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Bond, Niles W Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project NILES W. BOND Interviewed by: Charles Stuart Kennedy Initial interview date: April 14, 1998 Copyright 2 ADST TABLE OF CONTENTS Background Born in Massachusetts raised in Massachusetts and Canada University of North Carolina and Fletcher School Sacco-Vanzetti case influence Havana, Cuba - Consular Officer 19,9-194. Visas /e0ish refugees State Department - Probationary 1nstruction 194. Courses of instruction Sumner 2ells 2artime atmosphere 3okohama, /apan - Consular Officer 194.-1942 Environment Visa 6ermany attacks Soviet Union Economic problems Courier trip to Peking Ship movement reporting 7empeitai - /apanese secret service Attack on Pearl Harbor and 0ar Code books burned S0iss government protection 1mprisonment 8epatriation Home0ard journey Doolittle raid 8eporting ship movements /apanese 0ar reporting Debriefings Madrid, Spain - Third Secretary 1942-1949 2illard Beaulac /ean 6rombach 1ntelligence organization :the lake; Anti-Hitler plot Otto /ohn 8efugee program Ambassador Carlton /.H. Hayes U.S. military refugees Spanish cooperation Pamplona Franco=s 0ar assistance Hitler and Franco Bern, S0itzerland - First Secretary and Chargé 1949-1949 State Department - Far East Asian Affairs - Assistant Director 1949-195. 7orea South 7orea government formed Syngman 8hee 7orea-/apan relations Tokyo, /apan - Deputy Political Advisor 195.-195, 6eneral Douglas MacArthur Duties /apanese treaty Pusan/Seoul, 7orea - Political Officer 195,-1954 Environment Ambassador Ellis Briggs Syngman 8hee Truce negotiations State Department - UN Political and Security Affairs 1954-1959 Ambassador Henry Cabot Aodge Cyprus State-USUN relations 8ussian actions 8ome, 1taly - Political Counselor 1959-1958 C1A Segni government support Ambassador Claire Booth Auce Ambassador Cellerbach Consular posts Harvard University 1958-1959 8obert Bo0ie Harvard Seminar 8io de /aneiro, Brazil - Deputy Chief of Mission, Minister 1959-199, Ambassador /ack Cabot Presidential politics Embassy attacked Security Constitutional issues Brazilian army Crisis Ambassador Aincoln 6ordon Vernon 2alters President 6oulart State Department - 1nsurgency Seminar 199,-1994 Coordinator Course summary Sao Paulo, Brazil - Consul 6eneral 1994-1999 Poetry Pelé 8ecollections /apanese ship Asama Maru 6ripsholm 8obert and Ethel 7ennedy Sao Paulo, Brazil - Consul 6eneral 1994-1999 Anti-6oulart protests MiDed origins Naval mutiny Army revolt 6oulart flees Contacts 0ith army Supreme Military Command 6eneral Humberto Castello Branco 6eneral Costa e Silva Secretary of State Dulles Students 2esley Duke Aee Sao Paulo University State Department - Advisor on Brazil 1999-E 8etirement Secretary of Corcoran 6allery of Art - 1999-1989 Director for Arbitration Board - 1989-1994 INTERVIEW Q: Today is April 29, 1998. This is an interview with Niles W. Bond. This will be done on behalf of the Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training and I am Charles Stuart Kennedy. I wonder if we could start at the beginning. Could you tell me when and where you were born and something about your family? BOND: 1 0as born in 2est Ne0ton, Massachusetts on February 25, 1919. My father 0as a CPA. Q: Certified Public Accountant. BOND: Certified Public Accountant, yes. 2hen 1 0as almost t0o years old, 0e moved to Canada. My father 0as then 0orking for a lumber company in Boston. They had acGuired a large acreage of timber on the 8estigouche 8iver and needed someone to open it up. He 0as a Vermonter and had a lot of rural eDperience so they sent him up there 0ith his family. The only place 0e had to live 0as on an 1ndian reservation. As 1 recall, it 0as the St. Anne de Beaupre 8eservation. 2e spent a year and a half there and then came back to 2est Ne0ton. 2hen 1 0as four years old, 0e moved to AeDington, Massachusetts and 1 gre0 up there. Q: Can you tell me a little about your schooling? BOND: 1 0ent through all of the schools in AeDington -- elementary school, junior high school, and high school. Q: What sort of education did you get? BOND: 2ell, the school system in AeDington 0as one of the best. 1 got, 1 think, a very good education. Most important, from the point of vie0 of 0here 1 ended up, 1 had a very fine history teacher, Miss Bertha Hay0ood, 0hen 1 0as in high school. She believed that diplomacy 0as the highest of all possible callings: above the church, the la0, and medicine. 1 don=t think she 0as trying to talk me into anything but she did. 1 became interested and decided that=s 0hat 1 0anted to do. Q: That is -uite an early age. Most people don/t even 0now what diplomacy is until they get out of college. BOND: 3es, that=s right. 1 0as 14 or 15. Q: What about reading? What sort of boo0s did you li0e? BOND: History and poetry, mostly. 1 left Ne0 England to go to college. 1 0ent to Chapel Hill in North Carolina. The reason for that, simply put, 0as that 1 had a falling out 0ith my family over the Sacco-Vanzetti case. Q: My 1od2 Could you e3plain just briefly what the Sacco56an7etti case was? BOND: The Sacco-Vanzetti case arose out of a payroll holdup and murder in Massachusetts back in the early 192.s. Q: Braintree, was it? BOND: 1 think so, yes. East Braintree, 1 believe. The t0o suspects 0ho 0ere arrested 0ere both illegal immigrants from 1taly. They 0ere untutored, largely. They both claimed to be anarchists. They 0ere finally brought to trial and condemned to death, despite their denials of the charges. 1 0as, 1 guess, eleven years old 0hen they 0ere eDecuted. 3es, eleven years old. 1 remembered later that the attitude of my parents 0as that the sooner these men 0ere eDecuted the better. Nothing about their guilt or innocence, but only that they 0ere aliens and dangerous, and :0e don=t 0ant that sort of person in this country.; 1 0asn=t old enough to really argue 0ith them. Then, 0hen 1 0as in high school, 1 read FeliD Frankfurter=s book on the case. 1t 0as the first book to be published on the subject. 1 0as so horrified by the very evident miscarriage of justice involved that 1 spent the follo0ing summer in the Boston Public Aibrary reading the complete stenographic record of the case. Q: 8ou/re tal0ing about 1 or 15 feet of legal tomes? BOND: 3es, at least. 1 0ould read all day and then take notes of things that 1 thought 0ould persuade my family. 1 0ould read those to them at dinner, and it did nothing at all for my father=s digestion. (Laughter) My mother 0anted me to go to Dartmouth. My father 0as from Vermont and 0as in favor of Middlebury. My cousins all 0ent to Harvard. 1 told my parents that 1 0ould not go to school in Ne0 England. 1 0ould not stay in Ne0 England. 1 0anted to get out of Ne0 England because 1 0anted nothing to do 0ith any area that 0ould allo0 0hat happened to Sacco and Vanzetti. So 1 ended up at Chapel Hill, because 1Id had no idea 0here 1 0anted to go outside Ne0 England. My best friend all through school 0as going to Chapel Hill. He 0as the son of the head of the Philosophy Department at Harvard. He 0as a 0onderful old philosopher, C.1. Ae0is. Q: Not the C.S. Lewis. BOND: No, C.1. Ae0is, Clarence 1rving Ae0is. He 0as sending David to Chapel Hill. Dave Ae0is and 1 had often talked about ho0 nice it 0ould be to go a0ay to college together, and 1 kne0 my parents could not argue against the academic standing of Chapel Hill if the head of the Philosophy Department at Harvard 0as sending his son there. So 0e 0ent off together, and 1 spent four of the happiest years of my life at Chapel Hill. Q: 8ou would have been there from< BOND: =,, to =,7. Q: /33 to /37. Was the depression having any effect? Was it noticeable? BOND: 1t 0as very noticeable, yes. 1 had t0o sisters. Neither one of them got to college. They 0ent to other types of girls= schools. My family 0as having a hard time sending me to school, but it 0as so ineDpensiveK The cost of going to school at Chapel Hill, including just about everything, 0ith the possible eDception of food, 0as L9. a term. That=s L27. a yearK And, in my sophomore year, 1 managed to get a job. 1 0as 0orking in publications: the daily ne0spaper, the humor magazine, and the literary magazine. 1 became, all of a sudden, the business manager of the humor magazine and got a very generous cut of all the advertising. The local advertising 0as negligible, but 0e had an inner front cover, and an inner and outer back cover, full page in color, by cigarette companies every month. Q: Oh, yes. Winston5Salem. 8ou were in cigarette country. BOND: That=s right and so 1 0as able to put myself through school 0ith 0hat 1 got from that. Q: What type of courses were you ta0ing at Chapel Hill? BOND: 1 0as taking every sort of course 1 could on international relations. There 0eren=t very many of them. 1 0as not an outstanding student at Chapel Hill. 1t 0as all too easy for me, first of all because the North Carolina public school system had only 11 years of elementary and high school. And so all of my classmates 0ho 0ere from North Carolina tended to be a year younger than 1 0as and also a year dumber, 1 guess. Q: But also, I assume that you/re tal0ing about the Le3ington, Massachusetts school system, comparing it to the North Carolina school system, which would have made -uite a difference, too.
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