Research Report 2013

RESEARCH REPORT 2013

Compiled by: Prof. I. Mapaure Dr. H. M. Kapenda Ms. P. Claassen Ms. K. P. Mbulu

Published by the Research and Publications Office (2014)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

MISSION AND VISION STATEMENTS ...... 3 MISSION ...... 3 VISION ...... 3 MESSAGE FROM THE VICE-CHANCELLOR ...... 4 MESSAGE FROM THE PRO VICE-CHANCELLOR: ACADEMIC AFFAIRS & RESEARCH ...... 5 MESSAGE FROM THE UNAM RESEARCH COORDINATOR ...... 6 SECTION A: ACTIVITIES OF FACULTIES AND CAMPUSES ...... 8

FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES ...... 8 FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES ...... 16 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ...... 20 FACULTY OF LAW ...... 24 FACULTY OF HEALTH SCIENCES: SCHOOL OF NURSING AND PUBLIC HEALTH ...... 26 FACULTY OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES ...... 28 FACULTY OF SCIENCE ...... 34 SECTION B. ACTIVITIES OF ACADEMIC CENTRES AND CAMPUSES ...... 49

CENTRE FOR EXTERNAL STUDIES ...... 49 HIFIKEPUNYE POHAMBA CAMPUS ...... 51 KATIMA MULILO CAMPUS ...... 53 KHOMASDAL CAMPUS...... 57 LANGUAGE CENTRE ...... 60 MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH CENTRE ...... 62 SAM NUJOMA MARINE AND COASTAL RESOURCES RESAERCH CENTRE ...... 69 RUNDU CAMPUS ...... 73 OSHAKATI CAMPUS ...... 76 ZERO EMISSION RESEARCH INITIATIVE ...... 77

MISSION AND VISION STATEMENTS

MISSION

To provide quality higher education through teaching, research and advisory services to our customers with the view to produce productive and competitive human resources capable of driving public and private institutions towards a knowledge-based economy, economic growth and improved quality of life.

VISION

To be a beacon of excellence and innovation in teaching, research and extension services.

Growing University research productivity!

MESSAGE FROM THE VICE-CHANCELLOR

Prof. Lazarus Hangula Vice-Chancellor

The University of Namibia (UNAM) continues to take a leading role in research and publication productivity within the country. This has been possible because of significant investment into research activities that has been steadily growing. Despite the challenges that we continue to face, which are not unique to our institution alone, UNAM has witnessed a significant improvement in the research culture at our university. The evidence speaks for itself as summarized in the statement by the PVC; Academic Affairs & Research. There has also been a general increase in research productivity over the past few years, including an increase in research papers published in highly-regarded and accredited journals. Perusal through this Report will bear witness to this. While the number of scholarly publications has more-than-doubled in the last four years, it is very encouraging to also note that per capita productivity of scholarly research outputs has also significantly increased from 0.2 to 0.8 over the same period.

The annual UNAM Research Day event was celebrated in September with aplomb under the theme Inspiring development through research – a theme meant to celebrate the role of research and innovation in sustainable development. It was a week of celebrations as UNAM hosted a second event the same week to showcase products of innovative research to the nation. That event was graced by His Excellency, Dr Sam Nujoma, the Founding President of the Republic of Namibia and several Government Ministers, Members of Parliament and Captains of Industry. It was a very successful unprecedented event at UNAM.

The University has been developing and revising research-related policies to improve the conduct, coordination and management of research at our institution. New Research Policy, Research Ethics Policy and a Scholarly Communications Policy were approved by Senate for full implementation in August 2013. These Policies replace the old Research Strategy of 2005. This will ensure that our practices and processes remain current and relevant.

Finally, let me take this opportunity to thank our Government of the Republic of Namibia for the immense support they have rendered UNAM. I thank all our stakeholders, students, sponsors, our staff members who have made us proud. I sincerely acknowledge the immense support from the Private Sector, Civic society, the NCRST, NCHE, Embassies and High Commissions of various countries to Namibia, national and international donors of research funds who have enabled us to grow from strength to strength.

MESSAGE FROM THE PRO VICE-CHANCELLOR: ACADEMIC AFFAIRS & RESEARCH

Prof. Osmund D. Mwandemele Pro Vice-Chancellor: Academic Affairs & Research

Research performance and productivity at the University of Namibia (UNAM) continues to take long strides due to the hard work and dedication of our academic staff. A variety of research activities have been conducted in the various UNAM Faculties and Centres across the country. There is a tremendous increase of 59% in the overall publications output since 2010 to date. Of all the publications (440) produced during the year under review, 55% are peer-reviewed journal articles, 9 % are books and book chapters while 36 % are conference papers. This is a commendable output and achievement by our academics and their post-graduate students. This has been possible because the University continues to create a conducive environment for research, despite some minor challenges we face here and there. I am pleased to announce that most of our academics have secured external funding from the National Commission on Research, Science and Technology (NCRST) to carry out more research apart from the limited internal funds given by the university.

I would like to urge all academic staff members to engage in collaborative research locally and internationally so as to increase our research output and to promote internationalization with other institutions of higher learning. It is only through creation and disseminating of knowledge that we can realize our goal of transforming our nation into a knowledge-based society. I would like, therefore, to encourage staff members to form Research Groups around identified thematic areas in order to carry out focused research and complement our government’s efforts in dealing with national challenges facing the nations these days namely HIV and AIDS; hunger, poverty and Ebola. The Research & Publications Office (RPO), a Unit directly under my Office, has done a tremendous job in cultivating a culture of research among our staff. During 2013, staff members from the RPO conducted sensitization workshops at UNAM satellite Campuses as a way of induction and emphasizing the importance of research at the University. I would like to encourage the RPO staff to continue with capacity-building workshops for all staff members in order to enhance research capacity at our institution. The Research & Publications Committee (RPC) has continued to evaluate proposals and allocate research funds to deserving academics to conduct research. However, the University continues to be constrained by the limited amounts it can allocate for research projects. I would, therefore like to encourage staff members to vigorously apply for external research funds. This will go a long way in complementing the University’s efforts in promoting research.

Lastly, I would like to congratulate all our researchers for their achievements in 2013. We are very grateful to all our sponsors, collaborators and partners who contributed to the good research results produced by the University. I would like to wish all our staff members a very productive 2014.

MESSAGE FROM THE UNAM RESEARCH COORDINATOR

Prof. Isaac Mapaure UNAM Research Coordinator

The Research and Publications Office (RPO), under the leadership of Prof. Isaac Mapaure, continued to carry out its mandate, which is to coordinate and manage all research activities of the University of Namibia. During the year under review, the continued RPO activities are reflected below.

The RPO conducted regional workshops on ‘Writing Proposals and Writing for Publications at the Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology (Ongwediva); Sam Nujoma Campus (Henties Bay); and Ogongo Campus (Ogongo). These workshops form part of an annual series of workshops that are aimed at enhancing the University’s research culture and increasing our publications output. Upon request by the Director, the RPO also assisted Rundu Campus to successfully develop their Research Agenda. This request followed after the RPO conducted a similar workshop at the Hifikepunye Pohamba Campus in 2012. Another successful workshop included a collaborative effort of the RPO with the Southern African Research & Innovation Management Association (SARIMA), when a two day workshop was held on “Writing successful research proposals for donor funding” at Fürstenhof Hotel in Windhoek. All workshops were well received by the various participants, and were hailed as very relevant, timely, and useful. As part of continuous skills improvement, various external capacity workshops were attended by staff members of the RPO. These were: a Research Ethics Workshop in Hackle Brook South Africa; Fundraising and Branding Workshop in Cape Town’s Bantry Bay; Promoting Responsible Research Conduct Bantry Bay in Cape Town. These workshops were attended by Prof. Mapaure. Other external workshops included: Research Mentorship and Capacity Building Initiatives, held in Cape Town, South Africa; Research Uptake Workshop, and were attended by Dr. Kapenda. One of the highlight annual events of the RPO was the UNAM Research Day, jointly held with the Multidisciplinary Research Centre (MRC), whereby our University show cased its various research activities in the form of academic papers, posters and research presentations to the academic fraternity and public stakeholders. This event was celebrated at all Regional Campuses

country wide. A major milestone achieved during the year under review, was the final approval of the UNAM Research Policy, and the UNAM Research Ethics Policy by Senate. The RPO is now in the process to develop guidelines to complement these policies, with the collaboration of the various Research Representatives and their Faculty Deans and Directors. The RPO also completed a Draft Intellectual Property Policy that is currently under review and open to discussion and recommendations from Faculties.

Participants engaging in group work during the Writing Research Proposals & Writing for Publications Workshop at Ogongo Campus

SECTION A: ACTIVITIES OF FACULTIES AND CAMPUSES

FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES

DEAN’S STATEMENT

Agricultural Research is an unavoidable activity aimed at achieving high academic performance and promotion of both economic and social developments. This amongst others’ includes addressing challenges of food insecurity, malnutrition and low agricultural income generation faced by humanity.

Agricultural activities are mostly subjected to environmental conditions and changes whose result influences productivity and human existence. Therefore agricultural research acts as an important supportive instrument that contributes to the generation of new techniques and technologies capable of minimizing negative impacts. Agricultural research should not be only focused on addressing the increasing peoples’ need of food production, nutrition and better livelihoods but should rather consider protecting the environment and creating rural jobs and find out optimal agricultural practices that respond to market demands. Research when accurately developed can provide exact response to any challenges with particular focus on restoring soil fertility, pasture productivity, fight against erosion, and ensuring that a national is able to feed itself.

The agricultural sector has unlimited expectations over research activities, for instance, soil quality (the key for successful practice of agriculture, influencing water level and quality and air quality. Research can ensure adequate response to the needs humanity is currently faced with. The mandate of this Faculty goes beyond teaching and research. It also includes the management of active farming operations, maintenance of infrastructure and community work. The Faculty is engaged in outreach services to communal and commercial farming communities.

RESEARCH STRATEGIC DIRECTION AND FOCUS AREAS

This report highlights research activities and outputs of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources (FANR) for the year 2013. Consequence to the strategic realignment of the satellite UNAM campuses in the ambit of the FANR, Ogongo Campus has become the focal area of agronomic (Crop Science), Agricultural Economics and Integrated Environmental Science. This has greatly influenced its strategic research direction and focal areas. Nonetheless the Campus maintains a vibrant section of Animal Science Department which is mainly housed at Neudamm Campus.

Achievements of the year

Research-related achievements within the FANR at Neudamm Campus are as follows:

 Sending out calls for research proposals for evaluation in the FANR for funding from UNAM RPC  Reviewing research proposals submitted to the FANR prior to onward submission to the UNAM RPC  Academic staff members advised on procedures for applying for research funds from both internal and external sources  One proposal was submitted and approved for funding by the UNAM RPC  A number of Research proposal were submitted for funding through the NRF/NCRST, and were approved  Oral Presentation at the First Science conference  Poster submission at the UNAM 2013 Research Day  Ongoing RUFORUM funded research at Neudamm. Worth to note that the Chair of the Neudamm RPC participated in the 2013 RUFORUM AGM in Rwanda  UNAM submitted its bid to host the 2015 RUFORUM AGM, which was approved

Significant Events, Achievements and Milestones

The successful hosting of the Rice Information Field Day which has become an annual national event at Ogongo for the third time has been ranked among the most significant research related events at Ogongo Campus during the year under review. This event attracted farmers, regional councillors, extension officers, teachers and pupils from the surrounding constituencies of Omusati Region and beyond. The attendees were exposed to all research and production activities taking place at Ogongo and most importantly rice growing techniques.

As part of part of the Rice-Mahangu project, six (6) academic staff members and a technician from Ogongo Campus visited Japan for two month training in various agronomic, hydrological, meteorological, socio-economic and extension aspects. This training in Japan culminated in the attendance by the staff members of the SATREPS Rice-Mahangu Project International Symposium on the Agricultural Use of Seasonal Wetlands Formed in a Semiarid Region of Africa on 13 July 2013. Five of the six Ogongo academic staff members presented papers at the symposium that appear in the list of conference papers.

Meanwhile, rice seed multiplication, production and physiological research continued on a three hectare piece of at Ogongo Campus. Additionally the crop science sub-team of the Rice- Mahangu project harvested the first rice grown on the 1.28 hectare model experimental sloped field within the 3 hectare area where integrated cropping of rice, pearl millet, sorghum, maize and cowpea is being tested under flood, intermittent flooding and drying as well as dryland (rainfed) conditions. A study aimed at selecting the most suitable well adapted rice cultivar variety for Namibian conditions has been continued by the crop science sub-team during 2013 and results are currently being analysed. In addition, fertiliser trail plots using organic manure collected from surrounding farmers’ kraals was initiated in 2013 to test the optimal fertiliser application levels using manure.

The hydrology sub-team of the Rice-Mahangu Project installed an additional automated tipping bucket rain gauge at Afoti Village bringing the total number of rain gauges in the Cuvelai drainage basin to thirty (30). A seventh Bowen Ratio station was installed in an artificial shallow

muddy pan (ondombe) next to the experimental sloped field during 2013. Meanwhile rainfall and meteorological data continued to be collected from the previously installed rain gauges Bowen Ratio stations. Additionally, the hydrology sub-team of the Rice Mahangu Project installed twenty (20) water levels sensors in eendombe and iishana at three (3) villages of Afoti, Onamundindi and Oshiteyatemo to simultaneously monitor surface and groundwater levels in the study area. A total of nine (9) time-lapse cameras were installed in the three aforementioned villages and an additional two at Ogongo Campus in the experimental sloped field. The cameras captured frequent imagery of the expansion and shrinkage of the surface water in depressions such as iishana and eendombe on an hourly basis as well as the seasonal changes in vegetation phenology and plant growth thereby providing valuable physiological and ecological data with the progression of seasonal changes. Digitization of the land surfaces with a specific focus on the distribution of eendombes within the Cuvelai drainage basin commenced in 2013 and is ongoing. Before the onset of the 2013 and 2014 rainy season, two rainwater collecting furnaces were installed at Ogongo to collect rainwater samples for the isotopic analyses of chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) in order to estimate the age of rainwater for comparison to groundwater isotopic tracers as to determine the rate of local recharge.

Newly installed Bowen Ratio Station in an inundated artificial ondombe next to the experimental sloped field

Establishment of RUFORUM National Chapter in Namibia

The FANR successfully motivated the establishment of a RUFORUM National chapter in Namibia. In December 2013, RUFORUM Secretariat approved the request by the University of Namibia, to establish the RUFORUM National Chapter in Namibia. The RUFORUM chapters were established at country level according to the specificity of each country. Each chapter is composed of representatives of participating universities and other actors such as policy makers,

national farmer organizations, national agricultural research and extension systems, and members of the Technical Committee of that country. It is chaired by a distinguished person outside the university system and has a secretariat based in a member university. Each National Forum meets at least twice a year and has the following functions:  Championing and coordinating activities of stakeholders  Assessing the demand for university R&D, prioritizing research, planning and monitoring of activities  Analyzing interventions, learning lessons and fostering adaptation of the research and training efforts  Mobilizing resources and advocacy  Documenting and publicizing the activities of RUFORUM both at national and international levels.

Bid to host the RUFORUM 2015 AGM

The Vice Chancellor of the University of Namibia submitted a bid letter for UNAM to host the RUFORUM 2015 AGM, which was successful.

RESEARCH AND PUBLICATIONS

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS

Journal articles  Thomas, T. (2013). Sustainable harvesting and trading of mopane worms (Imbrasia belina) in northern Namibia: an experience from the Uukwaluudhi area. International Journal of Environmental Studies 70(4): 494-502.  Enkono, S.G., Kalundu, S.K. & Thomas, B. (2013). Analysis of factors influencing cattle off-take rate and marketing in Ndiyona constituency of Kavango region, Namibia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development 5(9): 201-206.  Thomas, T. (2013). A transaction cost analysis for high value crops in the Etunda irrigation project of semi-arid Namibia. Sky Journal of Agricultural Research 2(5):56-63.  Thomas, B. & Mpofu, I.D.T. (2013). Competitive environment of the staple food distribution system in Namibia: an assessment of the pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) industry. Agricultural Science Research Journals 3(4): 121-129.

Conference papers and proceedings  Thomas, B., Nishikawa, Y., Hangula, M., Kaida, K., & Fujioka, Y. (2013). Rural crop farmers’ livelihood diversification and coping strategies in changing environment of North Central Namibia. SATRIPS International Conference Symposium, 13 July 2013 Nagoya University, Japan “ Agricultural use of seasonal wetland formed in semiarid region of Africa”

DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL SCIENCE

Journal articles  Turner, W. C., Imologhome, P., Havarua, Z., Kaaya, G.P., Mfune, J. K. E., Mpofu, I. D. T. & Getz, W.M. (2013). Soil ingestion, nutrition and the seasonality of anthrax in herbivores of Etosha National Park. Ecosphere 4: art13. Available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/ES12-00245.1  Mpofu, I.D.T., Schneider, M.B., Lubbe, A & Beukes, E. (2013). Potential of adding value to livestock products by University farms in Sub Saharan Africa. A case study of Neudamm Campus Farm of the University of Namibia. Agricultural Science Research Journal, 3(3): 79-84. Available online: http://resjournals.com/ARJ/ARJ.  Hafeni, S., Mpofu, I.D.T. & Petrus, P. (2013). The potential of pearl millet and water melon seeds as cheap alternative ingredients in Namibian poultry feeds. Agricultural Science Research Journal 3(5): 140- 143. Available online: http://www.resjournals.com/ARJ.

Books and Monographs  Mbango, O., Mapaure, I. & Mpofu, I. (2013). Impact of Livestock on Vegetation and Soil Nutrients: Around Water Points in Highland Savanna Rangelands, Namibia. Paperback and Kindle editions. Lambert Academic Publishing. ISBN: 978-3-659-35752-7.

DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES

Journal articles  Nashima F.P., Hipondoka M, Iiyambo I, Hambia J. (2013). The potential of rainwater harvesting: A case of the City of Windhoek, Namibia. Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science. 2(6): 170-174. Available at: http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/wros  Nashima, F.P. and Chilamba, V.J. (2013). Biomass distribution of kingklip (Genypterus capensis) species in the Benguela Ecosystem of Namibia. Journal of Research in Ecology. 2(1): 067-074. Available at: http://ecologyresearch.info/documents/EC0013.pdf  Nashima, F.P. (2013). Structure and composition of intertidal communities at exposed and sheltered habitat, Central Namibian coast. Journal of Agriculture and Biodiversity Research. Vol 2, Issues 3, 67-72. Available at: http://www.onlineresearchjournals.org/JABR  Kirkman, S.P., Yemane, D., Kathena, J., Mafwila, S.K., Nsiangango, S.E., Samaai, T., Axelsen, B. & Singh, L. (2013). Identifying and characterizing demersal fish biodiversity hotspots in the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem: relevance in the light of global changes. ICES Journal of Marine Science, doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fst040.

DEPARTMENT OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Journal articles  Hiwilepo-van Hal, P., Bille, P.G., Verkerk. R. and Dekker, M. (2013). Effect of Temperature and Time on the Quality of Natural Fermented Marula (Sclerocarya birrea

subsp. caffra) Juice. Journal of Food Science and Technology: 53, 70-75. Available online at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0023643813000777  Bille, P.G., Shikongo, M. N. & Cheikyoussef, A. (2013). Value Addition and Processed Products of Three Indigenous Fruits in Namibia. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development: 13(1), 7192-7212.

Conference papers and proceedings  Heita, L., Cheikhyoussef, A; Shigwedha, N. & Shikongo-Nambabi, M. (2013). Microbiological and Physicochemical Analysis of Traditional Fermented Milk from North central and North-eastern Namibia. International conference on Environmental, Industrial and Applied Microbiology. Madrid, Spain 2-4th October 2013

DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY MEDICINE

Journal articles  Mausse, F., Bezugly, N. (2013). Analytical evaluation of eight-cell cow embryos structure, outwards water and inwards cryo-protectants to ensure successful cryopreservation. Int. Sci. Technol. J. Namibia (2)1 Available: URL:http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v6n2p142  Kabera J., Ugirinshuti V., Ntahonshikira C., Nteziryayo, E. & Niyondora, M. (2013). Effectiveness of leaf essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus and Ocimum urticifolium in controlling Phytophthora infestans Mont. damaging Irish potato in Ruhengeri (Rwanda). International Journal of Agricultural Sciences, ISSN: 2167-0447 Vol. 2 (12). Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org

Conference papers and proceedings  Lyaku, J.R., Bishi, A. S. & Marais, C. (2013). The Occurrence and Control of Rabies at the Human-Animal interface in Namibia. Poster Presentation in August 14-17, 2013, Brazil. Second International Congress on Pathogens at the Human-Animal Interface (ICOPHAI): One Health for Sustainable Development.  Lyaku, J. R. Rabies in Namibia (2013). Poster presentation in October 16-17th October, 2013. Veterinary Association of Namibia Congress in Windhoek, Namibia.  Mausse F., Lyaku J. R., Beukes E. & Mbango O. (2013). Livestock Production in Namibia. SATREPS International Symposium: Agricultural Use of Seasonal Wetland Formed in Semiarid Region of Africa. Available at http://www.nagoya-u.ac.jp/en/global- info/access-map/access/

Posters presented at the UNAM Research Day and other Presentations  Mpofu, I.D.T. (2013). Research Partnerships in Agriculture, Environment and Natural Resources for Wealth Creation. Keynote presentation at the Research and Intellectual Expo (RIE); 3-5 October, 2013 in Harare, Zimbabwe.  Hafeni S., Mpofu I.D.T. and Petrus N. P. (2013) Growth and carcass performance of broiler chickens fed pearl millet based diets. Funded by Namibia (Ministry of Education) – South Africa (NRF) Joint research partnership. Poster presented at University of Namibia Research day, Main Campus, Windhoek, Namibia. 15th October 2013.

 Hafeni S., Mpofu I.D.T. and Petrus N. P. (2013) Effects of Acacia karroo leaf meal on Cobb 500 Broiler chickens. Funded by Namibia (Ministry of Education) – South Africa (NRF) Joint research partnership. Poster presented at University of Namibia Research day, Main Campus, Windhoek, Namibia. 15th October 2013.

OGONGO AGRICULTURAL CAMPUS

Journal Articles  Asfaw, A., Sime M. & Itanna F. (2013). Determining the Extent of Contamination of Vegetables Affected by Tannery Effluent in Ejersa Area of East Shoa, Ethiopia. International Journal of Scientific and Research 3: 1-7. http://www.ijsrp.org/research- paper-0513/ijsrp-p1779.pdf  Enkono S.G., Kalundu S.K. & Thomas B. (2013). Analysis of Factors Influencing Cattle Off-Take Rate and Marketing in Ndiyona Constituency of Kavango Region, Namibia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development 5(9): 201-206. http://academicjournals.org/article/article1379755991_Enkono%20et%20al.pdf  Kambatuku J.R., Cramer M.C. & Ward D. (2013) Grass Competition Induces N2 Fixation in Savanna Trees. Plant and Soil. 365: 307-320 doi: 10.1007/s11104-012-1389- y http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/717/art%253A10.1007%252Fs11104-012- 1389-y.pdf?auth66=1401353247_3f400b2d246e3a7174dda6c67bd9e631&ext=.pdf  Kambatuku J.R., Cramer M.C. & Ward D. (2013) Overlap in Soil Water Sources of Savanna Woody Seedlings and Grasses. Ecohydrology 6: 464-473 doi: 10.1002/eco.1273. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eco.1273/pdf  Nashima, FP., Hipondoka, M., Iiyambo, I. & Hambia, J., (2013). The Potential of Rainwater Harvesting: A Case of the City of Windhoek, Namibia. Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Sciences 2(6): 170-174. http://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.wros.20130206.13.pdf  Thomas, B. (2013). Sustainable Harvesting and Trading of Mopane Worms (Imbrasia Belina) in Northern Namibia: An Experience from the Uukwaluudhi Area. International Journal of Environmental Studies 70 (4): 494-502. doi:10.1080/00207233.2013.829324. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00207233.2013.829324  Thomas, B. (2013). A Transaction Cost Analysis for High Value Crops in the Etunda Irrigation Project of Semi-Arid Namibia. Sky Journal of Agricultural Research 2(5):56- 63. http://www.skyjournals.org/sjar/pdf/2013pdf/June/Thomas%20pdf.pdf  Thomas B. & Mpofu I.D.T. (2013). Competitive environment of the staple food distribution system in Namibia: an assessment of the pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) industry. Agricultural Science Research Journals 3(4): 121-129. http://resjournals.com/ARJ/Pdf/2013/Apr/Thomas%20-and-Mpofu.pdf  Tsigereda K. T., Mesfine M. A., Dawit M.D. & Itanna F., (2013). Effectiveness of Advanced vs Conventional Wet Coffee Processing Technologies in Effluent Wastewater Quality. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research 4(8): 1236-1243. http://www.ijser.org/onlineResearchPaperViewer.aspx?Effectiveness-of-Advanced-Vs- Conventional-Wet-Coffee-Processing-Technologies-in-Effluent-Wastewater-Quality.pdf

Conference Papers/Proceedings  Awala, S., Izumi, Y., Fujioka, Y., Yamane, K., Mwandemele, O. & Iijima, M. (2013). Growth of mix-cropped pearl millet, sorghum and rice under imposed flooding stress of a model sloped field in north-central Namibia. Japan Journal of Crop Science 82 (Extra Issue 2): 246-247.  Gwanama C., Ausiku P., & Mwandemele O. D., (2013). Selecting Cultivars for Rice- Sorghum-Millet Mixed Cropping Systems to Mitigate Alternate Flooding and Drought in Namibia Agricultural Use of Seasonal Wetland Formed in Semiarid Region of Africa. In Fujioka, Y., Watanabe. Y.,Yamane. K., Hiyama. T, Nishikawa. Y. & Iijima. M. (eds), Proceedings Of SATREPS Rice-Mahangu Project, International Symposium on Agricultural Use of Seasonal Wetland Formed in Semiarid Region of Africa, 13 July 2013. Nagoya University, JAPAN, 30-36.  Iijima M., Awala S.K. & Mwandemele O.D. (2013). Introduction of Subsistence Rice Cropping System Harmonized with the Water Environment and Human Activities in Seasonal Wetlands in Northern Namibia. In Fujioka, Y., Watanabe. Y.,Yamane. K., Hiyama. T, Nishikawa. Y. & Iijima. M. (eds), Proceedings Of SATREPS Rice-Mahangu Project, International Symposium on Agricultural Use of Seasonal Wetland Formed in Semiarid Region of Africa, 13 July 2013. Nagoya University, JAPAN, 4-12.  Kambatuku J.R., Hiyama T., Hanamura M., Suzuki T., Fujioka Y., Ohta T. & Iijima M. (2013). Regional Precipitation Patterns and their Implications for Drought Adapted Cropping Systems in the Cuvelai Drainage Basin, North-Central Namibia. In Fujioka, Y., Watanabe. Y.,Yamane. K., Hiyama. T, Nishikawa. Y. & Iijima. M. (eds), Proceedings of SATREPS Rice-Mahangu project, International Symposium on Agricultural Use of Seasonal Wetland Formed in Semiarid Region of Africa, 13 July 2013, Nagoya University, JAPAN, 47-54.  Munialo S., Akundabweni, L. S. M., Mburu J. & Namutebi, A., (2013). Evaluation of the economic net benefits of the various fields found on a smallholder farming system in Vihiga-Kenya. Invited paper presented at the 4th International Conference of the African Association of Agricultural Economists, September 22-25, 2013, Hammamet, TUNISIA  Njunge J. T., (2013). Natural vegetation and potential agroforestry use of the seasonal wetlands in North, Central Namibia. In Fujioka, Y., Watanabe. Y.,Yamane. K., Hiyama. T, Nishikawa. Y. &Iijima. M. (eds), Agricultural use of seasonal wetlands formed in semi-arid region of Africa. Proceedings of SATREPS Rice-Mahangu project International Symposium, 13 July 2013, Nagoya University, JAPAN, 21-29.  Thomas, B., Nishikawa Y., Hangula M., Kaida K. & Fujioka Y., (2013). Rural crop farmers’ livelihood diversification and coping strategies in changing environment of North Central Namibia. In Fujioka, Y., Watanabe. Y.,Yamane. K., Hiyama. T, Nishikawa. Y. & Iijima. M. (eds), Proceedings of SATREPS Rice-Mahangu project, International Symposium on Agricultural Use of Seasonal Wetland Formed in Semiarid Region of Africa, 13 July 2013, Nagoya University, JAPAN, 37-46.

FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES

DEAN’S STATEMENT

Research not only plays an important role in the development of knowledge but also informs us on how to enhance our lecturing and supports continuous professional development. It is therefore, imperative that the Faculty develop a long term research agenda that will address issues facing the Namibian society including business and industry. It is worth noting that the research and knowledge generating role of a University, is inert to the extent to which the University, in delivering on its mandate of teaching and learning to its immediate and wider environment, is able to enhance its visibility, relevance and continuing service. Realizing these, the three cardinal principles invoked to guide research and publications in the Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences (FEMS) are:

 We strive to ensure that the FEMS’s-supported research serves the priorities of the country, the Southern African region, and the much wider international environment. An overarching new priority for the FEMS will be to position itself as a key and recognizable Knowledge Bank in Africa.  We lay emphasis on the need for practical solutions which ensure that research outputs are relevant to the immediate environment of the University.  We ensure that issues which arise from real world constraints and opportunities in the immediate and wider environment are examined critically, such that Namibia and Southern Africa in particular, can look up to us for knowledge and research output enabling them to harness these opportunities and address the challenges.

Promoting research in the FEMS, which has predominantly been a teaching faculty, with some consultancy work done over the years, together with involvement in social upliftment programs, is a mammoth task and will need full support from UNAM top management including appointment of senior academic staff, research funding and time off from teaching assignment so that start up researchers can be motivated to engage in relevant research activities. In order to instill research acumen among FEMS staff, motivate them to conduct research and disseminate research results; various interventions such as organizing research methodology workshops, conferences etc. are planned. It is also envisaged to launch a faculty journal in collaboration with other Universities in the region and beyond.

RESEARCH STRATEGIC DIRECTION AND FOCUS AREAS

The overall idea is to be able to generate knowledge through research and provide leadership on development and Economic/Business/Governance and related Management issues in Namibia, Africa and the wider community. Many challenges face Namibia in the struggle to overcome underdevelopment and become a prosperous industrialized knowledge based society. To overcome underdevelopment, Namibia must not only address past historical development imbalances, but also look towards the creation and fostering of a new society which is competitive globally. There is therefore a research opportunity to address these socio-economic, cultural and political challenges of a rapidly evolving society in a globalized world. In order to

carry out research which is relevant to the national development, FEMS has identified the following research themes:

 Entrepreneurship, employment creation and poverty alleviation  People empowerment  Corporate governance and ethics  Financial management and financial sector management  Policy transmission  Bilateral and multilateral trade issues and foreign direct investment  Local governance and decentralisation  Financial reporting and accountability  Small and Medium Enterprises Capacity building  Productivity and global competiveness  Promotion of good governance and service delivery.

RESEARCH AND PUBLICATIONS:

Journal Articles:  Blaauw, L. (2013). Reinforcing Authoritarian Rule: Electoral Politics in Angola. Journal of African Elections. (accepted for publication, July 2013).  Kaakunga, E. & Matongela, A. (2013). Inflation and Stock Market Development in Namibia: Evidence from Cointegration and Error Correction Modelling, Journal for Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, 2(2).  Moyo, B. & Ziramba, E. (2013). The impact of crime on inbound tourism to South Africa: An application of the Bounds Test. African Security Review 22(1): 4-18.  Nyambe, J. M. & Belete, A. (2013). Assessment of factors to receiving food aid in the Caprivi region of Namibia: A factor analysis approach. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(31): 4401-4407.  Nyambe, J. M. & Belete, A. (2013). Determinants of farmers’ decisions to cultivate crops in the Caprivi region of Namibia: A logistics regression analysis. African Journal of Agricultural Research 7(44): 5873-5878.  Nyambe, J. M. & Belete, A. (2013). Assessing climate risk to improve incomes of rural farming households in the Caprivi region, Namibia. Global journal of Science Frontier Research, (D), 13(1).  Paliwal, U. L. (2013). Diversification in a small market: some evidences from Namibia. International Journal of Economics and Finance, Vol. 5 No. 5 May 2013.  Van Rooyen, P.H. (2013). Namibia, African Art and the International Market. Journal of the Namibia Scientific Society 61: 89-103.  Ziramba, E. (2013) “Hydroelectricity consumption and economic growth nexus: time series experience of three African countries”, European Scientific Journal 9(1): 85-96.  Ziramba, E. and B. Moyo (2013). Aggregate Outbound Tourism Demand in South Africa: an Econometric analysis. Journal of Economics and Behavioural Studies 5(5: 260-267.

 Ziramba, E and M. Bhuku (2013). An empirical analysis of aggregate import demand and expenditure components in Namibia. International Journal of Economics and Research 4(4): 39-50.

Books and Monographs  du Pisani, A., Boesl, A. & Zaire, D. U. (eds.) (2013). Namibia's Foreign Relations Historic Contexts, Current Dimensions, and Perspectives for the 21st Century, MacMillan Education, Windhoek.  du Pisani, A. (2013). The politics and resource endowment of party dominance in Namibia: The past as the present and the future?, pp. 132-148, in De Jager, Nicola & Pierre du Toit (eds.) Friend or Foe? Dominant party systems in southern Africa: Insights from the Developing World. Cape Town: University of Cape Town Press.  du Pisani, A. (2013). Crafting Policy for the Namibian Security System. In Van Nieuwkerk, A. & Hoffman, A. (eds.) Broadening Security in Southern Africa: Challenges and Opportunities. Johannesburg: Centre for Defence and Security Management, University of the Witwatersrand/Friedrich-Ebert Stiftung, Mozambique Office, 2013.  Blaauw, L. (2013). Beyond Economic Diplomacy: The Interface of Namibia’s Foreign Relations” in A. Bösl, A du Pisani and D. Zaire (Eds.). Namibia’s Foreign Relations: Historic Context, Current Dimensions, and Perspectives for the 21st Century. Windhoek: Macmillan Education Namibia.  Paliwal, U. L.; Sharma, K.R. & Nakweenda T. L. (2013). Positioning Namibia as an Exporter of Higher Education in SADC region. A project sponsored by WTO (through WTO Chair at University of Namibia), 2013.

Chapters in Books  Blaauw, L. (2013). Democracy and Participation. In J. Nakuta (ed.). Baseline Study Report on Human Rights in Namibia. Windhoek: Printech.  Paliwal, U.L. (2013.) Management Accounting 2B study material for Centre of External Studies, University of Namibia.

Conference Papers / Proceedings  April W.I. (2013). Entrepreneurship Amongst Herero people. Global Conference on Business and Finance Proceedings. Volume 8, No.2, 2013.  Beukes, E D. (2013). Auditor regulation vs self-regulation in Namibia. Paper presented at 05th International Conference on Accounting and Finance organized by the University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia 5th – 6th November, 2013  Dangarembizi, F. (2013). SADC Tracer on Progress on the Implementation of Mining Protocol: The Case of Namibia. A paper presented at 05th International Conference on Management and Entrepreneurship organized by the University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya: 30th of July – 1st of August, 2013; jointly sponsored by The University of Pretoria.  Dangarembizi, F. (2013). Namibia Country Study on Education for Children with Special Needs in Southern Africa: A paper presented at 09th SACHES Regional Conference organized by UNAM, Katima Mulilo Campus; Jointly sponsored by The University of the Western Cape.

 Dangarembizi, F. (2013). Challenges faced by SMEs in North: The Case of Namibia. A paper presented at the 02nd Management and Leadership Conference for Southern Africa organized by the University of Namibia, Department of Management Sciences, Windhoek, Namibia: 13th - 15th of August, 2013.  Kaakunga, E. & Kalumbu, S. (2013). Infrastructure and Economic Development in Namibia, Paper presented at the 5th International Conference on Accounting and Finance, Windhoek, Namibia. 5th – 6th November, 2013  Paliwal, U. L. (2013). Financial literacy and financial inclusion in Namibia: A regulatory and supervisory perspective. A paper presented at 66th All India Commerce Conference organized by Bangalore University, December 5 – 7, 2013, Bangalore, India  Paliwal, U. L. & Gamses, C. (2013). Corporate Governance Disclosure Practices: An exploratory case study of selected Namibian companies. A paper presented at 5th International Conference on Accounting and Finance, Windhoek, Namibia 5th – 6th November, 2013

Group photo of some of the members of the Research & Publications Committee (RPC) during a Research Ethics Workshop

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

THE DEAN’S REPORT

During 2013 the academic staff members of the Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology managed to conduct research and produce journal publications despite their very high teaching load caused by lack of sufficient permanent lecturers at the Faculty. This is highly commended and the academic staff members are encouraged to keep up the good work. Conference attendance was very much limited because of insufficient funding for traveling and subsistence. The Faculty requests the University to make available more funding to enable those who have papers to present at conferences to attend in person.

RESEARCH STRATEGIC DIRECTION AND FOCUS AREAS

The faculty is engaged in value-adding interdisciplinary research investigations which are community-based and focused on solving basic local engineering problems as well as critical environmental problems and to develop cost effective solutions to energy supplies from rural schools and communities in Namibia. There are current and future projects being investigated for implementation namely:  Ongwediva Waste Management System/Bio-gas Production for Community Schools  Sustainable Power and Energy System (SPES)  BENGUELA Community – UNAM Wind-Power Project in Luderitz  Modelling, Analysis and Design of Communication links and Networks.  Electromagnetic Compatibility of Telecommunication Networks  Electromagnetic pollution and Safety  Production of bio-plastics from Namibia raw materials

RESEARCH AND PUBLICATIONS

Journal Papers  Naidoo M, Johnson O.T, Sigalas I, Herrmann M (2013). Preparation of Ti-Ta-(C, N) by Mechanical Alloying Ti(C, N) and TaC. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 37, 67–72.  Johnson O.T., Awopetu, O. O. & Dahunsi, O. A. (2013). Enhancement of Microstructural and Hardness Properties of Commercially Pure Titanium (Ti- 0.5Zn) by Thermomechanical Processing. Advanced Materials Research, 824, 275- 282.  Afolabi, A.S., Johnson, O.T., Abdulkareem, A.S. & Oluwaseyi, B.S. (2013) Investigation of the Treatment of Wastewater Using Activated Sludge Process, Applied Mechanics and Materials, 260, 969-976.

 Obadele, B. A., Olubambi, P.A. &, Johnson, O.T. (2013). Effects of TiC additions on the properties of laser particle deposited WC-Co-Cr and WC-Ni coatings, Transaction of Non Ferrous Metals Society of China, 23, 3634−364.  Akande, J.M. & Jimoh, B.O. (2013). Quarrying of Sand and Proposed Reclamation Method in Akure, Nigeria. International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET). 3(7), 746 - 757.  Akande, J.M. & Lawal, A.I. (2013). Optimization of Blasting Parameters using Regression Models in Ratcon and NSCE Granite Quarries, Ibadan, Oyo State Nigeria. Journal of Scientific Research (Geomaterial) USA, Published Online (http://www.scirp.org/journal/gm), 28 - 37.  Ijaola, O.O., Ogedengbe, K. & Sangodoyin, A.Y. (2013). On the Efficacy of Activated Carbon from Bamboo in the Adsorption of Water Contaminants. International Journal of Engineering Inventions 2(4), 1-6.  Akande J.M., Ajaka, E.O., Omosogbe, F.M. & Lawal, A.I. (2013). Environmental Effects of Processing Marine Clay in Olotu, Ondo State, Nigeria. Civil and Environmental Research, 3, 82 – 86.  Akande, J.M. & Agbalajobi, S.A. (2013). Analysis of Some Physical and Chemical Properties of Oreke Dolomite Deposit. Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering, 1, 33 - 38.  Akande, J.M. & Onifade, M. (2013). Modelling of Okaba Underground Coal Mine Ventilation System. International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET), 3(7), 766 - 772.  Mwero, J.N., Aboudha, S.O., Rading, G.O., Mumenya, S.W. & Kavishe, F.P.L. (2013), The Effect of Partial Replacement of Portland Cement with Sugarcane Waste Fibre Ash (SWFA) on Mechanical Properties of Concrete. ICASTOR Journal of Engineering 6(2.)  Akande, J.M., Onifade, M. & Aladejare, E.A. (2013). Determination of Airflow Distributions in Okaba Underground Coal Mine. Journal of Mining World Express 2(2), 40 – 44.  Akande, J.M. & Aladejare, E. A. (2013). Geo-mechanical Properties of Okaba Coal Deposit for Pillar Design. Journal of Mining World Express 2(2), 45 – 48.  Akande S., Debayo, B. & Akande, J.M. (2013), Comparative Analysis of Grindability of Iron ore and Granite. Journal of Mining World Express, 2(3), 55 – 62.  Ijaola, O.O., Ogedengbe, K. & Sangodoyin, A. Y. (2013). Kinetic Study of Water Contaminants Adsorption by Bamboo Granular Activated and Non-Activated Carbon. International Journal and Technology Innovation, 3(4), 263-272.  Akande, J.M. & Lawal, A.I. (2013). Effects of Controllable Blasting Variables on Number of Boulders Generated after Blasting in Ratcon and NSCE Quarries, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. International Journal of Engineering and Technology, 2(2), 105 - 112.  Akande, J.M., Lawal, A.I. & Adeboye, W.A. (2013). Evaluation of the Environmental Effects of the Abandoned Quarries Strabag Quarry at Ibadan, Oyo State and RCC Quarry at Wasinmi, Ikire, Osun State. Journal of Environment and Earth Science, 3(4), 129 - 141.

 Adebimpe, R.A., Akande, J.M. & Arum, C. (2013). Mine Equipment Selection for Ajabanoko Iron Ore Deposit, Kogi State, Nigeria. Science Research 1(2), 25 - 30.  Akande, J.M. & Lawal, A.I. (2013): Effects of Controllable Blasting Parameters on Geometric Volume of Blast in NSCE and Ratcon Quarries, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. Nigeria Mining Journal.  Adebimpe, R.A. & Akande, J.M. (2013). Rock Mass Characterization of Ajabanoko Iron Ore Deposit, Kogi State Nigeria. Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences, 427-431  Akande, J.M. & Lawal, A.I. (2013). Design of an Haulage Way in an Underground Coal Mine, International Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, 4 (7), 10- 17.  Akande, J.M., Lawal, A.I. & Aladejare, E.A. (2013). Optimization of the Overall Equipment Efficiency (OEE) of Loaders and Rigid Frame Trucks in NAMDEB Southern Coastal Mine Stripping Fleet, Namibia, Science PG, 2(6), 158-166.

Engineering review  Nyirenda, C. N., Temaneh-Nyah, C. & Kavishe, F. (2013). What is computer Engineering. Engineering Council of Namibia, Engineering Review, 14, 18-20.

Conference Papers/ Proceedings  Bello, M. M., Smit, R., Carter-Brown, C. & Davidson, I. E. (2013). Power Planning in a Smart Grid Environment - A Case Study of South Africa. In Proceedings of the IEEE Power Engineering Society (PES) 2013 Meeting, Vancouver, BC, Canada. IEEE Explore Digital Object Identifier: 978-1-4799-1303-9/2013.  Johnson, O.T., Ogunmuyiwa, E.N. (2013). Sigalas, I. & Hermann, M., Boron suboxide Materials with Rare-earth Metal Oxide Additives. International Conference on Manufacturing Engineering and Engineering Management Chemical Engineering and Technology, ICMEEM 2013, World Congress on Engineering (WCE) 2013, London, United Kingdom.  Temaneh-Nyah, C. (2013). A Fast Algorithm for Electromagnetic Compatibility Estimation For Radio Communication Network in a Complex Electromagnetic Environment. UKSim-AMSS 7th European Modeling Symposium (EMS 2013), Manchester, United Kingdom, pp.103-106, IEEE Computer society, ISBN-978-1- 4799-2578-0/13.  Mwale, S.J.T. & Davidson, I. E. (2013). Security Analysis of Electric Power Supply in SADC Region. Paper accepted for presentation at the 11th edition of the IEEE Region 8 Africon Conference, Mauritius.  Mbangula, K. N. I. & Davidson, I. E. (2013). Power System Modelling and Fault Analysis of NAMPOWER’S 330KV HVAC Transmission Line.. Paper accepted for presentation at the 13th Biennial Conference of the Botswana Institution of Engineers (BIE), Conference, Gaborone, Botswana.  Davidson, I. E., Muashekele, H. & Mukapuli, N. (2013). Benguela Community- UNAM Wind-Power Demonstration Project - Experiences in Implementation. 12th International Workshop on Large-Scale Integration of Wind Power into Power

Systems as well as on Transmission Networks for Offshore Wind Power Plants, London, United Kingdom.  Li, S., Mulunga, P. T., Yang, Q & Sun, X. (2013). A Common Component Architecture (CCA) Based Design and Implementation for Distributed Parallel Magnetotellurice Forward Model. Proceedings of 2013 6th International Conference on Information Management, Innovation Management and Industrial Engineering, ICIII 2013, Xi'an, China, 23 - 24, pp.433-436, IEEE Computer society, ISBN-13: 9781479939855.

Meritorious Awards recipients at an annual event in 2013. The Vice Chancellor, Prof. Lazarus Hangula, and UNAM Council Chairperson, Prof. Filemon th th Amaambo, are 5 and 6 from the left, respectively. On the far left is Prof. Erika Maass, Director: Academic Affairs, while Mr. Reggie Izaks, Director: Human Resources, is on the far right.

FACULTY OF LAW

DEAN’S STATEMENT

The Faculty of law of the University of Namibia has since its establishment in the early 1990’s served as the only law faculty in the country. The Faculty has three academic departments namely, the Departments of Commercial Law, Private and Procedural Law and Public Law & Jurisprudence. The Faculty is staffed by 14 full-time teaching staff members and a number of part-time lecturers. It currently has about 890 students who are registered for the following qualifications:  the 3 year B Juris degree;  the 2 year LL. B degree; and  the 4 year undergraduate LL. B degree

The Faculty also offers 2 undergraduate diploma qualifications, namely:

 the Diploma in Arbitration and Dispute Resolution; and  the Diploma in Para-legal Studies

The B Juris and the 2 year LL. B qualifications are being phased out while the 4 year undergraduate LL. B degree is being phased-in with effect from the 2012 academic year. During the year under review, the Faculty registered 14 postgraduate students who are pursuing either Masters or Doctoral qualifications. The Faculty also hosts two centres, namely the Human Rights and Documentation Centre (HRDC) which focuses on human rights issues in the country and also regionally. The other centre is the Justice Training Centre (JTC), whose main remit is the co-ordination of the professional training of legal practitioners in the Republic of Namibia.

Like in the 2012 academic year, 2013 has been a very challenging one for the Faculty of Law in as far as research productivity is concerned. It is very clear that the research profile of the Faculty has only somewhat marginally improved. The issue of an extremely heavy teaching load is still very much of a problem in the Faculty. It is to be hoped that with the assumption of Dr. Aimite Jorge at the beginning of the 2014 academic and also the return of Professor Horn from sabbatical, things should begin to improve. Nonetheless, despite these challenges, some colleagues in the Faculty were able to research, prepare and present conference papers. Other colleagues were able to write journal articles and book chapters for publication and even publish a book during the year under review.

The Faculty is fully aware of the need to urgently reverse its current situation and is addressing it through a number of strategies such as the development of a five year Faculty research plan. Its purpose is to identify niche areas of research, taking into account the existing expertise of its current staff cohort. It has also instituted a bi-monthly seminar series entitled “Namibian Law Update” and annual Bench Bar Faculty conference. These are platforms for law academics to meet and present their research findings which, it is hoped will lead to an increased research output in the Faculty. During the year under review, in order to boost its future research output

the Faculty has made a budgetary allocation of N$20 000.00 to each member of staff to attend a conference and present a research paper which would subsequently be revised for publication in a refereed journal.

It is against this brief introductory background that I present to you the list of research outputs of the Faculty of Law of the University of Namibia for the 2013 academic year.

RESEARCH AND PUBLICATIONS

Journal articles:  Jorge, A. (2013). Measuring Enrichment Liability in the Context of Unfinished Construction Projects, University of Western Cape. Inflation in Enrichment Claims: Reflections on the Brazilian Civil Code, 6 J. Civ. L. Stud. (2013) (Louisiana – USA) Available at: http://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/jcls/vol6/iss2/5

Chapters in Books, Monographs, Booklets  Baloro, J. (2014). Integrating small African economies into global value chains through foreign aid: the case of Namibia. In Marion Jansen Mustapha Sadni Jallab and Maarten Smeets ( eds): Connecting to global markets Challenges and opportunities: case studies presented by WTO- Chair –holders.  Jorge, A. (2013). Proceedings of the 19th CIB World Building Congress, Brisbane 2013: Construction and Society ISBN: 978-0-9875542-1-5©2013 Queensland University of Technology Edited by Prof. Stephen Kajewski, A/Prof. Karen Manley and Prof. Keith Hampson.  Mchombu, C. M. (2013). Information needs and seeking behaviour of orphans and vulnerable children, their caregivers, and the role of service providers in Namibia. [Online]. Available at :http://www.digital .unam.na/handle/11070.1/5582

Conference Papers /Proceedings  Amoo, S.K. (2013). Mineral Law and Governance in Africa, Launch Workshop, University of Cape Town. Presented a paper on The “Regulatory Regime of Mineral Rights in Namibia”.  Horn, N. (2013). “The Demise of a Human Rights Culture in the South African White Pentecostal Churches after 1948” presented at The Law and Religion Conference, organised by the Centre for Law and Religion of the Brigham Young University. Pravo, Utah, in co-operation with the Faculty of Law, University of Ghana  Mchombu, C. M. (2013). The Role of Libraries in Supporting Human Rights in Namibia. The paper was presented at the Namibia Libraries Symposium. Windhoek.  Mchombu, C. M. & Nakuta, J. (2013). Accessing Government Information in Namibia as a Human Rights Issue. The paper was presented at the Namibia Libraries Symposium. Windhoek.

FACULTY OF HEALTH SCIENCES: SCHOOL OF NURSING AND PUBLIC HEALTH

ASSOCIATE DEAN’S STATEMENT

This report for the School of Nursing and Public Health covers the research activities and publications during the 2013 academic year. The research output is low but is slowly picking up since 2011. Staff members produced some publications, while others presented either a paper or a poster at international conferences.

RESEARCH STRATEGIC DIRECTION AND FOCUS AREAS

Nursing research focuses on generating knowledge of health promotion, aiming to maintain and improve health, alleviate suffering and create conditions for a peaceful death. The School has identified during 2013 a focal person to spearhead the School’s research agenda. The main purpose of the focal person was to steer the School to improve the research output in general and to support the respective departments in addressing the contemporary issues their facing such as:  Professional conduct of nurses;  Best practices to accelerate Millennium Development Goals related to health;  Effective teaching and learning approaches (The School is in the process of adopting and adapting Problem-Based Learning (PBL) approach. We have exchange teaching programme with the University of Linkoping (Sweden) where lecturers and students are participating in PBL approach);  Contemporary infectious diseases.

Objectives 1. Conduct action research to support nurses to change negative attitudes towards clients/patients 2. Conduct research on best practices for acceleration of Millennium Development Goals 4, 5, & 6 3. Conduct research in areas related to teaching and learning approaches 4. Conduct research in areas related to contemporary infectious diseases

SPECIFIC AREAS OF EMPHASIS BY THE SCHOOL  Professional conduct Professional ethics Participatory Action and Reflection approaches  Millennium Development Goals Best practices to reduce maternal and peri/neonatal deaths Best practices to reduce HIV prevalence  Teaching and learning approaches Problem-based Learning  Contemporary infectious diseases

STIs Malaria Tuberculosis

RESEARCH AND PUBLICATIONS

The research output is low but shows commitment from the lecturers. Staff few members produced publications, while some presented either a paper or a poster at conferences. These were as follow:

Journal articles  Amakali, K., & Small, L.F. (2013). The Plight of Parents/Caregivers of Children with Heart Diseases in the Rural Namibia: A Case of Coping. Global Journal of Health Sciences, 5(2): 62-73.  Amakali, K., & Small, L. (2013). Empowerment of the Rural Parents/Caregivers of Children with Heart Diseases in Namibia to Facilitate Coping with the Demands of Caring at Home. Global Journal of Health Sciences, 5(2): 74-83.  Amakali, K. Haoses-Gorases, Taukuheke, L. (2013). Tobacco Smoking Among University of Namibia Students: Behaviours, Reasons, Attitudes, Awareness and Knowledge of Risk Factors. Online journal of Medicine and Medical Science Research, 2(3): 30-37.  Small, L.F., Pretorius, L.,Walters, A., Ackerman,M. & Tshifugula, P., (2013). Students’ perceptions regarding the objective, structured, clinical evaluation as an assessment approach. Health SA Gesondheid 18(1), Art. #629, 8 pages. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ hsag.v18i1.629  Pinehas,L., Shifiona ,N. & Shikongo, K., (2013). Celebrating UNAM Oshakati Campus health day/ World Health Day: a Community Service: Professional & Personal life experiences. International Journal of Advanced Nursing Studies.

Conference papers/Proceedings  de Villiers. (20th -22nd November 2012). The Challenges in nursing ethics education in South Africa and Namibia at the “1st International Scientific Conference of the School of Nursing, University of the Western Cape: Nursing Scholarship Contributions to Meeting health-related Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), Cape Town, South Africa.  Amukugo, H. (1st – 4th December 2013). Perception of male & female partner and nurses on male involvement in the reproductive health context at the fourth bi- annual international conference of the ‘Southern Africa – Nordic Centre (SANORD)’, Lilongwe, Malawi.

Chapters in Books  Small, L.F. & Pretorius, L., (2013). Namibia. In: Klopper , H.C and Uys, L.R. (eds.). The State of Nursing and Nursing Education in Africa: A Country-By-Country Review, Chapter 12.

FACULTY OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

DEAN’S STATEMENT

In the year under review, the Faculty had strong collaboration links with several industry partners which led to innovative approaches to real world challenges, and resulted in several applied research initiatives with economic, social and cultural benefits. In 2013, the Faculty produced a total of 58 publications, the majority of which are peer reviewed articles, some conference papers and some books and book reviews.

The Faculty research agenda was informed by the following focus areas which will be reviewed 2014: (i). Studies on language, cultural development and globalization (ii). Studies on Namibia’s transition to a knowledge based society (iii). Studies on quality of life in Namibian society (iv). Studies on societal roles of the arts (v). Studies on development management (vi). Studies on Namibia environment, historical development, tourism and climate change (vii). Cross-cutting issues: poverty eradication, education societal impact, gender relations in society.

Each of the Faculty’s Departments had a vibrant research programme, and below are a few examples.

The Sociology Department was active in various areas of research including: Gender training and empowerment research through the ARTS collaboration with University of Cape Town; shifting culture, language & identity research; perception of health workers; alcohol and societal impacts in Windhoek in collaboration with Road Safety Council; student lifestyle and impacts on studies, and mobile margins communications and the family in Namibia.

Furthermore, due high teenage pregnancy in the country, the Department of Information and Communication Studies (DICS), initiated a study on the need for information literacy to combat teenage pregnancy in Namibia. Another important project was health information literacy among UNAM students. Yet another important project was on Scholarly communication at UNAM which was conducted in collaboration with three other SADC Universities.

Another important milestone was the signing of agreement Southern African Science Service Centre for Climate Change and Adaptive Land Management (SASSCAL), a Regional Science Service Centre (RSSC) in Southern Africa through the Department of Geography, History and Environmental Studies.

SASSCAL is a joint initiative of Angola, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, and Germany, responding to the challenges of global change. It is conceptualise and operationalise to complement the excellent existing research and capacity development infrastructures and research initiatives in the region. Its mission is to conduct problem-oriented research in the area

of adaptation to climate and change and sustainable land management and provide evidence- based advice for all decision-makers and stakeholders to improve the livelihoods of people in the region and to contribute to the creation of an African knowledge-based society.

The Department of Geography, History and Environmental Studies in collaboration with the Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel is involved in the project on the Identification of Potential Intervention Mechanisms for Improving Small-scale Farmers Livelihood and Reducing Land Degradation with the Support of PES in the Communal Farming Areas of Northern Namibia. Payments for Environmental Services (PES), supported through schemes such as Clean Development Mechanisms or Voluntary Carbon Offsets, offer opportunities to fund soil quality and yield improvement on cropland through Carbon credits. These credits can be earned by increasing or preserving soil organic Carbon (SOC) or biomass. SOC plays a central role for sustainable yields, especially in sandy soils such as those that are widespread in northern Namibia, where it is of particular importance for soil resistance to erosion, water and nutrient supply.

The Department of Visual and Performing Arts was involved in an ongoing research project in Ethnomusicology, together with colleagues from the Cybelius Academy in Finland under the sponsorship of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Finland. The project is intended to capture all the rituals and traditional instruments of Namibia, for future resource centre in Ethnomusicology at the University of Namibia.

The Faculty held its 5th Annual Research conference from 26-27th September, under the theme “Mainstreaming Youth: Young Adults Empowerment and Development in Namibia”. The conference was sponsored by UNDP and jointly organised with the Namibia Youth council. Selected papers from the conference will be published in the Faculty Journal, Journal for Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences”.

RESEARCH AND PUBLICATIONS

Chapters in Books and Books  Botha, C (2013). The emergence of commercial ranching under state control and the encapsulation of pastoralism in African Reserves. In M. Bollig, M. Schnegg & H.P Wotzka (eds.), Pastoralism in Africa, Past, Present and Future, Berghahn Books, Oxford, 2013.  Owusu-Banahene, W., Mensah, F., Coetzee, S., Cooper, A.K., Rautenbach, V., Sinvula, K.M., Nangolo, E., Hipondoka, M., (2013). A Description of Spatial Data Infrastructure Stakeholders in Ghana Using the ICA Model. In: Onsrud, H., & Rajabifard, A., (eds.). Spatial Enablement in support of economic development and poverty reduction: Research, Development and Education Perspectives. GSDI Association Press, pp. 63-84. http://www.gsdi.org/gsdiconf/gsdi14/documents/GSDI14Book.pdf  Sinvula, K., Coetzee, S., Cooper, A.C., Nangolo, E., Owusu- Banahene, W., Rautenbach, V., Hipondoka, M., (2013). A Contextual ICA Stakeholder Model Approach for the Namibian Spatial Data Infrastructure. In: Buchroithner, M., Prechtel, N., and Burghardt, D., (eds.). Cartography from Pole to Pole, Lecture Notes

Geoinformation and Cartography, Springer, pp 381 – 394. http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-32618-9_27#page-2  Akpabio, E (2013). Gender Link’s utilization of new media for women’s empowerment in Southern Africa. In K. Prasad (Ed.) New media and pathways to social change: Shifting development discourses. Delhi: B.R. Publishing Corporation  Trotter, H., Kell, E., Willmers, M., Gray, E., Mchombu, K., and King, T. (2013). Scholarly Communication at the University of Namibia: country Case Study Report. Cape Town: SCAP  Smit, T. C. (2013). Fundamentals of English literature studies. Windhoek: University of Namibia. (Co-author)  Smit, T. C. (2013). Approaches to language analysis. Windhoek: University of Namibia. (2013).  Zappen-Thomson: Editor: eDUSA – Band 8, Jahrgang 2013: Nr. 1 [ISSN 1991-6272] Redaktionelles, Vorwort http://www.sagv.org.za/eDUSA/index.htm

Journal articles  Angombe, S., Bloemertz, L., Würsch, M., Asino, J. & Kuhn, N. J. (2013). Payments for Environmental Services as source of development funding for small-scale farmers in northern Namibia. Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 15, EGU2013-7945, 2013. EGU General Assembly 2013.  Becker, F. (2013). Spatial Planning in Urbanisation: Observations from an Academic Perspective. Journal for Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, 2 (1), 1 – 20.  Brook, GA, Cherkinsky, A, Railsback, LB, Marais, E, & Hipondoka, MHT, (2013). Radiocarbon dating of organic residue and carbonate from stromatolites in Etosha Pan, Namibia: the radiocarbon reservoir effect, correction of published carbonate ages, and evidence of a >8 m deep lake during the Late Pleistocene. Radiocarbon, 55, 1-8.  Hipondoka, M.H.T., Kempf, J. & Jousse, H., (2013). Palaeo and Present Ecological Value of the Etosha Pan, Namibia: An Integrative Review. Journal of Namibia Scientific Society 61, 67- 85.  Hipondoka, M.H.T, Mauz, B, Nande, EMH & Bezeuidenhout, (2013). Reconnaissance Survey of Radioisotopes in Soil and Possible Impact on Seasonal Anthrax Outbreak at Etosha National Park, Namibia. International Science and Technology Journal of Namibia 2(1), 59 -69.  Hipondoka, M.H.T., Mauz, B., Packman, S., Kempf, J., Chiverrell, R., & Bloemendal, J., (2013). Chronology of sand-ridges and the Late Quaternary evolution of the Etosha Pan, Namibia. Geomorphology 204: 553 - 563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.08.034  Mudabeti, A.M., & Mfundisi, K.B. (2013). Development of a hydraulic model for the Kavango River for improved disaster risk management in Namibia. Journal of Environmental Science and Water Resoiurces, 2 (9), 310 – 319. Available on: http://www.wudpeckerresearchjournals.org/JESWR/pdf/2013/October/Mudabeti%20and %20Mfundisi.pdf  Nashima, F.P., Hipondoka, M., Iiyambo, I., & Hambia, J. (2013). The potential of rainwater harvesting: A case of the city of Windhoek, Namibia. Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science, 2(6): 170-174. doi: 10.11648/j.wros.20130206.13

 Angombe, S., Asino, J. N., Bloemetz, L., Kach, S and Kuhn, N. J. (2013). Reduzierung von Landdergradierung in Nordnamibia mit Hilfe der Bezahlung fur Okosystem- Dienstleistungen (Payment for Ecosystem Services – PES). Regio Basiliensis. 54. Jahrgang, Heft 1, April 2013, pp 45-53.  Mudabeti, A.M., & Mfundisi, K.B. (2013). Development of a hydraulic model for the Kavango River for improved disaster risk management in Namibia. Proceedings of the Global Geospatial 2013, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 4 – 8 November 2013. Available on: http://www.gsdi.org/gsdiconf/gsdi14/abstracts.html#ab7  Edwards-Jauch (2013) Gender, Social Capital and Social Reproduction: The (in)visibility of care work in the context of HIV/AIDS. Journal for Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, 2 (1).  Augart, J./ Ikobwa M.J. (2013). „(Ost-)Afrikanische Germanistik. Entstehung und Entwicklung von Deutsch in Kenia“, in: eDUSA 8/1, 9-31.  Augart, Julia (2013). (Inter) cultural Investigations. Kenya in German Crime Fiction. Journal for Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences 1, 104-116.  Augart, Julia (2013). “Der reisende Detektiv. Ermittler im deutschen Afrikakrimi“, in: Acta Germanica. German Studies in Africa 41/2013, 42-55.  Augart, J. Czucka, Eckehard / Neuland, Eva (Hrsg.). Interkulturelle Kommunikation. Perspektiven einer anwendungsorientierten Germanistik. München: Iudicium Verlag 2011, In: Zeitschrift für Interkulturellen Fremdsprachenunterricht. Didaktik und Methodik im Bereich Deutsch als Fremdsprache. 18, 1, 2013, 173-174. URL: http://zif.spz.tu-darmstadt.de/jg-18-1/beitrag/Czucka_Neuland.pdf  Zappen-Thomson (2013). „Und das soll Deutsch sein? Gedanken zur Jugendsprache“ in Perspektiven, 2014/2013, 76-79  Smit, T. C. (2013) First-generation entry into higher education: Namibia’s future. Namibia Development Journal 1(1), 79 – 92.  Kaundjua, M. B. (2013). The determinants of child mortality in rural Namibia in the Journal for Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, 2(1).  Beyer, H.L. (2013). Glosse en vertaalkomplemente in tweetalige woordeboeke. Botha, W., P. Mavoungou & D. Nkomo (Eds.). Festschrift RUFUS H. GOUWS. Stellenbosch: SUN PReSS, pp. 20-38.  Beyer, H.L. & J.N. Izaks. (2013). The cognitive-oriented use of school dictionaries to support language teaching: A teacher’s needs. Paper read at the Eighteenth Annual International Conference of the African Association for Lexicography, Port Elizabeth, South Africa, 3-5 July.  Beyer, H.L. (2013). Macro- and microstructural issues in the compilation of a monofunctional, unidirectional concise Dutch-Afrikaans dictionary. Paper read at the Linguistisches Kolloquium in the Faculty of Humanties, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany, 5 November.  Short contributions to the weekly column “Ons Taal” in Republikein, a column about Afrikaans. Beyer, H.L. (2013). Die “euwel” van SMS-taal :-/. Klasgids 48.  Mchombu, K (2013). A scoping study of PhD Training in Namibia. Presented at OSSREA Research & Policy Conference, 9-10 December, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

 Mchombu, K. & Beukes-Amiss, C.M. (2013). KM & ICT4D in Education Performance improvement through use of KM & ICT4D. Presentation at FHSS Annual Research Conference, Windhoek, Namibia.  Mchombu, K. (2013). eLearning and Knowledge Management in an African University context. Retrieved from http://www.elearning-africa.com/eLA_Newsportal/elearning- and-knowledge-management-in-an-african-university-context/  Nengomasha, C. T. (2013). The past, present and future of records and archives management in sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of the South African Society of Archivists, 46, 2-11.  Nengomasha, C.T. (2013). E-records management and e-government in southern Africa. Comma, 2012.1, 95-103.  Beukes-Amiss, C.M. (2013). A letter from Dr Beukes-Amiss. Perspectives on ICT, Education and Development in Africa. 7th edition. Retrieved from http://www.elearning- africa.com/eLA_Newsportal/a-letter-from-dr-maggy-beukes-amiss/  Kangira, J. (2013). Remembering or re-membering? Life-writing and the politics of narration in Morgan Tsvangirai’s autobiography At the deep End (2011). Journal for Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, 2(2), 15-26.  Kangira, J. (2013). An offence to be Black and Human: A rhetorical engagement of Mvula ya Nangolo’s imaginative views of Namibia’s war of liberation in the poetry collection Watering the Beloved Desert. Tsebo Journal of Humanities: Special Issue, 2(4), 161-170.  Babalola, S. S. (2013). The impact of commitment and job security on openness to organizational change: The case of Nigeria civil aviation industry. African Journal of Business Management, 7(3), 206-212.  Babalola, S.S. & Marques, L. (2013). Integrated approach to workplace diversity through human resource management. Journal of Social and Development Sciences, 4(9), 435- 445.  Marques, L. A. (2013). Drivers of work engagement of staff members of a higher education institution in Namibia. Paper presented at 2nd South African Symposium on Positive Social Sciences 2013: Towards Thriving Youth on 28-29 October 2013 in Vanderbijlpark, South Africa.

Conference papers  Akawa, M. (2013). Promoting Nationalism in SWAPO refugee camps. Paper presented at the “Re-figuring the South African empire.” Conference, University of Basel, Switzerland.  Abankwah, R.M.et al. (2013). The need for information literacy in combating teenage pregnancy in Namibia. Paper presented at FHSS conference, Windhoek, Namibia.  Abankwah, R.M, & Abankwah, D.A. (2013). The need for information literacy in combating teenage pregnancy in Namibia. Paper presented at the 3rd Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) International Conference on Information, Records and Archives in a Knowledge Society, Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe.  Janik, M.; Psychological Meaningfulness and Work Engagement of Secondary School Educators in Namibia. Paper presented at 2nd South African Symposium on Positive

Social Sciences 2013: Towards Thriving Youth on 28-29 October 2013 in Vanderbijlpark, South Africa.  Beukes-Amis, C.M. (2013). Libraries and eLearning. Paper presented at Namibia Library Symposium, Windhoek, Namibia  Mchombu, K., & Beukes-Amiss, C.M. (2013). KM & ICT4D in Education Performance improvement through use of KM & ICT4 Education. Paper presented at FHSS conference, Windhoek, Namibia  Mchombu, K (2013). Building strong library education that prepares librarians for a knowledge society. Paper presented at Namibia Library Symposium, 7-9 October, 2013, Safari Hotel, Windhoek, Namibia Gwasira, G. 2013. Are cultural villages the answer to rural poverty reduction? Presented at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Annual Research Conference (September 2013)

Front cover of a sample of the Journal for Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences published by the Faculty of Humanities & Social Sciences

FACULTY OF SCIENCE

DEAN’S STATEMENT

This is a brief compilation of the annual research report for 2013 for the Faculty of Science. The faculty has about eight (8) departments. In this report we outline key research areas and also publications for 2013 from the Faculty. In Biological Sciences Department, the thematic areas are Ecology and Conservation, Climate Change, Medical Microbiology, Traditional Knowledge systems and Taxonomy and Ecology of small mammals such as rodents and bats. In this department about 19 publications in peer reviewed journals were published and about 15 conference papers were presented in 2013. The Department of Computer Science is very active in research with three research groups such as rural wireless networking utilizing the long term evolution, cloud computing technologies and Namibian zing the internet. In 2013 the department has published about 14 papers in both conference proceedings and refereed journals, while the Physics Department conducted research in natural radioisotopes in Namibian Environment, vegetation fluorescence and optics, and high-energy astrophysics. The department has recorded about 15 papers in 2013. In the Geology Department, the focus is on sedimentology and hydrocarbon resources, hydrogeology and mining and environment. In 2013, the Department has output about 11 papers. The research focus in the Statistics Department include social aspects, health aspects and demography and the research output in 2013 was good at 19 publications. However, the Department of Mathematics research areas includes category theory, algebraic topology, and finance. In 2013 the department produced 15 publications. Chemistry and Biochemistry Department is one of the largest departments in the faculty. Their research focus is on medicinal chemistry and drug design and development, natural resources, build environment, cyber technology and industrial applications. The department output is only in the form of 9 publications. Their research focus is currently organized in some strategic thematic areas namely Biotechnology, water solutions, space science, food security, renewable energy, technology development, mining technology and supply chain. The faculty intents to build capacity and provide well equipped faculty laboratories with new technologies.

DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

The Department of Biological Sciences is one of the largest departments in the Faculty in terms of student numbers. Members of staff are actively involved in research and publication in various areas of Biological Sciences. During 2013 the Department produced 24 papers in peer-reviewed journals, 4 chapters in books and 15 papers were presented at National and International conferences. The department’s members are active within the following research teams:

Ecology and Conservation  Assessing the effect of herding on livestock performance in semi-arid communal rangelands in South Africa and Namibia.  Population dynamics Moringa ovalifolia Dinter & Berger: Population structure, recruitment and reproductive vigor in different habitats.  Flora of Namibia Project: This is a collaborative research project with the national Herbarium of Namibia and is focused towards the production of a comprehensive and

descriptive English Flora of Namibian Plants. It involves collating and analysing data, existing and new, on the indigenous and naturalised plants of the country in order to promote knowledge and sustainable utilisation of this resource.  Population dynamics of an endemic tree species, Moringa ovalifolia: Funded through the University of Namibia Research and Publication Office, in this collaborative research between UNAM, Etosha Ecological Institute, and the National Botanic Research Institute, we address questions around population structure, population dynamics, genetic diversity and reproductive Ecology of populations occupying different habitats in the country.  Assessment of the effects of variation in vegetation structure due to bush encroachment on the species composition and diversity of small mammals and ground dwelling invertebrates at selected sites in the Omaheke Region.  Seasonal changes in dietary preferences of the oryx and springbok in Damaraland. This study will be undertaken in collaboration with conservancies e.g. Torra conservancy.  Human Wildlife Conflict along the Boundaries of the Park.  Carbon turnover and nutrient cycling in shelf sediments off the Namibian coast  Dynamics of intertidal zone communities on the coast of Namibia  Limnology of lentic freshwater systems in Namibia  Landscape processes and biodiversity change along the Kwandu River in Caprivi, Namibia.  Profiling, monitoring and conserving the rich microbial diversity along the Namibian coast.  Isolation of actinomycetes from Namibian soils  The impact of different management practices on the range condition of Savanna ecosystems.

Disturbance and Restoration Ecology  Understanding the dynamics of arid savanna ecosystems experiencing various disturbance regimes in highland biomes of central Namibia: Implications for local management for economics and conservation objectives.  Restoration of Sendelingsdrif mining site.

Pollution  Evaluation of water quality in drinking water of Namibia.  Endocrine disrupting chemicals in water sources of Namibia.  Microcystin toxicity in eutrophic aquatic systems.  Bacteriological quality of water sources (mostly open and ground water) in the vicinity of informal settlements in the City of Windhoek for the presence and prevalence of Mycobacterium avium.

Host-plant interactions (Parasitology)  Plant-microorganism interaction with a focus on Plant Growth Promotion by Rhizospheric  Endophytic microorganisms associated with plant occurring in the Namibian Deserts

Host-animal interactions (Parasitology)  Rainfall and herbivory: characterizing the transmission route for anthrax in grazing wildlife, Etosha National Park.  Parasites of rodents in South Africa and Namibia with a focus on emerging infectious diseases.

 Emerging viruses in West and Southern Africa: Molecular identification and characterization of rodent- and shrew-borne hantaviruses and assessment of their public health potential.  Monitoring the effects of anthropogenic and environmental change on parasite diversity and communities and infectious disease on small mammal communities along a climate gradient in Southern Africa.

Climate Change  The combined use of groundwater, honey bees and soil in the assessment of climate change and adaptation strategies among communities of the Omusati, Ohangwena, Okavango and Caprivi Regions of Namibia.

Medical Microbiology  HIV-1 biological activity and toxicity prospecting of ethnobotanicals of Namibia.  Malaria prevalence study in the Oshikango region.  The impact of nutritional status on clinical outcomes of malaria following ACT treatment in children under the age of 5.  The evaluation of medicinal plants for potential use as herbal supplements for cancer, diabetes and hypertension.  The evaluation of indigenous plant species as potential sources of antimalaria products.  The molecular surveillance for drug resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Namibia (collaboration with the Directorate of Special Programmes, MoHSS, Namibia).  Malaria Research Group at the University of Namibia. Research interest include: Anti- malarial drug discovery (Evaluate the antimalarial activity of novel synthetic metal compounds as well as natural products; establish the mode of action). Epidemiology, Diagnostics, Pathogenesis and Vector Biology.  Isolation of novel antibiotics for use against Tuberculosis.

Traditional Knowledge systems  Access to and use of research results: increasing community awareness and utilization of indigenous grains to improve nutrition security and livelihoods in Botswana and Namibia.  The evaluation of medicinal plants used by traditional healers for potential use as complementary medicine for treatment malaria.

Animal and Plant breeding research  Development of Marama bean cultivars with desirable agronomic traits using mutation breeding.  Domestication of Marama bean: Agronomy and molecular genetic characterization for its improvement.  Analysis of starch synthesis in Marama bean to identify industrial uses for it.  Cultivation of Tylosema esculentum (Marama bean) Trials.  Development of Marama bean cultivars with desirable agronomic traits using Mutation Breeding (DOMBATUMB).  Analysis of microbial nutrient cycling, GHG production, BNF and plant growth promotion for sustainable land use management” under the project The Future Okavango ( TFO)

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY AND BIOCHEMISTRY

Despite the heavy focus on curriculum development, the department managed to attract funding for research from both internal and external sources. Researchers collaborate extensively in several strategic theme areas, including  Biomedical Research and Development (Medicinal Chemistry, Drug Design and Development): The department formalised this research platform as the main focussed area, with the view to improve human health and nutrition. The current focus is on HIV/AIDS and nutrition, malaria and Cancer research.  Value addition and Sustainable Utilisation of Natural Resources (Food Chemistry and Geochemistry)  The department proudly host the national Programme on Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Technology Advancement (IKST) in collaboration with Ministry of Education and MRC. Research and Development in this programme is focussed on:-  Build Environment: Environmental Chemistry, Sustainable Energy, Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation  Cyber Technology: Computational Chemistry, Bioinformatics, Systems Biochemistry  Industrial Application: New Materials (Nanotechnology), Biotechnology, Polymer Science research and Petroleum Chemistry

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

In the Computer Science Department there are three research groups that focus on: (a) Rural Wireless Networking utilising the Long Term Evolution and Cloud Computing Technologies; (b) “Namibianizing the Internet” looking at innovative ways to expose the Namibian cultural norms and practices to the world. This research group is looking at various aspects including indigenous knowledge systems and social networks that are applicable to the Namibian environment; (c) on Cloud Computing looking at billing and security aspects of applications in the cloud environment. The Computer Science Department also houses the Centre of Excellence in Telecommunication that run and implements research activities and publish research results.

In the year under review, the research and publications output from the Department improved. The Department managed to do some research and publish at least five (14) papers to International Journals and nine (9) to International Conferences.

DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY

The Geology Department is a small department with only a few academics who are actively involved in research, despite high workloads shared among them. Currently the Geology Department has identified six focus areas for research. These include: 1. The Matchless Project: Geological Evolution and Metallogeny of the Matchless Belt, Namibia (Dr A.F. Kamona, Dr B.S. Mapani in collaboration with Meeting Points Mining, Sweden and Uppsala University, Sweden). 2 Sedimentology and hydrocarbon resources (Staff, Dr A. Wanke): Karoo basin evolution and associated Coal and Gas resources; Seismic Stratigraphy and Petroleum System Analysis of the Orange Basin (Master project by Ms V. Sibeya); Neoproterozoic

Petroleum Systems in Namibia (Staff, Dr A.F. Kamona in collaboration with Royal Holloway, London) 3 Hydrogeology (Dr H. Wanke and Dr. B.S. Mapani). The department is quite active in the hydrogeology field, currently collaborating with several outside partners. Current projects being undertaken are: Determination of groundwater recharge and safe groundwater abstraction rates. Groundwater quality with focus on the regional nitrate and fluoride problematic. Modelling of the Naukluft Groundwater aquifers. Currently an M.Sc student from UNAM (Ms Winnie Kambinda) and another two from University of Stellenbosch (Ms Albertina Nakwafila) and University of Luasanne, Switzerland (Ms A. Buffon) respectively are working on the project. 4 The Mining and Environment project under the auspices of the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) and UNESCO/SIDA, Project Number 594. The Department is being represented by Dr B.S. Mapani and Dr A.F. Kamona. Recently in July 2012 the Department together with the Ministry of Mines and Energy organized the Windhoek Conference on IGCP594. Cooperating partners in this project are the Geological Survey of the Czech Republic, The University of Johannesburg, The University of Botswana, the University of Zambia, the University of Zimbabwe, Charles University, Prague, The University of Natural Sciences, Prague, The University of Lubumbashi, Medical Faculty, and the Central African Museum in Brussels, Belgium.

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

The Research Agenda for the Department of Mathematics centers on creation of theoretical knowledge, realizing that the country needs pure mathematicians to provide the driving force behind innovation, and the application of mathematics to the financial sector and industry. Focus areas of research are:

Pure Mathematics  The Department has been carrying out research in Categorical Topology. In this research structured frames called nearness frames are utilized. The work involves applying category theory to topology.

Applied Mathematics Research has been going on in the following areas:  Financial Mathematics. Semi martingales are applied to finance. The focus is on the modelling of exchange rates, optimal harvest and default able securities. This work has played a part in strengthening the modelling of risk management in the banking industry. Stochastic dynamic models for banking items were developed enabling one to analyse the interplay between the bank exposures and its regulatory capital to mitigate these.  Dynamical Systems. This involves the study of the dynamics of Biological groups. The dynamics of Biological groups is represented by a system of nonlinear Partial Differential Equations. The study focus on the well-posedness and regularity properties of the solutions to such systems of equations.  Perturbation Theory. This research in perturbation theory has wide applications in chemical reactors, lubrication, bending problems of thin plates and shells, DC motor

analysis, quantum and fluid mechanics, elasticity, and other similar areas. It is clear that these applications are quite relevant to the development programs of Namibia, especially in the industrial sector.  Differential Equations and Numerical Methods. This work involves modelling of the spread of diseases.

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

The Physics Department has a small staff component, but still manage to be active in sourcing funding, conducting research and publish in high quality Journals. During 2013 the Department worked on the bid to host the billion plus Namibian Dollar project, CTA South (Cherenkov Telescope Array – Southern Hemisphere) observatory. An amount of N$450,000 of resource funding were applied for and obtained through the Directorate of Research, Science & Technology (DRST). Several CTA Resource Board meetings were attended together with a Ministerial Delegation from DRST and later NCRST, three CTA Collaboration Board meetings were attended by members of the Department and several interactions took place with the CTA Site Selection Committee. Several invited talks were given by staff members of the Physics Department in our CTA related activities.

 The distributions and concentrations of natural radioisotopes in the soils of the Kupferberg landfill, Windhoek, Namibia. The project was funded by the University of Namibia, and the nuclear equipment used were provided by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) through the Government of Namibia. [Prof. J.A. Oyedele, Mr S.A. Shimboyo Mr T. Nanghonga]  Continuing research in vegetation fluorescence and optics [Prof. S. Singh]  Continuing research in high-energy astrophysics as part of the H.E.S.S. Collaboration; Driving the Namibian bid for CTA South; Driving the Namibia SKA effort. [Dr R. Steenkamp, Dr M. Backes & Mr I.D. Davids]

DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS

Research focus in the Statistics Department include:

Social aspects  Women and Food Insecurity in Urban area in Namibia. This is a case study within the informal settlements of Windhoek  A comparative study of the socio-economic determinants of infant mortality in Namibia. A case study of 200 and 2006 DHS.  Explaining marriage patterns and trends in Namibia. This research is undertaken toward the fulfillment of a PhD degee  Model Fitting to Home language in Windhoek Primary Schools  Completion of the second and final pat of the Phase II UNESCO Culture for Development Indicator Suit project

Health Sector/aspects  An evaluation of the effect of maternal smoking on the health of infants in Namibia.  Small area estimation of health status/conditions and interventions. The main focus currently is in malaria, but easily expandable to other public health problems. With collaborators in Kenya, Kenya Medical Research Institute and University of Oxford, we are using cross- sectional Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data obtained in various African countries to estimate i) health interventions coverage (long lasting nets) ii) health status and conditions (malaria prevalence), iii) health promotion and disease prevention issues (prompt use of appropriate care).

Demography  Statistical methods in demography- this project essentially is using advanced regression methods to analyze and explain demographic processes. Census and DHS data are being used. Two book chapters currently under review have emanated from this research project.

RESEARCH AND PUBLICATIONS

Journal articles  Abramowski A. et al. [inc. R. Steenkamp & I.D. Davids] (2013). Constraints on axionlike particles with H.E.S.S. from the irregularity of the PKS 2155-304 energy spectrum, Phys. Rev. D 88 id. 102003  Abramowski A. et al. [inc. R. Steenkamp & I.D. Davids], Discovery of very high energy gamma-ray emission from the BL Lac object PKS 0301-243 with H.E.S.S, Astron. Astrophys. 559 (2013) id. A136  Abramowski A. et al. [inc. R. Steenkamp & I.D. Davids] (2013). H.E.S.S and Fermi-LAT discovery of gamma rays from the blazar 1ES 1312-423, MNRAS 434 1889  Abramowski A. et al. [inc. R. Steenkamp & I.D. Davids] (2013). H.E.S.S. discovery of VHE gamma-rays from the quasar PKS 1510-089, Astron. Astrophys. 554 A107  Abramowski A. et al. [inc. R. Steenkamp & I.D. Davids] (2013). Discovery of high and very high-energy emission from the BL Lac object SHBL J001355.9-185406, Astron. Astrophys. 554 A72  Abramowski A. et al. [inc. R. Steenkamp & I.D. Davids] (2013). Discovery of TeV gamma- ray emission from PKS 0447-439 and derivation of an upper limit on its redshift, Astron. Astrophys. 552 A118  Abramowski A. et al. [inc. R. Steenkamp & I.D. Davids] (2013). Search for Very-high- energy gamma-ray emission from Galactic globular clusters with H.E.S.S, Astron. Astrophys. 551 A26  Abramowski A. et al. [inc. R. Steenkamp & I.D. Davids] (2013). Search for photon line-like signatures from Dark Matter annihilations with H.E.S.S, A. Abramowski et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 (2013) 041301  Abramowski A. et al. [inc. R. Steenkamp & I.D. Davids] (2013). Measurement of the extragalactic background light imprint on the spectra of the brightest blazars observed with H.E.S.S, Astron. Astrophys. 550 A4

 ALECSIC, J. et al. (MAGIC COLLABORATION) (2013). The simultaneous low state spectral energy distribution of 1ES 2344+514 from radio to very high energies. In: Astronomy & Astrophysics 556, id.A67  ALECSIC, J. et al. (MAGIC COLLABORATION) (2013). Very high energy gamma-ray observation of the peculiar transient event Swift J1644+57 with the MAGIC telescopes and AGILE. In: Astronomy & Astrophysics 552, id.A122  ALECSIC, J. et al. (MAGIC COLLABORATION) (2013). Observations of the magnetars 4U 0142+61 and 1E 2259+586 with the MAGIC telescopes. In: Astronomy & Astrophysics, Volume 549, id.A23  ANDERHUB, H., et al. (FACT COLLABORATION) (2013). Design and operation of FACT - the first G-APD Cherenkov telescope. In: Journal of Instrumentation, Volume 8, P06008 −  Archibong E.F. (2013). On the electronic structure of AlS2 and AlS2 . International Science and Technology Journal of Namibia. (1) 15-20  Bennett A., Kazembe, L.N., Ali, D., Mathanga, D.P., Snow, R.W. & Noor, A. (2013). Mapping malaria transmission intensity in Malawi: 2000-2010. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 89(5):840-9. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0028  Chigorimbo-Murefu N.T., Njoroge M., Louw S., Mugumbate G. & Chibale K. (2013). Drug metabolite generation using a laboratory evolved NADPH independent cytochrome P450: application of in vitro and in silico approaches. Drug Metabolism Letters, 2013, 7, 68-77  Chipeta M, Ngwira B. & Kazembe LN. (2013) Analysis of Schistosomiasis hematobium infection prevalence and intensity in Chikwawa, Malawi: an application of a two-part model. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 2013, 7(3): e2131  Daniel S.L., Nagai H. & Sato M. (2013) Photocatalytic activity of Vis-responsive Ag- nanoparticles/TiO2 composite thin films fabricated by molecular precursor method (MPM). Catalysts 3, 625—645  Daniel S.L., Nagai H. & Sato M. (2013). Absorption spectra and photocurrent densities of Ag nanoparticle/TiO2composite thin films with various amounts of Ag. J. Mater. Sci., 48, 7162– 7170  Dumbacher, J. P., Rathbun, G. B., Osborne, T. O., Griffin, M. & Eiseb S. J. (2013). A new species of round-eared sengi (genus Macroscelides) from Namibia. Accepted by Journal of Mammalogy.  Egan J., Egan T. & Mbale J. (2013). Open Educational Resources and the Opportunities for Expanding Open and Distance Learning (OERS-ODL). International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET), Volume 8, Issue 2, pages 57-61.  Faul A.K. Julies E.M. & Pool E.J. (2013). Oestrogen, testosterone, cytotoxin and cholinesterase inhibitor removal during reclamation of sewage to drinking water. Water SA 39(4): 499-506  Gideon F., Petersen M.A., Mukudden-Petersen J., & Hlatshwayo L.N.P. (2013). Basel III and the net stable funding ratio. Hindawi Pub. Co. ISRN Applied Mathematics, ID 582707, http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/582707  Gotosa, T.N., Gotosa, J., Katsvanga, C.A.T., Nyakudya, I.W., Kundhlande, A. & Mapaure, I. (2013). Woody vegetation diversity and regeneration in an abandoned sugar Estate in semiarid Zimbabwe. The Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences 23(5): 1370-1378  Grönemeyer J., Berkelmann D., Mubyana-John T., Haiyambo D., Chimwamurombe P., Kasaona B., Hurek T. & Reinhold-Hurek B. (2013). In: Oldeland, J., Erb, C., Finckh, M.,

Jürgens, N. [Eds.]: Environmental Assessments in the Okavango Region. – Biodiversity & Ecology 5: 287-294  Hlatshwayo L.N.P., Petersen M.A., Mukudden-Petersen J., & Gideon F. (2013). Basel III, liquidity and bank failure. Banks and Bank Systems, 8(2), 8-24.  Julies E.M. & Kaholongo I. (2013). Relationship between Dissolved Oxygen and the Vertical and Longitudinal Distribution of Zooplankton off the Namibian coast. Int. Sci. Technol. J. Namibia. 1: 78-89.  Kapewangolo, P., Hussein, A.A., & Meyer, D. (2013). Inhibition of HIV-1 enzymes, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Plectranthus barbatus. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 149(1), 184-90.  Kazembe, L.N., Archibong, E.F., Chimwamurombe, P.M. & Chinsembu, K.C. (2013). Science: An all-encompassing field. Int. Sci. Technol. J. Namibia, 1(1): 1-3.  Kazembe LN. (2013) A bivariate two part model applied to analyse risk factors of adult mortality with application to data from Namibia. PLoS ONE. 2013, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073500  Kazembe LN. (2013). Additive regression model to investigate the relationship between childhood health and socio-economic status. Spatial and spatio-temporal epidemiology. (2013) 6:71-84, doi: 10.1016/j.sste.2013.07.002  Le Ber, E., Le Heron, D.P., Winterleitner, G. Bosence, D.W.J., Vining, A. & Kamona, F. (2013). Microbiolite recovery in the aftermath of the Sturtian glaciation: Insights from the Rasthof Formation, Namibia. Sedimentary Geology, pp 294, 1-12.  Lehmann D, Mfune J.K.E, Gewers E, Cloete J, Brain C & Voigt C.C (2013). Dietary plasticity of generalist and specialist ungulates in the Namibian desert: A stable isotopes approach. PLoS ONE (8):e72190.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0072190  Le Heron, D.P., Bushfield, M.E. & Kamona, F. (2013). An interglacial on the snowball Earth? Dynamic ice behavior revealed in the Chuos Formation, Namibia. Sedimentology, 60: 411-527.  Le Heron, D.P., Bushfield, M.E. & Kamona, F. (2013). Neoproterozoic ironstones in northern Namibia: biogenic precipitation and Cryogenian glaciation. Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology, 369: 48-57.  Mapaure, I. (2013). A preliminary simulation model of individual and synergistic impacts of elephants and fire on the structure of semi-arid miombo woodlands in north-western Zimbabwe. Journal of Ecology and Natural Environment 5(10): 285-302  Mapaure, I. (2013). Short-term responses of shrub layer communities to dry season fires and tree thinning in semi-arid miombo woodlands of north-western Zimbabwe. African Journal of Plant Science 7(9): 414-425  Mbango, O., Mapaure, I. & Mpofu, I. (2013). Impact of livestock on vegetation and soil nutrients around water points in highland savanna rangelands, Namibia. Lambert Academic Publishing. ISBN: 978-3659357527  MDANGI, M., MULUNGU, L. S., MASSAWE, A. W., EISEB, S. J., TUTJAVI, V., KIRSTEN, F., MAHLABA, T., MALEBANE, P., MALTITZ, E. VON., MONADJEM, A., DLAMINI, N., MAKUNDI, R. H., & BELMAIN, S. R. (2013): Assessment of rodent damage to stored maize (Zea mays L.) on smallholder farms in Tanzania. International Journal of Pest Management, 59(1): 55-62

 Mfune, J.K.E, Kangombe, F. & Eiseb, S. (2013). Host specificity, prevalence and intensity of infestation of fleas (Order Siphonaptera) of small mammals at selected sites in the city of Windhoek, Namibia. International Science and Technology Journal of Namibia, 1(1): 64-77  Mileusnić M., Mapani B.S., Kamona A.F., Ružičić S., Mapaure I., Chimwamurombe P.M. (2013). Assessment of agricultural soil contamination by potentially toxic metals dispersed from improperly disposed tailings, Kombat mine, Namibia. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, in press.  Mpundu M., Petersen M.A., Mukuddem-Petersen J., & Gideon F. (2013). Basel III and asset securitization. Journal of Stochastic Modelling and Financial Applications. (Accepted, 2013)  Mugochi M.M. (2013). On the smoothness and the totally strong properties for nearness frames. International Science and Technology Journal of Namibia, 1: 1  Mukakalisa, C., Kandawa-Schulz, M. & Mapaure, I. (2013). Genetic diversity in landraces of Bambara groundnut found in Namibia using RAPD markers. Acta Horticulturae 979: 683- 688  Mukakalisa, C., Kandawa-Schulz, M. & Mapaure, I. (2013). Effect of sowing seasons on growth and development of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L.) Acta Horticulturae 979: 689-694  Makurira, H., Mapani, B., Mazvimavi, D., Mul., M. & Wepener, V. (2013). Putting Science into Practice. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 66:134.  Mapani, B., Finkelman, R. & Ravengai, S. (2013). Trace and heavy element distribution of the Hwange Coal Fields in Zimbabwe: indicators of source rock chemistry, climatic conditions and seposition mechanisms during their formation in Southern Africa. International Science and Technology Journal of Namibia, 1: 89-105  Masangwi SJ, Ferguson N, Grimason AM, Zawdie G, Morse TD, Kazembe LN. (2013). The pattern of variation between diarrhoea and malaria coexistence with corresponding risk factors in, Chikwawa, Malawi: A bivariate multilevel analysis with Bayesian estimation. International Journal of Environmental Health Research.  Mbale J., Jackson Phiri & Tie Jun Zhao. (2013). The Rural Sub-Urban Urban-Automated Path Loss (RSUU-APL) Systems that Calculates Path Loss of Different Environments. African Journal of Information and Communication Technology (AJICT).  Mbale J. (2013). Educational Emulation of a Soft Handoff Teaching Model (EESH-TM): Envisioning the Gradual Signal Decrease-Increase Mechanism Between Base Stations in Cells. International Science Technology Journal of Namibia 1(1), 55 – 63.  Mbale J. (2013). The Switch Hierarchical Network Design Model (SHiNDiM): a Mechanism for Identifying and Determining the Correct Switch for the Appropriate Position in the Network Layer. International Journal of Computer Science and Telecommunications (IJCST) 4(3), 20 – 24.  Mbale J. (2013). Converged Data Centres-Library Model (CDC-LM): Enhances Implementation of e-Government or e-Governance Systems in the sub-Saharan Region. International Journal of Library and Information Science (IJLIS) 5(3), 50-54.  Mbale J. (2013). Conceptualising VLAN Operation Through a VLAN Teaching Model (VTM): Deployed for sub-Saharan Institutions. Journal of Telecommunications (JoT),18(2), 11 – 16.

 Mbale J., Mufeti K. & Hamutenya V. (2013). Examining Ubiquitous Security-Capital Issues in Implementing a Campus-System-as-a-Service (CSaaS) Model in the Cloud Computing Age: Case Study sub-Saharan Region. International Research Journal of Computer Science and Information Systems (IRJCSIS) 2(2), 18 – 24.  Nasheya, S. & Chinsembu, K.C. (2013). Genetic diversity of Ovambo chickens in the Oshikoto region of northern Namibia. Biotechnology Research Bulletin 1(2): 41-47  Nashima F.P., Julies E.M. & Samakupa A. (2013). Distribution patterns of spawning stock of hake maturity stages in the Benguela ecosystem of Namibia. J. Research in Ecology. 2(2): 100-107.  Neema I, Kazembe LN. (2013). Today, tomorrow, forever: A Bayesian ordered categories model for treatment seeking in febrile children. Int. Sci. Technol. J. Namibia, 1(1-2): 21-34  Okiro E.A., Kazembe L.N., Kabira C.W., Ligomeka J., Noor A.M., Ali D.. Snow R.W., (2013). Childhood malaria admission rates to four hospitals in Malawi between 2000 and 2010. PLoS ONE 2013, 8(4): e62214  Oyedele J.A. & Shimboyo S. (2013). Distribution of Radionuclides and Radiation Hazard Assessment in Soils of Southern Namibia, Southern Africa. Radiation Protection Dosimetry 156: 343-348  Oyedele J.A. Taapopi E. and Shimboyo S. (2013). Distribution of Gamma-Emitting Radionuclides in the Soils of the Neudamm Campus of the University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia, International Science and Technology Journal of Namibia. 1: 11-14  Palmer, A.R., Samuels, I., Cupido, C., Gabriels, N., Finca, A., Swarts, M.B.V., Mukaru, C. and Mapaure, I. (2013). Report on biomass production, rangeland use and herbivore distribution patterns in the semi-arid rangelands in the Leliefontein Communal Area, Northern cape, South Africa: Towards a plant-herbivore model for semi-arid landscapes under communal management. Technical Report, Agricultural Research Council, South Africa.  Pazvakawambwa L, Indongo N, Kazembe LN. (2013). Explaining marital patterns and trends in Namibia: A regression analyses of the 1992, 2000 and 2006 Demographic Health Survey data. PLoS ONE, 2013: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070394.  SanJoaquin MA, Allain TJ, Molyneux ME, Benjamin L, Everett DB, Kazembe LN, et al. (2013). Surveillance Programme of IN-patients and Epidemiology (SPINE): Implementation of an Electronic Data Collection Tool within a Large Hospital in Malawi. PLoS Med 2013, 10(3): e1001400. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001400.  Shikongo L.T., Chimwamurombe P.M., Lotfy H.R. and Kandawa-Schulz M. (2013). Antimicrobial screening of crude extracts from the indigenous Ganoderma lucidum mushrooms in Namibia. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 7(40), 4812-4816.  Singh S. (2013). Self-checking impurity method in liquids, ISTJN, 1: 7.  Thieler, A. M., Backes, M., Fried, R. & Rhode, W. (2013). Periodicity detection in irregularly sampled light curves by robust regression and outlier detection. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining, 6(1), 73-89.  Turner W.C., Imologhome P., Havarua Z., Kaaya G.P., Mfune J.K.E., Mpofu I.D.T., and Getz W.M. (2013). Soil ingestion, nutrition and the seasonality of anthrax in herbivores of Etosha National Park. Ecosphere. 4(1):13 dx.doi.org/10.1890/ES12-00245.1.

 Uahengo, V., Xiaohu, Z., Tianyou, P., Ping C., & Gongzhen, C. (2013). The Synthesis and Characterization of Dinuclear Ruthenium Sensitizers And Their Applications in Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production, Spectrochim. Acta Part A 10: 539-544.  Uahengo V., Zhou N., Xiong B., Cai P., Hu K., Cheng G. (2013). Synthesis and Characterization of a New Dinuclear Platinum(II) alkynyl complex with a Ferrocene Bridge and It's interaction with Silver Ion, J. Organomet. Chem. 732 (2013) 102-108.  Uzabakiriho, J.D., Shikongo. L., Chimwamurombe, P.M. (2013). First report of Alternaria tenuissima and Phoma spp co-infecting Tylosema esculentum (Marama bean) seed pods in Namibia. African Journal of Biotechnology, 12(1), 32-37  Wanke, H., Dunkeloh, A., Udluft, P., Wanke, A. (2013). A distributed water balance model to estimate direct groundwater recharge: A case study from the Nhoma and Khaudum catchments, Namibia. International Science and Technology Journal of Namibia, 2(1), 11- 32.

Chapters in books  Agyingi C.A., Haihambo P. and Kunzi H.P.A. (2013). Tight extensions in T0-quasi- metric spaces. Festschrift on the occasion of Victor Selivanov’s 60th Birthday, Ontos- Verlag.  Kazembe LN. (2013) Mapping socio-economic inequalities in health status among Malawian children: a mixed model approach. Chapter 5: In Kandala N-B, Ghilagaber G: Advanced modeling of maternal and child health in Africa. Springer, pp: 85-107  Klaassen, E.S. & Kwembeya, E.G. (eds.). (2013). A Checklist of Namibian Indigenous and Naturalised Plants. Occasional Contributions No. 5, National Botanical Research Institute, Windhoek, Namibia.  Mapaure, I. (2013). Review of Climate Change in Namibia: Projected trends, Vulnerability and effects. Chapter 13 (I): In: Ruppel, O.C. and Ruppel-Schlichting (Eds). Environmental Law and Policy in Namibia: Towards making Africa the Tree of Life. Fully Revised Second Edition. Hanns Siedel Foundation, Windhoek. Pages 245-264. ISBN 978-99916-849-9-4.  Mapaure, I. & Mwandemele, O.D. (2013). The need to conduct research that addresses Namibia’s socio-economic development goals: A critical review of the role of Higher Education Institutions. In: Auala, R., Likando, G., Matengu, K. and Wolhuter, C.C. (Eds). Proceedings of the regional workshop of SACHES, Southern African Comparative and History of Education Society. Education in Africa for the 21st Century, Rundu Campus, University of Namibia, 11-13 July, 2012, pp. 81-92. ISBN 978-1-86822-637-5.  Mbale J. (2013). The University Library eLearning Identities Authentication System (UL-eLDA): Enhanced by Segmented Virtual Machines and VLANs for Deployment in the sub-Saharan Region. Cloud Computing and Virtualization Technologies in Libraries, IGI Global, 2014, 1-403, Web, 16th June 2013. Doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-4631-5, Release Date: October, 2013 (Book Chapter) in Press  Petersen M.A., Hlatshwayo L.N.P., Mukudden-Petersen J., and Gideon F. (2013). Basel III and liquidity. Chapter 10: Basel III and Liquidity. Economics of Debt, Series: Economic Issue, Problems and Perspectives; Global Economic Studies. Nova Science Publishers, New York, ISBN: 978-1-62618-792-4.

Conference Papers/Proceedings  Auala J., Sturrock H., Kleinschmidt I., Du Preez I., Bock R.A., Gosling R., Katokele S. and Mumbengegwi D.R. (2013) Risk Factors for Malaria Transmission in Engela District of the Ohangwena Region of Northern Namibia. Presented at 6th Pan African Malaria Conference. Durban, South Africa.  Biland, A., Anderhub, H. Backes et al. (2013). Towards Robotic Operation of an Imaging Air Cherenkov Telescope. In: Proc. 33rd International Cosmic Ray Conference ICRC, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.  Breitz, T., Anderhub, H. Backes, M. et al. (2013). FACT - The First G-APD Cherenkov Telescope: Status and Results. In: Proc. 33rd International Cosmic Ray Conference ICRC, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil  Chinsembu, K.C. (2013). Bioprospecting for green diamonds in Namibia. 1st Annual Research Conference, Faculty of Science, University of Namibia, Library Auditorium, Windhoek.  Daniel S.L. Nagai H., Hara H., & Sato, M. (2013). The 12th International Symposium on Advanced Technology (ISAT-12). Southern Taiwan University of Technology, Tainan, Taiwan.  Daniel S.L. Nagai H. & Sato, M. (2013). 20th International SPACC-20 Symposium, Changxhu-China.  Daniel S.L. Nagai H. & Sato, M. (2013). Conference on LED and Its Industrial Application (LEDIA-`13) Yokohama-Pacifico, Japan.  Daniel S.L. Nagai H. & Sato, M. (2013). 20th International SPACC-20 Symposium, Changxhu-China.  Daniel S.L. Nagai H. & Sato M. (2013). Conference on LED and Its Industrial Application (LEDIA-`13), Yokohama-Pacifico, Japan.  Hedimbi, M., Lebea, P. Hans, R. & Chinsembu, K.C. (2013). Inhibitory activities of ethno-medicinal plants against HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Poster presented at the 6th South African AIDS Conference, International Convention Centre.  Indongo, N., Angombe, S. & Nickanor N. (2013). Urbanization in Namibia: Views from semi-formal and informal settlements. University of Namibia, 2013  Julies, E.M. (2013). RCE in ESD – How to initiate a Regional Centre of Expertise in Education for Sustainable Development. NEEN Conference. Waterberg, Otjiwarongo, Namibia  Julies, E.M., Pool, E.J., Faul A.K. & Amutenya, K. (2013). Endocrine disrupting potential of three wastewater treatment plants and the Goreangab Water Reclamation Plant in Namibia. 9th IWA International Conference on Water Reclamation. Safari Hotel, Windhoek, Namibia.  Julies, E.M., Pool, E.J. & Faul, A.K. (2013). Endocrine disrupting chemicals in various wastewater treatment and reclamation plants in Namibia. 14th WATERNET Conference. Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania  Kadhila-Muandingi, P. N. (2013). Mushroom Research and Development in Namibia. Faculty of Science 1st Annual Science Research Conference Book of Abstracts, pp.34-35. Windhoek, Namibia.

 Kadhila-Muandingi, P. N. (2013). Industrial Production and Marketing for medicinal mushrooms. Abstracts of the 7th International Medicinal Mushroom Conference. Beijing, China.  Kamona, A.F. (2013). Processing Research Proposals. UNAM Postgraduate School Workshop. Windhoek.  Kapenda, H. & Mapaure, I. (2013). Research mentorship and capacity building initiatives at the University of Namibia (UNAM). Paper presented at the Southern African Research & Innovation Management Association (SARIMA) Conference, Protea Hotel President, Bantry Bay, Cape Town.  Kazembe, L.N. (2013). Logistic Regression. A course for 2nd CARTA fellows. University of Witswatersrand.  Kazembe, L.N. (2013). Hierarchical modelling of pneumonia in presence of error-prone and self-reported outcomes. Tropical Diseases Modelling Network (TDModNet) meeting on Modelling respiratory infections. School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong. 26th-28th June, 2013.  Kazembe, L.N. (2013). Mapping geographical variability in childhood health: A Bayesian analysis of DHS data. MEASURE DHS GIS Consultative meeting. ICF International. Washington. June 10-12, 2013.  Kazembe, L.N. (2013). Generalized Linear Models: Overview and Practicals. School on Modelling Tools and Capacity Building in Climate and Public Health, International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Trieste, Italy. 15th-29th April, 2013.  Kazembe, L.N. (2013). Expectile and quantile regression and other extensions. School on Modelling Tools and Capacity Building in Climate and Public Health, International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Trieste, Italy. 15th-29th April, 2013.  Miranda H., Gideon, F. & Mugochi, M. M. (2013). The impact of the Two-Mode Mathematics Curriculum at the University of Namibia. Proceedings of the ISTE 2013 Conference, UNISA.  Mbale, J. (2013). Bottom-Up eGovernment Environmental Factors (BUeEF): Facilitated Building and Implementation of eGovernment Systems in the SADC Region. IST-Africa 2013 Conference and Exhibition. Nairobi, Kenya, 29th – 31st May 2013  Mbale J. (2013). African University-Students Applying Course-Knowledge to Upgrade Used-PCs to Equip ICT-Deficient Rural Schools: Namibian Case-Study. e-Learning Africa 2013: 8th International Conference on ICT for Development, Education and Training. Windhoek, Namibia, 29th – 31st May 2013  Mbango, O., Mapaure, I., Kwembeya, E.G., Ulbrich, R., Munyebvu, F. & Younan, R. (2013). Investigating Fockea multiflora Damage in Ogongo Game Park. Paper presented at Ogongo Campus Research Day, Ogongo, 15th October, 2013.  Mbango, O., Mapaure, I. and Mpofu, I. (2013). Impacts of livestock on vegetation and soils nutrients around water points in highland savanna rangelands of central Namibia. Paper presented at the 48th Congress of the Grassland Society of Southern Africa (GSSA), Advancing Rangeland Ecology and Pasture Management in Africa, Weesgerus Holiday Resort, Modimolle, Limpopo Province, South Africa; 16-18 July, 2013.  Mugochi M. (2013). On the smoothness and totally strong properties in nearness frames. Conference on Topology, Algebra, Geometry and Applications (TAAG2013) University of Botswana in Gaborone. 11 – 13 September 2013.

 Mugochi M. (2013). The impact of the Two-Mode Mathematics Curriculum at the University of Namibia. October 2013. International Conference on Science and Technology Education (ISTE), Mopane Lodge in Kruger National Park, RSA.  Nakwafila, A., Wanke, H., Hamutoko, J., Neumbo, F., Petrus, I., David, A., Quinger, M., Lohe, C. & Beukes, H. (2013). Hand dug wells in Namibia: An underestimated water source or a threat to human health? 14th WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Symposium. 30 October to 1 November 2013 in Dar Es Salam.  Nafuka S., Bock R.A. & Mumbengegwi D.R. (2013) Bio assay guided fractionation of 3 Namibian ethno medicinal plants for potential anti-plasmodial new chemical entities Presented at 6th Pan African Malaria Conference. Durban, South Africa.  Neema I. & Johannes A. (2013). Paper Presented at Population Association of Southern Africa (PASA), 7 – 12 July, 2013, Mafikeng, South Africa.  Nickanor, N. (2013). Addressing Urban Food Insecurity in Windhoek, Namibia AfricaPortal, Backgrounder No. 59, June 2013.  Nickanor, N. (2013). Women and Urban Food Insecurity in Southern Africa. AfricaPortal, Backgrounder No. 55, March 2013.  Nickanor, N. & Crush, J. (2013). Food Insecurity among Female Headed Households in the Informal Settlements of Windhoek, Namibia. Paper Presented at Population Association of Southern Africa (PASA), 7 – 12 July, 2013, Mafikeng, South Africa.  Nkunika, P.O.Y. & Chinsembu, K.C. (2013). Farmers’ ethnobotanical knowledge of termiticidal plant uses in Zambia. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Pesticidal Plants, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya, 21-24 January 2013. Page 162.  Pendleton, W., Nickanor, N. & Pomuti, A. (2013). The State of Food Insecurity in Windhoek, Namibia. African Food Security Urban Network (AFSUN) Food Security Series No. 14, Cape Town and Kingston  Wanke, A. (2013). Aeolian Contaminant Dispersal from Mine Tailings – A Case Study of the Namib Lead Mine, Namibia, Conference Proceedings Topical Issues of Rational Use of Natural Recourses – St Petersburg 2013, p. 191.  Wanke, H., Mulike, P., Petrus, I., Amutenya, D., van Wyk, A., Quinger, M. & Lohe, C. (2013). Towards a management strategy for fluoride threatened groundwater: A case study from Namibia. GeoGen2013 – Towards sustainable drinking water supply in developing countries, Feb 2013, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.  Wanke, H., Amutenya, D., Petrus, I., Mulike, P., Quinger, M. & Lohe, C. (2013). Fluoride distribution in groundwater in Namibia and testing of defluoridation techniques at lab scale. Groundwater Quality Conference (GQ13), April 21-26, 2013 in Gainesville, Florida USA.  Wanke, H., Kaulikufwa, N. & Hipondoka, M. (2013). Sources of Nitrate in groundwater: a case study from three areas in central Namibia. Groundwater Quality Conference (GQ13), April 21-26, 2013 in Gainesville, Florida USA  Wanke, H., Kaulikufwa, N., Kauotjitotje, J. & Hipondoka, M. (2013). Nitrate contamination in Namibia’s groundwater: Caused by current land use practice or natural background? 14th WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Symposium. 30 October to 1 November 2013 in Dar Es Salam.

SECTION B. ACTIVITIES OF ACADEMIC CENTRES AND CAMPUSES

CENTRE FOR EXTERNAL STUDIES

DIRECTOR’ STATEMENT

The Centre for External Studies (CES) at the University of Namibia was established to increase access to higher education through the mode of Open and Distance Learning in Namibia. CES is committed to Vision 2030 to ensure that Education for All is indeed accessible to all to reach their full potential and take their place in Namibia. As an Open and Distance Learning (ODL) Centre, we are committed to quality education that would contribute to the optimal development of individuals and the socio-economic growth of Namibia. Through the research unit within CES our aim is to ensure best practice in the areas of study materials, academic support and technologies that would meet the individual needs of students.

Although CES mainly conduct research in the area of open and distance education, it also has research links with the various faculties within the University of Namibia. The vast majority of staff has expertise in diverse areas for example education, nursing, psychology, HIV and AIDS, communication and science amongst others. Hence CES has established research links with UNESCO, Ministry of Health and Social Services, Working Group of Indigenous Minorities in Southern Africa (WIMSA) and many more Governmental and non- Governmental Organisations. Staff members belong to various research bodies for example, Distance Education Association of Southern Africa (DEASA), Namibian Educational Research Association (NERA) and Namibia Open Learning Network (NOLNET). CES participates in collaborative activities with other national and international Open and Distance Learning (ODL) institutions through NOLNET and other organisations within the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region, through its participation in DEASA, Namibia Educational Research Association Executive Committee; Southern African Association of Research in Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, Distance Learning Task Force (I-TECH) and Commonwealth Institution of Open Learning.

An Open and Distance Learning conference was hosted by DEASA in Gaborone, Botswana and two lecturers in CES attended the conference. Many research papers on ODL issues and challenges were presented by local and international researchers.

CES is sharing various platforms and participate in collective activities with national and international ODL institutions.

The Centre for External Studies was not active with research activities during the year under review and emphasis in place to motivate staff to take their research activities very serious.

RESEARCH STRATEGIC DIRECTION AND FOCUS AREAS

The Centre derives its research mandate from the UNAM strategic objective which reads: Increase and broaden research output in ODL and the following research objectives and areas

were conducted in 2013. The centre had a low research outcome due to the challenges of publication as a process:

1. Improve quality service to Open and Distance Learning (ODL) students through research; 2. Collect Empirical evidence to strengthen policy and practice in Open and Distance Learning (ODL); 3. Establish inter-research activities with other faculties within the University and ODL institutions in the region and beyond and to 4. Develop research activities with the purpose to grow as academics.

RESEARCH AND PUBLICATIONS

Journal articles  Nekongo-Nielsen, H. & Mbukusa, N. R. (2013). The Educational Consequences of teenage pregnancy in the Kavango Region. Journal for Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences 2(2).

Books and Monographs  Shikongo, R. (2013). Dialogical mass communication. Saarbrucken: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. ISBN:978-3-8433-1741-2

Conference Papers / Proceedings  Mbukusa, N.R. & Nekongo-Nielsen, H. (2013). Opportunities and Crises as barriers to education at Mururani Combined School. A Paper Presented at the Southern African Comparative and History of Education Society (SACHES), 10-12 July, Katima Mulilo Campus, University of Namibia  Mbukusa, N. R. (2013). Interactive and self-instruction for open and distance learning materials for Namibian students. A Paper presented at SAT Writers’ Workshop Programme University of Namibia: Windhoek, 04 – 07 February 2013  Mbukusa, N. R. (2013) Understanding the Namibian Open and Distance Learner. A Paper presented at Textbook Utilization Workshop for SCIENCE GRADES 5 – 12, 17-20 June 2013, Otjiwarongo, Out of Africa Hotel.  Mbukusa, N. R. & Nekongo-Nielsen, H. (2013). Opportunities and Crises as barriers to education at Mururani Combined School. A Paper Presented at the Southern African Comparative and History of Education Society (SACHES), 10-12 July, Katima Mulilo Campus, University of Namibia  Nekongo-Nielsen, H. (2013). The virtual UNAM: Enhancing learning for distance education students. A paper presented at the EDEN Conference “The joy of learning: Enhancing learning experience, improving learning quality”, 12 – 15 June 2013, Oslo, Norway.

HIFIKEPUNYE POHAMBA CAMPUS

DIRECTOR’S STATEMENT

The Hifikepunye Pohamba Campus of the University of Namibia recognizes the value of applied research to education and development related issues in Namibia and beyond. Despite lack of educational research experiences, particularly at the new campus like ours, we manage to publish and present papers at various journals and conferences. This, in our opinion, is our humble contribution.

RESEARCH STRATEGIC DIRECTION AND FOCUS AREA

In its Management Strategic Plan for 2012, HP Campus puts an emphasis on motivating staff and students to engage in research activities for effective knowledge creation and application. As a result, the campus set its strategic objective of increasing and broadening research output to directly respond to the current low level of research output. The following are themes as they appeared in the Research Agenda.

THEME 1: Promoting the Enhancement and Improvement of the Teaching and Learning of Mathematics and Science for Sustainable Development in Namibia THEME 2: Putting Theory into Practice for the Enhancement of Quality Teacher Education in Namibia THEME 3: Providing Quality Education through Improved Instruction and Assessment for Sustainable Development THEME 4: Enhancing and Promoting the Teaching and Learning of Arts, Languages and Social Sciences at all Levels of Education THEME 5: Enhancing Teaching and Learning at the Pre–Lower Primary Phase THEME 6: Providing Psycho-Social Support to Ensure Effective Inclusive Education

RESEARCH AND PUBLICATIONS

Journal Articles  Iipinge, S.M. (2013). Challenges of Large Class Teaching at The University: Implications for Continuous Staff Development Activities. Namibia Journal for Educators, (1), 105- 120.  Iipinge, S.M. & Kasanda, C.D. (2013). Challenges associated with curriculum alignment, change and assessment reforms in Namibia. Journals of Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy and Practice, 20:4, 424-441, DOI: 10. 1080/0969594X.2013.839544  Iipinge, S.M. & Likando, G. (2013). Implementing Universal Primary Education in Namibia – trends and Challenges. American Journal of Social Science, 2(8), 135-142.  Iipinge, S.M., Likando, G., Haipinge, E. and Claassen, P. (2013). Student Evaluation at Windhoek College of Education: Evidence of Quality Assurance to Improve Teaching and Learning. Journal of Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, 2(1).

 Taukeni, S.G. (2013). Accessing child welfare grants to meet orphan children school needs: Namibia and South Africa perspective. US-China Education Review, 3(9), 716- 721.  Wilder, H., Feola, D., Villet, C., Boer, P., Iipinge, S.M. (2013). Using Technology to Facilitate Quality Assurance in teacher Education. Paper presented at e-Learning Africa, Windhoek, Namibia, 27-29 May 2013.

Conference Papers or Proceedings  Iipinge, S. M., Miranda, H., & Ashili, S. (2013, September). Using the What is Happening in this Classroom to investigate learning conditions of large classrooms at university level. A paper presented at the UNAM Annual Educational Conference.  Iipinge, S.M. and Likando, G. (2013). Implementing Universal Primary Education in Namibia – trends and Challenges. Paper presented at the Southern African Comparative and History of Education (SACHES), 9-12 July 2013.  Iipinge, S.M. and Likando, G. (2013). Management of Universal Primary Education Funds in Namibia: A critical Reflection. Paper presented at the UNAM Annual Education Conference, 10-12 September 2013.

 Miranda, H., Gideon, F., & Mugochi, M. (2013). The impact of the two-mode curriculum on students’ performance in first year mathematics at the University of Namibia. A paper presented at the ISSTE Conference.

KATIMA MULILO CAMPUS

DIRECTOR’S STATEMENT

The management of the Katima Mulilo Campus, University of Namibia has worked round the clock during the year under review to encourage and promote research as well as dissemination of research outputs. As pointed in the year 2012 research report, we have sustained the call on senior Faculty members to consider co-authorship or collaborative research with junior Faculty members to give them exposure to research and the nitty-gritties of academic writing for publishing. This is gradually receiving encouraging responses as most of the senior colleagues are now involving the junior academics in matters of research interest which we hope will be sustained. For example in the year 2013, about five (5) research papers presented at the Southern Africa Comparative and History of Education Society (SACHES) conference hosted by the Katima Mulilo Campus were co-authored. In furtherance of the Campus management’s resolve to encourage research, academic staff members were communicated to about the fund available in the campus research budget and encouraged to utilize it as the financial year draws to an end. Following this, the research works started but completed early 2014 and also published in peer reviewed journals will be reflected in the year 2014 research report. During the 2013 research year also, the Department of Wildlife Management and Eco-tourism, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources engaged in quantitative studies by means of the line transect method on the species and dominance structure of breeding avian communities in two different habitats: Zambezi Forest and Mopane Savanna in the Zambezi Region. The department also used the mapping method to estimate the densities of all bird species in Katima Mulilo town and carried out other studies on the population dynamics of ungulates in Waterberg Plateau Park and Etosha National Park. These studies were done in collaboration between the senior and junior colleagues. Recognising the gains of collaborative research, the Katima Mulilo Campus’ research outlook now seeks to actively involve students and give them early exposure to research issues.

RESEARCH STRATEGIC DIRECTION AND FOCUS AREAS

The Katima Mulilo Campus stronlgy encourages publications of research findings in peer reviewed journals and also conference/seminar attendance where academics can present their research works, interact with professional colleagues and update their subjects knowledge. In the effort towards having a working research agenda document; the campus has now set up it’s own research committee which is saddled with the responsibility of developing a five-year research agenda for the campus and also coordinate and advice colleagues on research matter. At the moment, compilation of the research agenda document has reach advanced stage. The agenda is being developed around the research expertise available in the two faculties on the campus: the Faculty of Education and Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Thus, the agenda focussed on the following braod themes:

i. Teaching-learning qualities and improvements. ii. Environmental and Agriculture issues. iii. Wildlife and Ecotuorism.

These broad areas are very strategic to the Campus teaching, research and community engagement activities.

RESEARCH AND PUBLICATIONS

During the 2013 research year, the Katima Mulilo Campus recorded very impressive publications with a total of 16 articles in peer reviewed journals, 2 book chapters and 6 conferences proceedings.

Journal articles:  Abah, J., Mashebe, P. & Denuga, D.D. (2013). The Learning challenges and pedagogical perspective in a complex education system. Asian Journal of Education and e-Learning 1(5): 311-316  Kopij, G. (2013). Diet of the Barn Owl in northeast and northwest Oregon. Northwestern Naturalist, 94(1): 76-79.  Kopij, G. (2013). Food niche overlap in co-existing Barn Owl Tytoalba (Scopoli 1769) and Great Horned Owl Bubo virginianusGmelin 1788 in intensively used farmland. Polish Journal of Ecology, 61(1): 179-181.  Kopij, G. (2013). Avian diversity on the sandstone cliff outskirts of the Maloti/Drakensberg ‘hot-spot’ area in southern Africa. VestnikZoologii, 47(3), e41- e46.  Kopij, G. (2013). Extent of overlap between two Common Fiscal Laniuscollaris subspecies in Lesotho. Bulletin of British Ornithological Club, 133 (2): 157-160.  Kopij, G. (2013). Reproductive performance in relation to population dynamics in the White Stork Ciconiaciconia nesting in neighboring woodland and farmland.Alauda, 81(3): 233-236.  Kopij, G. (2013). Seasonal changes in avian assemblages in Kaokoland (Mopane) Savanna in the Ogongo Game Reserve, north-central Namibia. International Science & Technology Journal of Namibia, 2(1): 44-58.  Kopij, G. (2013). Avian assemblages of river gorges in the Maloti/Drakensberg ‘hot- spot’ region, southern Africa. Zoology & Ecology, 23(3): 171-182.  Kopij, G. (2013). Comparison of breeding bird communities in the interior and on the edge of Tilio-Carpinetumhornbeam. Cas. Slez. Muz. Opava (A): 62, 119-124.  Kopij, G. (2013). Seasonal and altitudinal variations in an avian assemblage in an inselbergOlea-Buddleia vegetation in the dry Cymbopogon-Themedagrassveld, South Africa. Ornithological Observations, 4: 158-167. http://oo.adu.org.za/content.php?id=104.  Kopij, G. (2013). Avian Assemblages in Natural and Modified Koakoland (Mopane) Savanna in the Cuvelai Drainage System, North-Central Namibia. Lanioturdus, 46(5): 22-33. www.namibia.birdclub.org  Kopij, G. (2013). Distribution, abundance and habitat of Palearctic migrants in Lesotho (Maloti/Drakensberg region). Ornis Svecica, 23, 123-129.  Kopij, G. (2013). Nesting sites of the Cape Sparrow Passer melanurus in Maloti/Drakensber, southern Africa. International Studies on Sparrows, 37: 28-31.

 Matakala, V. Tshabangu, I & Zulu, A. (2013). Enhancing the quality of teaching and learning in Namibian higher education through reflective practice. Journal for Educational reform in Namibia. No. 24 ISSN 1022-6087 p50-59.  Mukwambo, M. & Zulu, A. (2013). Distilling water for Science practical lessons in under- resourced schools: Challenges faced by teachers in Caprivi Region, Namibia. Journal for Educational reform in Namibia. No. 24 ISSN 1022-6087 p19-29  Tshabangu, I., Matakala, V., & Zulu, A. (2013). Equitable Access to Higher Education: Trends, Commodification and quality dimensions in Namibia, International Journal of Education 5 (1). ISSN 1948-5476 Macrothink Institute, Las Vegas http://www.macrothink.org/journal/index.php/ije/issue/current

Chapters in Books  Kangumu, B. & Likando, G. (2013), ‘Mission Education in the eastern Caprivi Strip during the colonial times, c1920s – ca1964’, in R. Auala, G. Likando, K. Matengu & C.C. Wolhuter, (eds.), Education in Africa for the 21st Century (Proceedings of the regional workshop of SACHES, Southern African Comparative and History of Education Society, University of Namibia, Rundu Campus, 11-13 July 2012).  Matengu, K.K., Likando, g. & Kangumu, B. (2013), ‘In Search of Equity and Access in Higher Education in Namibia: Challenges and Achievements’, in Alexander W. Wiseman, Charl C. Wolhuter (eds.), The Development of Higher Education in Africa: Prospects and Challenges (International Perspectives on Education and Society, Volume 21), Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp. 187-213.

Conference book of proceedings  Enghono, A. M., & Ngcoza, K. (2013). Investigating opportunities of enhancing the learning and teaching of biological concepts by incorporating trainee teachers’ prior everyday knowledge and experiences during Biology lessons. Paper presented at the UNAM Annual Educational Conference (Educon, 2013) held at the Khomasdal Campus, University of Namibia, 10 -12 September 2013, Windhoek.  Matakala, V., Tshabangu, I. & Zulu, A. (2013). Open and Distance Education in Higher Education: Evaluating Quality provision through student perceptions in Namibia. Paper presented at the UNAM Annual Educational Conference (Educon, 2013) held at the Khomasdal Campus, University of Namibia, 10 -12 September 2013, Windhoek.  Mukwambo, M. & Zulu, A. (2013). Understanding the challenges of how trainee teachers source distilled water for practical work in science in under-resourced schools in Namibia: A case study. Paper presented at the 2013 Southern African Comparative and History of Education Society (SACHES) Conference, July 10 -12, 2012, Katima Mulilo Campus, University of Namibia  Mukwambo, M. & Zulu, A. (2013). Teachers’ perceptions on the use of situated cognition: Implications for indigenous knowledge. Paper presented at DETA, Nairobi, 31 July to 1 August 2013. www.deta.up.ac.za/presentations  Sitali-Mubanga, G.N. (2013). The genocide of indegenous languages: A situation of the Zambian educational system. Paper presented at the 2013 Southern African Comparative and History of Education Society (SACHES) Conference, July 10 -12, 2012, Katima Mulilo Campus, University of Namibia

 Zulu, A. (2013). Role parameters within the context of the practicum triad; Perspectives from Namibia’s Caprivi Region, 7th International Technology, Education and Development Conference, INTED2013 Proceedings : ISBN 978-84- 616-2661-8 [Editor: IATED] Valencia, Spain,www.inted2013.org

Significant Events, Achievements and Milestones

During the year under review, Katima Mulilo Campus successfully hosted the 2013 Southern African Comparative and History of Education Society (SACHES)’s Conference held between July 10th-12th, 2013 where academic staff members took the best advantage to present papers, paticipate actively and synergize with professional colleagues from other Campuses and Universities to update their subjects knowledge and research focus. The renewed vigour generated in the academics by the SACHES Conference also led to impressive participation in the 2013 Annual Education Conference hosted by University of Namibia Khomasdal campus between the 10th -12th September, 2014. Sequel to this, the academics appeared to have gotten into the research spririt considering the participations and interests shown in research discussions during the 2013 research day. On the oral history research project being intiated in the last quarter of 2012 for collaboration between Katima Mulilo Campus and the University of Eastern Finland; two of the research team: Prof. Maria Lähteenmäki and Prof. Alfred Colpaert of the University of Eastern Finland visited the campus in May 2013 to work out the schdeules of the research activities in which the field works were fixed for 2014. Report writings dissemination of findings will follow in 2015 at an international conference to be hosted by the University of Eastern Finland and then a follow up workshop at the Katima Mulilo campus in 2016. As part of our campus new research strategies, it is important to mention that two of our senior students have be coopted into this project as research assistants and have now been trained to collect oral testimonies and to translate/transcribe such. With these development, we are confident that if the tempo is sustained, there will be greater success story in our 2014 research report.

KHOMASDAL CAMPUS

DIRECTOR’S STATEMENT

The main mandate of Khomasdal campus is to train teachers in Primary Education. Therefore this is also the main area of research. While we have only two PhD holders on campus, currently four staff members are enrolled for PhD studies and ten for Masters studies.

Because of proximity, Khomasdal campus cooperates closely with the lecturers and management of the Faculty of Education on Main campus on various levels. Staff members are therefore involved in projects across campuses. Currently the campus is involved in the following research projects:  Alexander. A.S. & Kirchner, E. The reading habits/behavior and preferences of African children: the Namibian chapter in collaboration with UNISA (URPC/2011/37). This research is conducted in collaboration with the Namibian Children’s Book Forum and the University of South Africa. The final report should be available early in 2014.  Alexander C. (Member of CIAS research group). Class assessment practices in the Primary Phases – LP (Literacy and Numeracy) and UP (English and Mathematics)  Department of Early Childhood development and Lower Primary Education (Primary researcher: Moller, J. & Villet, C. B. (2013). Factors influencing low Pre-and Lower Primary student intake. Accepted by NERA Journal for publication.  Department of Early Childhood and Lower Primary Education (Researchers: Nghikembua, T., Poulton-Busler, R., Frindt, T., and Feris, L.). Early Grade Reading Assessment of Pre- and Lower Primary students at the University of Namibia. The pilot study was concluded in 2012.  February, P.J., Moller, J., Feris, L., Nghikembua, T. & !Gontes, K. Grapho-learn Research Project. September 2012 – September 2014, Niilo Maki Institute and the University of Jyvaskyla, Finland.  Möller, J. with ECLPE Department, FoE Main campus, NIED, MoE participants. Capacity development for quality in the pre and lower primary teacher education in Namibia (Chinese funds in trust/UNESCO) 2013/2014.

The research direction and focus areas of the campus can be summarized as follows: Research Direction: Teacher Education and Training

Focus Areas: Education for the Lower Primary Phase  Teaching and learning in Literacy and numeracy Education for the Upper Primary Phase  Teaching and learning in Arts and Humanities  Reading and reading preferences Factors influencing quality (teacher) education in Namibia  Student enrolment in teacher education  Assessment of reading in student teachers  Assessment practices in schools

The following academic papers and publications were produced by members of the campus, also in collaboration with other Faculty members:

RESEARCH AND PUBLICATIONS

Journal articles  Iipinge, S.M., Likando, G., Haipinge, E. & Claassen, P. (2013). Student Evaluation at Windhoek College of Education: Evidence of Quality Assurance to Improve Teaching and Learning. Journal of Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, 2 (1): 87-93. Moller J. & Villet, C. B. (2013). Factors Influencing the low intake into Pre- and Lower Primary Teacher Education in Namibia. Peer reviewed for NERA. Accepted for publication.

Chapters in Books  Haipinge, E. (2013). Using Facebook Mobile as a tool to create a virtual learning community for pre-service teachers. In Ferris, S.P. & Wilder, H.A. (Eds.), The Plugged- In Professor: Tips and techniques for teaching with social media (pp. 289 - 299). Oxford: Chandos Publishing. http://www.woodheadpublishing.com/en/book.aspx?bookID=2675&ChandosTitle=1 (see Part 4: Integrative Learning)

Conference proceedings  Kirchner, E. & Tötemeyer, A-J. (2013). Are children reading out there? First results of a Namibian study. 5th Annual Research conference, FHSS, UNAM, 26 – 27 September 2013 AND at IBBY/UNISA Symposium on Children’s Literature and Reading in Africa 16 – 17 September 2013, Pretoria.  Kirchner, E., Alexander, S. & Tötemeyer, A-J. (2013). The work of the Namibian Children’s Book Forum. UNISA Symposium on Children’s Literature and Reading in Africa 16 – 17 September 2013, Pretoria.  Kirchner, E. Analysing. (2013). EMIS Data: the case of Afrikaans. 5th annual research Colloquium, Department of Language and Literature studies, FHSS, UNAM, 1 August 2013.  Kirchner, E. (2013). First results of a study on reading behaviour: - Poster presentation. 8th Annual RASA Conference 25 – 27 October 2013, Johannesburg.  Alexander, C. & Chainda, A. (2013). The Evolution of a pre-service educational technology course: IMTE. Paper presented at E-learning Africa 2013 Conference, April 2013.  Lushetile V. M. & Scott, A. (2013). What we have learnt: Student teachers views of the quality of mentoring and teaching in Namibian secondary schools. Paper delivered at the UNAM Annual Education Conference: Education in Namibia: Trends and Practices; 10 – 12 September 2013.  Nghikembua,T. , Pouton-Busler, R., Feris. L. & Frindt, T. (2013). Reading competence of Pre- and Lower Primary students at Khomasdal Campus. Paper delivered at the UNAM Annual Education Conference: Education in Namibia: Trends and Practices; 10 – 12 September 2013.

 Frindt, T. (2013). Investigating “Teacher Math talk” in a Pre-primary school setting. Paper delivered at the UNAM Annual Education Conference: Education in Namibia: Trends and Practices; 10 – 12 September 2013.  Moller, J. & Villet, C. (2013). Factors Influencing the low intake in pre-and lower primary education in Namibia. Paper delivered at the UNAM Annual Education Conference: Education in Namibia: Trends and Practices; 10 – 12 September 2013.  Kirchner, E. (2013). Those little liars! Reporting on a pilot study on reading preferences. Paper delivered at the UNAM Annual Education Conference: Education in Namibia: Trends and Practices; 10 – 12 September 2013.  Muller, P. (2013). How to make the Upper Primary Literature Lesson a significant and stimulating experience, using the Eclectic Approach and the Suggestopedia. Paper delivered at the UNAM Annual Education Conference: Education in Namibia: Trends and Practices; 10 – 12 September 2013.  Karumazondo, I, Nel, R. & Van der Smit, S. (2013). Arts: A tool of integration to promote learning. Interactive presentation. Paper delivered at the UNAM Annual Education Conference: Education in Namibia: Trends and Practices; 10 – 12 September 2013.  Peters, B., & Keyter, C. (2013). Integrating nutrition into the Upper Primary Mathematics Syllabus. Paper delivered at the UNAM Annual Education Conference: Education in Namibia: Trends and Practices; 10 – 12 September 2013.  Poulton-Busler, R. (2013). The integration of pre-primary education into mainstream primary schools: Implications for management and leadership. Paper delivered at the UNAM Annual Education Conference: Education in Namibia: Trends and Practices; 10 – 12 September 2013.  Wittmann, R. (2013). The use of games in Social Sciences. Paper delivered at the UNAM Annual Education Conference: Education in Namibia: Trends and Practices; 10 – 12 September 2013.  Moller, J. (2013). Differentiated Instruction. Paper delivered at the UNAM Annual Education Conference: Education in Namibia: Trends and Practices; 10 – 12 September 2013.

LANGUAGE CENTRE

DIRECTOR’S STATEMENT

The mandate of the Language Centre is to serve as the centre for language learning, teaching and research. The key focus is the upgrading of competence in the use of English, offer a variety of foreign and Namibian languages and also provides translation and consultancy services by offering tailor-made courses to the wider public and business community in Windhoek, Oshakati, Ongwediva, Rundu and Katima Mulilo.

As a national centre of language excellence, the Language Centre endeavours to serve students, staff of the university, and the broader community.

"If communication is the life blood of human relationships and knowledge in every field of human thinking, reasoning and interaction…" as said by Littlewood, then the Language Centre can only be relevant if it engages in research that seeks to explore best practices in language teaching and learning.

Research strategic direction and focus

The major strategic issue regarding research in 2013 was to build research capacity among the Language Centre staff which was very low and needed improvement. As a result the LC management encouraged staff members to publish from their master thesis or to work in groups. To some extent this research strategy did not yield good results as most of the staff members claimed that they were still working on their studies. The following are research strategic direction and focus areas as outlined in the Centre draft Research Agenda.

Language Teaching and Learning

Research under this theme will focus on issues pertaining to language testing, vocabulary acquisition language for specific purposes, writing skills development, discourse and genre analysis, material development, evaluation, language teaching methods in large classes and those tailored to the need of Namibian students, etc.

Language Planning

Research will investigate language policy issues, effect of English on Namibian languages, multilingualism, code switching, language development (e.g. dictionaries for minority languages) and maintenance, including indigenous languages, etc.

Language and Technology

This research will investigate the impact of language on organisational absorptive capacity enhancement, the role of language on social capital creation, language and knowledge networks, stories and knowledge transfer, the link between knowledge and language, etc.

Language Centre Core Capabilities

 Teaching the four language skills  Teaching language-related special courses  Text and discourse analysis  Vocabulary development  Code switching  Language curriculum development

Other Language Centre Capabilities  Organisational learning and development  Technology transfer and innovation  Workplace learning  Ability to provide training and consultancy in areas of our specialisation

RESEARCH OUTPUT

List of Publications

Journal articles  Willemse, L. (2013). Establishing the academic reading needs of Biochemistry 1 Students. Journal of International Scientific Publications, 7(12).

 Hamakali, H.P.S. (2013). An Examination of Korean student’s pronunciation of English consonants: The relationship perception and production. Journal for Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, 2(1).

MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH CENTRE

DIRECTOR’S STATEMENT

Research is the core business at the Multidisciplinary Research Centre. The year 2013 was an active year for the MRC where we made increased efforts to reach out to new research partners and disseminate our research findings to the broader community. Researchers at MRC have been actively involved in research activities of diverse nature which were aligned to positively contribute to the achievements of the UNAM strategic objectives; the main research related strategic objectives being increasing and broadening of research output.

MRC as a research centre of the University of Namibia continues to strengthen research collaboration with UNAM faculties and stakeholders from public and private sectors as well as partners within the region and beyond. MRC recognizes the expertise within faculties and tap into it by including relevant faculty in research teams that are constituted for all research programmes. The current National Developmental Plan (NDP4, 2013-2017) addresses issues pertaining to economic development, and the sectors and enablers on which a vibrant economy can be sustainably based. The MRC strengthened its research efforts in such priority areas and developed a 5-year research agenda describing research programs and activities that will be conducted to contribute to enablers for NDP4.

MRC’s research strategy is to provide relevant and accurate research information in various areas ranging from health, education, biodiversity, climate change, socio ecological systems, gender, IKS, etc. for policy decision making and programme interventions.

ACADEMIC ACTIVITIES

Some of the research programmes which were active in 2013 are listed below. A number of these were implemented in collaboration with faculties and in partnership with stakeholders. a) Research study on Clinical audit on facility based causes of maternal deaths in five regions in Namibia in collaboration with MOHSS and IntraHealth. b) Research study on perceptions of health workers in delivering maternal and neonatal health care. c) A UNAM branding survey d) A Research study on the Knowledge, attitude and practices and behaviour patterns with regards to HIV/AIDS among first year student at the University of Namibia. e) Research study on Disaster and risk management in the Ompundja village f) Research study on the scope of procurement and the need and relevance of procurement finance in Namibia in partnership with Namibia Procurement Fund and Ministry of Trade and Industry. g) Research study on gender based violence which covered the following aspects: . Public Health and GBV . Educational Campaigns on GBV . Property Grabbing in Northern Namibia: A Study of the Narratives of Survivors in the Kavango And Oshikoto Regions

. Gender Based Violence: Systems Response vs Personal Agency. . Indigenous Knowledge in Reproductive Practices and Health Care and Gender Based Violence . Social structures (religion, culture, family systems respond to GBV in the northern part of Namibia. . Economic Costs of Gender Based Violence (GBV) IN Namibia h) Management of natural ecosystems: Wildlife management, restoration and reforestation i) A socio economic baseline survey for the Kavango Zambezi Transfontier Conservation Area (KAZA TFCA) which includes Angola, Botswana, Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe. j) Employment creation by land reform programs in commercial land, Namibia, funded by Ministry of Lands and Resettlement k) The population biology of indigenous plans of conservation priority focused on the expansion of data collection on the Moringa species to other tree species. l) Research study on the Welwitschia excavations study involved the collection of soil sample for analyses, and the preliminary data analyses. m) Restoration ecology and the rehabilitation of degraded land through mining at the Navachab Gold mine. n) Nutritional analysis and characterisation of indigenous fruits and vegetables o) Research study on the physicochemical and nutritional properties of Oshikundu p) Research study on the Microbiological quality of Namibian fermented milk from North- Eastern Namibia. q) Essential Oils of Namibian aromatic plants from North-Western Namibia. r) Chemical Composition of Namibian Olive Oil in Comparison to Spanish and Italian Olive Oil Marketed in Namibia. s) Research and development of medicinal plants used to treat malaria, cancer and microbial infections. t) Research study on ethnobotanical knowledge of medicinal plants uses in Omaheke region. u) Research and development of medicinal plants used to treat malaria, cancer and microbial infections. v) Research study on the transmission of malaria in north central Namibia. w) Research study on the development of a wind power demonstration plant in Luderitz. x) Research study on the Stakeholders Perception of the Namibia Airports Company (NAC).

The MRC’s proactive approach to resource mobilization through proposal bore fruit as we secured funding support for the following projects: These projects are to be implemented for the year 2014/2015.  Water management and governance in Namibia rural communities(NCRST/NRF)  Assessing ecological knowledge and adaptations to climate and environmental change amongst rural communities along an aridity gradient from Namibia to South Africa (NCRST/NRF).  Ethnobotanical knowledge on medicinal plants used by traditional healers in Kavango region, Namibia (NCRST/NRF).  Indigenous knowledge in reproductive practices and health care and intergenerational comparative study of Namibian and South African women.

 Development and optimisation of high through put screens targeting plasmodium falciparum malaria in opening avenues for new drug development in Namibia (UNAM Research and Publications Office)  Malaria transmission study in northern Namibia (Subcontract from UCSF funded by The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation)  Targeted malaria parasite elimination in the Zambezi region (Subcontract from UCSF funded by The Novartis Foundation for Sustainable Development)

Other research activities include a stakeholder’s workshop which resulted in the development of a 5 years research agenda. The exercise involved the revision of research projects and realigning them with the National Development programmes. It also saw the development of new research programmes, such as:

 Research and Development of cereal based and traditional vegetables products for technology transfer to SMEs  Adaptation of BER building index model for Namibia construction industry  Assessment of women role in political and social leadership

Furthermore, on capacity building, three MRC researchers were on staff development working towards their doctoral degrees. Dr Alfons Mosimane graduated with a PhD in 2013. The MRC had (8) postgraduates research fellows working towards master’s degree. Four completed their studies and due to graduate with MSc by research in 2014. The Centre took on 4 new postgraduate fellows who secured scholarships for their MSc studies. Two received DAAD scholarships, one a SABINA scholarship and one a fellowship from the UCSF.

In addition, Researchers received training from Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Scientific and Industrial Research, Foundation for Innovative and Novel Diagnostics and UCSF, Perkin-Elmer. Researchers also visited institutions in RSA to increase network and share experiences. Institutions visited include CSIR, University of Pretoria, Human Sciences Research Centre (a Memorandum of Understanding for research collaboration was signed) and the Institute for Poverty Land and Agrarian Studies (PLAAS) at the University of Western Cape.

Apart from building regional networks, MRC reached out to share experience with staff at the Northern campuses (Oshakati, Ogongo, Hifikepunye Pohamba, Ongwediva) to discuss research issues and potential collaboration with MRC.

RESEARCH AND PUBLICATIONS

The MRC implements its research programs through strong research collaborations with the faculty of science, faculty of humanities and partnerships as part of research networks and line ministries. The research findings were published and listed as follow:

Journal articles  Bille, P.G., Shikongo-Nambabi, M., & Cheikhyoussef, A. (2013). Value addition and processed products of three indigenous fruits in Namibia. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development, 13(1), 7192-7212.

 Pazvakawambwa, L., Indongo, N., Kazembe, L.N. (2013). Explaining marital patterns and trends in Namibia: A Regression Analysis of 1992, 2000 and 2006 Demographic and Survey Data. PLoS ONE, 8 (8):  Mannan, H., ElTayeb, S., MacLachlan, M., Amin, M., McVeigh, J., Munthali, A., & Van Rooy, G. (2013). Core concepts of human rights and inclusion of vulnerable groups in the mental health policies of Malawi, Namibia, and Sudan. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 20 (7), 7.  Cheikhyoussef, A., & Embashu, W. (2013). Ethnobotanical knowledge on indigenous fruits in Ohangwena and Oshikoto regions in Northern Namibia. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 9:34.  Amadhila, E., Shaamhula, L., Van Rooy, G., & Siyambango, N., 2013, ‘Disaster risk reduction in the Omusati and Oshana regions of Namibia’, Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies 5(1), Art. #65, 9 pages. http://dx.doi. org/10.4102/jamba.v5i1.65.  Nantanga, K. K. M., Bertoft, E., & Seetharaman, K. (2013), Structures of human salivary amylase hydrolysates from starch processed at two water concentrations. Starch/Stärke, 65: 637–644. doi: 10.1002/star.201200204.  Mosimane, A.W., McCool, S. F., Brown, P., Ingrebretson, J. (2013). Using mental models in the analysis of human wildlife conflict from a social ecological perspective, Namibia. Fauna and Flora International, Oryx, pp. 1-7.  Likuwa, K.M. (2013). Review of ‘Liberating Namibia: The Long Diplomatic Struggle between the United Nations and South Africa.’ The Journal of African History, 54, Issues 02/July 2013, pp. 296-297. Doi: 10.1017/s0021853713000418.  Nantanga, K. K. M., Chan, E., Suleman, S., Bertoft, E. &, Seetharaman, K. (2013). Differences in structures of starch hydrolysates using saliva from different individuals. Starch/Stärke, 65: 709–713. doi: 10.1002/star.201200216.  Nantanga, K. K. M., Bertoft, E., & Seetharaman, K. (2013). Structure of starch hydrolysates following in vitro oral digestion: effect of botanical source of starch and hydrothermal treatments. Starch/Stärke, 65: 885–891. doi: 10.1002/star.201200253.  Shiponeni, N. N., Carrick, P. J., Allsopp, N., & Hoffman, M. T. (2013). Effects of root competition and soils on seedling establishment at the ecotone between an arid grassland and succulent shrubland in South Africa. Journal of Vegetation Science. doi: 10.1111/jvs.12082.  Embashu, W., Cheikhyoussef, A., Kahaka, G., & Lendelvo, S. (2013). Processing methods of Oshikundu, a traditional beverage from sub-tribes within Aawambo culture in the northern Namibia. Journal of Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, 2(1), 117- 127.  MuAshekele, H., & Schier, C. (2013). Diffusion of an innovative prepaid mobile phone system in Namibia. Asian Academic Research Journal of Multidisciplinary, 1(15), 316- 334.  MuAshekele, H., Embashu, W., & Cheikhyoussef, A. Indigenous knowledge system best practices from Namibia: the case of oshikundu processing methods. Trends in Applied Sciences Research.  Shirungu, M., & Cheikhyoussef, A. (2013). Discourses of ethno-botanical knowledge on mental illness in Kavango region north-eastern part of Namibia. Proceeding of the 4th

International SIKSP/SA – MOZ Conference UWC, Cape Town. October 29-31 2013.pp: 256- 262.  Van Rooy, G. & Mufune, P. (2013). Experiences and perceptions of HIV/AIDS and sex among people with disabilities in Windhoek, Namibia. Sex and Disability DOI 10.1007/s11195-014-9343-y.  Nafuka, S.N., & Mumbengegwi, D.R. (2013). Phytochemical analysis and in vitro antiplasmodial activity of selected ethnomedicinal plants used to treat malaria associated symptoms in northern Namibia. Int. Sci. Technol. J. Namibia, 2(1), 69-83.  Van Rooy, G., & Minnaar, A. (2013). Psycho-social characteristics of male perpetrators of Intimate partner Violence in Namibia. Acta Criminologica 26(2).  Kadhila-Muandingi N.P., Nametso O., Du Preez I., & Mumbengegwi D.R. (2013). Antiplasmodial activity of indigenous Ganoderma lucidum and Terfezia pfeilii Namibian mushrooms. Journal of Parasitology. Photon, 104: 186-193.  Amadhila, E., Van Rooy, G., McVeigh, J., Mannan, H., MacLachlan, M., & Amin, M. (2013). Equity and Core Concepts of Human Rights in Namibian Health Policies. Harvard Policy Journal, 8: 2012-2013.

Conference papers/proceedings  Indongo N., Angombe S., & Nickanor, N. (2013). Urbanisation in Namibia: Causes And Consequences, Views From Semi-Formal And Informal Urban Settlements: Population Association Of Southern Africa, 8th Annual Conference: Population, Health And Development, North-West University, 10th - 12th July 2013.  Nakanyala, J., Lendelvo, S., &, Kimaro, S. (2013) Tourists Visitation Profile and Level of Satisfaction in Etosha National Park, Namibia. Atlas Africa Conference in Kigali, Rwanda.  Embashu, W., &, Cheikhyoussef, A. &, Kahaka, G. (2013). Physicochemical and nutritional analysis of Oshikundu: traditional fermented beverage from Namibia EFFoST Annual Meeting Italy 12-15 November.  Heita, L., &, Cheikhyoussef, A. (2013). Microbiological and physicochemical analysis of traditional fermented milk from north central and north-eastern Namibia. International Conference on Environmental, Industrial and Applied Microbiology - BioMicroWorld2013, Madrid (Spain), 2-4 October 2013.  MuAshekele, H., & Davidson, I. (2013). Benguela Community-UNAM Wind-Power Demonstration Project - Experiences in Implementation 12th International Workshop on Large-Scale Integration of Wind Power into Power Systems as well as on Transmission Networks for Offshore Wind Power Plants London, United Kingdom Date: 22-24 October 2013.  Dushimemaria, F. & Mumbengegwi D.R. (2013). Investigation of the Antineoplastic Properties of Namibian Indigenous Plants: Colophospermum mopane and Schinziophyton rauntanenii. Aortic 2013 Conference, Durban, South Africa 21-24 November.  Du Preez, I., & Mumbengegwi D.R. (2013). Assessment of Guibourtia coleosperma and Diospyros chamaethamnus extracts for in vitro antiplasmodial activity in Namibia. 6th MIM Pan-African Malaria Conference 2013 6-11 October, Durban, South Africa.

 Nafuka, S., & Mumbengegwi, D.R. (2013). Bio-assay guided fractionation of 3 Namibian ethno-medicinal plants for discovery of novel anti-plasmodial compounds. 6th MIM Pan- African Malaria Conference 2013 6-11 October, Durban, South Africa.  Tambo, M., & Mumbengegwi, D.R. (2013). The use of Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as quality assurance tools for malaria diagnosis using Rapid Diagnostics Tests (RDT) in Northern Namibia. 6th MIM Pan-African Malaria Conference 2013 6-11 October, Durban, South Africa.  Auala, J., Mumbengegwi, D.R., Sturrock, H., Kleinschimdt, I., Gosling, R, & Bock, R. (2013). Risk factors for malaria transmission in Engela District of the Ohangwena region of Northern Namibia. 6th MIM Pan-African Malaria Conference 2013 6-11 October, Durban, South Africa.  Lendelvo S & Mfune J (2013). Benefits of wildlife translocation to communities: Nyae Nyae Conservancy, Namibia INSAKA Conference.  Auala, J., & Mumbengegwi, D.R. (2013) Risk factors for malaria transmission in Engela District of the Ohangwena region of Northern Namibia. Faculty of Science 1st Annual Science Research Conference. Oct 25-26.  Tambo, M., & Mumbengegwi, D.R. (2013). The use of Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as quality assurance tools for malaria diagnosis using Rapid Diagnostics Tests (RDT) in northern Namibia. Faculty of Science 1st Annual Science Research Conference. Oct 25-26.  Nafuka, S. & Mumbengegwi, D.R. (2013). Fractionation of indigenous medicinal plants extracts as a method to improve anti-malaria activity. Faculty of Science 1st Annual Science Research Conference. Oct 25-26.  Dushimemaria, F. & Mumbengegwi, D.R. (2013). Anticancer and cytotoxicity properties of phytochemical compounds present in Namibia indigenous plants. Faculty of Science 1st Annual Science Research Conference. Oct 25-26.  Nantanga, K. (2013). Micro-nutrient analysis of Oshikundu: A traditional fermented beverage from Namibia. Towards a better understanding of type 2 diabetes: what are the structures of starch hydrolysates by luminal amylases. Faculty of Science 1st Annual Science Research Conference. Oct 25-26.  Lendelvo, S. (2013). The importance of monitoring systems for translocated ungulate species in communal conservancies: A case of Nyae Nyae Conservancy. Faculty of Science 1st Annual Science Research Conference. Oct 25-26.

Dr Davis Mumbengegwi (left) discussing the Dr. Ahmad Cheikhyoussef (left) and his research team holding a feedback session on the nutritional importance of indigenous foods documentation of indigenous medicinal knowledge

MRC research team supporting a local initiative to indicate roads and water levels using poles in flooded areas.

SAM NUJOMA MARINE AND COASTAL RESOURCES RESAERCH CENTRE

DIRECTOR’S REPORT

The Sam Nujoma Marine and Coastal Resources Research Centre (SANUMARC) is a Research Unit of the University of Namibia with focus on the marine and coastal environment.

The management of the Centre in 2013 was led by Prof. Edosa Omoregie and Dr. Diina Shuuluka as Director and Deputy Director respectively. In accordance with the University strategic planning, 2013 saw the eventual relocation of the Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences from the Main Campus in Windhoek to the Centre. This was a huge success for the University as the relocation of the Department has been on the drawing board of the University Management since its inception in 1996.

SANUMARC being a Research Centre do not offer degree programmes. However, the Centre do have excellent research facilities upon which several students from the Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences and other allied Departments from within the University do from time to time use for practical training and research. The Centre continued to serve as research base for both local and international university students in 2013. Students from the Astrakhan State Technical University in Russia and Cape Peninsula University of Technology spent up to three months at the Centre.

RESEARCH STRATEGIC DIRECTION AND FOCUS AREAS

The Centre’s vision is to become a Centre of Excellence in Science and Technology research in marine and coastal resources, in order to contribute to global efforts in promoting food security and eradicate poverty. With this vision in mind and guided by its mission, the Centre strengthen its international collaborations in 2013 with the view of enhancing its research capabilities for the years ahead.

The following research activities were carried out in 2013 by both staff and postgraduate students attached to the Centre:

 Laboratory cultivation of the macro-algae; Laminaria pallida and Gracilariopsis funicularis. The objectives of this research include the development of a seaweed hatchery and on- growing methodologies for Laminaria pallida as well as growing of vegetative materials of Gracilariopsis funicularis. The life cycle of Laminaria pallida was successfully completed in laboratory culture.  Induced spawning of the Pacific Oyster under laboratory conditions.  Microalgae cells consumption by spats of Crassostrea gigas and the effect of different microalgae species on growth of spats.  Growth and nutrient requirements for Namibia's indigenous vegetables in coastal environment using varying ratios of seawater fresh water in hydroponic production of spinach.

 Growth requirements for exotic vegetables in Namibia's coastal environment using four organic nutrients; Cow manure, Chicken manure, Goat manure and peat compost.  Domestication requirements of Salicornia pachystachia in Namibia's coastal environment as potentials for animal fodders  Utilization of locally available organic materials as media for the cultivation of mushroom mycelia using millet, sorghum, maize and cassava flours.  Treatment of Corn Stover substrate for mushroom cultivation using heat, dishwashing liquid and washing powder  Aerosol data collection via collaboration with the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) using optical ground based aerosol monitoring network supported by NASA’s Earth Observing System.  Design of effective bio-digester for use at household level  Biogas production from different biomass  Assessment of inorganic pollution along the Namibian coastal water using bio-indicators  Analysis of marine biotoxins in Namibian marine environment

Postgraduate Research Activities

 Ms. Johanna K. Dijerenge: Analysis of marine biotoxins, paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) and diarrheic shellfish poisoning toxins (DSP) in mussels, (Mytilus galloprovincialis) along the Namibian Central Coast.  Mr. Emmanuel Vellemu: Trace metal pollution of Namibian marine shoreline: Choromytilus meridionalis (black mussel) as indicator organism  Mrs Devota Kavishe: An autecological study of selected Porphyra capensis populations from the Namibian coast.  Mr. Martin Tjipute: Captive propagation and rearing of the silver Kob, Argyrosomus inodorus in Namibia.  Mr. Johannes A. Iitembu: Trophic ecology of shallow-water hake (Merluccius capensis), deep-water hake (Merluccius paradoxus), kingklip (Genypterus capensis) and cape monk (Lophius vomerinus) through their isotopic and fatty acid composition.  Mr. Hiskia Asino: Evaluation of fishmeal replacement with seal meal in Oreochromis andersonii diets.  Mr. Uanivi Uatjavi: Age and growth of the Namibian Cape horse mackerel (Trachurus capensis) in relation to the environmental variables: Implications for stock assessment

RESEARCH AND PUBLICATIONS

Journal Articles  Nashima, F. P. (2013). Structure and composition of intertidal communities at exposed and sheltered habitat, Central Namibian coast. Journal of Agriculture and Biodiversity Research, 2(3): 67 – 72.  Akawa, T. and Nashima, F. P. (2013). A Sustainability Analysis of Namibian Marine Fishery. Journal of Human Resource and Sustainability Studies, 1: 1 – 7.

 Nashima, F. P. and Chilamba, V. J. (2013). Biomass distribution of Kingklip (Genypterus capensis) in the Benguela Ecosystem of Namibia. Journal of Research in Ecology, 2(1), 067 – 074.  Nashima, F. P., Julies, E. and Samakupa, A. (2013). Distribution patterns of spawning stock of hake maturity stages in the Benguela Ecosystem of Namibia. Journal of Research in Ecology, 2(2), 100 – 107.  Akawa, T. and Nashima, F. P. (2013). The role of fisheries management in promoting fishery development: An analysis of the Namibian Horse Mackerels (Trachurus capensis). Journal of Agriculture and Biodiversity Research, 3(1), 9 – 13.

Conference / Workshop Papers  Omoregie, E. (2013). Marine Research and Training in Support of policy and Programmes for Fisheries and Aquaculture Development: The case of Namibia. Proceedings of the UNECA Eighth African Development Forum (ADF VIII), 22 – 26 October, 2012. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. United Nations.  Omoregie, E. (2013). Role of SANUMARC for biofuels capacity building in Namibia. Paper presented at the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States (ACP) Science and Technology Programme Workshop on Towards Establishing Value Chains for Bioenergy in Namibia held in Swakopmund, Namibia, 29 -30 April, 2013.

Chapters in Books  Mowa, E. (2013). Olive Oil production in Namibia. In: FLOS OLEI 2013: A Guide to the World of Extra Virgin Oil. Edited by Mark and Laura Marinelli Oreggia. Evo srl Publishers. 832 pp.

SIGNIFICANT EVENTS, ACHIEVEMENTS AND MILESTONES

With the existing collaborations between the University of Namibia, the Scientiﬁc Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) and the Science Partnerships for the Assessment of Complex Earth System Processes (SPACES), the Centre entered a research partnership with renowned Institutions to develop a Regional Graduate Network in Oceanography (RGNO) programme. The institutions involved in this partnership with SANUMARC are; Namibian National Marine Information and Research Centre (NatMIRC), Agouron Institute, University of Minnesota, ETH Zurich and Swiss i-Research & Training. The first edition of the Graduate Network will be held early in 2014 with participants from several European and African countries with research activities on microbial and geochemical oceanography in the Northern Benguela upwelling ecosystems.

During the year under review, Namsov Community Trust support to the Centre research activities continued with additional donation of funds for the sponsorship of two Namibian PhD students in fisheries science at the University of Namibia. This is aside from the initial sponsorship of three students for postgraduate studies at Rhodes University and the University of Namibia during the year.

As part of SANUMARC initiatives to partner with local industries in mariculture business ventures, a Strategic Partnership Agreement was entered into with Shoreline Seafoods cc in the production of oyster spat for the Namibia mariculture industries.

In 2013, SANUMARC was actively involved in the planning and execution of the research cruise by the German Research Vessel, RV Meteor. This was a Training and Capacity Building Cruise in Namibian waters that was sponsored by the German Ministry of Education and Research under the SPACES collaboration. The aim of the cruise was to contribute to a better understanding of the Benguela current and its ecosystem and thereby fostering the cooperation within the SPACES programme by helping in setting up partnership projects in research and development.

Spinach grown in a greenhouse at SANUMARC

RUNDU CAMPUS

DIRECTOR’S STATEMENT

The training initiatives in research organized during the year under review have yielded tangible results. Important to note is that the campus completed the development of a five-year (2014- 2018) research agenda that would guide research during 2013.

There is no doubt that the crafting of this document that involved academic staff from Education and commerce arms on campus and colleagues from the main campus had given impetus to academic staff to fulfill one of the University core-functions, which is conducting of research. With a dynamic campus research committee in place a number of research training activities has been presented during the annual research day in 2013 to induct academic staff on how to conduct research for publication.

RESEARCH STRATEGIC DIRECTION AND FOCUS AREAS

Within the context of the campus mandate and Vision which is to become a “centre of excellence in the provision of quality higher education in pre-primary, lower and upper primary and commerce related areas”, generation of relevant knowledge and skills through research to inform teaching and learning and address national development challenges underpins the campus research strategy. The broad research focus areas include:  Enhancing the quality of Curriculum Instructions and Assessment in Education;  Enhancing the teaching and learning science at lower grades;  Developing literacy and numeracy strategies at lower phases;  Providing quality provide leadership skills and knowledge at a multidimensional level;  Improve pedagogical skills that enhances school based studies (SBS).  Relationship between Entrepreneural skills and economic development

RESEARCH AND PUBLICATIONS

Journal Articles  Iipinge, S. M. & Likando, G. (2013). Implementing Universal Primary Education in Namibia Trends and challenges. American International Journal of Social Science. Vol. 2, No. 8, p. 135-142. http://www.aijssnet.com/journals/Vol_2_No_8_December_2013/14.pdf  Zimba, R.F., Mufune. P., Likando, G.N., & February, P. (2013). Namibian Teachers’ Understanding of Education for All Issues. Journal for Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences 2(2): 169 -186.  Iipinge S. M., Likando, G., and Haipinge, E., & Claassen, P., (2013). Student Evaluation at Windhoek College of Education: Evidence of quality Assurance to Improve Teaching and Learning. Journal for Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences 2(2): 87 - 93.

Chapters in Books  Likando, G. N. and Wolhuter, C. (2013). Namibia. An Overview of System Reform. In

Harber, Clive (ed). Education in Southern Africa. London/ New York: Bloomsbury. ISBNs: 9781441171498 (pb), 9781623563882 (ePub), 9781623561093 (ePDF): http://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/education-in--southern-africa-- 9781441171498  Matengu, K., Likando, G., and Kangumu, B. (2013). In search of Equity and Access in Higher Education in Namibia: Challenges and achievements. In‐ A. W. Wiseman and C.C. Wolhuter (Eds). The Development of Higher Education in Africa: Prospects and Challenges, Volume 21. Emerald. ISBN 1479 -3679. p.187-213: http://www.emeraldinsight.com/books.htm?issn=1479-3679&volume=21

Conference Papers/ Proceedings  Auala, R., Likando, G., Matengu, K. and Wolhuter, C.C. (Eds) (2013). Mission Education in the Eastern Caprivi Strip during the Colonial Times, c1920s – ca 1964. Education in Africa for the 21st Century: Proceedings of the Regional workshop of SACHES, Southern African Comparative and History of Education Society. University of Namibia, Rundu Campus, 11-- 13 July 2012. (ISBN 978 1 86822 637 5).  Kangumu, B., and Likando, G. (2013). In R. Auala, G. Likando, K. Matengu and C.C. Wolhuter (Eds). Mission Education‐ in the Eastern Caprivi Strip during the Colonial Times, c1920s – ca 1964. Education in Africa for the 21st Century: Proceedings of the Regional workshop of SACHES, Southern African Comparative and History of Education Society. University of Namibia, Rundu Campus, 11-13 July 2012. (ISBN 978 1 86822 637 5).  Ilukena M. A. & Schäfer, M. (2013. A Needs analysis for the implementation of a complementary course in mathematics education for teachers of mathematics in Namibia: A Case study of the BETD graduates. In R. Auala, G. Likando, K. Matengu and C.C. Wolhuter (Eds). Mission Education in the Eastern Caprivi Strip during the Colonial Times, c1920s – ca 1964. Education in Africa for the 21st Century: Proceedings of the Regional workshop of SACHES, Southern African Comparative and History of Education Society. University of Namibia, Rundu Campus, 11-13 July 2012. (ISBN 978 1 86822 637 5).  Luwango L. Z. & Schafer, M. (2013). Critical Reflective Teaching Practice – Transforming mathematics teaching practice through “thought and action”: Enhancing teachers’ consciousness of their teaching. In R. Auala, G. Likando, K. Matengu and C.C. Wolhuter (Eds). Mission Education in the Eastern Caprivi Strip during the Colonial Times, c1920s – ca 1964. Education in Africa for the 21st Century: Proceedings of the Regional workshop of SACHES, Southern African Comparative and History of Education Society. University of Namibia, Rundu Campus, 11-13 July 2012. (ISBN 978 1 86822 637 5).  Mwala, M. E. (2013). Former BETD graduate’s understanding and implementation of reflective practice in the Rundu region of Namibia. In R. Auala, G. Likando, K. Matengu and C.C. Wolhuter (Eds). Mission Education in the Eastern Caprivi Strip during the Colonial Times, c1920s – ca 1964. Education in Africa for the 21st Century: Proceedings of the Regional workshop of SACHES, Southern African Comparative and History of Education Society. University of Namibia, Rundu Campus, 11-13 July 2012. (ISBN 978 1 86822 637 5).  Shihako, M. (2013). An analysis of novice teachers’ capacity to apply participatory learning strategies in teaching History. In R. Auala, G. Likando, K. Matengu and C.C.

Wolhuter (Eds). Mission Education in the Eastern Caprivi Strip during the Colonial Times, c1920s – ca 1964. Education in Africa for the 21st Century: Proceedings of the Regional workshop of SACHES, Southern African Comparative and History of Education Society. University of Namibia, Rundu Campus, 11-13 July 2012. (ISBN 978 1 86822 637 5).  Situnda, J. (2013). Students’ Perspectives of home ecology education subject at University of Namibia, Rundu Campus. In R. Auala, G. Likando, K. Matengu and C.C. Wolhuter (Eds). Mission Education in the Eastern Caprivi Strip during the Colonial Times, c1920s – ca 1964. Education in Africa for the 21st Century: Proceedings of the Regional workshop of SACHES, Southern African Comparative and History of Education Society. University of Namibia, Rundu Campus, 11-13 July 2012. (ISBN 978 1 86822 637 5).  Siyave, T. (2013). Teaching Reading in Rukwangali: How children learn to read. A Case study. In R. Auala, G. Likando, K. Matengu and C.C. Wolhuter (Eds). Mission Education in the Eastern Caprivi Strip during the Colonial Times, c1920s – ca 1964. Education in Africa for the 21st Century: Proceedings of the Regional workshop of SACHES, Southern African Comparative and History of Education Society. University of Namibia, Rundu Campus, 11-13 July 2012. (ISBN 978 1 86822 637 5).  Utete, C. N. & Shihako, M. (2013). An investigation into whether the Pre- service Basic Education Teacher Diploma (BETD) adequately prepares students for the work place: A case study for the graduates from the former Rundu College of Education. In R. Auala, G. Likando, K. Matengu and C.C. Wolhuter (Eds). Mission Education in the Eastern Caprivi Strip during the Colonial Times, c1920s – ca 1964. Education in Africa for the 21st Century: Proceedings of the Regional workshop of SACHES, Southern African Comparative and History of Education Society. University of Namibia, Rundu Campus, 11-13 July 2012. (ISBN 978 1 86822 637 5).

ACHIEVEMENTS AND MILESTONES

Looking at the progress that was done in terms of research at the Rundu Campus in comparison with what existed in the past one is left with no option but to applaud what the campus has achieved in a short time. Significant to mention is the enthusiasm that academic staff members have demonstrated in undertaking research as evidenced by the number of publications produced during the year under review.

OSHAKATI CAMPUS

DIRECTOR’S STATEMENT

The Oshakati Campus has been involved in various research and publication activities during 2013. Below are the activities and research and publication that staff and representatives from OSHAKATI have undertaken.

RESEARCH AND PUBLICATIONS

Several academic staff undertook some research and some have published articles during the year under review.

Journal article  Pinehas, L., Shifiona, N., & Shikongo, K. (2013). Celebrating UNAM Oshakati Campus health day / World Health Day: a Community Service: Professional & Personal life experiences. International Journal of Advanced Nursing Studies.

Conference proceedings  Anghuwo, A.A. (2013). ICT as a teaching tool in education: a paper presented at Onyaanya and Oshigambo Circuits Teacher’s Annual Conference 2013 and Oshakati UNAM research day 2013.  Naukushu S. (2013) Understanding of PI among the Foundation Programme of Oshakati Campus at the University of Namibia. Annual Saarmste conference, South Africa in January 2013, SAARMSTE 2013.  Nghipandulwa, L.N. (2013). Teachers use of practical work in Biology in the selected secondary school in Oshana Education region. Annual Saarmste conference, South Africa in January 2013, SAARMSTE 2013.

Ongoing research projects

 Assessment of adherence to ART among patients enrolled at Oshakati Intermediate Hospital ART clinic in Oshana directorate. This is a School project which is partly funded by the University of Namibia through UPRC.  Nursing students’ perception about integration of theory and practice in preparation for future professional nurses at UNAM Oshakati Campus, Namibia. The project is facilitated by the Public Health Department.

Most Staff members were involved in academic research as part of their staff development fulfillment for Masters and Doctoral studies or professional development. Some PhD lecturers in Nursing Department has supervised Masters students' studies and the fourth year students for a Bachelor degree course on different topics for fourth years' Research Project.

ZERO EMISSION RESEARCH INITIATIVE

MANAGER’S STATEMENT

The Zero Emission Research Initiative (ZERI) programme was started in 1999 at the University of Namibia. ZERI is a vision, a concept, and a philosophy that aims to catalyze the application of Science and Technology towards food security, the creation of employment opportunities and generation of income, especially for rural women and the youth in Namibia’s rural and peri- urban communities by promoting Mushroom Farming and Mushroom Consumption. The focus is the enhancement of people’s health and socio-economic welfare; the production of sustainable development and environmental regeneration in rural and peri-urban communities. Mushroom activities are supported through the University of Namibia campuses which are: ZERI Project Management Unit (PMU) at main campus in Windhoek, the Sam Nujoma Marine and Coastal Resources Research Centre (SANUMARC) at Sam Nuyoma Campus in Henties Bay and Ogongo Campus in the North of the country. The main campus supports projects in Khomas, Omaheke, Kavango and Hardap Regions. SANUMARC supports project in Erongo, Otjozondjupa, Karas and Kunene regions, while Ogongo Campus supports projects that are in Ohangwena, Omusati, Oshana and Oshikoto regions respectively.

RESEARCH STRATEGIC DIRECTION AND FOCUS AREA

Within the University, the Project focuses on Mushroom Research, Farming and Development of mushrooms and mushroom products. The main activities for the Project are to carry out research on mushroom cultivation and product development using raw materials which are ordinarily deemed wastes from industries such as that of agriculture and food processing. To train the communities and interested organizations on mushroom farming and it’s postharvest. The Project also secures that women and youth from rural and peri-urban origins take up and practice the scientific technologies and skills for them to become self-reliant. The following researches were carried out at ZERI during the year 2013 and all reports are available at the Project office.  The study on Mineral components and trace elements in wild Namibian Ganoderma species.  Antiplasmodial activity of indigenous Ganoderma lucidum and Terfezia pfeilii (Kalahari truffles) Namibian mushrooms.  Isolation and characterization of bacteria and fungi affecting cultivated mushrooms in selected areas in Namibia.  Antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract from some wild Namibian mushrooms.  The possibility of growing Lentinula edodes (Shiitake) and Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi or Reishi) mushroom on maize (corn) cobs in Namibia.

The direction and Focus Area of ZERI now is to explore most Namibian mushrooms by identifying them molecularly while at the same time gathering and documenting the indigenous knowledge on their edibility and medicinal value or uses. Nutritional analyses for most edible and medicinal mushrooms will be carried out in order to educate the communities on the benefits and enable extensive promotion of mushroom consumption and cultivation. The Project also plans to produce more products from wild and cultivated mushrooms e.g. different mushroom

soups, tea from the medicinal mushrooms. The transferring of technology and skills to the communities and individuals will continue as they advance.

RESEARCH AND PUBLICATIONS

Conference Proceedings  Kadhila-Muandingi, N. P (2013). Mushroom Research and Development in Namibia. Faculty of Science 1st Annual Science Research Conference Book of Abstracts pp.34-35, Windhoek, Namibia.  Kadhila-Muandingi, N. P (2013). Industrial Production and Marketing for medicinal mushrooms. 7th International Medicinal Mushroom Conference, pp. 37-38, Beijing, China.  Kadhila-Muandingi, N. P (2013). Overview of Namibian medicinal Mushrooms. Summer School, School of Medicine University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia.

SIGNIFICANT EVENTS

After some years of research on the Namibian medicinal mushroom from the genus Ganoderma, ZERI in collaboration with the Food Science Department produced Ganoderma Dietary Supplements in the form of capsules during the year under review. The capsules can be used in boosting the immune system to ward off many ailments. These mushrooms are diverse in their mycochemical components, thus leading to its promotion as an effective food supplement for health maintenance. Ganoderma mushrooms are reported to cure liver problems, heart condition, asthma, cancer, high blood pressure and arthritis. Having been used for decades in other parts of the word, Ganoderma is recommended for use by people living with HIV/AIDS.

Processing of Ganoderma capsules