng Abu Bakar yang menjadi Sultan Pembesar kerajaan seperti Dato’ Seri Amar Johor pada 1855. DIraja dan Dato’ Bentara Dalam bertanggungjawab membantu pemerintahan sultan Jawatan Menteri Besar dan Setiausaha Kerajaan diwujudkan bagi melicinkan pentadbiran Hubungan Luar Perundangan Menjalinkan hubungan dengan Terengganu, Mengamalkan Undang-Undang Tubuh Perak, Pahang dan Selangor Kerajaan sebagai aturan dalam Turut menjalin hubungan dengan Eropah pemerintahan dan Jepun Kuasa-kuasa ini mengiktiraf kedudukan Johor Latihan : Bahagian A 3 ©Kelas Sejarah Cikgu Meriam Yusoff / Tingkatan 3 2020 4 ©Kelas Sejarah Cikgu Meriam Yusoff / Tingkatan 3 2020 Latihan : Bahagian B 1. Mengapakah Negeri-Negeri Melayu menjalinkan hubungan dengan Siam [4 Markah] ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 2. Dalam sistem pemerintahan Kesultanan Melayu di Perlis, Kedah, Kelantan, Terengganu dan Johor terdapat sistem perundangan tersendiri. Apakah kepentingan undang-undang dalam kehidupan masyarakat [4 Markah] ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 3. Berikan cadangan anda bagi mewujudkan pentadbiran yang berkesan dalam memajukan Negara [4 Markah] ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 5 ©Kelas Sejarah Cikgu Meriam Yusoff / Tingkatan 3 2020 4.2 Perluasan Kuasa British di Perlis, Kedah, Kelantan dan Terengganu Faktor Perluasan Kuasa British di Perlis, Kedah, Kelantan dan Terengganu 1. Kedudukan yang strategik Kedudukan Kelantan dan Terengganu yang strategik kerana terletak di laluan perdagangan antara Siam dan Singapura Perlis, Kedah, Kelantan dan Terengganu penting kepada perdagangan British 2. Menghalang kemasukan kuasa Barat lain British ingin menjadikan Perlis, Kedah, Kelantan dan Terengganu sebagai penampan kuasa Barat lain meluaskan kuasa ke utara Tanah Melayu British ingin menghalang kemaraan Perancis, Jerman, Amerika Syarikat dan Rusia ke negeri-negeri Melayu Utara Kemaraan kuasa Barat yang ingin menguasai bahan mentah mencabar penguasaan British Jerman berusaha mendapatkan Pulau Langkawi Russia ingin membuka petempatan di Ujung Salang Perancis meluas kuasa di Segenting Kra yang akan mengancam perdagangan dan kedudukkan Singapura sebagai pelabuhan antarabangsa Amerika Syarikat berusaha meluaskan pengaruhnya di Terengganu 3. Kemakmuran dan kekayaan hasil bumi Hasil pertanian dan perternakan di Kedah dan Perlis menjadi sumber bekalan makanan penduduk Pulau Pinang Kelantan dan Terengganu penting aktiviti pembuatan seperti pertukangan dan pembinaan kapal Kedua dua negeri ini menjadi pembekal pelbagai barangan dagangan kepada pedagang Singapura 4. Menghubungkan Burma dengan Pulau Pinang British ingin membina jalanraya, kereta api dan telegraf di antara Burma dan Pulau Pinang Ini bertujuan supaya British mempunyai rangkaian perhubungan terus dengan India Ini sangat penting bagi perdagangan dan keselamatan British 5. Beban orang putih British menggunakan slogan ini untuk meluaskan kuasanya Ini kerana Siam telah melakukan kekejaman di Perlis, Kedah, Kelantan dan Terengganu 6 ©Kelas Sejarah Cikgu Meriam Yusoff / Tingkatan 3 2020 Strategi Perluasan Kuasa British di Perlis, Kedah, Kelantan dan Terengganu British telah menggunakan strategi perjanjian untuk meluaskan kuasanya di Perlis, Kedah, Kelantan dan Terengganu secara berperingkat-peringkat British menggunakan kedudukannya di Pulau Pinang untuk memantau perkembangan di negeri- negeri Melayu sebelum bertindak mengadakan perjanjian dengan Siam. Negeri-negeri Melayu seperti Perlis, Kedah, Kelantan dan Terengganu menghantar bunga emas dan perak setiap tiga tahun sekali sebagai tanda persahabatan Tetapi Siam menganggap sebagai tanda pertuanan Siam serta kepatuhan kepada kuasa Siam Pengaruh Siam ke atas negeri-negeri ini tidak menyenangkan British British mahu memastikan laluan perdagangan antara India dan China selamat British memilih strategi perjanjian kerana konfrantasi secara bersemuka merugikan Siri perjanjian perluasan kuasa British : 1. Perjanjian Burney 1826 2. Perjanjian Sulit 1897 (British-Siam) ditandatangani pada 6 April 1897. British mahu memastikan tiada kuasa lain meluaskan pengaruh ke atas Kedah, Terengganu dan Kelantan British mengakui pertuanan Siam ke atas negeri tersebut 3. Perjanjian Sempadan 1899 (British-Siam) Ditandatangani pada
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