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Revista MG Mundo Ganadero MG EI vellón de la raza merina constituye la producción más apreciada de estos animales. La Mesta , una razón de desarrollo EI Merino y el monopolio lanero de España V. Heras. Pcri<^clista Cuancl<> uno intenta invc°stigar desd^ gtatia guerrera, frcmteriza y poc<^ }^o- economía de Castilla en manos cle Lt Ia nu>cl^sta ^r^tensicín cl^l artículo pe- hlacla, clond^ Icts rcmyuistas y recon- ne>hleza. En cualyuier caso, el ^x°ri<>clc^ ric^clístir<^ (yu^ nc^ clcl cstuclic^ ^rotun- yuistas imponían Ic^s Cr.ínsitos clel ga- yu^ nlcclia ^ntre Ios Reyes Catolirc^^ y clo) s<>I^re cl inagcrtahle tema de L^t naclo. Carlos V, pudc^ r<msicl^rarse ccmu> cl Mesta, se encurntra rcm <>piniones Con la expansicín cle Ia reconquista cle tnayc^r ai^c^s^c•o i^ara el m^rinc^ esp^t- muy clivergentes, en oc^tsicmes enfren- r^ includable yu^ la ganatlería trashu- tiol. taclas, y no sicmPr^ sustent^td^ts ^or mante iría en aumc°nto, mientras yue Una tercera ^[a^xt }xxltia inic'iarsc^ anítlisi^ rigur<^sos y hctras cie Pacient^ Irtr^tlelamente a tal ^^Ypasion territo- mecliado el rrin^tclc^ clc Carlc^s V, c^n invcsti^;aci^m. ri^tl, se podría ^^^ns.u' cn una con^oli- <lu^ aparecen Ic>s hrim^ros ^igno,^ cle Procuranclo, E^or Io tanto, oh^iar claci<ín c1e la ^tri^t<^cracia merced ct las cl^cadencia cl^l Exxler cle la Me^ta, rir- ac^u^^llos textos yue s<^lo se limitan ^t E^revencl^ts re^tles. cunstancia yue s^ a^;uciizaría c<^n c•I rcc'o^;cr cl U•alr,tjo dc ou-os, y hucean- Descle estas t^orías cle p^u-tid^t, l^t reinaclo cle Feli^^^ II, rn yue la Corona clc^ c^n tuentes serias y contrastacías, Mest,t s<ílo sería el E^unto final de un se E^lantea ya ut^a nu^^•a orientari<ín hemos pcxliclc> apr<^ximarn<>s ,t esta lar^;o proceso, que ^^ inicia °ofirial- ^conbmica de F.s^^atia a la vistt de Ia in^titucií>n, yuc ^x^r "razoncs cle I?sta- m^nte" en I?73, a trav^,^ cle los pti^^il^- caícla clel ccmu°rci<^ clr las lana^. clc^" ocuix> más clc cinc<> siglcn y me- ^;ic>s yue el Rey ti;tl^ic> cxcn^ga °al C<m- clic^ c(c nucstra hist<^ria. LJna ruarta y últinri ^ta^xt s^ iniria- rejc^ cle la Mesta cle Ic^s p^tstores de rí^t hacia el siglo XVIII, rorres^xmclirn- En ^rimer lug^tr h.ry que señal,tr qut^ mio r^^;no". clc^ ya con ^I <>ras<^ cle la in^titucicín la "rt^cín" c1e I^t M^sta ha siclo muy clis- En una se^uncla etaE^a, tanto apoyc^ mrsteña. H;t^rlivamcnlc^, ccm Cark^s III tinta a Ic^ largo clc sus 563 años cle tra- real rs posihle yue acah;tse por con- (un rey tnuch<^s m.ís urh,tno yu^ rut-al) yectc^ria, como cliterentes eran tam- vertir a la Mesta ^^n I^t ^^i^clra anKul^u- aparecen I^ts célehres "Mernorias ^c^l^re hií^n Ic^s sistemas cle a^^rovcch^tmicnto clt^ I,ts tinanzas clc• la C<^rona, y de al- k>s ^thusos cle la Mrsta° (179^) esrritas ganaclrrc^s cle sus orí^en^s, frente ^t la ^un<^s miemhros clel clerc^ (órcl^nrs ix^r Campcnn;tn^.ti, yut? vienen a unirse r^vc>luci<">n hur^;ucsa clcl siglo XIX, militarrs) y de Ia arititc^cracia, ya quc ^tl ;i Ic^s ataqu^^^ furihunclc^s qu^^ .)ovella- cu.utclc^ cl^saharcc'i<"^. rr^^ar los mayorazgos ^n l^ts Leyes cl^ nc^s hahía lanzaclc^ en su "Infc^rm^ so- I?vicfcntemente, ^n una ^^rim^ra eta- ^I'c>ro ( 1>0^) 1os Rcycs Católicos r.^[a- hr^ la Ley A^=raria" cliez arios antes, Y pa, la Mesta se ^ntn.u^ca en unu geo- h,tn ponicnclc^ clc^ al,^un;t manera la yue ean a desemhc>rcu- finalmrnte en MUNDO 6ANADERO 1991-10 69 MG .. los acuerclos cle las Cortes cle C:íclir Sin emhar^^o, Ch:trles Bishko, m:tn- se cl^ las llcrmanciaclrs o Mcstas clc (1 t312 ) doncle c I futuro de la Mest:t tiene la tesis cl^ que surgió proh:thle- Lebn, Soria y tie^;ovia capac'e.ti clr re- yu^cla ya sentenci:tcio cle manera d^fi- mente entre 1^(>0 y 126^, mientr:ts que solver liti^ios ^nU^e los p:tstorc•s, o clc^- nitiv^t. Malefakis nos h:tce l:t ohservación ci^ tertnin:u- la venta cle rescs mostrc•ne•:ts yu^ "La Mest:t n:tció :tl ticrnpo yuc sc• (sin du^ño) cn 5us asamhl^a,^. Aunyue posteriormente Fernanclo consoliclaha Ia oc•upación clel sur por VII intenta sostencr ^stct institución, Tras c•I rcconorimiento ofirial hor los cristianos", hccho rste qu^ pu^clc de volviéndole parte cle sus privilegios, p:ute d^l Key tial>io, EI Hont'acio Conc'e- situarse rntrr 124^ y 1264, aunquc pa- lo cierto es que ya ^ra tarcle, porque ŝ jo cle la M^sta aclquicre atrihucion^s ^o- r^cr que ^sta institución recihi<í su pri- como muy acertacl:tmente dice Klein: hrc toclos los ^;:u^:tcleros traslium:tntcs m^ra carta ci^ monopolio ancl:tnclo "EI golpe cle gr:tcia cle la Mesta, yue clel reino, eatencliendo pc^titcriornu•ntu 1 Z7K. por tanto tiempo hahí:t esperado tener (siglo 7iIV) esta jurisclicción :tl ^;anaclo el monopolio munclial del comercio Tod^ts estas propuest:ts yueclan estante, con lo que se conti^;ura como lan:tr, fue la primer:t exportación, en pues en el [^rreno cle Ias hipó[esis, y:t l:t institu^ión cronómico-política y sc^- gran escala, c1e ovej:ts mcrinas :tl eY- qur más quc rrr:tr I:t Mesta lo que el cial q l:ís importantc cle Fsp:uia. tranj^ro. EI próspero ^stahlecimiento Rey Sahio hizo fu^ reconocet• una tii- Entre Ias misiones rncomanclaclas a de rehaños en Surci:t en 1720, y m:ís wación cie hecho otorgando privil^- la Mesta estaha I:t del cuiclaclo cie las aclclante en Sajonia y Ramhouillet, hi- ^io^ a los ^anaclcro,, ya con ul propó- c:tñ:tcl:t, y aunyue éstas cran t:tn sólo zo inevitahle l:t decaclencia y imterte sito cle estimul:tr c•I cles:trrollo cie la c:t- los tr:tnw^ cic• r:tmino yur limitalrtn h:tña de c^tr:t :t la producción de p:t- cle la Mesta, con sus anticuados méto- los c:unpos culti^^:tclos, con c•I tic•mpo clos ^n el com^rcio clc rrportarión y ños, ya con la intrnrión de asc•gurar :t Ilegó a llamarsc °cañada" a ru:tlquicr tocl:ts tius viejas pr:íctic'as du p:tstoreo la haciencla r^gia unos ingreso^ por I:t vía o ruta sc•^;uicla hor el t;anaclo lanar caíclas c:n desuso". perrepción cl^ impuestos que p:tga- en su perc•grinajc• entre I:ts sierras y rían los ganaclos tr:ttihumantes :tl cru- los extremos. Por c°sta i por:t las trc^s rar terrenos rc•:tlrngoti. LA INSTITUCION MESTEÑA c:tñacias principales y:t estalrtn or};ani- F,n los inicios cl^ la Ecíacl Mrciia pa- zaclas (Iconusa, tic•^;oviana y nianclic- Soht•e los orígen^s y ^1 significaclo rece que se Il:tman mestas :t los pra- ga. con ^us rantalrs) y su anrlrurt clc l:t p:tlahra Mesta h:ty no poc:ts teo- clo^ de uso comun:tl en lo^ que con- ni^tsima parecc° yu^ era cle 90 v:tr:ts rías, aunyue I:t m:ís verosímil parece tluían los r^h:tños y h:ttos cie las clistin- rastellanas ruanclo cruzal>an tic•rras clc corresponder :tl punto cle unión o con- tas comunicLtclc.^ locales. Los pastor^s, cultivo, y sin límit^.^ ruanclo sr transi- t7ucnci^t de varias partcs cl^ un todo. por su parte, orcl^nah:tn l:t clistrihu- taha pot' I>:tlclíos o tcrt'^no,ti comunalc•s. l^.timológicamente parece que La c^- ción de ustos pa.^to,ti cn sus r^unioncs EI ^;ar:uuizar un norm:tl paso clcl ^;:tna- pre.^ión provien^ clel latin mixta, quc perióclicos ( oteros) aclemás cl^ ^ncctr- cio por estas vías fuc una prcorup:t- clerivaría de miscere o mczcla (:tni- ^;at:5e de I:t ^ i^;il:tnria de los animales ción const:tntc cl^ la M^st:t, y c•n c•stc• malia miata = r^.5c•, mczclaclas). Kl^in dcscarriados v clc la tr:tshum:tnci:t clcl senticlo las clununc•ias enh•^ «l;riculto- sostiene yue la palahra q iesta poclrí:t ^an:tdo par:t un :tprovechami^nto es- rc^s y ganaclc°ros tuc•ron frccucntcs, tener ^us orígenes ^n el vocahle mec- t:tcional, m:ís r:tcionalizaclo clc• lo.ti rr- aunyu^ clcs^;raci:tclamentc I^ara los hta (campamento para las ovejas clu- cursos past:thl^s. primeros. La Icy rstaha ca.^i sicmpr^ r:mte el invierno enU-e los nómada.ti cle cle parte clc• lo.ti ganacleros. "I'ras la ]rtt:tll:t clc I:ts Navas clc "I'olo- Argeli:t), no clesc:trt:tnclo su rel:tción ,:t ( IZ12) la ni:tvor implantación cle los La institución c•st:th:t intc•^racla I^or con la "amistacl", hahitual entre los c^ristianos en la mcs^t:t ^ur propició I:t los llam:tclos Hermanos de la Mesta, pastores.
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