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Year of Data Appendix: Institutions Considered in This Study, by State and Year of Data ALABAMA Alabama Female Athenaeum, 1836 Alabama Female Institute, 1836-1838 Tuscaloosa Female Academy, 1832 University of Alabama, 1833 CONNECTICUT Clark's Seminary for Young Ladies and Gentlemen, 1840 Hartford Female Seminary, 1827, 1832 New Haven Young Ladies' Institute, 1830, 1839 Torringford Academy, 1831 Washington College, 1835 Watson's School, 1834 Wethersfield Female Seminary, 1826-1827 GEORGIA Georgia Female College, 1838 Sparta Female Model School, 1838 ILLINOIS Monticello Female Seminary, 1840 118 ApPENDIX INDIANA South Hanover Female Seminary, 1838 KENTUCKY Knoxville Female Academy, 1831 Lexington Female Academy, 1821 M'Culiough's School for Young Ladies, 1839 Van Doren's Collegiate Institute for Young Ladies, 1832 MARYLAND St. Joseph's Academy for Young Ladies, 1832 MASSACHUSETTS Abbot Female Seminary, 1840 Amherst Academy, 1816, 1817, 1821-1828, 1832, 1839 Amherst Female Seminary, 1835 Bonfils' Institution for the Education of Young Ladies, 1828 Boston High School for Girls, 1826-1828, 1831 Bradford Academy, 1827, 1839-1840 Buckland Female School, 1826, 1829-1830 Byfield Seminary, 1821 Charlestown High School for Young Ladies, 1834 Day's Academy for Young Gentlemen and Seminary for Young Ladies, 1834 Female Classical Seminary, 1826-1827 Gothic Seminary, 1840 Greenfield High School for Young Ladies, 1830, 1836-1837, 1840 Ipswich Female Academy, 1829, 1831, 1833, 1835-1839 Mount Holyoke Female Seminary, 1835-1840 Mount Vernon Female School, 1831, 1836 Roxbury Female School, 1828, 1830 Sanderson Academy, 1817, 1822, 1828-1829 Thayer's School, 1826 Townsend Female Seminary, 1839 Uxbridge Female Seminary, 1833, 1837-1840 Wesleyan Academy, 1833 Westfield Academy, 1840-1841 Worcester High Schools (two) for Girls, 1833 ApPENDIX 119 MISSISSIPPI Elizabeth Female Academy, 1828 NEW HAMPSHIRE Adams Female Academy, 1824-1826, 1831 Atkinson Academy, 1815-1840 New-Hampton Female Seminary, 1834-1840 Young Ladies' Seminary in Keene, 1832-1833 NEW JERSEY Newark Institute for Young Ladies, 1826 Rutgers Female Institute, 1839 Spring-Villa Female Seminary, 1839 St. Mary's Hall, 1837 NEW YORK Albany Female Academy, 1834, 1835 Albany Female Seminary, 1827-1840 Alfred Academy, 1836-1840 Amenia Seminary, 1841 Ballston Spa Female Seminary, 1824 Brooklyn Collegiate Institute for Young Ladies, 1830 Buffalo High School, 1828 Crane's School, 1831 Geneva Female Seminary, 1839-1840 LeRoy Female Seminary, 1839-1840 Newburgh Female Seminary, 1837 New York High School for Boys, 1829 New York High School for Girls, 1826 Ontario Female Seminary, 1828, 1839 Mrs. Plumb's School, 1829 Rochester Female Seminary, 1834 Utica Female Academy, 1840 NORTH CAROLINA Anson Male and Female Academy, 1820 Miss Ballantine's Seminary, 1825 120 ApPENDIX Charlotte Academy, 1825, 1826 Clinton Female Seminary, 1837 Mrs. Edmonds' Boarding School, 1820? Franklin Academy for Boys, 1813 Greensboro Academy, 1821 Gregory's Boarding School, 1808 Hillsborough Academy, 1801, 1803, 1825, 1839 Hillsborough Female Seminary, 1825-1827, 1829-1830, 1838-1839 Hyco Academy for Boys, 1834 Jamestown Female Academy, 1819 Kelvin School for Young Ladies, 1828, 1831, 1835-1838 Lincolnton Female Academy, 1821-1830 Milton Female Academy, 1819 Morganton Female Academy, 1824 New Bern Academy, 1823 North Carolina Female Academy, 1823, 1826 Northampton Academy, 1835, 1837-1838 Oxford Female Seminary, 1822, 1827, 1839 Oxford Male Academy, 1839 Phillips' Female School, 1836, 1838 Pittsboro Female Academy, 1838-1839 Miss Prendergast's School, 1818 Raleigh Academy, 1811, 1835 Salem Female Boarding School, 1807, 1840 Scotland Neck Female Seminary, 1837 Simpson's School, 1839 Southern Female Classical Seminary, 1830-1834 Vine Hill Academy, 1812, 1837 Walker's Male and Female Academy, 1830 Warrenton Female Academy, 1807, 1809, 1817-1818 Williamsborough Academy, 1825 Williams borough Female Academy, 1826-1831, 1834, 1838 Woods' Female Academy, 1839 OHIO Granville Female Academy, 1836 Granville Female Seminary, 1836, 1838 Oberlin Collegiate Institute, 1834-1840 Steubenville Female Seminary, 1838-1840 Western Female Institute, 1833 ApPENDIX 121 PENNSYLVANIA Andrews and Jones Select Female Seminary, 1825 Brown's Young Ladies' Academy of Philadelphia, 1787, 1795 Germantown Academy, 1832 Mrs. Hugh's Boarding & Day School, 1821 Poor's Young Ladies' Academy ofphiladelphia, 1792?-1794 Rural Seminary, 1834 Susan M. Price's School for Girls, 1826 Western Collegiate Institute for Young Ladies, 1837 William Russel's School for Young Ladies, 1834 RHODE ISLAND Arcade Ladies' Institute, 1835 Providence High School, 1828 Smithville Academy, 1838 SOUTH CAROLINA Charleston College, 1824 South Carolina Female Institute, 1828 TENNESSEE Columbia Female Institute, 1838 VIRGINIA Female Academy at Sturgeonville, 1828 Mrs. Garnett's, 1825 Winchester Academical Institute for Young Ladies, 1835 Notes I INTRODUCTION NOTES TO PAGES 1-2 1. Catharine Beecher, Essay on Slavery and Abolitionism with Reflrence to the Duty 0/ American Females (Philadelphia: Henry Perkins, 1837),98-99. 2. Catharine Beecher, "Female Education," American Journal o/Education II (April and May 1827), 220, 484, 739; Thomas Woody, A History o/Women's Education in the United States, I (New York: The Science Press, 1929), 320. 3. For a notable example of an advocate of advanced education for women, see Judith Sargent Murray, who saw education as an inroad for establishing "the female right to ... equality with their brethren"; Judith Sargent Murray, The Gleaner [1798]. Nina Baym, ed. (Schenectady, NY: Union College Press, 1992), 707, 709. For examples of antagonists to female education due to fears of usurpation of male toles, see William Alexander, The History o/Women (Philadelphia: ]. H. Dobelbower, 1796),66, in which he writes, "we should perhaps grudge [women] the laurels of [l]iterary farne, as much as we do the breeches." See also, "Characteristic Differences of Male and Female of Human Species," New York Magazine (June 1790), 337; "On Female Authorship," Lady's Magazine (January 1793), 72; and "An Address to the Ladies," American Magazine (March 1788),244. Historian Lynn Gordon notes that in the antebellum era, most advocates of women's higher education did not support women's rights; however, people who worked for a btoad women's rights agenda included the issue of access to higher education in their cause. See Lynn D. Gordon, Gender and Higher Education in the Progressive Era (New Haven, CT and London: Yale University Press, 1990), 19. 4. For histories of this period, see Harry L. Watson, Liberty and Power: The Politics 0/ Jacksonian America (New York: Hill and Wang, 1990); Henry F. May, The Enlightenment in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1976); Carl F. Kaestle, Pillars 0/ the Republic: Common Schools and American Society, 1780-1860 (New York: Hill and Wang, 1983); Robert E. Shalhope, "Toward a Republican Synthesis: The Emergence of an Understanding of Republicanism in American Historiography," William and Mary Quarterly 3rd ser., 29 (January 1972),49-80; Louis B. Wright and Elaine W Fowler, Life in the New Nation, 1787-1860 (New York: Capricorn Books, 1974). 124 NOTES TO PAGES 3-6 5. The classic work on Beecher is Kathryn Kish Sklar, Catharine Beecher: A Study in American Domesticity (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1976). 6. For instance, see Anne Firor Scott, "The Ever-Widening Circle: The Diffusion of Feminist Values from the Troy Female Seminary, 1822-1872," History of Education Quarterly 19 (Spring 1979), 3-24; Sklar, Catharine Beecher. 7. Woody, A History of Women's Education, I, especially 216ff. 8. Mary Borer, Willingly to School: A History of Women's Education (Guildford: Lutterworth Press, 1976); Ruth Perry, "Mary Astell's Response to the Enlightenment," Women and History 9 (Spring 1984): 13-40; Robert B. Shoemaker, Gender in English Society, 1650-1850: The Emergence of Separate Spheres? (London and New York: Longman, 1998). 9. Sarah Fatherly, "Gentlewomen and Learned Ladies: Gender and the Creation of an Urban Elite in Colonial Philadelphia," Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2000, ch. 3. 10. Pennsylvania Gazette, January 29, 1751; August 2, 1744; May 2, 1751; September 14,1752; March 26,1754; and December 27,1759. 11. Lawrence A. Cremin, American Education: The National Experience, 1783-1876 (New York: Harper & Row, 1980), 103. 12. Lorraine Smith Pangle and Thomas L. Pangle, The Learning of Liberty (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1993), 1,5. 13. Linda Eisenmann, "Reconsidering a Classic: Assessing the History of Women's Higher Education a Dozen Years after Barbara Solomon," Harvard Educational Review 67 (Winter 1997), 697. 14. Robert L. Church, Education in the United States: An Interpretive History (New York: The Free Press, 1976), 23. 15. Helen Lefkowitz Horowitz noted the more frequent use of the term "seminary" rather than "academy" in the antebellum era, and suggested that the new word "connoted a certain seriousness." According to Horowitz, school founders chose the word "seminary" to reflect their intention to train women to be teach­ ers just as male seminaries trained men to be ministers. Helen Lefkowitz Horowitz, Alma Mater: Design and Experience in Women's Colleges from their Nineteenth-Century Beginnings to the 1930s (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1984), 11. 16. "Female High-School of Boston," American Journal of Education I (January 1826), 61; "Boston High School for Girls," American Journal of Education I (July 1826),
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