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Primitive Andalusian Livestock and Their Implications in the Discovery of America

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Primitive Andalusian Livestock and Their Implications in the Discovery of America ANDALUSIAN LIVESTOCK IN THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA PRIMITIVE ANDALUSIAN LIVESTOCK AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS IN THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA EL GANADO ANDALUZ PRIMITIVO Y SUS IMPLICACIONES EN EL DESCUBRIMIENTO DE AMERICA A. Rodero*, J.V. Delgado* and E. Rodero**. * Departamento de Genética. Facultad de Veterinaria. Universidad de Córdoba. 14005 Córdoba. Spain. ** Departamento de Producción Animal. Facultad de Veterinaria. Universidad de Córdoba. 14005 Córdoba. Spain. Adittional keywords Palabras clave adicionales Andalusian breeds. History. American populations Razas andaluzas, Historia. Poblaciones america- nas. SUMMARY First a brief review of the primitive origins account the three phases of american colonization: of the diverse Andalusian domestic livestock the exploration, the conquest and the breeds is done. The Spanish Pure Breed Horse colonization itself. and Merino Sheep are considered the oldest Of course, we have emphasized those breeds breeds classically characterized, followed by the that came from Andalusia, that crossed the Atlantic Granadina Goat and the Fighting Bull. The Ocean via the Canary Islands and the Antilles. At remaining Andalusian Breeds were not organized the same time we have sketched the diverse and defined until the end of the past century. means of distribution of these breeds on the From historical beginning there existed in american continent, mentioning those the Betic region a predominance of animal farming responsible and the date of the voyages when over agriculture. The geographical characteristics they were introduced. of the land and the depopulation occasioned by the continuous fighting, throughout eight centuries, against the Arabs produced the RESUMEN conditions to reach a good development of andalusian farming and, the isolation of certain Se revisa el origen de las antiguas razas de populations produced the creation and animales domésticos andaluzes. El caballo Pura maintenance of several local breeds. Raza Español y el Ovino Merino Español se With respect to the introduction of the consideran las razas más antiguas clásicamente domestic european livestock breeds to the caracterizadas, seguidas por la Cabra Granadina american continent, three questions are y el Toro de Lidia. Las restantes no fueron presented: organizadas ni definidas hasta fin del pasado siglo. - What type of livestock went there? Desde los comienzos históricos en la región - Where did they come from? bética la ganadería preponderaba sobre la agri- - How spread it on the new continent? cultura. Las características geográficas de la tie- We answer these questions taking into rra y la despoblación ocasionada por las luchas Archivos de zootecnia,Arch. vol. Zootec. 41 (extra), (extra): núm. 383-400. 154, p. 383.1992. RODERO et al. continuas contra los árabes a través de ocho and during the America conquest and siglos produjeron las condiciones para alcanzar colonization (XVI century). un buen desarrollo de la ganadería andaluza y el aislamiento de ciertas poblaciones que determi- naron la creación y el mantenimiento de varias THE EARLY ORIGINS OF THE razas locales. ANDALUSIAN LIVESTOCKS Con respecto a la introducción de las razas de ganado doméstico europeo en el continente To begin this study we considered americano se presentan 3 cuestiones: it nessesary to understand both the - ¿Qué tipo de ganado fue allí? origins of the andalusian breeds as a - ¿De donde venían? substratum of most of the population - ¿Cómo se expandieron en el nuevo mundo? movements produced after the Se contesta a estas cuestiones tomando en discovery of America, and the present cuenta las fases de la colonización americana: La andalusian breeds. exploración, la conquista y la colonización per se. Up to the end of the past century, Por supuesto, se enfatiza sobre aquellas we accepted the Spanish Pure Breed razas que procedían de Andalucía y cruzaron el Horse, the Spanish Merino Sheep, the Océano Atlántico a través de las Islas Canarias y Granadina Breed Goat and the Figh- las Antillas. Asimismo se esquematizan las vías ting Bull as defined, and perfectly de distribución de estas razas en el continente differentiated, breeds. The remainder americano, mencionando los responsables y las may be considered as traditional popu- fechas de los viajes en que fueron introducidas. lations, following the Bougler (1989) definition. The first two mentioned come from times long ago, from the INTRODUCTION roman epoch or before, while the Granadina Goat and the Fighting Bull The specific study of the history are more recently formed. of the andalusian livestocks is very From the data collected in the hard because of the lack or scarcity of literature we deduce that in old Spain references found on this subject. This existed a predominance of animal is due, in part, to the fact that these farming over agriculture at least in livestocks were distributed on local certain regions such as the Bética farms, as is mentioned by Argente (Guadalquivir Valley). Estrabón (cited (1991). For these reasons much for García Bellido, 1989), talking information did not exist in the about Turdetania (which corresponds publications edited by centralized presently to West of Andalusia), institutions, such as the Honrado mentioned: ... even though this region Consejo de la Mesta, which produced exports wheat, many wines and oil, a notable dispersion of information. wax, honey, pitch, cochineal and In spite of this, we have attempted in minium, the abundance of farm animals this paper to consider, from the belonging to all species is enormous. zootechnist point of view, the little It was favoured by the fact that information existing about the status most of the Iberic Peninsula was of the andalusian livestocks before sparsely inhabited. The farm animals Archivos de zootecnia, vol. 41 (extra), núm. 154, p. 384. ANDALUSIAN LIVESTOCK IN THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA were one of the principal sources of about the role played by animal wealth in old Hispania, and the food farming in the Al Andalus economy base for almost all the spanish human (Andalusia under Arabs' domination). populations. In Córdoba’s region only Cora de The arrival of the romans did not Fahs Al-Ballut (North of the Province) suppose any substantial change in the had a farming economy with the existing animals, but they brought presence principally of cattle. It pro- important changes in the methods of bably had goats, horses and mules as breeding and production. well. The farm production could sub- We understand that the situation sist also in the mountains of Córdoba, described up to now in the diverse while in Medinat Al-Zahra (Presen- species was maintained thorough out tly Córdoba city), they counted with the centuries, only being modified by dams and colts brought from Sevilla. the wars between Arabs and Christians Thus the Andalusian breeds had a (From 711, until 1517), when the local development until the reign of habitants of Andalusia decided to Felipe II (1556-1598) when the break the grounds, the woods, heathes unsteady herds appeared. and uncultivated lands. These places During Low Middle Age the espe- were then cultivated with wheat and cialization obtained at moslem period other cereals. It produced a rapid increased with the fame of Córdoba disminuition of the stocks of animals horse and of gaditanian cows (Cuen- until reaching the minimun indispen- ca, 1984). sable, and sometimes even less of this Andalusian animal farming reached minimun necessary for the war, for a certain importance because of the land work, for carriage, and for meat following reasons: production (Casas, 1884). - The charcteristics of the land, especially the eastern zone of the THE ANDALUSIAN LIVESTOCKS Guadalquivir valley, where there was DURING THE MIDDLE AGES a predominance of mountains, difficult for agriculture. The arrival of the arabs to Spain - The inhabitants of these lands (8th century) did not suppose important showed a tendency for animal farming changes in the spanish livestocks, or in because of the proximity to the border the equine species, because the stocks with the zone ocupied by the arabs. of horses taken on by them in their Domestic animals constituted an easily successive expeditions were not portable wealth in times of danger. sufficient to produce any significative - These lands were depopulated change in the indigenous populations. because of the continuous wars, and Contrary to this, they organized their after the chistian conquest, extensive army with fast horse-troops, formed farming offered good profits using exclusively by andalusian horses, that few hands. surprised the arabs by both their For these reason the reconquest docility and resistance. (the so-called christian reconquest) There exist such few references was a key factor in the development Archivos de zootecnia, vol. 41 (extra), núm. 154, p. 385. RODERO et al. and modification of farming in Anda- of livestock inside Andalusia in those lusia thorought out the middle ages. times, whether looking for better The breaking process was made pastures or for their products. thorouhgt out the XIV century and in As a example of the first point we a stronger way during the XV century can mention the movements of and the beginning of the XVI. It pro- mountain livestock towards the high duced the creation of paddocks dedi- and middle Guadalquivir, especially cated to cereal and wine production. to the pastures of Sierra Morena, to The municipalities began to reser- the wide paddocks of the countryside ve spaces. They were the so called of Córdoba and Jaén, and the good ejidos or cattle paddocks, later horse pastures of the first lands of the paddocks and finally paddocks for mountains of Cazorla and Segura, also meat animals. The remaining lands going into the Granada Kingdom, (extreme or uncultured), were destined after the catholic monarchs to other animals of the landed people reconquered the lands. or for farmers coming from outside. Contrary to the inhabitants’ The cattle and horse breeds stayed opinion, the authorities permitted the very isolated. passage of moving herds of livestock At the same time as the human towards the Penibetic Region, because population increases, there was a the dangerous borders were so far development of the local breeds.
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