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Skin-Gut-Breast Microbiota Axes • Lorenzo Drago Skin-Gut-Breast Microbiota Axes Skin-Gut-Breast Axes Microbiota • Lorenzo Drago Skin-Gut-Breast Microbiota Axes Edited by Lorenzo Drago Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Journal of Clinical Medicine www.mdpi.com/journal/jcm Skin-Gut-Breast Microbiota Axes Skin-Gut-Breast Microbiota Axes Editor Lorenzo Drago MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade • Manchester • Tokyo • Cluj • Tianjin Editor Lorenzo Drago Department of Biochemical Sciences for Health, University of Milan Italy Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Journal of Clinical Medicine (ISSN 2077-0383) (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/jcm/ special issues/SGB MA). For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Volume Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-0365-0898-6 (Hbk) ISBN 978-3-0365-0899-3 (PDF) © 2021 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book as a whole is distributed by MDPI under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND. Contents About the Editor .............................................. vii Preface to ”Skin-Gut-Breast Microbiota Axes” ............................. ix Ivan Kushkevych, Olgaˇ Leˇsˇcanov´a, Dani Dordevi´c, Simona Janˇc´ıkov´a, Jan Hoˇsek, Monika V´ıtˇezov´a, Leona Bunkov´ ˇ a and Lorenzo Drago The Sulfate-Reducing Microbial Communities and Meta-Analysis of Their Occurrence during Diseases of Small–Large Intestine Axis Reprinted from: J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8, 1656, doi:10.3390/jcm8101656 ................. 1 JustynaPełka-Wysiecka,MariuszKaczmarczyk,Agatȱ­Ȭ ȼ,PawełLi´skiewicz, MichałWronski,´ KarolinaSkonieczna-Zydecka,˙ WojciechMarlicz,Błazej˙ Misiak,Teresa Starzynska,´ JolantaKucharska-Mazur,IgorŁoniewskiandJerzySamochowiec Analysis of Gut Microbiota and Their Metabolic Potential in Patients with Schizophrenia TreatedwithOlanzapine:ResultsfromaSix-WeekObservationalProspectiveCohortStudy Reprinted from: J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8, 1605, doi:10.3390/jcm8101605 ................. 13 Ivan Kushkevych, Dani Dordevi´c, Peter Kollar, Monika V´ıtˇezov´a and Lorenzo Drago Hydrogen Sulfide as a Toxic Product in the Small–Large Intestine Axis and its Role in IBD Development Reprinted from: J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8, 1054, doi:10.3390/jcm8071054 ................. 31 Francesco Folino, Luca Ruggiero, Pasquale Capaccio, Ilaria Coro, Stefano Aliberti, Lorenzo Drago, Paola Marchisio and Sara Torretta Upper Respiratory Tract Microbiome and Otitis Media Intertalk: Lessons from the Literature Reprinted from: J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 2845, doi:10.3390/jcm9092845 ................. 43 Lorenzo Drago, Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti, Carlo Luca Roman`o, Karan Goswami, Jorge Hugo Villafane, ˜ Roberto Mattina and Javad Parvizi Oral–Gut Microbiota and Arthritis: Is There an Evidence-Based Axis? Reprinted from: J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8, 1753, doi:10.3390/jcm8101753 ................. 69 Lorenzo Drago, Simona Panelli, Claudio Bandi, Gianvincenzo Zuccotti, Matteo Perini and Enza D’Auria What Pediatricians Should Know before Studying Gut Microbiota Reprinted from: J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8, 1206, doi:10.3390/jcm8081206 ................. 83 v About the Editor Lorenzo Drago is a professor of clinical microbiology at the University of Milan. He was the director of the laboratory medical hubs in two large Italian hospitals. He is a project leader—at the Italian and European levels—of microbiological networks focusing on microorganisms and infections, antibiotic resistance, and microbiota and probiotics. Prof. Lorenzo Drago is an international leader in laboratory diagnosis, molecular technology, next-generation sequencing systems, hospital infection control and management, antibiotic resistance, and microbiota studies. He is a co-founder of the World Association of Infection in Orthopedics and Trauma (WAIOT) and the former president of the International Society of Microbiota. vii Preface to ”Skin-Gut-Breast Microbiota Axes” The “skin-gut-breast microbiota axis” comprises the network of connections—involving multiple biological systems—that allows for relational communication between the gut-skin axis, breast bacteria, and our body. This system is finely regulated, and it is crucial for maintaining the homeostasis of skin integrity, the gastrointestinal tract, and the central nervous system of humans. This network of microorganisms is known to be relevant to our health. This book describes the mechanisms of, opportunities for, and approaches to studying this system and how to harness it to improve human health. Lorenzo Drago Editor ix Journal of Clinical Medicine Article The Sulfate-Reducing Microbial Communities and Meta-Analysis of Their Occurrence during Diseases of Small–Large Intestine Axis Ivan Kushkevych 1,*, Ol’ga Lešˇcanová 1, Dani Dordevi´c 2, Simona Janˇcíková 2, Jan Hošek 3, Monika Vítˇezová 1, Leona Bunkov ˇ á 4 and Lorenzo Drago 5 1 Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; [email protected] (O.L.); [email protected] (M.V.) 2 Department of Plant Origin Foodstuffs Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic; [email protected] (D.D.); [email protected] (S.J.) 3 Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic; [email protected] 4 The Department of Environmental Protection Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, 76001 Zlín, Czech Republic; [email protected] 5 Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +420-549-495-315 Received: 28 August 2019; Accepted: 9 October 2019; Published: 11 October 2019 Abstract: Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) are often isolated from animals and people with ulcerative colitis and can be involved in the IBD development in the gut–intestine axis. The background of the research consisted of obtaining mixed cultures of SRB communities from healthy mice and mice with colitis, finding variation in the distribution of their morphology, to determine pH and temperature range tolerance and their possible production of hydrogen sulfide in the small–large intestinal environment. The methods: Microscopic techniques, biochemical, microbiological, and biophysical methods, and statistical processing of the results were used. The results: Variation in the distribution of sulfate-reducing microbial communities were detected. Mixed cultures from mice with ulcerative colitis had 1.39 times higher production of H2S in comparison with samples from healthy mice. The species of Desulfovibrio genus play an important role in diseases of the small–large intestine axis. Meta-analysis was also used for the observation about an SRB occurrence in healthy and not healthy individuals and the same as their metabolic processes. Conclusions: This finding is important for its possible correlation with inflammation of the intestine, where the present of SRB in high concentration plays a major part. It can be a good possible indicator of the occurrence of IBD. Keywords: bowel disease; colitis; small–large intestine axis; sulfate reduction; hydrogen sulfide 1. Introduction Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) represent probably a trigger for the occurrence of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) since studies are connecting their presence with these diseases, especially their metabolic end product H2S in the gut [1,2]. Other ailments (including rheumatic diseases and with ankylosing spondylitis) occur also in their presence [3]. SRB use sulfate as an electron acceptor in the process of dissimilatory sulfate reduction. The final product of this process is hydrogen sulfide [4]. Constant microorganism cultivation is happening in the large intestine since certain undigested food remains in it. [1,2]. Around 200 g of digestive material is found in the large intestine of an adult human [2,3,5,6]. These bacteria are in the fermentation process can cleave complex organic compounds J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8, 1656; doi:10.3390/jcm81016561 www.mdpi.com/journal/jcm J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8, 1656 and form molecular hydrogen, different acids (acetic and lactic), same as other compounds. Lactic acid bacteria fermentative properties are directly responsible for the production of lactate [4]. Other groups of microorganisms can also use lactate and acetate, serving as electron donors and carbon sources [7–12]. The important role of human physiological processes is their capability to absorb sulfate and develop amino acids out of it (cysteine and methionine). The amount of the sulfate present in the intestine is related to human diet [13–16], meaning that it is highly influenced by individual’s eating habits. The importance of daily sulfate intake can be overseen by the fact that staple food commodities represent high sulfate sources (>10 μmol/g) [13]. Although, sulfate amounts that are not used in amino acid synthesis represent good conditions
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