Primitive Andalusian Livestock and Their Implications in the Discovery of America

ANDALUSIAN LIVESTOCK IN THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA

PRIMITIVE ANDALUSIAN LIVESTOCK AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS IN THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA

EL GANADO ANDALUZ PRIMITIVO Y SUS IMPLICACIONES EN EL DESCUBRIMIENTO DE AMERICA

A. Rodero*, J.V. Delgado* and E. Rodero**.

* Departamento de Genética. Facultad de Veterinaria. Universidad de Córdoba. 14005 Córdoba. Spain. ** Departamento de Producción Animal. Facultad de Veterinaria. Universidad de Córdoba. 14005 Córdoba. Spain.

Adittional keywords Palabras clave adicionales Andalusian breeds. History. American populations Razas andaluzas, Historia. Poblaciones america- nas. SUMMARY

First a brief review of the primitive origins account the three phases of american colonization: of the diverse Andalusian domestic livestock the exploration, the conquest and the breeds is done. The Spanish Pure Breed Horse colonization itself. and Merino Sheep are considered the oldest Of course, we have emphasized those breeds breeds classically characterized, followed by the that came from Andalusia, that crossed the Atlantic Granadina Goat and the Fighting Bull. The Ocean via the Canary Islands and the Antilles. At remaining Andalusian Breeds were not organized the same time we have sketched the diverse and defined until the end of the past century. means of distribution of these breeds on the From historical beginning there existed in american continent, mentioning those the Betic region a predominance of animal farming responsible and the date of the voyages when over agriculture. The geographical characteristics they were introduced. of the land and the depopulation occasioned by the continuous fighting, throughout eight centuries, against the Arabs produced the RESUMEN conditions to reach a good development of andalusian farming and, the isolation of certain Se revisa el origen de las antiguas razas de populations produced the creation and animales domésticos andaluzes. El caballo Pura maintenance of several local breeds. Raza Español y el Ovino Merino Español se With respect to the introduction of the consideran las razas más antiguas clásicamente domestic european livestock breeds to the caracterizadas, seguidas por la Cabra Granadina american continent, three questions are y el Toro de Lidia. Las restantes no fueron presented: organizadas ni definidas hasta fin del pasado siglo. - What type of livestock went there? Desde los comienzos históricos en la región - Where did they come from? bética la ganadería preponderaba sobre la agri- - How spread it on the new continent? cultura. Las características geográficas de la tie- We answer these questions taking into rra y la despoblación ocasionada por las luchas

Archivos de zootecnia,Arch. vol. Zootec. 41 (extra), (extra): núm. 383-400. 154, p. 383.1992. RODERO et al. continuas contra los árabes a través de ocho and during the America conquest and siglos produjeron las condiciones para alcanzar colonization (XVI century). un buen desarrollo de la ganadería andaluza y el aislamiento de ciertas poblaciones que determi- naron la creación y el mantenimiento de varias THE EARLY ORIGINS OF THE razas locales. ANDALUSIAN LIVESTOCKS Con respecto a la introducción de las razas de ganado doméstico europeo en el continente To begin this study we considered americano se presentan 3 cuestiones: it nessesary to understand both the - ¿Qué tipo de ganado fue allí? origins of the andalusian breeds as a - ¿De donde venían? substratum of most of the population - ¿Cómo se expandieron en el nuevo mundo? movements produced after the Se contesta a estas cuestiones tomando en discovery of America, and the present cuenta las fases de la colonización americana: La andalusian breeds. exploración, la conquista y la colonización per se. Up to the end of the past century, Por supuesto, se enfatiza sobre aquellas we accepted the Spanish Pure Breed razas que procedían de Andalucía y cruzaron el Horse, the Spanish Merino Sheep, the Océano Atlántico a través de las Islas Canarias y Granadina Breed Goat and the Figh- las Antillas. Asimismo se esquematizan las vías ting Bull as defined, and perfectly de distribución de estas razas en el continente differentiated, breeds. The remainder americano, mencionando los responsables y las may be considered as traditional popu- fechas de los viajes en que fueron introducidas. lations, following the Bougler (1989) definition. The first two mentioned come from times long ago, from the INTRODUCTION roman epoch or before, while the Granadina Goat and the Fighting Bull The specific study of the history are more recently formed. of the andalusian livestocks is very From the data collected in the hard because of the lack or scarcity of literature we deduce that in old Spain references found on this subject. This existed a predominance of animal is due, in part, to the fact that these farming over agriculture at least in livestocks were distributed on local certain regions such as the Bética farms, as is mentioned by Argente (Guadalquivir Valley). Estrabón (cited (1991). For these reasons much for García Bellido, 1989), talking information did not exist in the about Turdetania (which corresponds publications edited by centralized presently to West of Andalusia), institutions, such as the Honrado mentioned: ... even though this region Consejo de la Mesta, which produced exports wheat, many wines and oil, a notable dispersion of information. wax, honey, pitch, cochineal and In spite of this, we have attempted in minium, the abundance of farm animals this paper to consider, from the belonging to all species is enormous. zootechnist point of view, the little It was favoured by the fact that information existing about the status most of the Iberic Peninsula was of the andalusian livestocks before sparsely inhabited. The farm animals

Archivos de zootecnia, vol. 41 (extra), núm. 154, p. 384. ANDALUSIAN LIVESTOCK IN THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA were one of the principal sources of about the role played by animal wealth in old Hispania, and the food farming in the Al Andalus economy base for almost all the spanish human (Andalusia under Arabs' domination). populations. In Córdoba’s region only Cora de The arrival of the romans did not Fahs Al-Ballut (North of the Province) suppose any substantial change in the had a farming economy with the existing animals, but they brought presence principally of cattle. It pro- important changes in the methods of bably had goats, horses and mules as breeding and production. well. The farm production could sub- We understand that the situation sist also in the mountains of Córdoba, described up to now in the diverse while in Medinat Al-Zahra (Presen- species was maintained thorough out tly Córdoba city), they counted with the centuries, only being modified by dams and colts brought from Sevilla. the wars between Arabs and Christians Thus the Andalusian breeds had a (From 711, until 1517), when the local development until the reign of habitants of Andalusia decided to Felipe II (1556-1598) when the break the grounds, the woods, heathes unsteady herds appeared. and uncultivated lands. These places During Low Middle Age the espe- were then cultivated with wheat and cialization obtained at moslem period other cereals. It produced a rapid increased with the fame of Córdoba disminuition of the stocks of animals horse and of gaditanian cows (Cuen- until reaching the minimun indispen- ca, 1984). sable, and sometimes even less of this Andalusian animal farming reached minimun necessary for the war, for a certain importance because of the land work, for carriage, and for meat following reasons: production (Casas, 1884). - The charcteristics of the land, especially the eastern zone of the THE ANDALUSIAN LIVESTOCKS Guadalquivir valley, where there was DURING THE MIDDLE AGES a predominance of mountains, difficult for agriculture. The arrival of the arabs to Spain - The inhabitants of these lands (8th century) did not suppose important showed a tendency for animal farming changes in the spanish livestocks, or in because of the proximity to the border the equine species, because the stocks with the zone ocupied by the arabs. of horses taken on by them in their Domestic animals constituted an easily successive expeditions were not portable wealth in times of danger. sufficient to produce any significative - These lands were depopulated change in the indigenous populations. because of the continuous wars, and Contrary to this, they organized their after the chistian conquest, extensive army with fast horse-troops, formed farming offered good profits using exclusively by andalusian horses, that few hands. surprised the arabs by both their For these reason the reconquest docility and resistance. (the so-called christian reconquest) There exist such few references was a key factor in the development

Archivos de zootecnia, vol. 41 (extra), núm. 154, p. 385. RODERO et al. and modification of farming in Anda- of livestock inside Andalusia in those lusia thorought out the middle ages. times, whether looking for better The breaking process was made pastures or for their products. thorouhgt out the XIV century and in As a example of the first point we a stronger way during the XV century can mention the movements of and the beginning of the XVI. It pro- mountain livestock towards the high duced the creation of paddocks dedi- and middle Guadalquivir, especially cated to cereal and wine production. to the pastures of Sierra Morena, to The municipalities began to reser- the wide paddocks of the countryside ve spaces. They were the so called of Córdoba and Jaén, and the good ejidos or cattle paddocks, later horse pastures of the first lands of the paddocks and finally paddocks for mountains of Cazorla and Segura, also meat animals. The remaining lands going into the Granada Kingdom, (extreme or uncultured), were destined after the catholic monarchs to other animals of the landed people reconquered the lands. or for farmers coming from outside. Contrary to the inhabitants’ The cattle and horse breeds stayed opinion, the authorities permitted the very isolated. passage of moving herds of livestock At the same time as the human towards the Penibetic Region, because population increases, there was a the dangerous borders were so far development of the local breeds. away, and thus they no longer had a Animal farming had a notable reason to farm in these regions development in Córdoba during the (Argente, 1991). lower middle ages. Livestock came From the point of view of livestock from Extremadura, populated during products, we have to stand out the the XIII century Baena, Espiel, Belmez, movement of dairy livestock to some Tolote, Onego, Trassierra and also places for the cheese production, the Córdoba city, Aguilar, Priego, Cabra, only way to transport milk under Ecija and Palma del Rio. The most good conditions at this time. As well, abundant was the ovine species, some cattle and goats were transported followed by porcine and bovine, and to Jaén’s slaugter-house to be also the equine. The mountains had sacrificed. The skin of these animals more richness in livestock with respect were used in the furrier industry. to the rest of the Kingdom of Córdo- Nevertheless, two facts changed ba. For example the prices of the wool the mentioned isolation. On one hand of all the Kingdom, were fixed in the apparition of the organized and Fuenteovejuna (Córdoba) because of institutionalized movements of animals this was the principal sheep center (transhumancia), not only with respect during the XIV and XV centuries. to the Merino Sheep coming from the The livestock coming from north (Castilla and León) of the Extremadura demonstrated the provinces of Córdoba and Jaén, but influence of outside animals over the also for livestock taken out for these Andalusian breeds at this time. shephersess, bought in Andalusia. All of this in spite of the movements The latter was called chamorro and

Archivos de zootecnia, vol. 41 (extra), núm. 154, p. 386. ANDALUSIAN LIVESTOCK IN THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA they was famous for their meat but silver and the industrial exploitation not for their wool, very basting, they of some tropical monocultures destined correspond to the present Lebrijano to Europe, which produced a great Churro Sheep. transformation in the world economy. We have to mention the livestock We can suppose that in the explo- trade between christians and arabs ration phase was not necessary to use thorought out the centuries. The Earl farm animals. In the phase of conquest of Cabra did it, and for this reason horses and pigs were indispensable, Juan II created laws for this trade and during the colonization there was with the arabs. In the first half of the a predominance of cattle and sheep. XV century there existed an As Tudela (1987) mentioned, the authorization for the exportation to American People did not know the the Granada Kingdom of 933 sheep farming at all. With the arrival of the and goats and 1333 cattle, every year. spaniards everything changed: the domestic animals newly arrived were THE ANDALUSIAN LIVESTOCK quickly dispersed, firstly on the DURING THE CONQUEST OF AME- Antilles, and after on the continent, RICA what was transformed from a virgin place of farm animals into a With respect to the introduction of miscellaneous place of species and Spanish farm animals to America we breeds, and sometimes a plague. Pigs, found three questions: cattle and goats transported at a high - What type of livestock went cost in a long trip, and by may of there? transport with little space, increased - Where did they come from? on the virgin pastures, free of the - How spread it on the new world? infection that affected the livestock To answer these questions we must in Europe. Sheep, horses, poultry and keep in mind that the so-called dogs prospered, but not as spectacu- Conquest Process of the New World larly as other species. This was the can be separated into three different beginning of enormous changes in the phases: The exploration, the conquest New World’s fauna, that soon gave a and the colonization. richer protein food to the americans. The domestic animals played (Céspedes del Castillo, 1990). different roles in each of these phases. As a final result we can affirm that ANDALUSIAN LIVESTOCKS IN AME- spanish America was created RICA: WAYS OF DISPLACE- historically between the years 1550 MENTS and 1750 (Céspedes del Castillo, 1990). In a peaceful region there appeared Generally, thorought out time, several revolutionary changes, such spanish products, such as the farm as the diffusion of european flora and animals followed two main routes. fauna, the diffusion of american The first, directly from the ports of flora and fauna by the Old Continent, the South of Spain towards their final the discovery of wealthy mines of destination, making a stop on the Ca-

Archivos de zootecnia, vol. 41 (extra), núm. 154, p. 387. RODERO et al. nary Islands, and the second, similar, minated among the explorers during but including a stop on the Antilles. the first age of the Conquest, and Seville and other ports (Cádiz, their morals also predominated in a Sanlucar, Puerto de Santa María, etc.) homogeneous way over the new monopolized legally the navigation colonies (Céspedes del Castillo 1990), and the trade of Castilla with America. we can assume that something similar The origin of almost all the atlantic occurred in everything related to the explorations during the XV century farms breeds. were the coastal areas between the San Vicente cape in Portugal and the THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE bay of Cádiz in Castilla; the explorers CANARY ISLANDS IN THE were principally fishermen, sailors EXPORTATION OF ANDALUSIAN and tradesmen from the coastal towns. LIVESTOCK TO AMERICA After the discovery, in the XVI century, Castilla’s trade with America The Canary Islands were a necessary was centered in Seville. The King sent stop on the way to America. In 1404 an agent to create the House of Castilla occupied it permanently. It Contractation of the West Indias. was the beginning of their colonization The King’s order of 1529 authori- and europeatization. zing several castillian ports to trade The spaniards found the Canaries with America was soon abolished. inhabited by a mythic people called Only when this trade was absolutely the Guanches, coming from the vicinal developed, the northern ports came Africa as was shown by their racial into the play. characteristic (Mediterranean) and All that allows to think that most their language (similar to the Bereber of the exported animals belonged to language), at though with the proce- the same areas as the explorers, and dence of other ethnic groups in a for this reason they were nearest to lesser degree (Nordics, Negroids and the mentioned andalusian ports joint Cromagnon), all of them with a di- to sevillan livestock that grazed in the fficultly explicable origin. The islands or the harshes. Guanches were principally farmers, It is admitted that animals belonging and the waitings there mentioned the to other areas of Castilla were also presence of goats, pigs, sheep, and a exported. They occupied rest areas high abundance of dogs; the last waiting for the moment of shipment. probably gave the name to these Today we found in Doñana the Mos- Islands: Canarias, from the latin Canis. trenca Cattle, a miscellaneous popula- The characteristics of these lives- tion probably formed from those he- tocks showed a clear african roots. terogeneous animals that used The location of the archipelago as Doñana’s marshes as a zone of a crossroad between continents and concentration and repose because of the demand of products from the new its proximity to the main ports. colonies brought good commercial In the same way that the people of profits to the Islands, after the Andalusia and Extremadura predo- Discovery of America.

Archivos de zootecnia, vol. 41 (extra), núm. 154, p. 388. ANDALUSIAN LIVESTOCK IN THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA

Generally, the boats coming from to America at time came from Anda- Andalusia were supplied on Tenerife lusia, even though sometimes they or La Gomera, taking as point of figured as coming from the Canaries. departure the Antilles on the Island of It is clear, because of in the Hierro. According to Morales Padrón archipelago there did not exist cattle, (1974) from the Canary Islands, they horses, asses or camels before the shipped sugar cane, pigs and bananas. conquest and the prehispanic canary Legumes, vegetables, oranges, melons, sheep had special characteristics (they saffron, figs, apricots, olives, horses, present hair, not wool), not mentioned goats, dogs and sheep. All were shipped in America’s farming at this time. in the stowage of the ships to take root With respect to pigs (swine), Morales on the other atlantic coast. Padrón (1977) says: the pigs soon were At this time the Castillian State transformed into a wild state. Cortés started to take decisions, such as the was accompanied to La Hibuera by a creation of the House of Contractations porcine theory that wandered with that (1503) and the Council of the Indias typical and irritanting indifference of (1511) (Tuñón de Lara, 1990). the pig, also, Gonzalo Pizarro made The sending of products from the them follow him on entering. La Canary Islands to America with the Canela and Belalcázar... these pigs obligation of present certificates to came from the Antilles where them the Contractation House as a unique arrived from the Canaries and requeriment started very soon, around established a crabhed red, black and 1508. Juan de Aviñez, Conqueror and white porcine note in the indian lot that Greater Writer of the Chapter was offered tasty maize. named for these purposes. A Royal Provision dated in 1511 ANDALUSIAN LIVESTOCK IN AME- permited the boats in transit supply RICA: THE ARRIVAL TO THE NEW themselves at La Española on Gran WORLD Canaria (Morales Padrón, 1968). The Indias Council required that From Columbus’s first trip, the shipped products be produced only Antilles were the point of arrival. on the islands. For this reason anda- Approximately during twenty years lusian trademen became interested in these Island were specifically profita- the development of business on the ble; but later on they occupied strate- Canaries, with a view to avoid the gical missions, evolving the point of control and vigilance of the Council. departures and the meeting of boats, So, many Andalusian products were explorers, material and victuals for exported illegally by mixed (andalu- the giant enterprise that occured on sian-canarian) commercial enterprises the continent. They were also the from the Canaries. In this way seve- point of introduction for Andalusian ral andalusian products were distin- farm animals, where they were guisted as canarian ones (Lobo, 1991). reproduced and increased for the first In the same way, excepting pigs time in America. The explorers in and goats, most of the livestock taken transit to the continent supplied these

Archivos de zootecnia, vol. 41 (extra), núm. 154, p. 389. RODERO et al. livestock to these isles. yed two days, rapidly taking on pro- It is known that Columbus in his visions of calves, goats, sheep, fine- second trip to America took domes- wood, water, hens and 8 pigs which tic animals from Cádiz. This expedi- cost 560 maravedies. He always pre- tion was formed by 17 boats that went ferred to take the animals from Ca- out on the 25th of September of 1493. narias and alive to avoid the bad con- Undoubtedly, he took horses. Thus ditions that characterised the naviga- in the show made for Columbus in tion Cádiz-Canarias-Gulf of Yegues. Sevilla as a presentation to the citizens Acording to Primo (1990) the afore and authorities of the material carried mentioned cattle had their origins in out on this 2nd trip, there figured 25 Andalucía, even though they came excellent horses belonging to the from the Canary Islands. This is sup- Holy Brotherhood of Granada. ported by two facts: there were no It is supposed that these animals prehispanic cattle on the Canaries; were changed by their keepers, because and the present Canary Cattle breeds in the list of complaints sent by Co- show clear roots in the cattle of the lumbus to the Catholic Monarchs he north of Spain such as Gallega or As- wrote: “...you will tell their Highnesses turiana Cattle Breeds, introduced much that as the keepers of horses came later that the Discovery of America. from Granada in the show made in Nevertheless, Gratacos (1943) Sevilla they rode good horses and mentioning the words of Pereira who after shipping I could not see them be- considered that this 2nd expedition of cause I was a little ill and they gave Columbus was formed by laborers us such animals that the best of them and plowmen, and the first group of did not seem to cost more that 2000 european domestic animals: horses, Maravedies; they sold the good ones mares, sheep, moutons, cows, and and bought these...”. Then Columbus bulls departing from Spain. To these took in the place of vigorous corsels animals were added according to Las from Granada, only jade plug horses Casas, 8 pigs taken from The Canary from Sevilla; however they played a Islands. Gomara also mentioned on good role in America (Tudela, 1987). this trip several mares, cows, sheep, For others (de Alba, 1987), Colum- goats, pigs and asses. bus in this trip was supplied of cattle, Anyway on this expedition as in sheep, goats, poultry and pigeons on others a few animals must have arrived the Isle of La Gomera (Canaries). to the destination. Firstly because of These livestock were placed on the the limited space of the boats; it did isle of La Española (already discove- not permit the shipment of many red). Later they were distributed on animals. Secondly, the dead animals Dominica, Guadalupe, the Virgin Isles must have been many because of the and Puerto Rico, discovered after- long trip (around two months). Finally, wards. Morales Padrón (1968) also at times the expeditioners had to use shows this when he says, during the these animals as food because of the 2nd voyage of Columbus, they made problems of the trip. a stop in La Gomera where they sta- Cunningham (1946) says: “... in

Archivos de zootecnia, vol. 41 (extra), núm. 154, p. 390. ANDALUSIAN LIVESTOCK IN THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA these days a good trip from Spain to species but in different ways, depen- Mexico needed around two months ding on the intensity and moment. and the losses among the horses For many years from the beginning frequently were up of to half of the of the conquest there was a big shipped animals. The boats were small demand for horses in continental and the animals had to stay on the America. These were supplied from principal bridge under little guard; the Antilles and from the Metropolis. and at calm times when the boat would Pigs, because of their fertility, stay for months near the Ecuador and were easily bred and soon reached a the water became limited, and they high production. had to throw the animals to the sea Cattle were also favoured with because they could not continue giving rapid extension throughout the water to the horses. american continent, except in the In spite of this, eggs, chickens and tropical regions, in the andean region, other fresh meat did not in the food of in the western deserts and in the the mariners, supplied by the quatity subartic lands. and variety of animals transported to Sheep needed more to establish the Indias for the adaptation there of themselves in the new world, which these species...”. the got through the spaniard conquest In the times of Carlos V there still of the mexican tableland. persisted the politic begun with The goats achieved a good and Columbus’s trips, from the Castillian quick dispersion as well as cattle and Kingdom there went out an expedition horses, and, like them they easily of 50-300 people, increasing the became wild. spanish inhabitants of America; they Goats and sheep especially destro- took seeds, plants and all kinds of yed the vegetation coverage of the livestocks. This presence of domestic land in arid and semiarid regions, livestock is continually mentioned producing an intense erosion and, the old documents. concurrently, the extension of Soon all the diverse species were moorlands, adding this areas to those distributed thorought out the Indias already produced by agriculture. with such abundance that the first According to Pérez de Oliva (1965) chronicals pointed out their wonderful the adaptation of all the species to the reproductive efficacy. new world produced an increase in The adaptation of the domestic the size of the animals with respect to animals to the New World constitutes the original andalusian breeds. one of the immediate colonial Vargas Machuca in 1891 described successes. It gave a wealth of fauna to in the regulations for soldiers in the those lands (Carande 1965). Indias: ”... among all that, it is said, Even though the colonization they must take dairy cows, which must progressed on the far side of America, go, in a single herd; even though they on the Pacific Coast, which was a re- belong to several owners with their gion not good for farming, the rapid brands they must take bulls for adaptation and extension affected all breeding, and for cows found in the

Archivos de zootecnia, vol. 41 (extra), núm. 154, p. 391. RODERO et al. places, they must procur that the cow and directed by mostly andalusians be tame and brought for security, that and they departed in andalusian boats they will not fight and will do less from Cádiz and Huelva. They were work. They must not take pigs and (Morales Padrón, 1990): sheep untill the colony be populated 1º Ojeda, Vespucio y La Cosa because this livestock produces works (1499-1500). and problems...”. 2º Pedro Alonso Niño y Cristó- Nevertheless, at the beginning of bal Guerra (1499-1500). the conquest, these species accompa- 3º Vicente Yáñez Pinzón (1499). nied the explorers. Diego Méndez, in 4º Diego de Lepe (1499-1500). his testament of 1536, described the The andalusians signified a high return of Columbus’s fourth trip proportion of the total emigrant (1503-1504): “... they saw three boats population. At the initial period (1492- from Castilla. Among them, I bought 1520) of each three colonists one is the first and I supplied her with foods andalusian; the same behave in the of bread and wine and meat and pigs posterior years (1520-1599), when and muttons and roots and I sent her the south men can up the 32 p.100. to where the Admiral was so that they With the exception done on the came with all their people, to Santo breeds considered as definitely Domingo, and from there to Castilla...”. andalusian, in those years, the rest of Concerning the routes of distribu- animals were not defined as a racial tion of the andalusian livestock desti- group with the same significance that ned to America, we have considered we have nowadays. it interesting to show them in the Another fact to take into account table I. This show the points of is that the definition and identification departure in Spain, their routes and of the secondary animal populations expeditions on the american continent were made according to their as well as their intermediate stops, the geographical location or, exceptio- dates of the expeditions and those nally, from the color of their coats. responsible for the expeditions. This is understood when Wilkings (1984) mentioned that the imported THE ANDALUSIAN BREEDS OF LI- breeds presented several colors and VESTOCK ARRIVED TO AMERICA type, because the concepts on coat color and the morphological We think that with the data conformation did not exits in Europe summarized in this paper we can add until the second half of the XVIII some theories on the racial origins of century, and, as we have cited before, the livestock brought to America this fact did not occur in Andalusia during the beginning of the discovery until a century later. and throughout its conquest. From At the beginning of the conquest Columbus 3rd voyage until 1503 the many animals from Spain were brought Casa de Contratación de Sevilla there to the Antilles in several trips for took place what are called the andalu- their later distribution on the Ameri- sian voyages, since they were planned can Continent, but the rapid adaptation

Archivos de zootecnia, vol. 41 (extra), núm. 154, p. 392. ANDALUSIAN LIVESTOCK IN THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA Later destiny La Gomera (Canarias) La Española (Sto. Domingo) Cádiz Site of provision Antillas Antillas Antillas and Orinoco Amazonia and Puerto Rico Antillas and Honduras Panamá México México México México Site of destiny (Expansión de ganado desde Andalucía hasta América).

8 2 3 16 37 animals Number of Species sheep goat cattle hen horse pig horse pig sheep goat horse cattle horse pig sheep goat pig pig lamp cock horse mare horse horse Chief of expedition Columbus (1st trip) Columbus (2nd trip) Columbus (3rd Trip) Yañez de Pinzón Columbus (4th Trip) Bachiller Enciso Cortés Cortés* Cortés* Cortés* Palos (Huelva) Cádiz Sanlucar (Cádiz) Tinto Odiel Sevilla La Española Santiago de Cuba Cuba Jamaica España Spread of livestock from Andalusia to America. Place of departure Table I. Date (year) 1492 1493 1494 1499 1502 1510 1518 1518 1518 1518

Archivos de zootecnia, vol. 41 (extra), núm. 154, p. 393. RODERO et al. Perú Perú (1531) Florida and Texas Paraguay (1540) Guatemala La Española Canarias Site of provision Later destiny Site of destiny Panamá Nicaragua Guatemala Nort of México Colombia (Nuevo Reino de Granada) Yucatán Perú Tumbes (Perú) Perú Cuba Perú Perú Perú Perú Colombia Argentina (Expansión de ganado desde Andalucía hasta América).

62 37 80 25 72 100 120 223 * 200 animals 1000 Number of pig mare o x horse horse pig horse horse pig horse pig hen horse horse horse cow goat pig hen horse horse horse bull pig hen sheep Species Niño Dávila and Gil González Alvarado Nuño de Guzman Bastidas Montego Pizarro and Almagro F. Pizarro Pizarro and Almagro Narváez and Núñez Pizarro and Almagro F. Pizarro Belalcazar and Hernández de Soto Heredia Mendoza and Ayolas Chief of expedition Spread of livestock from Andalusia to America. Place of departure Jamaica Sto. Domingo México México Canarias México Panamá Panamá Panamá Sanlucar de Barrameda Panamá España Tumbes Nicaragua Canarias Sevilla Table I. Date (year) 1521 1522 1523 1523 1525 1526 1526 1526 1527 1527 1530 1531 1531 1532 1535

Archivos de zootecnia, vol. 41 (extra), núm. 154, p. 394. ANDALUSIAN LIVESTOCK IN THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA Later destiny Colombia (1539) Nort of Amazonas (1540) Georgia Alabama and Misissipi Venezuela Cuba Bolivia Sta Cruz de la Sierra Site of provision Venezuela Ecuador (Quito) Colombia Bolivia Florida Colombia Colombia Nort of Amazonas Chile Paraguay Brasil and Uruguay Uruguay and Brasil Argentina Paraguay Argentina (Buenos Aires) Site of destiny (Expansión de ganado desde Andalucía hasta América).

80 10 50 200 350 500 animals 4000 1000 Number of horse horse horse Extremenian pig, dog, "bestias" dog hen horse dog Extremenian pig horse horse horse cow horse sheep and goat cow cow Species Chief of expedition Federman and Espira Belalcazar Fdez. de Lugo and Giménez de Quesada Gonzalo Pizarro Hernández de Soto Belalcazar Federman Gonzalo de Pizarro Valdivia Irala Núñez de Cabezas Hernandarias de Saavedra Ñuflo de Chávez Felipe de Cáceres Juan de Garay Spread of livestock from Andalusia to America. La Española Coro Nicaragua Canarias Perú Sanlucar de Barrameda Ecuador (Quito) Venezuela Bolivia Perú Argentina Cádiz Perú Perú La Asunción (Paraguay) Table I. Date Place of departure (year) 1535 1535 1536 1538 1538 1539 1539 1540 1540 1540 1540 1548 1552 1576

Archivos de zootecnia, vol. 41 (extra), núm. 154, p. 395. RODERO et al. to the new ecosystems and their with stocks belonging to the so-called growth in tropical areas determined Stand Merino, or to the Movable that, in a few years, cattle, pigs, hor- Merino coming from interior regions. ses and sheep abounded in several It is contrasted because in the first american countries; in this way, from years of the XVI century when the Cortés’s first expedition, during Mexi- Association of Sheepmen reached their co’s conquest only occasionally were maximum importance in Castilla, the horses shipped from Spain to the New application of their laws in Santo World. When it occurred, only stallions Domingo were designed with a total were selected for reproduction. downfall, because this island didn’t Thus, P. Cappa said that at the end have wide pastures in regions with of the XVI century there were in the opposite weather. For Klein (1979) Andean Valley only 3700 mares, and the same occurred in Mexico when Alonso Zuazo speaking of the Antilles Cortés and its successors, most of in the year 1518 said: “... we have them familiarized with the movements found there herds of cows lost in the of sheep herds in Spain, and because number of 30 or 40 with their brands, they came from Extremadura and and three or four years after there Andalusia, they tried to apply the appeared in the mountains 300 or 400. laws of the Association of Sheepmen. The same occured with pigs, sheep, Nevertheless, on the 31st of July of mares and other livestocks...”. 1537 there was created in Mexico a Of course, it can be probable that Council for the Association of some years later when the expeditions Sheepmen and, in 1538 their chiefs to America began their departures were named. Also it is known that the from other ports of Spain, other Bishop-Viceroy of Mexico asked for, breeds, not andalusian, were probably and received, merino sheep. For introduced to this continent. Serrera (1977) the Mexican Mesta was It is clear that the first horses taken only an overseas transplant of the to America came from Andalusia and same peninsular institution, with, they must have belonged to the present however specific characteristics. Spanish Pure Breed Horse, but with Among them are: the characteristics presented by this The Mexican Mesta, as Bishko population at that times they were (1978) noted, offers more similarity modified because of the mode and with the municipal Mesta of the An- necessity. dalusian type than with the institution According to Cunnningham (1946) of the Real and honorable council of the horses exported to the Antilles, the Mesta, which refutes the trans- for distribution on the American humancia of the sheep in Castilla. Continent from the famous Caste of The Mesta, in fact, only took root Córdoba, extinct long ago. in the Virreinato of New Spain although Related to the ovine livestocks the theoretically it was implanted in all exportation of two different racial the American provinces. branches to America is probable: The Mexican Mesta no only - On one hand, the Merino Breed, regulated the sheep breeding, as

Archivos de zootecnia, vol. 41 (extra), núm. 154, p. 396. ANDALUSIAN LIVESTOCK IN THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA occured, in fact, in the Peninsula on other explorers after, justified the account of the diverse state economies, influence of Asturiano or Gallego but it also regulated the activity in Cattle, because the present Canary general of all animal species rooted in Cattle is highly related to these breeds. the virreinato. But, as in the prehispanic period - As well as, the Churro Breed, bovines did not exist on these islands probably belonging to the Lebrijano (the conquest of the Canary Island Churro type, today near extinction. finished a few years before the Boezio (1990) considered that the discovery of America), we think the Criollo Sheep from Uruguay before cattle population of the Islands was 1794 descended from either the Chu- constituted following two periods: rro Sheep or from the Pirenaica firstly, in the years after their Breed, both belonging to the descen- colonization they received stocks from dents of Ovis aries studery, while the Andalusia, probably Retinto, most of Merino was introduced soon after. them destined for America. And It is possible that these two branches secondly, when the exportation to were introduced to America at the America from the spanish northern same time, but each of them occupied ports was opened these regions different ecosystems; the Merinos contributed with Asturiano and Ga- were located on table lands and valleys llego stocks. with long displacements, and the The andalusian breeds were adapted Churros occupied the mountains in to extensive systems and specialized wet and cold areas. to beef production and work. The In the expeditions from Belalcázar northern breeds were adapted to to Perú and Gonzalo Pizarro to Boli- intensive systems and produced milk, via or to the North of the Amazonia, beef, work and manure. pigs were included from Extremadura The economical structures of the and Andalucía, black and red. In the Canary Islands demanded animals catalogue of the National Show of adapted to the intensive systems and Livestocks celebrated in Madrid in for this reason the andalusian stocks 1913, both types (Black and Red) of were displaced by the northern stock, the Iberian Pig are still differentiated. so the local selection has produced the These animals only differ in their present Canary (Criollo) and Palmera color but at that time they tried to Cattle. place the black type in Extremadura Furthermore, we have mentioned and the red type in Andalusia. To in an other chapter the organized these animals were added a large contraband of trades and livestocks number of other authochtonous stocks between the Canaries and Andalusia from the Canary Islands, belonging to throughout the first centuries after the Canary Pig Breed still alive. the discovery. It explained that some The origins of the american cattle animals shipped from the Canary are more debateable. According Islands really came from Andalusia. Wilkins (1984) the fact that Columbus Nevertheless, the introduction of shipped cows to Canary Islands, like livestocks from other points of Spain

Archivos de zootecnia, vol. 41 (extra), núm. 154, p. 397. RODERO et al. it is obvious after the end of the XVII (1987) who thinks that the Tropical Century. For this reason, we admit Criollo have their origins in animals that the Criollo Cattle is not a Breed, from Andalusia and the Canaries. even though has a common origin in The similarities found by Rouse (1977) Spain and Portugal although lacking are known between the Criollo Cows a very heterogenous pool of genes. and the Andalusian Retinta and According to Serrera (1977) a great Berrendas breeds. part of the criolla breeds of cattle that Finally, we coincide with Tudela originated in Mexico during the co- (1987) in his opinion about the caprine lonial period in a greater or lesser livestocks in the New World; they had degree formed a part of a primitive a wonderful adaptation and dispersion common trunk of cattle, the Retinto on this continent, populating hot and breed or the Guadalquivir breed, cold areas, and sometimes becoming brought over by the spanish in the wild. All of them must have come first decades of the colonization of from the Canaries, from Andalusia, the territory. and other populations from Cabo We are in accordance with Primo Verde and Guinea. The similarities (1990) in his opinion that the ancesters between the present american breeds of the New World cattle were and the occidental population is still andalusian animals shipped from the evident at the present time. Canary Islands and with De Alba

REFERENCES

Aparicio-Sánchez, G. 1970. De etnología ovina. Blázquez, J.M. 1957. La economía ganadera de Merino. A propósito de dos testas de carne- la España Antigua a la luz de la fuentes histó- ro esculpidos en el sarcófago romano de ricas griegas y romanas. Emerita, 25. Córdoba. Arch. Zootec. nº 76. Blázquez, J.M. y col. 1978. Historia de la España Argente, C. 1991. La ganadería Medieval Andalu- Antigua. Tomo II. Hispania Romana. Edit. za, siglos XIII-XVI, (Reinos de Jaén y Córdo- Cátedra. ba), Diputación provincial de Jaén. Blázquez, J.M. y col.1980. Historia de la España Asociación general de ganaderos del Reino. Antigua. I. Protohistoria. Edit. Cátedra. 1910. Catálogo de la Exposición Ganadera. Boezio, S. 1990. Criollo Cattle and Sheep in Bishko, Ch.J. 1978. The Andalusian municipal Uruguay. En Genetic. Conservation Mestas in the 14th-16th Centuries. Domestic Livestock. Ed. L. Alderson. Bristol. Administrative and social aspects. Actas I Congreso historia de Andalucía. Andalucía Bougler, C. 1989. Les ressources genetiques Medieval, T II. Publ. Monte de Piedad y Caja animales françaises: Situation actuelle et de Ahorros de Córdoba. perspectives. In: Colloque sur la gestion des

Archivos de zootecnia, vol. 41 (extra), núm. 154, p. 398. ANDALUSIAN LIVESTOCK IN THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA

resources, genetiques des species animales Casas, N. 1884a. Tratado de Economía rural. domestiques. Paris (Francia). Tomo nº I. Librería de los Señores Viuda de Calleja e Hijos. Madrid. Cabo Alonso, A. 1958. La Ganadería española. Evolución y tendencias actuales. Arte Gráfica Casas, N. 1884b. Tratado de la cría del buey, Clavileño. Madrid. oveja, cabras, cerdo, perro y conejos. Tomo III. Librería de los Señores Viuda de Calleja Carande, R. 1965. Carlos V y sus banqueros. La e Hijos. Madrid. vida económica en Castilla (1516-1556). So- ciedad de estudios y publicaciones S.A. Ma- Céspedes del Castillo, G. 1990. América Hispá- drid. nica (1492-1898). Edit. Labor. Barcelona.

Columela, L.J. 1979. Los doce libros de la Agri- García-Sanz, A. 1986. Desarrollo y crisis del cultura. Traducción de J.M. Alvarez de Antiguo régimen en Castilla La Vieja. Edicio- Sotomayor. Santander. nes Akal. S.A.

Cuenca Toribio, J.M. 1984. Andalucía, Historia González Jiménez, M. 1981. De nuevo sobre de un pueblo (a.c. - 1984). 2ª Edición, Espasa las mestas municipales andaluzas. El “Libro Calpe, S.A. Madrid. de Mestas” de Carmona (1514-1516). Axerquía, 3. Cunningham, K.B. 1946. Los caballos de la Conquista: Buenos Aires. Gratacos, J. 1943. La Ganadería en el Descubri- miento de América. Rev. Ciencia Veterinaria De Alba, J. 1987. Criollo Cattle of Latin America. 13: 89-163. 19-44. Proceeding of the 2nd Meeting of the FAO/UNEP. Warsaw. Poland. Ed. John Heras Soria, V. 1991. Vias pecuarias y caminos Hodges FAO. pastoriles (III). Mundo Ganadero, 9: 67-71.

Edwards, J.H. 1978. El comercio lanero en Herrero Rojo, M. sd. Esbozo sobre la Veterina- Córdoba bajo los Reyes Católicos, Actas I ria en la conquista y colonización de américa. Congreso Historia de Andalucía Medieval. T. Discurso de ingreso en la Real Academia de I. Publicación del Monte de Piedad y Caja de Ciencia Veterinaria. Ahorros de Córdoba.

Junta de Agricultura, Industria y Comercio de Gallego, M.D., A. Iglesias, J.I. Jiménez, E.A. la Provincia de Córdoba. 1878. Exposición Roca, J. Sanz y S. Zapata. 1978. Contribu- de ganaderos. Imp. Lib. y Lit. del Diario de ción al análisis histórico de la Ganadería Córdoba. española 1865-1929. Grupo de estudios de historia rural. Agricultura y Sociedad nº 8. Klein, J. 1979. La Mesta. ed. Alianza. Editorial. Madrid. García Bellido, A. 1989. España y los españoles hace dos mil años según la “Geografía” de Laguna, E. 1986. Historia del Merino. Secreta- Estados. Colección Austral. ría General Técnica. MAPA.

Archivos de zootecnia, vol. 41 (extra), núm. 154, p. 399. RODERO et al.

Lobo, M. 1991. Compañías andaluzas en el co- Rouse, J.E. 1977. The Criollo: Spanish cattle in mercio canario americano. II Congreso de the Americans. University of Oklahoma Press. Historia de Andalucía. Norman, Oklahoma. 303 pp.

Machado, M. 1878. Catalugus Methodicus Sanz Parejo, J. 1992. El caballo español pura Mammalium. Revista de Filosofía, Literatura sangre de estirpe cartujana. Editorial Manbán. y Ciencia. Sevilla. Madrid.

Méndez, D. 1536. Fragmentos del testamento. Serrera, R.M. 1977. Guadalajara Ganadera. Es- En J. Gil y C. Valera, Cartas particulares a tudio regional novohispano 1760-1805. Es- Colón y sus relaciones coetáneas. Madrid. cuela de estudios Hispanoamericana. Sevilla. 1984. Tudela, J. 1987. El Legado de España a América. Morales Padrón, F. 1955. El Comercio canario Vol. II. Ediciones Pegaso Madrid. americano (Siglos XVI, XVII y XVIII). Sevilla. Tuñón de Lara, M. 1990. Prólogo: Historia de Morales Padrón, F. 1968. Sevilla, Canarias y España. Vol. 6. América Hispánica. (1492- América. Edic. Cabildo Insular de Gran Ca- 1898). Edit. Labor. Barcelona. narias. Vargas Machuca, B. 1599. Milicia y descripción Morales Padrón, F. 1974. Los Conquistadores de las Indias. 2 vol. ep. Madrid. (Colección de de América Colec. Austral. Espasa-Calpe. libros raros o curiosos que tratan de Amé- S.A. Madrid. rica, 8 y 9). Madrid. 1891.

Morales Padrón, F. 1990. Historia del Descu- Velas, F.J. y A. Marcos. 1978. Las grandes ciuda- brimiento y conquista de América. Editorial des campesinas de Andalucía occidental en el Gredos. Madrid. siglo XVI. El caso de Jerez de la Frontera. Acta I Congreso Histórico de andalucía. Andalu- Ponce, P. 1978. Estructura agraria de Dalias en cía Moderna. T. II Publicación del Monte de el último tercio del siglo XVI. Actas del I Piedad y Caja de Ahorros de Córdoba. Congreso de Historia de Andalucía. Andalu- cía Moderna T, II, Publicaciones del Monte de Wilkinks, J.V. 1984. Criollo cattle of the Ame- Piedad y Caja de Ahorros de Córdoba. ricas. Boletín de información sobre recursos genéticos animales. FAO 1/84 pp. 1-19. Pérez de Oliva, H. 1961. Historia de la invención de las Indias. Ed. José J. Arrom. Bogotá. Wilkins, J.V. 1991. Special Regional Problems of Breeding Resources. Latin american and Primo, A.T. 1990. A South American Report, Caribbean. Examples. En Cattle Genetic with special reference to Criollo Cattle. En Resources. 81-113. Ed. C.G.Hickman. Genetic conservation Domestic Livestock. Elsevier Science Publisher A.V. Amsterdam. Ed. L. Alderson. Bristol.

Archivos de zootecnia, vol. 41 (extra), núm. 154, p. 400.