S. 223. An act to authorize the exchange of H. R. 1397. An act to authorize the ex SENATE lands between the War Department and the change of certain patented lands in the Department of the Interior; Death Valley National Monument for Gov TuEsDAY, APRIL 6, 194? S. 224. An act to authorize the exchange ernment lands in the monument; of lands in the city of Philadelphia, Pa., be H. R. 1680. An act to amend the National The Chapl&.in, Rev. Frederick Brown tween the War Department and the city ity Act of 1940 to permit the Commissioner Harris, D. D., offered the following of Philadelphia, trustee under the will of to furnish copies of anv part of the records prayer: Stephen Girard, deceased; or information therefrom to agencies or S. 319. An act to authorize the acceptance officials of a State without charge; 0 Thou God of life and light, our glad of a permanent loan to the United States by H. R. 1857. An act to provide for the ap hearts thrill at the risen glory of the the Board of Trustees of the National Gallery pointment of female physicians and sur awakening earth robed in the bloom of Art, and for other purposes; geons in the Medical Corps of the Army and ing garb of spring. We are grateful for S. 427. An act to provide additional pay Navy; the mystic wonder of this yearly mir for personnel of the· Army of the United H. R 1860. An act to provide for the pay States assigned to diving duty; ment of overtime compensation to Govern acle, as the world is turning green again S. 800. An act to authorize certain officers ment employees, and for other purposes; and Nature climbs to a soul in leaf and of the Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard H. R. 2087. An act to provide for the pun flower. to act as notaries public during the existence ishment of certain hostile acts against the May our ears be atu:D.ed to the voices of war or a national emergency and 6 months United States, and for other purposes; in blossoming boughs, speaking still as thereafter; H. R. 2281 . An act to provide for the issu they did to Thy servant of old who found S. 829. An act to amend sections 6 and 11 ance of a device in recognition of the services tongues in trees declaring "God will of the act approved July 24, 1941, entitled of merchant sailors; "An act authorizing the temporary appoint-' H. R. 2292. An act to amend an act entitled surely hasten His word, to keep it. He ment or advancement of certain personnel "An act to provide for the use of the Ameri will not faint nor be discouraged until of the Navy and Marine Corps, and for other can National Red Cross in aid of the land and He hath set justice in the earth." May purposes," as amended, to provide for the naval force:s in time of actual or threatened I the tinted branches be to us a parable grade of commodore, and for other purposes; war"; of Thy faithfulness and Thy constancy, s. 853. An act to amend the act of March 3, H. J. Res. 15. Joint resolution authorizing reminding us that even the tomb of win 1909, as amended by the act of January 23, the appropriation of such sums as may be ter is but Thy laboratory where spring 1942, providing for the sale of naval stores, necessary to pay the proportionate share of in order to authorize the Secretary of the Navy the United States in the annual expenses of flowers are being fashioned. So in to permit the sale of naval stores in the con the Inter-American Financial and Economic gloomy days may the gospel of the tinental United States during the war and Advisory Committee; and springtime reassure us that, in our bare 6 months thereafter to civilian officers and H. J. Res. 16. Joint resolution providing for and barren winters of despair, where we employees of the United States, and to other participation by ~ the United States in the see but withered leaves, God sees sweet persons at stations where purchase from Emergency Advisory Committee for Political blossoms growing. Thus, from the lowly private agencies is found to be impracticable; Defense, and authorizing an appropriation earth where our weary feet stumble and and therefor. falter, may the exultant notes of our S. 903. An act to amend section 602 (d) (1) of the National Service Life Insurance Act of ENROLLED BILLS SIGNED faith and hope rise like the lark on morn 1940, as amended. ing wing, singing its song at heaven's The message further announced that gate. Amen. The message also announced that the the Speaker had affixed his signature to House had passed the following bills and the following enrolled bills, and they THE JOURNAL joint resolutions, in which it requested were sfgned by the Acting President pro On request of Mr. BARKLEY, and by the concurrence of the Senate: tempore: · unanimous consent, the reading of the H. R. 328. An act to authorize the Secre S. 886. An act relating to the selective Journal of the proceedings of the calen tary of the Interior, because of military op service deferment, on occupational grounds, dar day Friday, April 2, 1943, was dis erations, to defer or waive payments under of persons employed by the Federal Govern pensed with, and the Journal was ap nonmineral leases of public lands in Alaska; ment; proved. H. R. 837. An act to restore and add cer H. R. 218. An act for the relief of H. F. tain public lands to the Uintah and Ouray Mathis; MESSAGES FROM THE PRESIDENT Reservation in Utah, and for other purposes; H. R. 227. An act for the relief of the Tours Messages in writing from the Presi H. R. 905. An act to release all the right, Apartment Hotel; dent of the United States submitting and title, and interest of the United States in H. R. 402. An act for the relief of Frank T. certain land constituting a portion of the Been; withdrawing nominations were commu tract of land conditionally granted to the H. R. 598. An act for the relief of Thelma nicated to the Senate by Mr. Miller, one county of Los Angeles, State of California, Cannon McGroary; of his secretaries. under the act of March 24, 1933, as amended; H. R. 605. An act for the relief of Shumate MESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE H. R. 1037. An act preserving the nation Investment Co.; ality of a person born in Puerto Rico who H. R 1128. An act for the relief of Bernice A message from the House of Repre resides for 5 years in a foreign state; James; sentatives, by Mr. Swanson, one of its H. R.1201. An act to permit prosecutions H. R. 1131. An act for the relief of the estate clerks, announced that the House had after the lapse of a temporary statute for of Ola Fowler; passed without amendment the follow · offenses committed prior to its expiration; H. R. 1276. An act for the relief of Raymond H. R. 1202. An act to amend section 36 of W. Baldwin, Mattie Baldwin, and Clement B. ing bills of the Senate: the Criminal Code; Baldwin; S. 222. An act to authorize the Secretary of _ H. R. 1284. An act relating to the natural H. R. 1279. An act for the relief of Lee war to convey to the people of Puerto Rico izat ion of persons not citizens who serve Watts; certain real estate now under the jurisdiction honorably in the military or naval forces of H. R. 1459. An act for the relief of Alber- of the United States; the United States during the present war; tine Nast; L-~..,.....XIX--106 2941 2942 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE APRIL 6 H. R.1639. An act for the relief of Frank DISPOSITION OF EXECUTIVE PAPERS "Whereas we feel that there is a definite and Paulina Rublein and Mrs. Ethel Bowers; A letter from the Archivist of the United need for a precautionary . measure to assure H. R.1691. An act to authorize the Secre States, transmitting, pursuant to law, a list our parents and children that every step tary of the Navy to pay the costs of trans of papers and documents on the files of the has been taken to keep the family together portation of certain civilian employees, and Departments of War, Navy, and Agriculture in case of disaster, bombin g, or evacuation, for other purposes; (5); and The National Archives (2) which are by means of registration, identification, an d H. R. 1724. An act to provide for the reim not needed in the conduct of business and fingerprinting: Now, therefore, be it bursement of certain civilian personnel for have no permanent value or h istorical in " R esolved, That the House of Representa personal property lost incident to the emer terest, and requesting action looking to their tives of the State of Washington does hereby gency evacuation of the United States Ant disposition (with accompanying papers); to respectfully petition the President of the arctic Service Expedition's East Base, Antarc a Joint Select Committ ee on the Disposi United States and the Congress of the T nited tica, on March 21, 1941, and for other pur tion of Papers in the Exectniive Depart ments. States and particularly the Senators and Rep poses; and resentatives in Congress from this State. to H. R 2070. An act to effectuate the intent The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem do everything possible to secure a priority of the Congress as expressed. in sect ion 1, pore appointed Mr. BARKLEY and Mr. rating for t h is scrap aluminum material, paragraph (k) of Public Law 846, Seventy BREWSTER members of the committee on that will make suitable identification tags seventh Congress, approved December 24, the part of the Senate. for the children of the State of Washington, 1942, by adding to the list of institutions at a reasonable price; and be it further named in said paragraph the name of the PETITIONS AND MEMORIALS "Resolved, That copies of this resolution American Tree AsGociation, an institution Petitions, etc., were laid before the be immediately transmitted to the Honorable similar to the institutions so named. Franklin D. Roosevelt, President of the / Senate, or presented, and referred as in United States, R.nd to the Secretary of the EXECUTIVE COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. dicated: Senate and Clerk of the House of Repre The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem By the ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem sentatives of the United States, and ·to each pore [Mr. LucAs] laid before the S3nate pore: Senator and Representative in Congress from the following communication and letters, A letter ih the nature of a petition from the State of Washington." which were referred as indicated: Richard Knaust, of New York City, N. Y., A concurrent resolution of the Legislature praying for the expansion of activities of of the State of Minnesota; to the Committee PROVISION RELATING TO DEFENSE HOUSING tiie civil affairs se(ftion of the Army so as on Post Offices and Post Roads: (S. Doc. No. 24) to include a political promotion department "Senate Concurrent Resolution 6 A communication from the ~ President of to aid in preventing the spread of Commu "Concurrent resolution memorializing Con the United States, transmitting draft of a nism; to the Committee on Foreign Rela proposed provision continuing the avail gress to enact into law S. 207, known as tions. the Nye bill, providing for waiver of second ability of the appropriation "Defense hous A letter from William H. \[.each, publisher ing," contained in the Third Supplemental class postal fees upon resumption of pub of the magazine Church Management, of lication by newspapers that were compelled National Defense Appropriation Act,. 1942, Cleveland, Ohio, calling special atte·ntion to until June 30, 1944 (with an accompanying to suspend publication because of war con an article entitled "Religion Must ContribT ditions paper); to the Committee on Appropriations ute to World Peace"-ah. open letter to the and ~rdered to be printed. President and Congress, suggesting and pray "Whereas numerous newspapers through out the Nation and particularly those in PERSONNEL OF THE LAND FORCES ing that an eminent Christian scholar be intimately connected with the peace parleys towns in smaller communities have been and A confidential report from the Secretary after the close of the present wars (with an in the future will be compelled to suspend of War, submitted pursuant to law, reiating accompanying paper); to the Committee on publication because of the economic condi to the number of land forces personnel under Foreign Relations. tions and the loss of manpower brought about the Selective Training and Service Act of A resolution adopted by the Municipal by the war emergency; and 1940 in training and service on February 28, Council of St. Thpmas and St. John, V. I., "Whereas the country newspaper is a valu 1943; to the Committee on M111tary Affairs. favoring provision for constructive post-war able economic and social asset in the com AUTHORIZATION FOR EMPLOYEES OF GENERAL plans for the Virgin Islands; to the Com munity life of the Nation and should there LAND OFFICE TO ADMINISTER OATHS, ETC. mittee on Territories and Insular Affairs. fore be encouraged; and A letter from the Secretary of the Interior, • A telegram in the nature of a petition from "Whereas newspapers of Minnesota, as tran smitting a draft of proposed legislation Philadelphia Fur Workers Union, Local No. those in the Nation, have made great contri to authorize certain employees of the General 53, of Philadelphia, Pa., praying that the butions to the war effort through the medium Land Office to administer or take oaths, President's veto of Senate bill 660, the so of news articles and advertisements bearing affirmations, afij.davits. or depositions, in the called Bankhead farm parity price bill, be upon t he successful prosecution of the war, performance of their official duties (with an sust ained; ordered to lie on the table. said contributions in the aggregate being accompanying paper); to the Committee on A resolution of the House of Representa many millions of._ dollars: Now, therefore, be it Public Lands and Surveys. tives of the State of Washington; to the "Resolved by the Senate oj the State of Committee on Military Affairs: Minnesota (the house of represent.atives con REPORT OF RECONSTRUCTION FINANCE "Whereas the Board of Managers of the curring), That we memoralize, petition, and CORPORATION National Congress of Parents and Teachers urge Congress to take such steps as are n eces A letter signed by the chairman and secre in executive session at Atlanta, Ga., on Sep sary to enact into law S. 207, known as the tary of the Reconstruction Finance Corpora tember 24-27, 1942, representing a member Nye bill, which provides for the waiver of tion, submitting, pursuant to law, a confi ship of 2,68f,OOO in 48 States, the District of second-class postal fees upon resumption of dential financial report covering operations Columbia, an d Hawaii, again urges that im publication by newspapers which were com of the Corporation for the period from its mediate steps be taken to guarantee budget pelled to suspend publication during the war organization on February 2, 1932, to Decem an d aut hority to the proper agency for uni and because of war conditions; and be it ber 31, 1942, inclusive (with accompanying form registration and identification of all further papers); to the Committee on Banking and chiMren; and "Resolved, That copies of this resolution be Currency. "Whereas no national step has been taken; mailed to the President of the United States\ and to the President of the Senate, to the Speaker REPORT OF TENN ESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY ON of the House of Representatives, and to each TRANSFER OF TRAILERS TO MURPHY, N. C. - "Whereas the State of Washington is in a critical location, the parents and educators Member of Congress from the State of Minne A letter from the General Manager of the sot a." Tennessee Valley Authority, submitting, feel apprehensive of imminent danger to their children; and HAROLD E . STASSEN, purs\4ant to law, a financial report of the Governor of the State of Minnesota. "Whereas many communities large and Authority in connection with the transfer A concurrent resolution of the LegislaWre to the Tennessee Valley Authority from the small have requested action to provide this protective measure in a uniform system; and of the State of North Dakota; to the Com Farm Securit y Administration of 100 mittee on Agriculture and Fonstry: trailers and a utility · building (provided by "Whereas every effort has been made to the Farm Security Administration) from a secure a priority rating on a suitable non "House Concurrent Resolution T temporary defense shelter project near Nash combustible, noncorrosive metal wit hout "Whereas during the drought years 1n the vllle, Tenn., for use at Murphy, N. C., desig avail; and State· of North Dakota, when Federal au nated by the President as a defense locality, "Whereas certain war industries have of '·horities were of the opinion that certain where by- reason of national defense activi fered quantities of scrap material suitable lands of this State were submarginal lands, ties a housing shortage existed, and also the and highly desirable for this vitally necessary and unfit for farming purposes; the United establishment of auxiliary facilities to house protective measure; and States Government created various game re employees engaged at the Hiwassee projects "Whereas the return of this scrap material S3rves ana .refuges in -this State, including (with an accompanying paper); to the 'to source' does not yield itself to more con in such reserves, some of the land classified Committee on Appropriations. structive material for war production; and as submarginal, and also some of the best / 1943 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 2943 farming land in the State of North Dakota; "2. The secretary of the senate is-directed necessary to effect the retirement of the Fed and to forward properly authenticated copies ot eral Government from the field of a tax on "Whereas the creation of such game re this concurrent resolution to the President of gasoline. serves took many thousands of acres of lands the United States, the Vice President of the "2. The secretary of the senate is airected from the tax rolls of the State, thereby finan United States, the Speaker of the House of to transmit copies of this concurrent resolu cially crippling the governmental subdivi Representatives, the Senators and Repre tion to the President of the United States, sions ln which such lands are located; and sentatives of the State of New Jersey in Con to the Secretary of the Senate of the United "Whereas the creation of such game re gress, and the Chairman of the War Damage States, to the Clerk of the House of Repre serves has brought about a great increase in Corporation." sentatives of the United States, and to each the number of migratory waterfowl as well A concurrent resolution of the Legislature Member of the Senate and House of Repre as predatory animals, such birds causing of the State of New ·Jersey; to the Commit sentatives from the State of New Jersey." great and an untold amount of damage by tee on Commerce: A concurrent resolution of the Legislature the destruction of grain crops of earmers for of the State of New York; to the Committee miles around such game refuges, such dam "Senate concurrent resolution on Immigration: age running into thousands of dollars an "Concurrent resolution memorializing Con "Whereas the demonstration of loyalty to nually; and the damage caused by such pred gress against the construction of a pro the Government of the United States by the atory animals to poultry and livestock being posed Bordentown-Sayreville ship canal residents· of the United States of Italian enormous; and "Whereas the House Committee on Rivers origin has been noteworthy; and "Whereas the Government is in the process and Harbors has passed a resolution authoriz "Whereas this exemplar_y conduct on those of taking additional land for purposes of ing the construction of a ship canal between numbers of our population of Italian origin extending the number and the size of game Bordentown and Sayreville in the State of on the part of those who had not become refuges in the State: Now, therefore, be it New Jersey; and citizens, as well as those who had perfected "Resolved by the House of Remesentatives "Whereas the cost of the construction of United States citizenship-has been deemed of the State -of North Dakota (the senate such ship canal is estimated a.t $185,000,000; worthy of praise by the Attorney General of concurring therein),· That ~he Congress of and the United States; and the United States is hereby respectfully urged "Whereas the minimum estimate of time "Whereas it has been brought to the atten to abandon any action for the further acqui required for the construction of such canal tion of the legislature that, notwithstanding sition of land and the extension of game is 3 years; and the recent. expressions of the Attorney Gen refuges in the State of North Dakota; that "Whereas such construction will require a eral of the United States, considerable ob the Congress enact appropriate legislation to diversion of much strategic war materials; stacles and delay appear to prevent these provide for the making of certain payments and worthy residents of our country from finally in lieu of taxes to the taxing subdivisions of "Whereas the proposal includes a require perfecting their United States citizenship the State 1:1 which such refuges are located, ment that the State of New Jersey provide during the existence of a state of war between or in the event that tl:.is cannot be done, to rights-of-way and bridges which wm entail the United States and Italy: Now, therefore, provide for the return of such lands to pri expenditures of several million dollars by this be it vate ownership; that Congress pass appro State; and "Resolved (if the senate concur), That the priate legislation to provide for the filing "Whereas the operation of such canal · Congress of the United States be, and hereby and the payment of claims by landrwners in would entail a tremendous draught on the is, respectfully memorial_ized to take appro the locality of such game refuges,_ whose water supply sources of the State of New priate action to eliminate any delay in the crops have been destroyed by the large num Jersey which wm seriously endanger the final attainment of citizenship on the part ber of migratory waterfowl and predatory health and safety of the people of the State of applicants of Italian origin who have dem animals found on st:ch reserves; .be it further of New Jersey: Therefore be it onstrated tnemselves to be loyal and worthy, "Resolved. That copies of this resolution be "Resolved by the Senate of the St{Lte of notWithstanding the existence of a state of sent to the President of the United States, to New Jersey (the hoii.se of assembly concur war between the United States and Italy; and the Secretary of the Senai;e of the United ring): b'e it further States, to the Chief Clerk of the House of "1. The Legislature of the State of New Jer "Resolved (if the senate concur), That a Representatives of the United States, and to sey respectfully petitions and urges the Con copy of this resolution be transmitted to the the Secretary of the Interior." gress of the United States to refuse to ap President of the United States, the Secretary A concurrent resolution of the Legislature prove any proposal for the construction of a of State of tbe United States, the Attorney of the State of New Jersey; to the Committee ship canal between Bordentown and Sayre General of the United States, the Secretary on Banking and Currency: ville in -the State of New Jersey. of Labor of the United States, and to each "2. The secretary of the senate is directed Member of the United State!:' Senate and "Senate concurrent resolution to forward properly ~ authenticated copies of each Member of the House of Representatives "Concurrent resolution memorializing th~ this concurrent resolution to the President elected from the State of New York." Cungress of the United States to provide of the United States, the Vice President of By Mr. CAPPER: · for extension of the present period of cov the United States, the Speaker of the House A petition of sundry citizens of Jennings, erage of war damage insurance now in of Representatives, the Senators and Rep Kans .. praying for the enactment of Senate force and a lowering of the rates on war resentatives of the State of New Jersey in bill 860, relating to the sale of alcoholic damage policies hereafter issued Congress and the chairman of tjle House liquors to the members of the1and and naval Committee on Rivers and Harbors." "Whereas the premiums charged for war forces of the United States; to the Committee damage insurance already issued have proven A concurrent resolution of the Legislature on Military Affairs. to be far in excess of the rate that should of the State of New Jersey; to the Committee By Mr. GUFFEY (for himself al_ld Mr. have been charged in the light of actual ex on Finance·: DAVIS): perience; and "Concurrent resolution memorializing the A resolution of the House of Representa "Whereas such policyholders in the conti Congress to take action necessary to effect tives of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania; nental United States have been charged the retirement of the Federal Government to .the Committee on Military Affairs: premiums which have been proven to be far from the field of a tax on gasoline "House Hesolution 35 higher than needed for the coverage during "Whereas the Federal Government in the "The scarcity of farm labor is threatening the period of the policy; and levying of a tax on gasoline has invaded a the production of foodstuffs necessary to the "Whereas it is only fair and equitable that field of taxation heretofor.e exc.lusively re successful P.rosecution of the wa,. lower premiums be charged on policies here served to the States; ap.d "The greater need of the armed forces for after issued and that an extension of the -"Whefeas there has never been any direct the youth of this Nation has deprived the period of coverage be given to those who have relationship between, such Federal taxes and farm of the labor required to seed and plant already paid such high premiums for present Federal aid to the States for highway pur- and cultivate and harvest the crops required coverage: Therefore be it poses; and ~ to feed the Nation and our allies. Resolved by the Senate of the State of New "Whereas it appears that normal Federal "There are now confined in special camps Jersey (the house of assembly concurring): aid for highways may not be continued be throughout the Nation a large number of "1. The Legislature of the State of New yond the end of the present fiscal year; and strong and capable men whose heip on the Jersey respectfully petitions and urges the "Whereas gasoline rationing bas drastically farm at this time would be of inestimable Congress of the United States to provide for and seriously reduced State revenue for high help in producing the food that will be so a lowering of the rates to be charged fer war way purposes; and much needed during the months that He damage insurance on policies to be issued in "Whereas the Federal Government has ahead. These men are the conscientious the future and to provide an extension of the sources of reveriue not available to the States: objectors whose scruples against war have period of coverage on policies already issued Therefore be it kept them out of military . service. so that the premiums on future policies and . Resolved 1Jy the Senate of the State of New "A number of farmers working 72 hours a the period of coverage on present policies Jersey (the House of Assembly concurring): week receive wages far below those paid in shall reasonably reflect the low loss experi "1. The Congress of the United States is eny other employment furthering the ends ence. memorialized and requested to take action of the war. 2944 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE APRIL 6 "To utilize the services of these conscien Resolved by the senate (the house of rep needs,-and action of the selective-service tious objectors on the farms of the Nation resentatives concurring), That the Michi board in the drafting of farm labor. would assist in the production of food . so gan Legislature, for the State of Michigan, in I invite the attention of the Senators sorely needed at this time: Therefore be it vokes its power, granted under Article V of "Resolved, That this House of Representa the Constitution of the United States, to to the recommendation of the Illinois tives of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania apply to the Congress of the United States to General Assembly in this resolution. hereby memorializes the Congress of the call a convention of the States for the pur I also present for appropriate refer United States to enact such legislation con pose of proposing an amendment to the ence Senate Joint Resolution No. 14, sistent with the Constitution of the United Constitution to limit the holding of the office adopted by the Sixty-third General As States as will be necessary to authorize the of President of the United States by any one sembly of the State of Illinois, and use of all utiiization of· all able-bodied con person to 2 terms of 4 years each; and be it request unanimous consent to have it in scientious objectors on the farms of the Na further tion for the purpose of increasing the pro Resolved, That this action of the legisla cluded following my introduction. This duction of crops essential to the needs of the ture on behalf of the State of Michigan is a resolution deals with the labor scarcity people of the Nation; and be it further continuing application for the call of a con areas established by the War Manpower " R esolved, That copies of this resolution vention for the purpose named herein, and Commission. It places the city of Chi shall be forwarded by the chief clerk of the the Congress of the United States is hereby cago in the labor scarcity area, thereby how:e to the President of the Senate an d respectfully requested to provide by reso prohibiting the allocation of additional the Chief Clerk of the House of Represen t a lution that this application be presented to war contracts to Chicago plants. tives of the Congress of the United Stat es each succeeding Congress until two-thirds and to the Representat ives and Senators of the States have made similar application; I invite the attention of the Members from Pennsylvan ia. in the Congress of the and be it further of the Senate to this resolution. · United States." R esolved, That copies of this resolution be There being no objection, the resolu (Th e ACTING PRESIDENT pro tempore transmitted to the Speaker of the House of tions were referred to the Committee on laid before the Senat e a resolut ion identical Representatives, t he President of the Senate, Military Affairs and; under the rule, or with the foregoing, which was referred to and all Members of the Michigan delegation dered to be printed in the RECORD, as the Committee on Military Affairs.) in the CongreSb of the United States. follows: LIMITATION OF THE PRESIDENTIAL Mr. VANDENBERG. Mr. President, in House Joint Resolution 21 TERM-RESOLUTION OF MICHIGAN order to complete this brief Jeffersonian Whereas it is a matter of the most ex LEGISLATURE ritual this morning, I here wish to read treme urgency that our agricultural pro Mr. VANDENBERG. Mr. President, in one sentence from Jefferson's famous duction tesources be maintained at a level letter to Mr . Weaver in June 1807: which will insure a food supply adequate to keeping . with the immortal spirit of the meet the extraordinary demands of our great Thomas J efferson, whose anni If some period be not fixed, either by the armed forces and our civilian population; versary the whole Nation is about to cel Constitution or by practice, to the services and ebrate devotedly, the Michigan State of the First Magistrate, his office, though Whereas the imminent food crisis witi1 Legislature has just adopted resolutions nominally elective, will, in fact, be for life; which this Nation is faced constitutes a and that will soon degenerate into an inherit grave threat to the succfssful prosecution of in the Jeffersonian spirit and dedicated ance. to one of the greatest of all the objec the nntioaal war effort; and tives which Jefferson deemed essential Mr. President, in these days it is very Whereas an important contribt4ting factor good to have the country remember to this emergencyhas been the short-sighted to the preservation of American democ selective-service policy which permitted the racy. It occurs to me that the Congress, Thomas Jefferson. indiscriminate drafting of essential farm as a part of its share in this Jeffer Mr. GUFFEY. Mr. President, will the labor; and sonian celebration, might well dramatize Senator yield for a question? Whereas unless this policy is altered imme its own fidelity to this basic Jeffersonian The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem diately to defer or exempt farm labor from tradition by making this great Jeffer pore. Does the Senator from Michigan military service, we are faced with a com sonian anniversary the occasion for init-· yield to the Senator from Pennsylvania? plete break down of our internal stability iating the Jeffersonian action which the Mr. VANDENBERG. I yield. and a consequent impairment of our war ·Mr. GUFFEY. In ·Nhat year was, the effort: Therefore be it Michigan Legislature seeks. I present Resolved by tlDe House of Representatives of and ask that the Michigan legislative quotation written? the Sixtu-third General Assembly of the petition in the Jeffersonian pattern be Mr. VANDENBERG. .It was written in • State of Illinois (the senate concurring here read by the clerk and appropriately 1807. in), That we respectfully · urge the Congress referred. Mr. GUFFEY. There are many quota of the United States to enact such measures The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem tions bearing on the same subject of as will immediately defer or exempt from pore. Without objection, the clerk will later date than that cited by the Senator military service all essential ·farm labor and from Michigan which he may find by ob services for the reasons enumerated ln the , read as requested. preamble hereto; and be it further The legislative clerk read as follows: taining access to the Jeffersonian Ency Resolved, That copies of this preamble and Senate Concurrent Resolution 24 clopedia. resolution be forwarded by the secretary of Conct,rrent resolution applying to the Con Mr. VANDENBERG.· I am very glad to state to the Speaker of the House of Repre gress of the United States under the provi have the Senator's advice. He has run sentatives and the President of the Senate, sions of Article V of the Constitut ion of out on Thomas Jefferson so often that to each Member of Congress from the State the United states to call a convention for I am not surprised that he does so again of Illinois, and to the War Manpower Com the purpose of propesing an amendment this morning. mission and the National Selective Service to the Constitution to limit the term of Headquarters at Washington. D. C. The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem (The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tempore office of the President of the United Stat es pore. The concurrent resolution of the by proh~iting any one person from serv also laid before the Senate a resolution !den ing for more than two' terms of 4 years Michigan Legislature will be referred to tical with the foregoing, which was referred each the Committee on the Judiciai;y. to _the Committee on Military Affairs.) (The ACTING PRESIDEN.l' pro t empore By Mr. BROOKS: Whereas the Constitut ion of the United A joint resolution of the Senate of the States now contains no limitation on the also laid before the Senate a concurrent reso lution identical with the foregoing, which was St ate of Illinois; to the Committee on Mili number of terms which may be served by one tary Affairs: person as President; and referred to the Committee on the Judiciary.) "Senate Joint Resolution 14 Whereas the sound traditional limitation RESOLUTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS LEGIS- of t wo t erms for any one person, first sug LATURE-FARM AND FARM LABOR "Whereas the War Manpower Commission gested and subscribed to by George Washing has classified the city of Chicago and all torr, has been adhered to by all President s NEEDS-ALLOCATION OF WAR CON Illinois cities as a labor scarcity area and from the creation of the United States until TRACTS TO CHICAGO PLANTS placed an immediate ban on the allocation the year 1940; and Mr. BROOKS. I present for appro of additional war contracts to Chicago manu Whereas the wisdom of the traditional lim priate reference House Joint Resolution facturers; and itation has been amply demonstrated to the "Whereas the significance of Chicago's people of the United States by the first No. 21, adopted by the Sixty-third Gen contribution to the national war effort and breach thereof; and eral Assembly of the State of Illinois, the indispensable and vital function it must Wh ereas the tradition should be translated and request unanimous consent that it continue to serve during the pendency of int:) a positive m andate of the people by be included in the RECORD. This resolu the war cannot be too much emphasized; action of the States: Now, therefore, be it tion deals with the food situation, farm and 1943 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 2945 "Whereas the tremendous productive fa By Mr. STEWART: the United States in the annual expenses of cilities of Chicago, which include the war S. 965. A bill for the relief of. Mrs. Ella W. the Inter-American Financial and Economic plants proper, the immediate availability of Hoback; to the Committee on Claims. Advisory Committee; and water and electrical supplies and power, its By Mr. REYNOLDS: H. J. Res.16. Joint resolution providing for nearness to vital war materials and natural S. 96G. A bill to provide for the payment in participation by the United States in the resources, and its preeminent position as advance of pay and travel allowances to per Emergency Advisory Committee for Political the hub of the greatest railroad, air, and sons in or serving with the military and Defense, and authorizing an appropriation wateJ: network of transportation facilities in naval service and to civilian officers and em therefor; to the Committee on Foreign the world make it imperative that no action ployees in or under the jurisdiction of the Relations. be taken which would impair even slightly War Department or the Navy Dep :1rtment the magnitude of its contributions; and under certain conditions. and for other pur BONDING FEDERAL OFFICIALS AND "Whereas in addition to the aoove factors, poses; to t he Committee on Military Affairs. EMPLOYEE&-AMENDMENT authoritative statistics disclose that there By Mr. DANAHER: 1s no acute labor shortage and a less degree S. 967. A bill to amend the Nationality Act Mr. McCARRAN submitted an amend · of labor absenteeism in the Chicago war zone of 1940; to the Committee on Immigration. ment in the nature of a substitute in than in any other part of the Nation; and S. 968. A bill for the relief of the Norfolk tended to be proposed by him to the bill "Whereas the factors which induced the Plumbing & Heating Co., and others; to the (S. 26) to provide for the bonding of Fed War Manpower Commission to make its rul Committee on Claims. eral officials and employees, which was ing should be reconsidered immediately in order to prevent needless and dangerous im HOUSE BILLS AND JOINT RESOLUTIONS referred to the Committee on Education pairment of the war ·effort: Therefore be it REFERRED OR PLACED ON 1rrlE CAL and Labor and ordered to be printed. "Resolved by the Senate of the Sixty-third ENDAR HEARINGS BEFORE COMMITTEE ON MINES General Assembly of the State of Illinois The following bills and joint resolu AND MINING (the House of Representatives concurring tions were severally read twice by their herein), That we respectfully urge Han. Paul Mr. GUFFEY submitted the followin3 V. McNutt, Chairman of the War Manpower titles and referred, or ordered to be resolution COLLECTION OF ANIMAL HEADS "empeachment." One student indicated that Among the more popular freedoms cited are One student wrote that Roosevelt was fa. one of the specific powers in the Constitu these: Freedom of choosing own recreation, r..1ous in American life because "he showed tion is the "power of voting on the appease freedom of labor, freedom from no jobs, free- that an invalid is not lost." Another said ment of the President." . dom for women's votes, freedom of politics, that he "walked on a big stick with a soft It was found that college students have freedom from governmental opinion, freedom voice." Again he was a forest ranger, head e~treme difficulty in expressing themselves to criticize the Government. freedom to buy of a troop of Negroes which helped free clearly or intelligently. Some of the specific and sell, freedom from bondage, freedom of Texas, established price ceilings, was a hero powers, listed in the answers, ·include: ''To way of life, freedom of protection. in the War of 1812, fought Pancho Villa, make laws providing they are upholding the Many "rights" were .also included. Among helped quiet the Indians, was a general in Constitution"; "its Members shall be elected, them were: Woman suffrage, right to revolu the last World War, was President during the not chosen"; "power to impeach. the Presi dent if majority vote"; "could either approve tion under oppression, right of ownership of World War, purchased Alaska, saved the property and to do anything you wish with it, country from depression, and was the first or not the people the President appointed, if not they couldn't be judges or diplomats"; right for no prohibition, right to enter any new dealer. business, right to referendum and recall, A student from a western university de "amendment power with certain majority for and against"; "has the power to hold office right to livelihood, right to get ah~ad, "wright clared that Roosevelt 's greatest contribution of assylum," right to "bare" arms, right to no to the United States was that "he collected and vote." A graduate of an eastern high school, with slaves, right to impeach the President. large quantities of animal heads." · A midwestern student said the Bill of Although the Bill of Rights and the Con a course in American history and social stitution of the United States are significant studies, listed as two of the important pow Rights provided the right "not to be pun milestones in this Nation's life, the students ers granted to Congress: ished by · whipping," while another replied "Congress has the right to pass bills which that it gave "white people in the South the indicated that they were only slightly ac the President does not wish. Congress has quainted with both of these great documents. right to lynch Negroes"; another said that the right to veto bills that the President "citizens had the freedom to organize for Less than h alf of the American students wishes to be passed." could name two of the many specific powers overy1row of government if that government granted to Congress by the Constitution, NEW "FREEDOMS" GUARANTEED did not act as a government of the people and for the people." while only 45 percent could name four spe Many new "freedoms" found their way into cific freedoms guaranteed in the Bill of the historic Bill of Rights. For example, about Few of the students displayed any notion Rights. 500 students listed "freedom from fear" and of the geographic or historic formation of the Among the powers granted to Congress, "freedom from want" as basic parts of the United States. For example, of the 7,000 stu according to tbe students, are these: power document. Several hundred listed "freedom dents representing the 36 colleges, only 445, to issue letters of "marque and appraisal," of thought" or "freedom to think as one or 6 percent, could name the Thirteen Original woman suffrage, amending the Constitution, wishes." Nearly 1,000 students thought they Colonies. Frequently the students mentioned power to make and take away laws, equality were guaranteed the right to vote, the right such States as Washington, Oregon, Minne of citizenship, keep the Supreme ·court to go to school or the right to work. Freedom sota, Texas, California, . Idaho, Wyoming, or checked, right to constrict freedom of Presi to have life, liberty, and the pursuit of happi Illinois as being among the Thirteen Original dent, let bright Negro vote, and power of ness proved common. Colonies. American history test qy 7,000 students in 36 colleges Number P ercent Question Correct answer right right ]. Name the Thirteen Original States------::: ______New .Hampshire, Ma~sachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New 44.5 Cl Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia. · 2. On what principal body oJ water arc the following cities lo Cll ted: (a) Cleveland __ --· ______------______(a) Lake Erie __------____ ------___ ---______---______-_-_------1, 465 21 (b) Mississippi______- - - ~ - ______. - ______------______(b) St. Louis. _------2,056 29 (c) Cincinnati ____ _------__ : ______(c) Ohio __ .. . ____ ------_____ ------______1, 561 22 (d) Portland, Oreg. ------(d) Columbia ___------__ ~ _____ ------______------______------1, 052 15 (e) Memphis __ _------___ _ (e) J'v[ ississippL ______----_------______----______----______1,141 16 (/) Milwaukee. ______------____ ------(f) Lake Michigan __------__------___ _ ], ~ll 19 2. N arne two of the specific powers granted to the Congress by the To borrow money; raise armies; regulate commerce; provide a Navy; establish 3,098 44 Constitution of the United States. naturalization laws; coin money; establish post offices; regulate land 11n d sea forces; provide a militia; etc. 4. Name four of the fifteen specific freedoms guaranteed to the indi Freedom of religion; freedom of speech; freed om of press; freedom of assembly; 2,122 45 vidual in the Bill of Rights. freedom of petition; right to bear arms; secure in persons, houses; unreasonable seizure; right to speedy and public trials; not deprived oflife, liberty or property without due process of law; trial by jury; no excessive bail; etc. .5. Identify at least two of the contributions of the followjng famous Americans to the political, economic or social development of the United States: (a) Abraham Lincoln __ ------(a) Emancipation Proclamation; President of the United States; humane recon 1, 556 22 struction plans; approved Homestead Act (1862); many other specific acts. (b) Thomas Jefferson ______: ______-----_ (b) Louisiana Purchase; President of the United States; author D eclaration of 1,126 16 Independence; founder of University of Virginia, etc. (c) Andrew Jackson ____ ------___ ------_ (c) Battle of New Orleans; destroyed Bank of United States; paid off national E42 12 debt; scotcl)ed nullification; etc. (d) Theodore Roosevelt._------(d) President of United States; opposed trusts; civil service reformer; conservation 1, 313 19 pioneer; enforced Shermari anti-trust laws; Panama Canal; etc. 6. Put in their proper sequence: (a) 1. Election of William Henry Harrison __------(a) 3. Monroe Doctrine 2. Jackson's war on the Bank of United States ______2. Jackson's war on bank 3. Proclamation of Monroe Doctrine ______4. Depression of 1837 4. Depression or panic of 1837·------1. Election of Harrison. __ ------.-.------1, 189 17 (b) 1. War with Spain ______(b) 2. Homestead Act 2. 'Passage of Homestead Act______4. Civil service reform 3. Inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt- ___ ------1. War with Spain 4. Civil Service reform ______~~l~igfl~~~l~~n ~~['heodore Rooseveit------713 10 (c) 1. Dred Scott Decision.------(c) .!: 2. Mexican War_------2. Mexican War 3. Compromise ol 1850 ~: ~~~ftf~ati~~ ~d~~~~~ ~~~~~~~:::::::: :~ ~= ~::: ~ :: : :~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ 1. Dred Scott Decision ___ ------419 6 (d) 1. The Boy Scout movement______(d) 3. Transcendentalism 2. First social settlement houses· ------4. First women's college 2. Social settlement houses 4.3. ThTranscende first womentaelismn's coll __ _e-- ges-- _-_------______---____------______---__ 1. Boy Scout movement. ___ ------'------: ------345 7. Name ~he hom~? State of the following men during their political prommcnce: . John C. Calhoun ______.• ·------.• ------___ .. South Carolina ____ ·--- __ ·------·-----·------·------.• _._ ___ _ 1. 421 20 Andrew Jackson ______.• ·--- .•.• ------___ _ T ennessee _ _ _.• .•.• ------·------.• ·------.• .• .• ·------·------1, 079 15 John Quincy Adams ______·------.•.•.• .• ·- .•.. M assachusPtts. ______•.• ·------·---·------___ ...• ·---____-- .• ·- 1, 11R 16 D aniel Webster _____ .• ·------·------.• ·-·--- 1, 441 21 ~fis~~~~~ ~~~~ ·.:::::~: :: ~ ::::::::::::::::: _: -.: :::::::: ~= ~=~=:: :::::::: ~= :::: ::~: ~= 74 1 fa~~ak~~fk~-~~:~~~ ~= ::~:~:-· ::: ·:::::: ::::::::::::::::::: ·: ' 214 3 Henry Clay ___ ·---__ .• ---- .• ------I~~~;~~;:::.:::::::::::::::~ :~:::::·:~=~= : :::::::::::::::::::::::::::.:::::::::_: 669 10 Mark Uanna ____ ·-----·----- ·- .• ------__ ·------Ohio __ . ___ __ .• ------.• ·-----·--- __ ·------·---·----- .•.• ·------225 3 William H. Seward ______------·------New York. _------.• _----- .• ____ ·- ______·--- __ .• ------·----- . _------__ 1, 007 14 Grover Cleveland ______------. ______------New York __ ------.• ·-----·- _ ------_ ·- ______·----- ·---. _____ ---- ... ------1, 21.0 17 8. What was the Nullification Act of South Carolina and how was the South Carolin'l passed a !aw nullifying a tariff act passed hy ConJl rcss ; President 453 6 controversy resulting settled? .Jackson threatened to hang it:; instigator (Calhoun) and in vade the State; ('Jay put Lhrough a compromise tariff and South Carolina backed down; repc11 led the law. , · 1943 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD~SENATE 2951 American history test by 7,000 students in 36 colleges-Continued Number Percent Question Correct answer right right t. After each of the following, write what he was principally famous as: Charles W. Eliot______------· ------__ 614 9 John D. Rockefeller __ ------·------4, 935 '11 Jay Cooke ______------__ .••.. ------_------Fin~g~~~~;~.~~Y:ancier, bankeer------f~~:!~~~-~::~======·----______-----======__ ------______------3-14 5 William James._------Psychologist______------______:. ______-----____ ------__ 642 9 Francis Parkman ______---._------.-- __ Histori an, novelist.-----____ ------______------______720 10 Carl Schurz __ ------ Statesman, reformer ______._------______• 294 4 James G. Blaine•.• ------Statesman, Secretary of State .• ------964 14 Walt Whitman ______----.---: .------.------Author, poet. ___ _- ---.---. ______.----_-__ ------'------4,083 59 Henry Thoreau ______------.. -----,.-_------Essayist, author------•••• __ ------•• ______------____ •• ______1, 159 16 John Burroughs ______------______-- ___ ... ------•• - 809 12 James J. HilL------___ -----.. ------.--_ .• _____ ------671 10 Nicholas Biddle _____ ------.----_---_. ______.----____ ---_-- 452 6 Alexander Hamilton ______.------•. -----.------i~t:1l~~~Financier, ·=Secretary ~~=t~~~-=-==== of Treasury, ======statesman ======. .. === ------=::::: :: ==: =:::: =~ =::: ======: ==::: 3, 360 48 Roger Taney _____ ------__ . __ ------._---_. ___ ------Cbief Justice of United States Supreme Court ..• ------ 551 8 De Witt Clinton._------Governor ot New Ycrk State, statesman .. ------1,18-3 17 Eli Whitney------____ ------4, 738 68 Jay Gould ______. . ------.------~~;!~~?:r ~~ ~-t:~~- ~: :::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1, 20'2 17 Henry Ward Beecher______------Preacher ___ __ ------______------_------597 9 Alexander H. Stephens------Statesman, Vire President of ConfederacY------ 111 2 Roger \Villiarrls ______------______. ------_------. _ Minister, founder of Rhode Island __ ------1, 450 20 10 Who was President of the United States during: 1 1. The War of 1812 •••• ------ames Madison _____ -----______------.------______------______----_- £.18 1a James K. Polk _------. 910 13 A braham Lincoln ___ ------______-_ 5, 295 75 ~ : M~i{c{V~~~ ::::::::::::::::~:::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::: William McKinley ______------_: ______------_____ ---- 4. Spanish-American War ______------~------.------1, 027 15 5. World War No. L ------Woodrow Wilson __ _------___ ------_. __ _--_------_------4, 9Z3 70 11 What were the two principal nationalities to mi~rrate from Europe 1. Germans: 2. Irish ___ ------~------£1\9 14 to the United States between 1845 and 1860? 12. N arne the Presidents of the United States who were assassinated .. 1. Gar Jeld __ ------______------______-----_____ -----______--- __ - . , 73 ~ 25 2. Lincoln ______------____ ------______------__ ------"4, £70 69 3. McKinley------__ ------·--_------__ .•.-: __ __------______----- __ .--... ------2,141 31 13. Identify: Henry L. Stimson ______------Secretary of War ______------4,475 64 Jesse Jones. ____ ------___ ••• __ • ___ •• ------.-----.• _•• --.--- Secretary of Commerce. ______------___ ------______•.. __ 3, 231 46 Sumner Welles._------.----_____ • ____ •. ____ •• _------Under Secretary of State ______------__------3, 263 46 Norman Thomas. ______------______~ ----_. __ ._----__ _ Leader of a minor political party in the United States ______--- 2;891 40 George C. MarshalL ______------Cbi.ef of Staff of the United States ArmY------ 3, 532 50 James F. Byrnes . . ------Director of Econom ir Stabilization.------~------2, 659 3!! Sam Ray burn______------___ ••••• ------______Speaker of the House. _------____ -~------·-- 2,8!!6 40 Carter Glass ______.______Senator from Virginia. ___ ----______._ .• ______• ______. ___ .. ---- 2,125 30 14. What bas been the traditional American policy toward China? ___ _ Open Door __ ••• ____ -----___ ••.: ______• __ • ______._-----__.---.---- - 1,0.0:0 15 15. When was the Homestead Act passed? ______. ------1862_ ------. 'li.7 4 Before the passage of the Hompstead Act what was the minimum $1.25 ___ ------]Qg. 2 price per acre of Federal public lands sold at auction? 16. !\'ame three prominent figures identified with railroad history in Vanderbilt. Harriman, Baker. Whitney, Huntington, Stanford, Gould, Wash 4i2 the Unikd State~. • burne, Pullman, etc. 17. Name any two prominent figures connected with the r;rowths of Rockefeller, du Pont, Mellon, Morgan; etc.------1, 42.5 20 trusts and monopolies in the United Statt>s. 18. With what inventions are the following names connected: Robert Fulton __ ___ •. ______-----______•• __ '- - ____ ----___ --. Steam boat______-----______: ______----•.•••• ----_.--_---.• ------4, ~39 60 Elias Howe______----· ______----••• _____ --- Sewing machine..•• __ • __ . ______• ______.• ____ .. ___ ••.•... _____ --.------3, 436 Cotton gin_------______; ______._. ______• ______49 - Eli Whitney------__ ------.------____ --_ 5,131 n S. F. B. Morse. ______------Telegraph------______• ___ ---·· •• __ •• ------•. ----.------4, Q6! 58 George W estinghou.~e ______• ______••• __ • ______Air brakes._ •• ___ •• ___ •• ----- __ • __ • ____ .•••• _--.---- __ •••• ------_------19 1 11 Alexander Graham BP.lL ------TE>Jcphone ______------____ ------______------•• ------.------4, 372 60 Charles Goodyear ______----- ___ .------Rubbrr vulcanizing_------____ ------'-----__ ------4, 0&9 58 19. Name two areas add~d to the United States by purchase, and from Alaska-Russia; Virgin Islands-Deumark: Louisiana Purchase--France; Gadsen 1, 472 20 what nations did we acquire them? Purchase-Mexico; etc. · :20. Name the following: A prominent figurl:', not now Jiviny, connected with the organi Samuel 0 ompers •. ______------_..•• __ -----.--.------£81 14 zation of labor in the Unitl:'d States. One such fi!Wl"e connected with the movement for women's Susan B. Anthony ______------__ ------__ • __ ------t28 13 rights. - ~1. Which was the first United States census in which railway mileage 1840_------~------128 could have been reported? 22. Beginning with Massachusetts, namp the 11 State~ in their geo· Rhode island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersry, Delaware, :Maryland, Vir ISS graphical order from north to sonth. ginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida. In naming the Thirteen Original States, percent of the college freshmen had any idea Many bizarre combinations were Teceived. one student wrote: "Washington, New York, Whj:!re Portland, Oreg., was located. Two Hundreds of students wrote that Oregon, Oregon, California, Idaho, Montana, Wyo hundred and fifty students thought that Texas, Utah, Tennessee. Illinois, and Ne ming, Nebraska, North Carolina, Texas, Min . Portland, Oreg., was on the Atlantic Ocean, braslca were along the eastetn coast. One nesota, Maryland, and Delaware." Another while scores of others placed it on the Ohio student who bad taken American history student in a well-known eastern college River, Tallahassee River, Lake Ontario, Mis in high school listed the States beginning listed the Thirteen Original States as being: sissippi River, Lake Superior, and Tennessee with Massachusetts, and going from north to "North Carolina, South Carolina, Maine, River. south, as follows: "Connecticut, Delaware, Delaware, WiscoQ.sin, Kentucky, Utah, Ne Twenty-five students replied that Portland Florida, Georgia, Oregon, New Jersey, Penn braska, Vermont, Ohio, Michigan, and East was on the Hudson, while several others sylvania, North Dakota, Rhode Island, S:mth Virginia:" listed it as being on Long Island Sound. Dakot::~., and Texas." More than a hundred students listed Texas, Memphis suffered similar transformations. Here is another typical reply: "Delaware, Florida, and Missouri as being among the It was placed on the Colorado River, Cum Rhode Island, California, West Virginia, Ken Thirteen Original Colonies. In fact, vir berland River, Red River, Arlmnsas River, tucky, Oregon, Maine, Long Island, Arizona, tually every one of the 48 States in the Union and Hudson River. Milwaukee was.found on Massachusetts, and Florida." Still another is included by the students in this category. Chesapeake Bay, Lake illinois, Missouri wrote: "Massachusetts, New York, Illinois, A typical reply runs something like this: River, Connecticut River, Lake Wisconsin, Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, New Hamp "Oregon, Nebraska, Tenne£see, North Dakota, Salt Lake, Delaware River, and the Pacillc shire, Florida, Texas, and Utah." South Dakota, Kentucky, Indiana, Louisi Ocean. In one question the students were asked ana, Vermont, Maine, Florida, Ohio, and Inasmuch as America's history unfolds in to name the Presidents who were assassi Missouri." a geographic setting, without some concept IDEAS ON GEOGRAPHY nated. 'This was considered an Index ques of this setting an understanding of local and tion. It was felt that the ability to identify Most of our students do not have the sectional trends would appear impossible. The students were asked to name the States three such landmarks in American history faintest notion of What this country looks as the assassination of Lincoln, Garfield, and like. St. Louis, located on America's most starting with Massachusetts in their geo famous river, tlie Mississippi, was placed on graphic order from north to south. Orily McKinley might indicate an ability to iden the Pacific Ocean, Lake Huron, Lake Erie, the 3 percent of. the students-198 out of 7,000- tify other important landmarks. Atlantic Ocean, Ohio River, St. Lawrence could list .the States along the eastern sea Rather startling results were obtained. River, and almost every place else. Only 15 board with any degree of acc\.rracy. For some reason hundreds of students -y 2952 . CONGRESSIONAL REPORD-SENATE APRIL 6 thought that Harrison, Harding, and Cleve verse, English poet, and columnist. Hun slaves were born in South Carolina"; "nullify land were the three that w~re assassinated. dreds of students listed Whitman as being an the signing of the Declaration of Independ A sizable number thought that "every fourth orchestra leader. ence"; "Negroes were not allowed to vote, President" was assassinated. Virtually every John Burroughs: Cartoonist, manufac settled by arbitration, North seceded"; "South President of the United States from George turer of typewriters, commentator, writer of Carolina reftised to ratify the Constitution." Washington to Franklin D. Roosevelt were Tarzan stories, plow inventor, politician. Immigration has played an important part listed as having lost their lives in this man Although 12 percent could identify Bur in the development of this country. The ner. roughs as an essayist and author, 40 percent students disclosed a woeful ignorance on this Once again, it is the misinformation that identified him as a maker of typewriters or subject. Fourteen percent of the students deserves attention. Among the assassinated adding machines. knew that the Germans ~nd Irish . were the Presidents were McClellan, Calhoun, Wil Nicholas Biddle: President, Speaker of the principal nationalities to migrate f·rom Europe liam Jennings Bryan, Daniel Webster,.Henry House, Attorney General, newspaperman, to the United States between i845 and 1860. Clay, Alexander Hamilton, Garner, Aaron Ambassador, reformer, Cabinet Officer under Nearly 500 listed the Chinese and Japanese Burr, Douglas, William Lloyd Garrison, Washington, theologian, Senator, postmas as being the two principal races to migrate James G. Blaine, and Jefferson Davis. One ter, Marine officer, recent naval officer, Prus here from Europe during these years. Other student from a southern college evidentl-y sian prince. Evidently confusing him with hundreds listed such nationalities as Greeks, was still fighting the Civil War, for in re Francis Biddle, many students listed Nicholas Armenians, Russians, Spanish, Slavs, Polish, sponse to th e query as to the names of the Bidd~e as the Attorney General of today. Swedes, Mongolian§, Norwegians, Italians, Presidents who had been assassinated, he re Roger Taney: Gangster, Taney murder Dutch, Balkans, French, Ethiopians, Turks, plied: "Lincoln, and it was a good thing, ring, Boy Scout leader, racketeer, reformer, Huguenots, and C.zechs. too." French envoy, pioneer, wtiter, cartoonist, On questions of straight factual knowledge FAMOUS MEN MISCALLED Governor of New York, Vice President, swin the college freshmen were extremely mis An equ:11ly poor showing was made by the dler, r.ecretary under Washington. informed. Only 4 percent knew that the students when asked to identify famous Jay Gould: Leader of rebellion, newspaper Homestead Act was passed in 1862, and 2 percent knew that before the passage of Americans, both living and dead. Only 30 man, department store, political pamphleteer, composer, peacemaker, member of Washing this act the minimum price for an acre of percent could identify Carter Glass; 38 per Federal public lands sold at auction was cent knew who James F. Byrnes is; 46 percent ton Cabinet, author, inventor of Gould pump, $1.25. Hundreds of students thought that could identify Jesse Jones; 40 percent had song writer, cartoonist, man of mustard fame, signer of Declaration of Independence, the Homestead Act was passed in 1920, 1930, heard of Norman Thomas; 40 percent knew or even 1940, while· on the other extreme Sam Rayburn; 46 percent could identify Broadway entertainer. · ./ Henry Ward Beecher: Senator, poet, Presi- the years 1610, 1630, or 1690 were mentioned. Sumner Welles; ~9 percent had never heard, One student thought it was passed "a long evidently, of John D. Rockefeller. Nearly . dential candidate in 189G, scientist, jour nalist, humorist, financier, sewing machine, time ago." 1,000 freshmen, or 14 percent, listed Rocke The value of land in this country ranged feller as being either a steel magnate or. an agitator, priest, civil-service reform. Two thousand of our high-scl:ool graduates de all the way from nothing to $1,000 an acre. oil magnate. . Other answers were 2 cents a square foot, .Even the most , up3rficial knowledg:3 of clared that Henry Ward Beecher wrote Ua cle Tom's CabiJ;l. 6 cents a.n acre, $475 an acre, $900 an acre. American history implies an understanding One student who had studied American his of outstanding individuals. ThoEe selected ROGER WILLIAMS, MOVIE STAR tory in high school wrote that the Homestead in this survey contributed in some measure Roger Williams: Movie star, Revolutionary Act was passed in 1660, and before the pas to the growth and historic development of hero, William~ and Clark expedition, Virginia sage of that act land sold at $900 an acre. the United States. Yet, again, it is the settler, inventor of silverware, helped settle HAZY ABOUT RAILROADS amount of misinformation recorded that is Maryland, traitor, manufacturer of silver little le~s than startling. · spoons, Governor of Massachusetts, military Although railroads have played an impor For example, 35 percent of the students leader, founded Dzlaware, printer, founded · tant role in American life, the college fresh listed Alexander Hamilton as being princi Pennsylvania, founder of Williams College, men were almost ignorant of developments pally famous as President of the United Quaker, Methodist Church founder, Protestant in this area. Only 7 percent cou d name States. Hamilton was cited also as being church founder, witty news commentator, three prominent figures identified with rail Secretary of State, British officer, preacher, settled New Hampshire, expedition to Ore road history in the United States, and 2 per founder of Poor Richard's Almanac, traitor, gon, in Washington's Cabinet, founder of cent knew when the first United States cen admiral, and inventor rf the telephone. A Baptist Church. sus in which railway mileage could have goodly number of students listed Hamilton been reported was taken. as being historically important because of Few students could name the home State Prominent railway figures included such his watches. of a list of 10 prominent men who helped men as Andrew Jackson, DeWitt Clinton, Typical misinformation concerning other make American history. It was felt that Samuel Fulton, Jesse Jones, Herbert Hoover, figures who in the varying degree influenced students of United States history should have Calvin Coolidge, and Thomas Jefferson. Fif +.he cultural, political, or social life of this some idea of the section of the country that teen hundred students listed Casey Jones country include: . such men as Calhoun, Clay, Jackson, Adams, as a famous railway man, while a large num Charles W. Eliot: Actor, professor of Yale, or Webster came from. Yet the responses ber cited Wells Fargo, Buffalo Bill, or Jim lawyer, politician, inventor, author of Silas by the students indicate that they had not Brady. Many students said that the first Marner, news correspondent, judge, finan the faintest notion of the home States of railroad was founded in this country in 1941, cier,, head of Boy Scouts, and a misguided our former political leaders. 1940, 1910, or 1905. On the other extreme social worker. However, it is the astounding misinforma many thought that the railroads first came Jay Cooke: Sports, soldier, Secretary of tion· that deserves attention. Calhoun is here in 1590, 1610, or 1650. State, racketeer, seaman, traveling bureau, listed as being a native of Arizona, Kansas, An almost endless list of names, except labor agitator, Revolutionary War patriot, Maine, New York, Vermont, Illinois, and vari the right ones, were given by the students signer of D3clara tion of Independence, pam ous Northern or Western States. Daniel Web when asked to identify two prominent fig phleteer. Nearly 1,000 students called Cooke ster _an& John Quincy Adams, famous in ures connected with the growth of truats a North Pole explorer, while 500 or more Massachusetts history, are listed from Ken and monopolies in the United States. Among identified him with the Jay treaty with tucky, Missouri, Florida, Virginia, South Caro those listed were William Green, Jefferson, England. lina, or Georgia. Stimson, Monroe, Coolidge, _Morgenthau, William James: Bandit, brother of Jesse, .Six percent of the students knew what the Gompers, Rayburn, Hamilton, and . Lincoln cowboy, news commentator, founder of Nullification Act of South Carolina was, and Steffens. Jamestown, robber, author of wester£ sto how the resulting controversy was settled. One of the questions called upon the stu ries, gangster, hold-up man, outlaw, lone Most of the replies indicated that the stu dents to name a prominent figure not now cowboy. About half of the American college dents wu~ ignorant of this period of Amer- living connected with the organization -of students identified America's pioneer psy . ican history. The first great challenge to the labor in the United States, and a compa chologist as having been a bandit or the supremacy of the Union was made by the rable figure connected with women's rights. brother of Jesse. South Carolina Legislature in 1832. This inci Here again the students indicated that they Carl Schurz: Nazi, World War spy, bund dent, inclu jing the role played by Calhoun had no conception of the important leaders leader, maker of musical instruments, writer and Clay, is a vital segment in the over-all in either the labor or the suffrage fields. of modern poetry, judge, musician, play picture of American history. Although the question asked for the nam wright, Bolsh~vik, black shirt leader, and Typical answers provided by 94 percent of ing of a lal?Or leader not now living, 1,000 traitor. Possibly because of his name, one the students are:· students listed John L. Lewis, while about third of the students identified Schurz as "South Carolina refused to pay the whisky half that number listed William Green. being a Communist or a Nazi. tax"; "South Carolina refused to nullify act Others commonly named were Mark Hanna, of union and formed southern confederacy"; Daniel Webster, Harriet Stowe, Samuel Insull, WALT WHITMAN A M ISSIONARY "South Carolina declared the slaves law of Huey Long, Henry Clay, Franklin D. Roose Walt Whitman: Mis:;ionary in Far East, the Constitution null and void"; "the re velt, Karl Marx, Harry Bridges, and Abraham .Pioneer, colonizer, explorer, speculator, un fusal of South Carolina to have prohibition"; Lincoln. p ~triotic writer, humorist, musician, com "South Carolina wanted to nullify its claim An even more diffuse list was cited in con poser, famous cartoonist, father of blank as being a member of the Union"; "when nection with women's rights. Most com- 1943 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 2953 monly listed were Frances Perkins, Eleanor Washington, Central Washington College of fast conclusions from the survey, though Roosevelt, and Claire Booth Luce. Education, Eastern Washington College of t he results were obviously bad. Education, Western Reserve, William and "All must agree the. results are bad," he SAMUEL GOMPERS MISNAMED Mary, and Yeshiva College. saiu, "but why are they bad? And is this Many of the students have a hazy or sloppy lack of knowledge confined solely to history idEa of correct spelling. For example, Samuel or does it crop up in all other required sub [From the New York Times of April 5, 1943] Gompers, the labor leader, was listed as S. jects in the secondary schools?" Goeppers, Samuel Goebbels, Sam Grumpers, SENATORS DEPLORE STUDENT IGNORANCE OF Dr. Albert ~onaschi, vice president of the Sol Gomphers, and Samuel Goobles. Fre NATION'S HISTORY-GUFFEY CONSIDERS CALL city board of education, declared it was "dis quently the student would cite William Lewis ING FOR INQUIRY ON MEANS TO PROMOTE couraging and disheartening to see that so or John L. Green as important labor leaders BETTER TEACHING--"0UTRAGEOUS," SAYS few young persons who soon will be in the not now living. BUTLER-OTHER EDUCATORS ARE EQUALLY Army, are going to fight for their country On another factual question, that of nam VEHEMENT OVER CONDITIONS REVEALED BY without knowing the very basic facts about,.. ing two areas adde:l to the United St ates by SURVEY purchase, the students once again revealed our American democracy." He asserted the Results of the Nation-wide survey reveal situation must be remedied for the test itself their ignorance of United · States history. ing deplorable ignorance on the part of col Although they had a number of possible re was, if anything, "too elementary." lege freshmen of basic fundamentals of A simllar reaction was registered by Prof. plies to choose from, 80 percent of the stu United States history provoked widespread dents either did not know or gave entirely Wilbur Hallenbeck of Teachers College, Co comment yesterday, not only in educational lumbia, who held the survey provided "a clue false replies to this question. quarters, but in official circles at Washington. Some of the purchases made by this coun to the need of getting a b-etter understand try, according to the students, include: At the National Capital, it seemed certain ing in the minds of the rising generatic.n o! Alaska from the Dutch, Japanese, Mexicans, that the survey, conducted by the New York the background of democra(:y." He felt, too, Great Britain, Denmark, Spain, or China; Times, would be a subject of discussion in that the test had been too limited in scope, Louisiana from Sweden; Philippines from the S:mate tomorrow. Senator JosEPH F. but agreed results might not have been a· GUFFEY, Pennsylvania Democrat, announced Great Britain, Holland, France, and Ru Es ~ a; whit different had it been expanded. Kentucky from France; Virgin Islands from he was considering introduction of a resolu One of the members of the board of higher Spain; Nova Scotia from Holland; Hawaii tion calling for an inquiry into means by education in New York City felt the quest ion from Norway: Iceland from Germany. v.thich the Federal Government can promote naire dealt too much in names and dates Students were asked to indicate the tradi better instruction of history in the schools. and too little in the great eras and funda tional American policy toward China. Only Other Senators expressed amazement at the mental movements in American history. He 15 percent knew that we have maintained results and indicated they would have some nevertheless agreed the results were ap the open-door policy. For tlie most part the thing to 'say on the subject if the matter is palling. . students thought that our policy had ··been debated in the upper House . P:·of. Eugene B. Riley of the history depart to prevent immigration. to send them mis- "OUTRAGEOUS," SAYS BUTLER ment of Fordham University, said he thought .sionaries, and to exploit her. Dr. Nicholas Murray· Butler, president of tb~ survey's results were typical of those S ::J me of the typical responses are: "Try Columbia University, declared it was "per which might be expected from college fresh- to wake Ch'na up and become a successful fectly outrageous that such a situation •m en. He pointed out that in many high nation," "Get as much as possible for as should exist." schools, social science courses are substi little as possible," "America has always 'used tuted for history cour<>es and, in addition, China as a source of revenue for its rich busi "I ~~ot only read and reread the survey," by the time the student has reached his nessmen who established themselves there," he said, "but I cut it out of the paper and intend to discuss it from time to time to freshman year it is a long time since he has "Sympathize but do little else," "One of not had a history course. show what it means to this country. It is much interest, but had one eye on her," "A · Professor Riley said he agreed with the fatherly attitude, although sometimes not the most revealing and far-reaching exhibi tion of what we thought was going on in conclusion that courses in American history concerned:" "Exploitation until she became should be required in the undergraduate underdog to Japan;• "Wanttng China to win education." Other educators were equally vehement in course. He said he thought the test, on the and sending damn little to help her," "The whole, was fair if adequate time was allowed closed-door policy." deploring the situation. Some thought the questionnaire, which was answered by 7,000 and the scoring fair to .the student; several COMMENT ON CHINA st udents in 36 colleges in every section of questions, however, were -not satisfactory, he Other typ:.cal comments are: "To help the Nation, had been drawn along too narrow b elieved He did not think students should China out if it doesn't require too much lines, but all agreed that, even if it bad been be required to retain the connection of West effort on our part"; "Express friendship but expar.ded, the results probably would have inghouse with the air brake, and he pointed ignore them when they need help": "We been the same. cut that the question designed to suggest have sent supplies to her but not in quanti Other outstanding educators refused to the name of Samuel G:)mpers was ambigu ties": "We have looked down on her"; "Ex comment immediately, but indicated they ously worded, as well as of questionable im clusion of all Chinese immigrants into the intended giving the matter thorough study. portance. United States except students and only there Among this group were Dr. John W. Stude a quota": "l'r: usf ·1 tolerance and exploita baker, Commissioner of the Office of Educa [From the New York Times of April 5, 1943] tion"; ·'Bringing the light of modern ways to tion; Dr. Frank W. Hubbard; of the National SCHOOL TEST STIRS ACTION IN SENATE-GUFFEY -this darkened land"; "To be on friendly but Education Association; Dean Virginia C. Gil CONSIDERING RESOLUTION FOR INQUIRY SEEK not intimate terms." dersleeve, of Barnard College; and Ellsworth ING WAYS FOR UNITED STATES To SPUR HIS One student in some indignation declared Buck, pres:dent of the New York City Bqard TORY STUDY-DEBATE TuESDAY LIKELY-HEAD ~hat our policy was to "buy their rice, drink of Education. OF COMMITTEE ON UNITED STATI:S HISTORY tl:eir tea, starve their poor." Another stu EXTREMISTS ARE BLAMED PLACES THE BLAME ON SOCIAL STUDIES Ex dent said that "we like China but never TP..EMISTS fooled arounr" with her relations until she Hugh Russel Fraser, official of the Office of became an ally." Education and chairman of its committee on WASHINGTON, April 4.-The remarkable Analyzing the results of this Nation-wide American history, issued a statement at vagueness of American college freshmen on t est, the conclusion is inescapable that high Washington placing responsibility on social American history disclosed in a New York school students now possess an insufficient studies extremists for the present appaling Times survey published this morning will knowledge of United States history. One way neglect of American history in the high probably be the subject of Senate discussion to remedy this defect would . appear to be schools and elementary schools of the Nation. this week. that of requiring all college students to take He asserted that while there was no With the Committee on Education and courses in this important field. cha1ge that they were trying to teach any La:>or starting hearings Tuesday on Federal Institutions that participated in the sur particular ism, they jus~ were not teaching aid to education, Senator GUFFEY, of Penn vey included Boston University, Brooklyn American history at all. sylvania, said tonjght that he would take up College, Buck:'lell, City College, University of Dr. Ralph H. Gabriel, Larned professor of with Chairman THOMAS the introduction of Cincinnati, Golgate, College of Good Council, American history at Yale, sa!d: a resolut!.on calling for Federal aid in teach Dartmouth, George Washington University, "American history is a normal senior-year ing history in the schools of the country. Hunter, Dlinois Institute of Technology, In study in high schools and other preparatory Several other Senators, some of them mem diana University, Kansas University, Ken schools and, ther·efore, students have Amer bers of the committee, had strong views on tucky University, Marquette, Maryland Uni ican his,tory the year before they enter col the subject and felt that opportunity should versity, Massachusetts State College, Mount lege. The Time's survey of the knowledge be given to present them on the fioor of the Holyoke, New York University, North Caro of American history which college freshmen Senate. lina University, Pennsylvania State College, have suggests that the teaching in the high The striking results of the survey seem Pennsylvani-a University, Pittsburgh Univer and other preparatory schools is inadequate. likely to bring on a debate which will have sity, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Rhode In view of this disclosure the matter might repercussions in military as well as educa Island State College, Smith College, Texas well be further investigated." tional circles. University, Tulane, Virginia University, Dr. Harry N. Wright, president of City Col The War Department has already indicated Washington University, State College of lege, declared one could not draw bard and to the Federal Office of Education that it / 2954 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE APRIL --6 would like a higher status for American his "I would approve an investigation of our "The tragedy really began in 1924 in Den tory in the Victory course for hig:Q.-school educational system to see why we cannot at ver, Colo., when the superintendent of students. The subject is required ,in the tain this result. Americans must know schools, acting on suggestions from Teachers courses supervised by the Army in colleges. American history not only because it is their College, Columbia University, moved to sub Comment on the results of the survey was own but because it is the most important part stitute a course in social science for the then declined by those officials of the National of the history of democracy and self-govern existing courses in American history and . Education Association who could be reached ment and cannot be duplicated by any other geography. in Washington. Dr. Frank W. Hubbard said country." "Previously, a course outline in the social that he would want to know how the study Senator O'MAHONEY, who put the results of sciences or studies had been published by the was made. Reticence was also shown by Dr. the Times first educational survey last Ju.ne State of South Dakota in 1915, but the docu John w. Studebaker, Commissioner of the in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, said: ments issued at Pierre had only recom Office of Education. "Taken in conjunction with your survey a mended the course as a supplementary one SOCIAL STUDIES TECHNIQUE year ago- your second one certainly demon to American history. The Denver course was strates the need for more attention to Ameri designed to replace American history. But Hugh Russell Fraser, who, besides be can history. It indicates a lack of knowledge ing an official of the Office of Education, iS of the fundamental conc;:epts of Americanism. WRONG TECHNIQUE CHARGED chairman of the Committee on American That is the danger. "That day in 1924 in Denver should go History, held "social-studies extremists" re IGNORING OF FUNDAMENTALS down in the history of American education as sponsible for the present appalling neglect a day of mourning. For on that day_the pro of American history in the high schools and "It is evident we are training the present fesE:ors of education, using Denver as a start elementary schools-. of the Nation. generation on .lines that utterly ignore .the ing point, invaded the field of a subject with Exonerating them of any desire to teach basis on which ~he Bill of Rights was written. · a technique that was wholly unadapted for communism or socialism, he said the trouble "When you consider the lack of knowledge it. - was not that they were trying to teach any of United States history revealed by your two ""It was a strange and incredible hour. particular "ism" in connection with Ameri studies you begin to see why so many of our \ Here was the dramatic story 9f Jefferson and States and counties have got into the habit can history but that they were not- teaching Jackson, of Washington and Franklin, ~ the American htstory at all. of looking to washington for help instead of drama of an America unfolding in logical and The resolution which Senator GUFFEY is enjoying the thrill of free government and chronological form-the story, in fact, of 'the considering would call for the appointment free enterprise. greatest experiment in democratic govern of an education subcommittee of six mem "If the survey is a correct indication, our ment in the history of the world'-and yet bers to study ways and means for the Fed public-school system is failing to educate we see the professors o{ education walking eral Government to promote_ better instruc the i·ising generation in the fundamentals in and saying in substance: tion in American history in the schools. which led to the Declaration of Independ " 'Here, none of this nonsense. We are not SENATORS DIFFER ON TEACHING ence. It is especially strange that this reve lation should be made in the week of Jeffer concerned \lith the details of your history. Chairman THOMAS said it was no news that We are concerned with social trends and son's Birthday, and only a few days before ideas. We want the students to analyze and Americans had not learned their own his we are going to unveil a memorial to him tory very well. describe social phenomena. That is what here in Washington." we mean by "social studies," and we can "I do not thfnk, however, that this is the Senator LANGER said he . thought that the result of faulty teaching," he went on. not be bothered with your history unless it results of the survey demonstrated the need has some bearing on events now-today.' "Perhaps what it demonstrates is the need for an immediate and thorough investigation for more Federal aid to education so 'that we of the Office of Education. "It was, of course, sheer and appalling inso may have more equality of educat ional op.- "It seems that an attempt was made, lence. Yet the idea spread like a prairie fire, portunity. , though perhaps unconsciously, to under and soon American history, for all practical "Let us not forget that 800,000 boys who mine the morale of our boys and girls," he intents and purposes, was.on the way out. where physically fit had to be rejected by said. "To my mind it is not an adequate "Illustrative of the extremes to which this the Army because they could not read or explanation just to say that the teaching of apathy and indifference to the history of the write. , history has been lost sight of in courses of United States has gone is the reply of a well "What chance did they have to learn our social study." known social studies advocate who when history although there was never a battle in _ Maj. Harold Kent, who acts as liaison asked if he did not think the school children that history which the presence of 800,000 officer between the War Department and the of America should have some knowledge of more soldiers on the battlefield would not Office of Education, commented that the Thomas Jefferson, replied: have changed?" Army had made a 12-week intensive course " 'Well, if jthere is anything about Jeffer Senator BoNE, a member of the commit in American history one of the required sub son that may be said to have a particular tee, thought poor teaching methods must jects which college students must take un- ' bearing on events today, I would say "Yes.'' bear part of the blame for the situation dis der Army supervision. As for the · high Otherwise not.' closed by the Times survey. schools, he said: "It is this kind of approach to the history "This is one of the most remarkable docu of the United States which the committee ments I have ever seen," he said. "It is an "The Army believes in the need for a strong course in the American background, and millions of Americans would like to indictment of our system of teaching. We know how to combat. are fighting a terrible war to preserve a sys for you cannot understand what the war tem which rests on magnificent traditions, means unless you · understand the institu SOME PITFALLS ARE LISTED and it will be a shock to most people to know tions which make up this country-and that / l)leans unless you know American history." "First, however, there are several pitfalls how little knowledge of our national history to avoid. The friends of American history our high-school students have absorbed. FRASER'S ANALYSIS OF SITUATION must note them well or the professors of "Our emotions are deeply stirred by ap Mr. Fraser's statement follows: education will still be smirking in their lofty peals to our patriotism and love of country, "Responsibility for the present appalling perches in the great universities. And but, in the light of these startling revela neglect of American history in the high nothing will be done. tions, one can only ask himself just how schools and elementary, schools of the Na "These pitfalls are: deeply we cherish the beautiful things we tion must go to the social studies extrem "1. Care must be taken not to assail the know so little about. ists," he said in a statement. "They have social studies extremists as Communists or "It is time to take stock of some of our edu acted toward United States history instruc .Socialists. They are not True, there may cational processes. If we love America as we tion like the proverbial bull in the china be here and there. exceptions, but as a group think we do, the time is here to let our boys shop. they are not at all in this category. Natur and girls know what we are fighting for." "The pitfall :they have stumbled into has ally, they would like nothing better than this DUTY SEEN FOR HIGH SCHOOLS been clue to a failure to recognize that the line· of attack be taken up, for it is the Senator TAFT, also a member of the com structure of history does not lend itself to easiest to disprove. The case against them mittee, said that he had never been able to the technique of the social studies. And this is not that they are teaching any 'ism' con see why our high schools did not teach more failure has led to tragic results. r..ected with American history, but that they American history than they do. "Now, almost too late, some of them are are not teaching American history at all. "There is a fair amount of criticism of our beginning .to realize that history, which is "2. A campaign to make American history whole educational program today," he com essentially the recording of events, requires, compulsory in the schools should be avoided. mented. in its elementary stages, a chronological, Twenty-six States require such study now, Senator AIKEN, another committee mem time-sequence approach which is' not neces but the laws in every one of these States is ber, said: sarily characteristic of the social studies as worthless. There is nothing in any of these "Of course, I think people should know a whole. laws to stop educators, under the dominance more about our own history than they do. "And this chronolqgical, time-sequence ap of social studies extremists, from calling a This does not only apply to our boys and girls. proach to American history, which the social miscellaneous discussion of sociology, civics, It would not hurt some of our adults if they studies extremists have abandoned, has led . geography, psychology, and current events by had a little more know:edge of the subject. to some curious results. the naiX}.e of 'American history.' and getting 1943 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 2955 away with it. And this is being done today gation before the questionnaires referred To .that end, the social studies trend in ... throughout the Nation in thousands of to toda}' came in, be printed in fine type certain so-called experimental or laboratory schools. in the body of the RECORD, as a part of schools was examined. "The question then arises: What can be my remarks. Pr?bably the No. 1 guinea pig of the social done? · studies g~·oup is the Milne School, Albany, "The committee suggests several prelimi There being no objection, the analysis N. Y. Milne is the 6-year laboratory school nary procedures: was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, of the New York State College for Teachers. "1. National, State, and local educational as follows: Here instruction is given by senior students and civic groups should demand that the [Reprinted from Education for March 19·43] of the college. They work under the Ehaip schools throw off the shackles of the social eye of faculty members especially trained in studies extremists with regard to instruction NEGLECT OF AMERICAN HISTORY latest developments in the social studies. in American history in its elementary stages. (By Hugh Russell Fraser) A special report on their curriculum was The subject should be taught in a chrono The story of the neglect of American his prepared for the national council for the logical, time-sequence manner. ~ory, particularly in our secondary schoois, social studies by Wallace Taylor and Donnal "All topic3;1 and arbitrary outlines of study 1s an astonishing one. V. SmitJ;l. should be discarded as superficial and arbi The New York Times, on June 21, 1942, The stucient at Milne comes into first trary. Any of the standard history texts brought the attention of the Nation to the contact with the history of the Nation in constitute a better outline than any set of general situation in the colleges. True, no the eighth grade where he learns about typewritten pages. mention was made at the time of the high "The National Community." This is a so "2. In most high schools the course in schools and elementary schools. On May 3, cial-stu~ies word for the United States. American history is put off to the next to the however, Dr. All.an Nevins, professor of Amer Here his instruction is divided into seven last year. Hundreds of thousands of stu ican history at Columbia University and twice parts. But only one of these seven parts dents never reacl: this year. A thorough Pulitzer prize winner, had charged that the concerns the development of our political chronological, time-sequence course should treatment of the subject in the secondary democracy. be instituted in the first year of high school schools was of a casual and incidental na The. other six _have such titles as: Geog and all students required to take it. ture, meriting the most careful and exhaus graphlc ExpansiOn, Extension · of Social "3. The committee feels that once the tive investigation. D~mocracy, National Unity, Changes in student has a real background knowledge of The Times survey on the college level re ~merican Culture. Relation With Other Na the structure of American history his inter vealed that the study of American history twns, and Citi:tenship. est in further study can be incr~ased if he Grade nine is devoted to a study of "The is required to make an original study of some is not required for graduation in 82 percent of our colleges; that 72 percent do not re _World Community and the Economic Prob phase or event of our history of his own lems of the Individual." quire it for entrance; that less than 10 f,er choosing. cent of the undergraduate body in 'the spr·,ng In grade ten the student is given an "Such a thesis should be required after elaborate course in "Man's Advancing Cul the half-way mark in the course had been semester, 1942, were enrolled in United States history classes; that only 8 percent of the ture." This seems to be a p.r:eparation for 1·eached. A subject of his or her own selec the last or - ~nal year, the twelfth grade tion, if made the subject of an original in freshmen classes were studying it, although where the smgle topic is "Social Relation vestigation, will enkindle an interest in the 30 percent were enrolled in European history ships." courses; that in 48 percent of the teachers whole subject pattern. Th~refore, it takes only a simple process ''These are the committee's three prelimi colleges, where the teachers of tomorrow are trained, a study of American history is not of deduction to note that the eleventh nary suggestions- and will involve even in gra~e is left for American h'istory. But here this preliminary stage, a radical r~vision in required for graduation ~ that in many of our colleges and universities it is possible for a a nddle develops. 'Ihe year is divided into the approach to the subject as it is now being five equal parts. The titles are: 1. Intro taught in thousands of our schools." student to receive the stamp of approval as an expert in the field of government without duction to American Culture. 2. Govern Mr. WILEY obtained the :floor. ever having taken any course in the histcry ment in the United S tates. 3. Growth of Mr. LANGER. Mr. President- of the United States; and that the per our ~c?no~ic System. 4. Culture and Ways C2ritage of the members of the graduating of L1vmg m the United Stat es. 5. World Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, the Sena Relationships. tor from North Dakota said he wanted to classes who had taken any instruction in college in American history varied from 2 Now subdivision No. 2 appears to b; Amer ~peak ·on the same subject. percent to a ·rare high of 15 percent in some ican history. Indeed, part of it is. It is The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem universities. subdivided as follows: 1. Constitutional pore. Does the Senator yield for that Hardly had the Times survey been pub g?v~mm~nt. 2. Political parties and con purpose? lished than emphatic press comment fol fiictmg Is~u:s. 3. Development of suffrage. Mr. WILEY. I yield for that purpose. lowed. The Detroit Free Press said the im 4: Documen~s. laws, and doctrines that con portant issue now is: "What are the grade tmue the democratic tradition. 5. Philoso . Mr. LANGER. Mr. President, I should phers and leaders in democracy. ,6. Services hke to have the Senator's permission to schools doing?" The Baltimore Sun observed that in view of the fact that the American rende~·ed by local and national governments. yield to the Senator from Washington Incidentally, all this adds up to only one [Mr. BoNE], who wishes to speak on the citizen is the final a\Ithority on the matters of national policy, the assumption that his ~ f th _of one grade. In this incredibly short same subject. mter1m tjle student is given a small-very formal education need not inc ~ ude any study The ACTING PRESIDENT· pro tem of how these have worked out in the past is small .dose of . American political history. pore. The Senator from Wisconsin has hard to understand. The New York World S:> smgular IS this situation that when the :floor. Telegram declared that a very large number th~ Com~ittee on American History made Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, I thought of men and women who complete "college th1s specific charge, the principal of the courses have no knowledge of the background sc.hool, Dr. Robert W. Frederick, came back I was accommodating the distinguished w1th t-his admission: "Yes; we do decrease S~nator. I desire to speak for only 5 of their Nation beyond the juvenile, super ficial, and limited courses given to children o~r. e~ph_asis on political and politico mmutes, so I think I shall carry on in mlhtar_y h1s~ory to provide opportunity for my own right. in the grade school. a coll:s1deratwn of economic, social, and in Mr. TAFT. Mr. President, will the Said the Indianapolis News: "Something is dustnal I:istory." Yet there is hardly any very definit ely wrong when the majority of presentat10n of American political history Senator yield for the insertion in the Hoosier colleges lump United States history RECORD of a matter having to do with the at all. courses in the so-called social-studies classi Is this a pattern for the schools of to question discussed by the senior Senator fication that is usually optional with all those morrow? from Wisconsin? students who are majoring in history. We _Take another laboratory school, VJ"iscm:sin Mr. WILEY. I yield for that purpose. surrender all too easily when we allow Ameri High School at Madison, Wis. Mr. TAFT. Mr. President I think the can history to be ladled out in small doses ExaD?-ination of the curriculum disdoses most interesting comment 'on this ex of civics, citizenship, economics, politics, that the eighth grade opens with such topics traordinary educational survey is the one and what-have-you. Can it be honestly as How May I Become Aware of and Sensi affirmed that the student who takes one or tive to the Significant Social Problems of My made by Mr. Hugh Russell Fraser, who two of these courses actually knows the ~as one of those who prepared the ques D~y? How May I Become Skilled in Tech history of his country?" mques of Problem Solving? etc. t~ons as an official of the Office of Educa Soon after the Times survey, the Commit The ninth grade is devoted to ancient and tiOn and as chairm~n of its committee tee on American History, composed of repre medieval history. The tenth grade· is given on American history. I ask unanimous sentatives of various national organizations, to world history. consent that his analysis of the situation was organized in Washington to investigate , In the eleventh grade we find a shade of which apparently has been prepared with · the status of American history in the sec our old friend again, American history. But some care, and was a part of the investi- ondary schools. the study course is subdivided into eight, LXXXIX--187 2956 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE APRIL 6· instead of five, parts. And here, curiously directed and penalties attached, the social ·rent events with occasional glances over the enough, only two of these eight parts con studies boys can ignore it. Nor is a proposal shoulder at the past. cern the history of America's political de recently introduced in the New York Assem The Alabama Department of Education velopment. bly by Assemblyman Glancy to require a published in 1941 an elaborately printed 270- Miss Ruth Johnson, who prepared the year's study of United States history any page book entitled "Program of Studies· and . course outline, c1xp!ained that unit 3, as well wiser. Guide to the Curriculum for Secondary as units 1 and 4, concer.1ed American histo-y .. Prof. Samuel McKee, for 16 years a mem Schools." It is a detailed description of the Nevertheless, Wisconsin is one of 26 States ber of the Columbia University department type of courses .offered in the junior and that requires a year of American history. of history, has recently put the whole prob senior hi~h schools of the State, both required Now for our third illustration, let's go to lem succinctly. Says Professor McKee : and elective, yet it contains only one para another major demonstration school, the "The emergence of the social studies is in. · graph in which its sccial-studies authors one at Eugene, Oreg. large part responsible for the disappearance deign to even discuss what might be called The topic for grade 7 is Industrial Prob of American history from the high-school the history of the United States. lems Considered From Regional Viewpoint curriculum. The amount of history in the In one paragraph the authors make it very With a Ng,tional Outlook. That is· self-ex average social studies course has almost clear that the past is to be considered merely planatory. reached the vanishing point. As a result, the as an appendage of the present--sort of a Gr.ade 8 is entitled "The Growth• and students get through school knowing little throw-back"from events of tod:::y. Says the Development of American Culture." This about American history, and even holding guide (p. 68) : ' looks like the real thing, but our first sub this subject in contempt." "Beginning with present social and eco division turns out to be "Orientation-How "Teachers' colleges are responsible," Pro nomic conditions and problems in commu can I )ive effectively in my new school en fessor McKee believes, "for this unwholesome nity, State, region, and Nation,- this course vironment?" Subdivision 2 is "Personal, · development. Many persons in these colleges should develop abilities and interests in us social adjustments: How can I get along want to make names for themselves by advo ing history, biography, and related literature with older people?" ' cating teaching methods that are I}.Ovel or in interpreting present conditions and prob Subdivision 4, it seems, iS w0rth our atten different, although not necessarily better." lems in such a way that pupils derive satis tion. It is titled "Development of the West: His remedy is equally plain and sound: faction and pleasure from the experiences." ·what can the West Contribute to the Cul "A good American history course of at least That means, in other words, that Alabama tural Development of the ,United States?" 1 year's duration should be required in every social-studies teachers should give a little Even this can hardly be termed truly United high school. Instead of teaching it in the American ·history in the eleventh g~ade, but States history. Obviously, there is a differ glorified way now so _t>opular in many schools, on two conditions: ( 1) That the starting ence between "What did the West con the course should primarily be concerned point be always present social and economic tribute?" and "What can the West con with the moving panorama of American his conditions, and (2) that nothing be taught tribute?" Only the former is history. tory from the beginning to the present." that will not give all the -pupils pleasure and The ninth grade iE; concerned with "Con Now let us examine the curriculum in a satisfaction. temporary Problems of the Community." typical American city, say, Pittsburgh. Here Incidentally, there is only one other place Grade 10 is entitled "The Growth of Mankind we find one-half a year's course is given to · in the guide where the authors . are unable Toward the Damocratic Way of L~fe." American history. Dr. Charles E. Manwiller, to avoid at least an indirect reference to the Ordinarll~' there might be a little American director of the curriculum department, ex te:whing of American history. That is a history there-but no, a break-down of the plains the course is given in the first semester passing mention (p. 251) under School Laws title shows only 1 i~. · m out of 16 that might of the eleventh grade. Then he adds: "The of an enactment of the Legislature of the fairly be considered as relating even indi work of the second semester is given a his State of Alabama requiring instruction in rectly to the history of the United States. torical slant, and, therefore, I contend we tlB Constitution of the United States. At last we come to grade 11. Here we find offer a full year of American history in our Yet there is discussion of problems of the familir>r 11 subdivisions. one of which is high schools." plant growth in the community; food prob entitled "Social Securitv: How Can We Pro In the Pittsburgh Press of October 31, 1942, . lems in the community; study of family vide S:Jcia1 Security fo"r All?" Other sec appeared a letter from a &upervisor of a social "trees" by pupils for their own satisfaction; tions are variously neaded· "School govern studic;s department in a high school outside and e¥en half a page (p. 127) devoted to the ment," "Municipal government," "State gov of Pittsburgh. He wrote: problem of homemaking for boys. ernment," "Recreation and leisure," etc. "It is possible to become an American his tory high-school teacher in Pennsylvania The truth is that the neglect of our history But only 1 subdivision out of 16 has a in the colleges is mild compared to the neg bearing on American history. This is titled without ever having tal~en a single hcur of American history in college as part of one's lect in the secondary schools. Indeed, there "Freedom and Civil Rights: How Did We Get seems to be the false assumption everywhere Our Freedum and Civil Rights, and How Can preparation. In my judgment such condi tions are disgraceful any time; but today that someone else is doing the teaching job. We Ketp ~· :hem?" they border on something more serious. In The colleges assume that the high schools This is Eugene's ration of American history. are providing a basic understanding of Amer Just one-f"leventh of a year's course. a letter I can hardly tell you how deeply I feel about this whole matter As a parent ican history; and the high schools assume In reply to the committee's charge of neg and as an educator, I am most concerned the job 1s done in the elementary schools. lect, Superintendent J. F. Cramer, of the about saving our democracy. And I realize When, as a ~matter of fact, it is not being Eugene public schools, cites C1e number of that Wf! cannot ::;ave it if we aren't acquainted ·done anywhere, except where the- time hours devoted every day to the "social living" with it." sequence form is used. course wh,ch he says "includes all English It -would not be fair to contend, of course, From Charles A. Beard, dean of American and language activities, history. geography, that the plight of American history in Pitts historians, and himself associated for years civics, and orientation and counseling." burgh-is essentially different from that of any with the social studies movement, has come Then he says: other American city. Only a little more in- a sharp warning that the present trend must "The Eugene social-living course has been . vestigation has been made there. In 1936, be checked . formally accepted by the State superintencl for instance, a simple quiz was put to 400 Writes Dr. Beard: "The decline in emphasis ent of public instruction, Rex Putnam, as students who had applied for work-relief on the teeching of American history has been meeting all the requirements for the course under .the National Youth Administration accompanied by an increase in the amount in history P.nd civics." program. Only a few questions were· asked of instruction in sociology, economics, cur Oregon law, of ceurse, requires a course in as to their knowledge of United States his rent questions, problems of democracy, and American history. The law, of course, is tory. One was: "Who is Herbert Hoover?" other subjects pertaining to such interests. worthless. No penalty is attached to its Out of 400, a total of 74 replied blithely he As a result the overwhelming majority of our nonenforcement and the matter is left wholly wa> "head of the O-men." adult citizens have !lad little or no instruc within the discretion of the State superin Incidentally, students who were normal on tion in American history, at least beyond the tendent of public instruction. There is noth other subjects were found to be woefully barest rudiments during the years of their ing in the law to prevent the latter official ignorant of the simplest facts of American elementary education." from accerting the latest edict of Teachers history. One 13-year-old girl, who made gcod Among social studies partisans, Dr. Beard's College, Columbia University, as to what is grades in other subj 1cts. could not name the name is one to conjure with; ·texts written or is not American h'story. first President of the United States. An by him are among those used as the back Now it so happens that 26 States have laws other, 15 years old, could not say who Theo ground of social stuc!ies courses in both requiring instruction in American history in dore Roosevelt was and finally guessed he was junior and senior high schools. Yet Dr. the public schools. Not one of them can be head of the Daughters of American Revolu Beard's warning has not appeared, nor has enforced. tion. it been quoted, in any social studies publica Wisely, for these reasons, Governor Jame3, In certain States-Alabama is a typical tion, nor has it been given any publicity ex of Pennsylvania, in 1942 vetoed a bill passed examp:e-an orderly, chronological presenta cept through the medium of the civic edu- in Pennsylvania imposing certain duties on tion of American history Is not expected by c;;~.tion service. · the superintendent of public instruction in the social studies advisors. In fact, a half a And this, too, is the measure of the dis regard to United States history. Obviously, year is divided between the history of the trust and resentment of all criticism preva this kind of legislation is worse than !utile, United States and the history of Alabama lent among the soc;ial studies people. They for unless a specific time-sequence course is and even this half a year i.s based upon cur- have been so accustomed to criticism of the 1943 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 2957 educational program of others that they can is something which has existed in the $11,557,700, and it is estimated that the not admit even the presence of disse:at from past 10 or 15 years. We have thought it number of workers, receiving benefits a high source. smart, and the American way of doing during December was 267,700. Yet the one bright hope in the situation is that there are schools which have not yet things, to discount industry, thrift, cour Mr. President, I have not been able succumbed to the social studies' amazing age, and honesty, and the good old Amer to secure the figures for January, Feb "Now you see it-and now you don't!" tech ican trait of doing things on the basis ruary, and March of this year, but it is nique in the presentation of the history of of individual accomplishment. My apparent that last December there were the United States. memory goes back to articles by learned almost 300,000 men receiving unemploy This is not to suggest that the fusion men discounting the great virtues of ment compensation benefits, and this treatment of American history, civics, soci Lincoln, Washington, Jefferson, and obviously is not the total extent of our ology, -economics, and what-have-you does not have its place in American education. It other great Americans. Of course, they unemployment. I realize that this rep has. But it is of no value until and unless were not gods; but men have written resents a tremendous decrease from the an orderly, chronological picture of Amer books which deprive youth of the exalta unemployment of previous years. Nev ican history is, "lit some point and some time tion which comes from reading about ertheless, it is appalling to discover a in the educational ladder, presented in either m~n who stand_ for morality, courage, reservoir of some 300,000 unemployed. the elementary or high school. and principle. That is one of the rea At the present time there is increasing It is obvious that fusion, without some sons why youngsters who go to our col unemployment in the construction in thing to fuse, is an impossibility. There is, leges or universities have not seen fit for example, a similarity between the depres dustry, and because. of civilian curtail sion of 1837 and that of 1929-32. But the to become acquainted with the funda ments there is unemployment in many student can hardly recognize it unless he mentals of American history. other lines ot endeavor. knows something about the depression of But, Mr. President, I did not rise for I am not advised as to the extent of 1837 in its peculiar politico-economic setting. that purpose. At the present time we collaboration, if there is any, between And this cannot be known in a historical are told that this Nation is facing the the War Manpower Commission and the vacuum. Obviously, the time-sequence most severe manpower crisis in our his Social Security Board, and I have today panorama of American history is the first tory. I wish to bring to the attention written to the War Manpower Chairman, essential in an intelligent presentation of it. And it is precisely this that the present de of the Senate today some very illuminat Mr. Paul V. McNutt, concerning this velopment of the social-studies trend is ing figures on this subject. matter. eliminating. In yiew of this fact, it is interesting My purpose in addressing the Senate In passing it might be noted that it is one to survey the unemployment compensa at this time is merely to draw the atten thing to go back to the old textbook-memo tion benefit payments on the basis of tion of this body to these figures, which rizing days. and quite another to skip so rap data reported by State agencies to the I feel warrant serious study. I ask idly from the present to the past and the Social Security Board in Washington. unanimous consent to have incorporated past to the present that the student is con During the past calendar year, in a as a part of my r.emarks a chart of un fused and, in point of fact, develops no ref employment compensation benefits, erence frame of events. period when our production . demands The truth is that a definite time-sequence were the highest in history, from Jan which lists the benefits paid in each presentation method must be insisted on if uary 1 to December 31, ·1942, unemploy State. This information was sunnlied to the student is to get ::.ny intelligible concept ment compensation benefits in this land me by the Social Security Board. of American history. The past is not a mere amounted to $345,514,700. During the There being no objection, the chart appendage to the present. It is the basis and month . of December 1942, unemploy was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, foundation of the present. And unless ~eaders ment benefit~ paid out amounted to as follows: in the social-studies movement wake up to the extent of the confusion and ignorance Unemployment compensation benefit payments, Dec. 31, 1942 of our historical backgrounds, the present . teaching techniques are producing in the sec !Preliminary data reported by State agencies-based on operations of central offices] ondary schools, they will face the wrath of an aroused public opinion. Estimated Indeed, as the St. Louis Post-Dispatch re number ol Benefits p&id _ Total benefits Benefits paid workers re during calendar paid since first cently noted: "If our educators cannot see State during Decem· ceiving bene year .Tan. 1-Dec. payable, through ber 1942 t what is wrong with this situa.tion, laymen can. fits during 31. 1942 t Dec. 31, 1942 2 We are fighting a war to preserve the Amer December ican way of life, and countless Americans do not know what their way of life is." TotaL ______: ______$11, 557, 700 267.700 :f345, 514, 700 $2. 032, 335, 476 Is it possible that we must be reduced to I------1 ------! ------!--~------the humiliation of having the Army take Alabama ....••••••.•• _.______258, !lOO 7,100 3, 297,600 23, ()19, 872 over where our schools have failed? The Alaska ... ------1, 100 ('-) 148,400 1, 316. 782 Arizona.------9, 700 300 477,600 6, 070,801 Army is already doing it. Arkansas .. ------33, 100 l, 500 992,800 7, 998,894 Lt. Gen. Ben Lear, commander of the California.. ~------719, 100 16,300 37, 502, 100 216, 335, 736 200 826,300 10, 679,974 Second Army, has reported he found the boys Connecticut_Colorado ... -- ______------; ______- 73,9, 200100 under his command so ignorant of the ele 1,£00 3, 233,900 28,351,581 Delaware. ______------8, 400 300 511, EOO 2, .'i84, 063 mental facts of American history that he set District of Columbia.• ------44, 500 !:00 1, 158,000 8. 4n,ssi up classes to teach them. It is also signifi Florida ______------166, 600 4. 900 4, 718,000 20,070,886 cant that it is spokesmen of the Army, not 22 6,100 4, 408,400 15, 160, 917 the educators, who are including American 100 158, 7CO 880,554 ii~~~it~======Idaho __ ------~:3, ~~~.':00 100 832, 000 6, 864,599 history as one of the basic studies in the Illinois.------1, 703, 600 38,200 38, 181, ~00 126,819,112 new wartime curriculum. Indiana.------284, 300 6, 700 9, 647, 000 51,423,490 065, 16. 407, 40~ Th ~ s. too, is the measure of our incapacity. Iowa.------43, 200 1, 300 2, 200 Kansas . . . ------,------40, 500 1, 300 1, 816, 'iOO 7, 991, Z95 As Admiral Nimitz has said: "The zeal to 3, 800 2, 530, !lOO 14.782,905 defend our herit,age is based, in the last anal 4, 600 5, 161,800 28,966, 597 ysis, on an understanding of its origin and Maine_------~------~g~~~~T~======~======~g~:68, 000~gg 2, 300 1, 189, 700 13, 754, 667 development." · · Maryland ______------· 136, 6110 3. 400 3, 84fi. 700 31, 2.'i8, 440 Mas.~achusetts .•• ______--~------· 310, f100 7. 800 11,833, 400 105, 9n3, 104 And this fundamental understanding our Michigau. _____ .. ------457, 100 9, 900 40,987,600 160, 476, 859 present social-studies technique is not sup 3, 700 5, 636. 500 as, 202.457 plying. 1, 300 1, 582, nOO s. 346,291 Sf~!~~r~~i~-:~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :1~: i~~ 11,000 8,140. 000 2n. 23>l, 024 MANPOWER-UNEMPLOYMENT COMPENSA Montana ______------7. 700 200 1, 226, 100 7, 686,370 TION BENEFIT PAYMENTS Nebraska. ______------"'------12, fiOO 400 972,800 5, 413, 118 Nevada ...... ------3, 100 100 274. 100 3, 028,430 Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, I have New Hampshire.------28, 100 800 7il9, 200 8, 454.979 New Jersey------667,200 15, 800 17,878,800 63,853,674 listened attentively to the remarks of New Mexico______4, 200 100 502,000 3, 731,821 New York. _------3, 221,600 58.900 65,640, 500 398,851, 146 my distinguished colleague [Mr. LA North Carolina______114, 300 5, 200 2, 997, 500 23,664,412 FoLLETTE] with rektion to the problem North Dakota __ •• ------4, 600 100 367, 300 2, 040, 150 of lack of education in America. At Ohio______- 323, ROO 8, 400 14,408, 100 74,780, Hl7 some future time I should 1ike to com Oklahoma______49, 7GO 1, 400 2, 795, 300 13,424,549 ment on that subject. Suffice it to say 1 Not adjusted for voided benefit checks. 2 Adjusted for voided benefit checks. that it seems to me that back .of it all 3 Less than 100. 2958 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE APRIL 6 Unemployment compensation benefit payments, Dec. 31, 1942-Continued Mr. WILEY. I cannot say definitely. [Preliminary data reported by Stat~ agencies-based on operations of central offices] The figures have not been put on that basis. I have the figures pertaining to Estimated all the States. The significant thing is Eenefits paid number of Benefits paid Total benefits the large ·amount of money which is be State during Decem workers re during calendar paid since first ber 1942 ceiving bene- year Jan. 1-Dec. payable, through ing paid out. fits during 31, 1942 Dec. 31, 1942 December Mr. BONE. The figures as to injuries are appalling. The number of industrial Oregon ______------S50, 700 1,100 $1,778.300 g;18, 303: 176 accidents in the country is very great. Pennsylvania_------_ •.• _. ____ • ___ --. __ 622,700 14,700 15,090,900 208, 772, 506 Mr. WILEY. I suppose that in most Rhode !~land._------.. 153,700 3,300 4, 741,700 31, 192, 265 South Carolina______------74,£(.0 2,4.00 1,858, wo 8, 725, 477 instances injuries would come under the South Dakota.. ------3,100 100 219,400 1, 320,822 workmen's compensation acts of the vari Tennessee.... ------~------ " 249,£00 7, 400 5, 603,900 27,198, 225 ous States. Texas __ ------95, 100 3, 300 4, 058, 8()0 39,696,371 Utah ___------______-----______14; 100 200 996, 300 8, 277, 005 Mr. BONE. I assume they would, but 13,800 400 316, 400 3, 083,100 I am wondering if in any State illness is 82,300 2, 800 2, 738, 100 21,682,493 ~Washington f:~i~~=== ==______======------= =: ======30, zoo 900 2, 565, 700 23,578,420 brought within the bracket of personal 71,700 1, uoo 2, 313,700 25,507,404 injuries, for I suspect that in some States Wyoming~ ~Jo~~~~~~::::: ______:::::::::::::::::::::::: _ 11 i, 9CO 2, 700 4, 133, 400 26,651, 933 1, 700 (3) 353, soo 3, 378,248 workmen's compensation laws are not. in effect. •Less than 100. Mr. WILEY. I have concluded, Mr. President. Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, :figures meeting wartime production require INSTRUCTION IN AMERICAN HISTORY which the Census Bureau released yes men'ts with a civilian-labor force which is terday indicate that unemployment in less than pre-war levels. Mr. LANGER. Mr. President, I wish March was about 1,000,000. Think of it. Male employment between February to support the resolution introduced by We are talking of putting 15,001>,000 men and March dropped 100,000. The em the junior Senator from Pennsylvania into the military service, with 1,000,000 ployment of women increased by [Mr. GuFFEYJ. I do so because of what unemployed in March. That is a low 200,000. The net increase of 100,000 I have also read in the article which was point and represents a decline of about brings the total employment to about referred to and read in part by the Sena [Mr. LA 2,600,000 from March of 1942. It is 51,000,000, a·nd agriculturai employment tor from Wisconsin FoLLETTE]. nearly 10,000,000 less than in 1937. shows a gain of about 200,000 workers One of the questions in the article ap The March figure of 1,000,000 also rep during the past month. That increase pearing in the Sunday New York Times resents a decrease of about 400,000 from took place entirely among farm workers was "What Were the Original Thirteen the February estimate. This is a very and undoubtedly resulted from military Colonies?" Some of the students replied sharp decline since February of this year. deferments of agricultural workers. that the colonies included Montana, Apparently some economists and the The estimates which the Census North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota, Bureau has made of unemployment are and Nebraska. After I read that I was Census Bureau itself regard this ·as a impelled to get in touch with some of the level not far above "the irreducible mini based on a rep:·esentative cross-section mum." A great many economists place survey. It covers approximately 25,000 historians, and one of those whom I con families. sulted was Robert Haskell Cory, Jr., one "minimum" unemployment at between of the distinguished historians of this 2,000,000 and 3,000,000 .. All these :1gures are very enlightening. country. He told me that one of the rea The estimate of 1,000,000 does not They indicate that last month there were sons for the lack of knowledge on the cover unemployables, hut it does include a million unemployed in this country, part of some students was the low pay some persons temporarily unemployed in and they indicate that at the close of which was received by most of the educa the process of transfening from one job last year, of the total unemployed at tors throughout the country. I then got to another. It also includes some sea that time, we were paying unemploy in touch with the National Education sonal workers. ment compensation benefits to almost Association and ·found that altogether Personally I am reluctant to accept the 300,000 work~rs. there are 894,000 classroom teachers, thaory that there is any "minimum" un It seems to me that all of this points principals, and supervisors· in the public employment. It is difficult to reconcile to one conclusion; namely, that it is high schools. I found that since the present our staggering manpower requirements time for us to have made available all war started 37,000 teachers have left with the figure of 1,000,000 unemployed. the expert recommendations regarding their profession and are now engaged in Think of it. We are reaching into homes the manpower program which were sup war industry, farming, and other busi to take women with children, and yet we posed to have been made to the President nesses. I further discovered that, as ap are told that there must be a minimum recently. The normal peacetime esti plied to the salaries of teachers, 40 teach unemployment. The projected increase mates of the irreducible number of un ers in every 100, or about 360,000 in all, in the armed forces means that our cur employed are obviously out of date to- are being paid less than $1,200 for the rent employment and production vol -day, and it is high time that we had· a school year 1942-43. Nearly 8 in every ume will be maintained only if large clearly defined, accurately charted pro 100, or approximately 66,000 in all, are numbers of persons now classified as gram to absorb a reservoir of 1,000,000 being paid less than $600 for the present nonworkers will enter the labor forces. workers. school year. Let me point out the significant fact · Mr. BONE. Mr. President, will the Low salaries for teachers are 'typical in that the civilian labor force declined by Senator yield for a question? the Southern States but they are by no 300,000 between February and March. Mr. WILEY. I yield. means limited to that region. More In other words, we cannot attribute the Mr. BONE. Can the Senator 'advise drop in unemployment to our employ us whether any State laws permit the than 169,000 of the teachers receiving ment programs. payment of unemployment-insurance less than $1,200 a year are outside the The drop in the civilian labor force benefits to those who are suffering from Southeastern and Southwestern States. was confined entirely to men. It marked injuries or illness? Fifteen thousand receiving less than the eighth consecutive month in which Mr. WILEY. I suppose they do. $600 a year are likewise in States other the male labor force declined. Mr. BONE. The figures would be much than Southern States. According to the Census Bureau, the more significant if we had some indica There are about 61,000 Negro teachers number of women in the labor market tion of the extent to which those who in the Southeastern and Southwestern remains unchanged at 15,600,000. The received unemployment-compensation States where schools are segregated, and labor force in March of 1943 was esti benefits were ill or had been injured at salaries differentiated. About 53,000 of mated to be 52,000,000. That was 700,000 work, and were therefore entitled to un these Negro teachers are paid less than less than in March of ,.1941. In other ployment-compensation benefits while $1.~00 per year. About 30,000 are paid words, our factories and our farms are they were away from work. less than $500 a year. 1943 CONGRESSIO-NAL RECORD-SENATE 2959 Only 2 of the 48 States report that no a knowledge of the most beautiful things GLASS] are absen': from the Senate be teachers are being paid less than $1,200 in our American life. It seems utterly cause of illness. for the year 1942-43. Nearly 15,000 fantastic to me that a boy or a girl should The Senator from Arkansas [Mrs. teachers in Pennsylvania-23 percent not have an understanding of the rich CARAWAY] is necessarily absent. are being paid less than $1 ,200 for the and full meaning of American history. The Senator from South Carolina [Mr. year's work in 1942-43. The percentage I think Mr. Fraser and his associates MAYBANK] is absent on an inspection tour is even higher in Illinois, where about have made a worth-while contribution of military camps. 30 percent, or some 14,000 teachers, re i bringing to our attention. this rather The Senator from Montana [Mr. MUR ceive less than $1 ,200 a year. tragic picture of the failure of our school RAY] and the Senator from Nevada [Mr. Twenty-six of the 48 States are em system to sufficiently teach American ScRUGHAMJ are absent, holding hearings ploying teachers at less than $600 a year. history. in the West on behalf of the Special Mr. President, I was intensely inter The Senator from North Dakota re Committee to Investigate Small Business ested when I further ascertained that ferred to the financial status of school Enterprises. the amount of money spent in 1938 for teachers. But obviously, if they gradu The Senator from Missouri EMr. TRu alcohol was $3,44(000,000; for tobacco, ated from high schools and universities, MAN] is detained on important public $1,722,000,000; for movies, $1,438,000,000; and lacked knowledge of the history of business. cosmetics and chewing gum, $435,000,- this country they cannot teach history. Mr. :M:cNARY. The S:mator from New 000, or a total of $7,639,000,000 spent for It is a vicious circle. I do not know what Jersey [Mr. BARBOUR] is absent because luxuries. · the Senate or the House, or the two of illness. The total amount spent on education bodies together, may or can do about it, The Senator from New Hampshire during the same period was $2,564,000,- but it is a challenging picture of failure. [Mr. BRIDGES] is unavoidably detained in 000, or 33.6 percent as much as was We are telling the world that we are New Hampshire. spent on luxuries in the United ·states fighting for our own magnificent tradi The Senator from Delaware [Mr. during 1938. tions and for all of the beautiful things BucK] is absent on official business as a Mr. BONE. Mr. President, I C:,esire to which have been enshrined in the fabric member of the Small Business Commit occupy the floor for a moment to com of American life, and yet millions of our tee of the Senate. ment on the story of education which own boys and girls may never come to The Senator from New Hampshire has been unfolded to the Senate today. 'appreciate their significance or cost. [Mr. ToBEY] is absent on ofii~ial busi-_ It is one which should burn itself into Certainly we owe it to the boys and girls ness. the consciousness of the members of coming on to bring about a change. The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem boards of higher curricula in all our PREVENTION OF DEDUCTIONS IN DE- pore. Eighty-four Senators having an States where such institutions are main TERMINING PARITY OR COMPARABLE swered to their names, a quorum is pres tained. PRICES OF AGRICULTURAL COMMODI ent. ; We are presently engaged in the great TIES-VE-TO Mr. BANKHEAD. Mr. President, Ire est war in human history, a war in which gret that it is necessary to submit my we shall probably and tragically pour out The Senate resumed the reconsidera views on this at a time when I know a libations of blood which will stagger the tion of the bill m. 660) to prevent cer great many s ·enators are going to leave imagination of the world. We are say tain deductions in determining parity or the floor at the lunch hour. I also regret ing to ourselves, and to our boys who are comparable prices of agricultural coni. that some Senators who deliberately making these sacrifices, that they are moditif'..,, and for other purposes. voted for the passage of this bill, and fighting to preserve all the worth-while The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem who are now said to be on the other side things in our American system and our pore. The question is, Shall the bill pass, · of the issue, are not present to hear a American way of life. So when we read the objections of the President of the fair discussion of the measure. I state this most astounding document it comes United States to the .contrary notwith that .especially for the reason that there as a very rude shock to discover that the standing? have -been so many misrepresentations magnificent historical traditions of Mr. McNARY. I suggest the absence about the effects of the bill that it is a America have been obscured, and are no of a quorum. pity, Mr. President, as I see it, that Mem longer bright and shining inspirations to The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem bers of this body should be misguided by the students in American high schools. pore. The clerk will call the .roll. · representations which are not really jus We are telling our boys that they are The legislative clerk Called the roll, tified, in my opinion, and very largely fl.ghting for great historical principles and the following Senators answered to upon anonymous statements of the ef enshrined in our national life. Yet, ac their names: fects of the bill made by somebody in a cording to this story, which is well veri Alken Green Overton department who may or may not be re fied in the experience of almost all of Austin Guffey Pepper sponsible for the figures which are pre Bailey Gurney Radcliffe us, the students in our high schools, as Ball Hatch Reed sented. well as those who are entering our col Bankhead Hawkes · Revercomb In the first place, I wish to say that it leges, have all too little acquaintance Barkley Hayden Reynolds is not my personal bill, if that is of any Bone Hill Robertson with the magnificent history and his Brewster Holman Russell • significance. This bill was sponsored by torical figures of our country We are Brooks Johnson. Calif. Shipstead the four largest farm organizations in telling our· boys that they are fighting Burton Johnson. Colo. Smith America. They requested m~ to intro Bushfield Kilgore Stewart for these principles, and yet many do not Butler La Follette Taft duce and handle it. With my knowledge understand what they are. vVe have Byrd La!lger Thomas, Idaho of the subject, and being in absolute ac seen enshrined in our national life a Capper Lodge Thomas, Okla. cord with their viewpoint and with ·the Chandler Lucas Thomas. Utah hatred of many evils-hell-born evils Chavez McCarran Tunnell purposes of the bill, I was glad to take and we wrote an iconoclastic thesis Clark,Idaho · McClellan Tydings that action. When the bill was previ against them in fierce whirlwinds of fire. dark, Mo. McFarland Vandenberg ously before the Senate I put into the Men have died to keep the infant Repub Connally McKellar Van Nuys RECORD letters from the four outstanding Danaher McNary Wagner lic from being strangled in its cradle and Davis Maloney Wallgren farm organizations, showing their sup it is remarkable how many boys and girls, Downey Mead Walsh port of the measure. A day or two later unfortunately, do not know the beau Eastland Millikin Wheeler I received a telegram from the fifth farm Ellender Moore Wherry tiful story of the man whose valor and Ferguson Murdock White organization, one which does not usually genius carved a nation out of a wilder George Nye Wiley cooperate with the other four, namely, ness. Gerry O'Daniel Willis the National Farmers' Union, giving un Are we asking ou... · boys to fight for Gillette O ' M~oney Wilson qualified support to the bill. I have the something they do not understand? If Mr. HILL. I announce that the Sen telegram here. I have not heard from so, it is a sad picture. We have a sys ator from Florida [Mr. ANDREWS], the them since the President vetoed the bill. tem of education in this country which Senator from Mississippi [Mr. BILBO], I want to make it clear that the state is bcking in that it has robbed them of and the Senator from Virginia [Mr. ment they sent to me at the time when 2960 CONGRESSION.AL RECORD-SENATE APRIL 6 the bill was previously under considera In our opinion it is the duty of the Congress honest attempt to reach the fair balance nec tion was their position then. I do not to see that the law is carried out. This essary, to the end that America may win the know what their position is now, whether can be accomplished by passage of the Bank-. war and write an enduring peace. head bill over the veto. Enactment of this Yours very sincerely, they still favor the bill or not. Let me measure would permit the farmer to obtain THE NATIONAL GRANGE, read the telegram from the National parity in the market place, instead of being A. S. Goss, Master. Farmers' Union, since it lias not hereto forced to depend upon subsidies from the AMERICAN FARM BUREAU FEDERATION, fore been read into the RECORD of the Public Treasury. Farmers do not want, and EDWARD A. O'NEAL, President. Senate, for the reason that I received it never have wanted, subsidies when they NATIONAL COUNCIL OF FARMER the day after the Senate passed the bill. could obtain parity prices. CooPERATIVES, I thint{ it is well, at least, for the public Unfortunately the issue has been clouded CHARLES C. TEAGUE, President. by assertions that the Bankhead bill will NATIONAL COOPERATIVE MILK PRODUCER3' to understand the attitude of this farm seriously increase the dangers of infiation. FEDERATION, orgamzation in addition to the other four These assertions are based on misleading and CHARLES W. HOLMAN, Secretary. at a time when so much pressure was not distorted figures. Any increase in the ccst to be resorted to to sustain the veto ,of of farm commodities which might reEult Mr. President, this statement, signed the President: The telegram is signed by from passage of the measure would be so by these four great farm organizations, James G. Patton, president of the Na small as to have little, if any, effect on the presents a good picture, an accurate pic tional Farmers' Union, and reads: cost of food to the consumer. ture, broadly speaking, of the facts so far It is most unfortunate that again and as I know them to be, and I urge the We are tremendously pleased and encour again the American farmer has been attacked aged by your effective work which resulted earnest attention of Senators to the rep and accused of reponsibility for inflation. resentations, statements, and arguments in the Senat;;'s approval yesterday by an al It is apparent that once more agriculture most unanimous vote to protect agriculture is to be used as the whipping-boy to fur- made by this group of representatives of against ceilings imposeq. by the Office of . ther appease the wage demands of organized organized agriculture in this country . Price Administration at less than. parity labor and to divert attention from the real Mr. President, I also have a letter from prices. We have always contended that par source of inflation. This is seriolisly under Mr. C. C. Teague, president of the Na ity prices were to provide parity of income, mining the morale of the farmer and im and soil and conservation payments were tional Council of Farmer Cooperatives, pairing his heroic efforts to produce to the one of the greatest farm organizations to compensate the farmer for taking land utmost of his capacity. Not only farmers out of production and preserving the soil. in the United States so far as member but the general public are becoming increas ship is concerned. I shall not read the I also had a telegram at the same time ingly concerned over the anility of American letter, but I ask unanimous consent that sent by the National Farmers' Union by agriculture to produce adequate food and fiber under present' Government policies. it be printed in the RECORD at this point. James G. Patton, president, and by M. So that the public may know where the The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem W. Thatcher, vice chairman, National true blame for inflation lies, we submit the Executive Council of the National Feder pore. Is there objection? following facts based on Government rec There being no objection, the letter ation of Grain Cooperatives. It is prac ords: tically the same as the telegram I have 1. While American farmers constitute more was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, just read, and in order to save reading it than 22 percent of our population, they re as follows: I will ask that it be published in the ceive less than 10 percent of our national NATIONAL COUNCIL OF RECORD. income. FARMER COOPERATIVES, There being no objection, the tele 2. In 1942, farm income had' increased only Washington, D. c., April 5, 1943. $1,000,000,000 over the peak figure of the _!te President's veto, Bankhead bill, S. 660. gram was ordered to be printed in the last World War, while 11onfarm income in To Members of Congress: REcoRD,· as follows: creased more than $55,000,000,000. GENTLEMEN: We have just held a 3-day ST. PAUL, MINN., February 27, 1943. 3. Farm prices today are 10 percent below session of the executive committee of Hon. JoHN H. BANKHEAD, farm prices prevailing during the last World the National Council of Farmer Coopera Senate Office Building~ War. ' Hourly pay of industrial workers is tives, an organization with a membership We are tremendously pleased and encour nearly two and a half times greater than of more than 2,000,000 farmers d!stributed aged by your effective work which resulted the peak hourly rates of World War No. 1. in every State and almost every county. in the Senate's approval yesterday by an al..: Members of the executive committee came most unanimous vote to protect agriculture I ask the attention of my colleagues, . from all parts of the country. There does against ceilings imposed by the Office of particularly to the following statement: not exist a more able, representative, or Price Administration at less than parity 4. Today the average nonfarm family is patriotic group of men connected with· agri prices. We have always contended that parity paying a lower percentage of its income· for culture. _./ payments were to !Jrovide parit-y of income -food than at any time during the past 30 They came together, not because of a profit and soil-conservation payments were to com years. Today 22 percent of the average non· motive, but because of their grave con pensate the farmers for taking land out of farm family income is spent for food com cern over the serious national food situa• production and preserving the soil. pared to 38 percent ::.t the peak of World War tion. NATIONAL FARMERS' UNION, No. 1. Each of them expressed the conviction JAMES G. PATToN, Pres:dent. that there was impending a crisis that prom M. W. THATCHER, Permit me to digress from the reading ised to be calamitous 1n the production of Vice Chairman, National Execmtive of this statement to say that these figures the foods essential to feeding our armed Council, National Federation of are ~aken from statements released from forces, assisting our allies, and supplying Grain Cooperatives. time to time by the Bureau of Agricul our civilian population on even a greatly tural Economics of the Department of restricted diet. Mr. BANKHEAD. Mr. President, since They were unanimously of the opinion the veto of the bill. by the President I Agriculture, one of which, and the latest that under the present policies of Govern have received a letter signed by the other of which, I have here among my papers. ment the minimum requirements of these four farm organizations, dated April 3, I continue to read: essential foods would not be produced for which I shall read. It is as follows: There is, therefore, absolutely no justifica the following reasons: tion for organized labor to use either the 1. Before the establishment of price con To the Members of the Senate and the House Bankhead bill or the cost of food as an excuse trols and the Little Steel formula, labor of Representatives: fer demanding further wage . increases. In unions, supported by the Government and We urge Congress to pass the Bankhead bill view of the grave food shortage now con the device of cost-plus contracts, had raised. over the President's veto. . At stake is the fronting the country, we believe it is time to the wages of common labor in many cases basic issue of whether we shall have govern stop kicking the farmer around and to fix the to double that of the pre-war period. ment by law or by Executive decree. blame for inflation where it properly belongs. Farmers, in order to get labor, have, in many With that statement I am in the fullest Agriculture has always urged that stability cases, had to pay even higher wages than accord. I continue the reading: could be maintained only through a fair bal those paid in defense plants and still can ance between industri~ l wages and agricul not get the necessary labor for production The amount of money involved is rela tural prices. Had labor and the administra and harvest. tively small. The principle involved is fun tion agreed to this, today the cost of living 2. One-third to as high as one-half of damental. would be subst antially lower. Feeling that the agricultural laborers and farmers 1n many In the Price Control Act of October 2, 1942, passage of the Bankhead bill will still leave a areas have been talcen from agriculture into the Congress stipulated that ceilings on farm disparity between agricultural prices and in defense plants and into the armed forces. products should not be set below parity dustrial wages, and therefore does not justify The work performed by these workers can prices to farmers. This provision of the labor's demands for higher pay, we believe it not, except in small measure, be done by law has been nullified by Executive decree. to be the duty of labor to join with us in an inexperienced women and children. 1943 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 2961 8. Under priority rulings material could ments of our people, the armed forces at dent directed that all parity payments, not be obtained for machinery, repair parts, home and abroad, and to fulfill the .all soil-conservation payment, and all replacements, and other essential farm sup plies. promises made to our allies through the subsidies of every kind be deducted in 4. Til-considered ap)>Iication of ce111ng lend-lease program. fixing both the parity prices and the ceil prices has caused many maladjustments in Permit me again to call attention, as I ing prices of commodities. production and distribution. did on a former occasion, to the views Mr. President, I ask unanimous con All of these conditions are discouraging held by Mr. H€rbert Hoover on the sub sent to have printed in the RECORD at and restricting production. ject. Mr. Hoover has had a wider ex this point an excerpt from the Executive In many high-cost crops the risk is so great perience than any other living man with order providing for the stabilization of that farmers will not plant without assur the subject of food supplies and food the national economy, to which I have ance of a labor _supply and a price that will at least return to them their out-of-pocket . distribution during periods of emergency. referred. expense. Whether or not we agree with Mr. Hoo The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem Since the establishment of price ceilings, ver's economic philosophy, we all know pore. Without objection, it is so or it has been the policy of the administration that his experience and his record of dered. to hold down the price of food. success as food administrator of this The excerpt is as follows: The Bankhead bill (S. 660) means little in country and distributor of food in for TITLE IV. PRICES OF AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES the way of increased prices to farmers or eign lands was the primary factor in ad increased costs to consumers. It does, we vancing him in the consideration of the 2. In establishing, maintaining, or adjust believe, carry out a part of the policy which American people for the office of the Con gress wrote into the Price Control Act ing maximum prices for agricultural com and which was nulllfied by Executive order. Presidency of the United States, which modities or for commodities processed or manufactured In whole or in substantial part There is a ~rinciple. mvolved which· we be was later bestowed upon him. Are we lieve demand!i. the support of this legislation to disregard the judgment of such an from any agricultural commodity, appro by every Member of Congress. The time has experienced man merely because we do priate deductions shall be-made from rarity come when parity prices or prices to farmers not agree with all his economic views? pr.ice or comparable price for payments made as Em end in themselves is past. The domi under the Soil Conservation and Domestic I submit that in a trying time it is well Allotment Act, as- amended, parity_payments ;nant consideration in determining the level for us to take advantage of the experi at whJc h price ceilings are imposed should made under . the Agricultural Adjustment be: What will be the effect on supplies? ence and the judgment of such a man Act of 1938, as amended, and governmental Farm prices should be established primarily on this subj.ect. When the first price subsidies. to get the right foods in the right quantities. control bill was under consideration in Mr. BANKHEAD. In his order 'the Ceiling or maximum prices should be used .the Committee on Banking and Currency President said: to safeguard the public from inflationary and of the Senate, Mr. Hoover said that the specu'.ative prices, but prices necessary to time would come when the American Appropriate deductions shall be made from cover the costs of producing a supply of foods people· would be more interested in the parity price- sufficient to provide reaonably adequate diets subject of floors under prices so as to Not parity income- ·for the armed forces, our allies, and the civil ian population cannot properly be called "in bring about adequate production than from parity price or comparable price for flationary price:::"; they are necessary prices they would be about price ceilings. payments made under the Soil Conservation necesaary to cover casts. necessary to provide Senators, we all know it to be a funda and Domestic Allotment Act, as amended, a 1easonablv adequate food supply, necessary mental principle of economy that prices parity payments made under the Agricul to keep foods flowing through normal dis are largely fixed by the law of supply and tural Adjustment Act of 1938, as amended, tributive channels rather than to a select demand, and the chief· factor in any and governmental subsidies. few via the · "black market," necessary that price fixing is the quantity of commodi The deductions are to be made- everyone may have enough of something to ties offered on the market. The best eat even though it may not be just what he'd in establishing, maintaining, or adjusting way to hold down prices of any com maximum prices for agricultural commodi like to eat. ties or for commodities procflssed or manu We urge thf. support of the Bankhead bill modities, and especially of agricultural commodities, is to produce in ample factured in whole or In substantial part (S 660) in overriding the President's veto as from any agricultural commodity. one step in the direction of the assurance of quantities, and the ample supply will in an adequate productton of essential foods. itself automatically bring about fair and That order was dated October 6, 1942, Sincerely yours, reasonable prices. 4 days after the apP,roval of the act. c. C. TEAGUE, President. I will illustrate my point by referring Mr. President, I am approaching the Mr. BANKHEAD. Mr. President, I to watermelons. Let us say a load of subject in the same spirit that the Presi read one paragraph from the letter watermelons a day comes to a town in dent said he was approaching it, when which I have just had inserted in the which the people consume a load of he said he gave due credit to those who RECORD: watermelons a day. Let us assume that differed with him, and that he expected The Bankhead bill (S. 660) means little in a little later two or three loads of water the same treatment from those v:ho dif the way of increased prices to farmers or in melons a day come to the same town, in fered with him. I ' am approaching the creased costs to consumers. It does, we be which there are the same · number of subject in that way. I fundamentally lieve, carry out a part of the policy which consumers. Down goes the price. On differ with the President on this subject, Congress wrote into the Price Control Act the other hand, let us suppose that the and unfortunately it is not the first time, and which was nullified by Executive order. watermelon producers carry their melons though I have not often differed with There is a principle involved which we believe to some other market, or that their pr"" him. But, Mr. President, the Price Con demands the support of this legislation by duction of melons is short for reasons every Member of Congress. The time has trol or Stabilization Act had just been come when parity prices, or prices to farm beyond their control; is there anyone passed by this body, after a full discus ers, as an end in themselves is past. The who does not know how rapidly the price sion of its provisions, and no part of dominant consideration in determining the rises because the number of melons is that act or of the first Price Control Act level at which price ceilings are imposed less than the requirements to supply the received more attention and more con should be: What will be the effect on sup market? sideration than the provision fixing the plies? Farm prices should be established So it is with all agricultural produc ceiling price on agricultural commodi primarily to get the right foods in the right tion. It is not only desirable from every ties. Every Senator present knows that quantities. standpoint during wartimes to have an to be true. I was deeply impressed with that state ample production of food, but it is the Mr. McNARY. Mr: President, will .it ment, because it is in line with my phi best way known to man to bring about disturb the very able Senator from Ala losophy, that, instead of having con reasonable and fair prices for the com bama if I make an observation? troversies about the difference in the cost modities. Mr. BANKHEAD. No. I shall be glad of beets, squash, and cucumbers, or even Mr. President, let me now move to an to have the Senator make it. major commodities, the great outstand other subject. The bill, as Senators Mr. McNARY. I think some confu ing proposition, from the standpoint of know, is the result of an Executive order sion has arisen conc·erning the agricul the welfare of our country, is the mat issued by the President promptly after tural commodities to which either the ter of production, quantity production, the approval of the last Price Control or Bankhead bJll or the President's veto of production sufficient to meet the require- Stabilization Act, under which the Presi- that bill applies. Is it not true that the 2962 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE APRIL 6 bill deals only with corn, wheat, cotton, one which was likely to turn loose the few roasting ears when they can get rice, and tobacco? forces of inflation, and result in a rap them. Mr. BANKHEAD. It does pot even idly climbing price level for the food Mr. TYDINGS. But those are not in rieal with cotton. the people must have. volved in this question. Mr. McNARY. We are dealing with How can the poor farmers, who, to a Mr. BANKHEAD. No. the so-called basic commodities named large extent, are unorganized, refute The Chief of the Bureau of Agricul and defined in the Agricultural Adjust those great media of publicity to the peo tural Econoihics said that not much of ment Act of 1938. ple? They have no way to do so. If the corn raised this year would be con Mr. BANKHEAD. The Senator from they cannot find enough stanch friends sumed this year. Of course, he was talk Oregon goes a little further than the in this body to repudiate the untruthful ing about corn used for feed. The live bill went. I may say to the able Sena and exaggerated statements made time . stock-raising season is approaching. tor that there are only two conimodities after time that mislead the people, they The supply of corn for feed for livestock directly involved, ·and those are corn are lost; they are helpless. The Ameri has in lr.rge measure been laid in; and he and whea.t. There has been no effort can form of government is helpless when said that as to corn the increased cost to to change the status of any of the other a great mass of people, such as our consumers this year because of the ef agricultural commodities. farmers, are imposed upon on the basis fect of the Bankhead bill would be negli Mr. McNARY. We will not quarrel of untrue, prejudicial statements, and gible. However, if we read many of the on that subject. I simply say that when the farmers have no way to act in daily newspapers represented by our speaking of the application of the the face of such a situation except friends in the press gallery, and espe measure it could only refer to the five through their Senators and Representa cially if we read the farmer-hating basic commodities. tives, who do not get much publicity newspapers of Washington-the Post Mr. BANKHEAD. That is correct. when they are defending the cause of and the Star-we would thinK that the Mr. McNARY. It refers to only two, the farmers. bill is about to bring on a regular cyclone however, because they are a little below Mr. BUTLER. Mr. President, will the and tornado of inflation. the parity price. Senator yield? What about wheat? Wheat is not di Mr. BANKHEAD. Yes. Mr. BANKHEAD. I yield. _rectly involved. An order affecting Mr. McNARY. That is what I want Mr. BUTLER The Senator just re- wheat has not been issued. An order to make clear. Let me observe that ferred to the tendency toward inflation has been issued only as to corn. That when there is talk about :i.nfiation, which by price advances of possibly 6 or 8 cents commodity was picked out. I do not I shull ruscuss in my own time, the so that would be possible under the pro know whether that was done to test the called basic commodities, five in num posed act. As a matter of fact, in the matter or why it was done. An order ber, produce only about one-third of the wheat market, for instance, the price of was issued as to flour, and I have been gross income of the farmers of the wheat has declined approximately 6 advised that the order did not reflect country. cents during the past week or 10 days, parity on wheat. I am sure ·that the Mr. BANKHEAD. So far as my in while the question has been before the matter will later be discussed by the formation goes, I think the Senator's Congress. Senator from Kansas, which is the great- figures are correct. Mr. BANKHEAD. During the time of . est wheat-producing State of the Union. Mr. President, directly involved in the the prospect of the passage of the bill. At any rate, there was no direct order question before the Senate are the state Mr. BUTLER. Let me ask the Senator on wheat. So far as the present activity ments made by radio commentators and _ if he has seen any sign of any terrible of 0. P. A. is concerned, so far as Execu other molders of public opinion who in · deflation taking place because of the drop tive orders under the Price Stabilization the last few days have been indulging in the market--not a drop of 1 cent in Act are concerned, corn is the only com in great activity and have in large meas the price of a loaf of bread, but a drop modity which has been directly oper ure tried to create the impression that of even one-tenth of 1 cent? ated upon or affected by the Adminis the increases in the prices of cucum Mr. BANKHEAD. If such a drpp has tration's program. Wheat has been af bers, beets, peas, turnip greens, radishes, occurred, my grocer has not found out fected only indirectly. . onions, and potatoes have occurred be about it, and neither have the diligent Now, let. me ask the Members of the cause of the contemplated operation of newspaper reporters. Senate why we should become stampeded the Bankhead bill. Many persons be Mr. President, I intend to discuss the by a false alarm of inflation. lieve that the apparently excessive prices constitutional question, because I regard - Why should we run to cover? There which they are required io pay at retail it as fundamental, and I shall return are reports in circulation to the effect stores for the rarities and delicacies to it. that a number of able and conscientious which many of us enjoy have been caused Now, as to corn, let me say that I con Senators who deliberately voted for the by the Bailkhead bill. That thought has sulted the Chief of the Bureau of Agri passage of this bill are very greatly dis stirred them up. They honestly think cultural Economics, who has_had long turbed by newspaper and radio state so. They think the Bankhead bTII has experience. As a civil-service employee ments, and by telephone calls which are caused increases in the prices of every he has served under various administra coming to them . from sources about thing in the grocery stores, including tions for years. He has the confldence of which we might think a little later. canned goods, preserves, fruits, and vege everyone associated with him and of The difference between the present tables. I have heard arguments to that everyone who knows him, and he has had market price and -the parity price of effect. ·I have received a letter from a greater experience than any of those wheat is about 8% cents a bushel. Only friend at home saying that the people connected with the 0. P. A. ever will there were under the impression that have. I called him and asked him what about 15 percent of the corn crop is cash the bill covus everything the farmer effect the passage of the Bankhead bill corn. The rest is fed on the farms. Only produces, and will cause a rise. in prices. would have i!l terms of increased cost about 600,000,000 bushels of corn are He said they believe that because the to consumers. He said that, so far as bought by consumers for feed and other radio commentators have continually corn is concerned, the effect would be purposes. The cash corn crop represents said so, without distinguishing in any negligible. The people do not eat much only about 600,000,000 bushels. The fig way or giving to the public the fact that corn; and yet all the talk in opposition ures were given to me by the Burea11 of really nothing except corn and wheat to the bill is about the food supplies of Agricultural Economics. Those are the is involved. The impression the radio the people. I am talking about corn. figm·es not· for this· year but for next commentators have created is not a fair Mr. TYDINGS. Mr. President, will year, a full, normal year. It can be seen one. the Senator yield? how small are the figures which it is I am sure that all other Members of Mr. BANKHEAD. In just a moment. alleged would result in a run-away infla the Senate have heard such re_marks Mr. TYDINGS. I simply wanted to tion. made by commentators, and I know they point out to the Senator that the refer Mr. TYDINGS. Mr. President, will have read the editorials in the anti ence was to field corn. the Senator yield? farmer metropolitan pres! denouncing, Mr. BANKHEAD. Yes; field corn used Mr. BANKHEAD. I yield. without rhyme or reasem, and without for both humans and animals. People.. Mr. TYDINGS. The figure for corn is any distinction, the Bankhead Act as do not eat much field corn. '!'hey eat a about $50,000,000. 1943 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 2963 Mr. BANKHEAD. I have the figure Mr. DOWNEY. The figure is 32 per an increase of $600,000,000 in money to before rne. It is $51,000,000. I thank the cent. be spent had been voted.' Whoever heard Senator. There would be an increase in Mr. BANKHEAD. That is the figure a word suggested l•ere that the increases the purchase price of cash corn of only for industrial workers. There is quite a would be inflationary? No; the bene $51,000,000. The cash corn represents difference. The revised figure for indus ficiaries were not farmers. But when about 600,000,000 bushels. Seventy trial workers is 28 or 29 percent. I am the farmers come, they receive different eight Members of the Senate voted for talking about the average family. In treatment, as the Senator from South the bill. the case of .industrial workers, only 28 Carolina . [Mr. SMITH] 1 who sits by my With respect to wheat the difference or 29 percent of their income is devoted side, knows full well. is somewhat larg~. At the present time to the purchase of food-the smallest Mr. TYDINGS. Mr. President, before the difference between the parity price percentage of income for the past ~0 or the Senator leaves the question of parity, of wheat and the market price iS about 40 years, if not. in the history of the let me ask if it is his understanding that, 20 cents a bushel. I do not know whether country. under the present law, the President has or not wheat will ever be involved. It is Mr. O'DANIEL. Mr. President, will the authority, if he wishes to exercise it, not involved now, but many persons are the Senator yield? to stop parity payments on the crops acting as though wheat and all the other Mr. BANKHEAD. I yield. which ·the Senator has heretofore men grains and agricultural commodities were Mr. O'DANIEL. Does· not that figure tioned? involved. The· difference between the include all food? It is not limited to the Mr. BANKHEAD. Mr. President, that present market price and the parity price cost of the food commodities affected by is not exactly the situation. The law is, only 20 cents a bushel. With a 700,- the bill. ' provides what shall happen without. the 000,000-bushel supply of wheat, assuming Mr. BANKHEAD. It covers all food necessity of the President's action. Two that the whole crop were subjected to consumed at the tables of workers. years ago, at the instance of the Presi sale at a figure representing the present Mr. O'DANIEL. The percentage would dent, there was included in the annual difference between the parity price and be very much smaller if it applied only supply bill for the Department of Agri the market price, the difference would 'be to the commodities affected by the bill. culture-the Senator from Georgia [Mr. $140,000,000, making a total of $190,000,- Mr. BANKHEAD. Yes. The percent RussELL] and I took part in having the 000 for wheat and corn, which are the age on corn ·alone, or on corn and wheat, language inserted-a provision pertain basis-if there is any basis-for the cry would be so small as to require an expert ing to that point. I intended to come of threatened inflation. mathematician to figure it. · to that. Let us see whether statements which Mr. GILLETTE. Mr. President, will Mr. TYDINGS. I hope the Senator have been made constitute a genuine ar the Senator yield? will not be diverted by my question. I gument against the unorganized as well Mr. BANKHEAD. I yield. thought he had left the subject of parity as the organized farmers. A year or so Mr. GILLETTE. The Senator has for the time being. ago the wages of railroad employees were been referring to the alleged inflation Mr. BANKHEAD. I really had not increased. The Board first gave them ary increases which would result from come to it, but I shall come to it directly; about $200,000,000. They protested, and the passage of the bill. He called atten and I shall read the provision to which l.t was currently stated that the President tion to some figures which are very sig I have referred, which appears in the thought they ought to have more. Fi nificant in one sense, and very insignifi appropriation act. I never knew why nally the amount was raised, and the cant in another sense. the administration was not satisfied with result was that they received an in· I think it would be pertinent to call it. It had the provision put in the act, c~ease of approximately $300,000,000. attention to the fact that yesterday Con and it is still in it. ·The provision reads Did anybody cry inflation? gress completed action on a Federal pay as fQllows: Mr. TYDINGS. Mr. President, will bill and sent it to the White House for the Senator yield? · If the sum of the prevailing basic loan rate signature. The bill provides for an in • * * or the average farm price, which The PRESIDING OFFICER 1943 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 2969 Then he went on to say: under the program in existence, and that thing by way of helping the farmer to I ask the Congress to take this action by the which would have been received under obtain that price in the market place. 1st of October- the President's program for the same As a matter of fact, Congress supports This was September 7, Mr. President. commodities was $15,000,000, or one certain prices by loans upon wheat, cot tenth of 1 percent. Certainly a differ ton, and corn.· But they are always far I ask the Congress to take action by the ence of one-tenth of 1 percent did not below the parity price. No loan of which 1st of October. Inaction on your part by that date will leave me with an inescapable justify the nbte of alarm sounded by the I have any knowledge is fixed at more responsibility to the people of this country President in his message to the Congress than 90 percent, and in most cases 85 to see to it that the war effort is no longer and people of this country. percent of the parity price. imperiled by threat of economic chaos. Mr. President, the President of the I ask Senators to observe the items In the event that the Congress should fail United States has done the same thing appearing in the table. For example, to act, and act adequately, I shall accept the again. That is why I have referred, in lambs are selling at 148 percent of the responsibility, and I will act. ~ the detail which I have, to our experience parity price. The parity price of beef What was the thing about which the of last year. .cattle is $8.73 per hundred pounds. The President was talking, which was so ur The President again agitates, alarms, farm price which is actually received is gent that he had, in effect, declared a misleads-one almost would be tempted $12.80. That is 147 percent of the parity dictatorship, graciously postponing the to say deceives-the people of the coun price. Suppose, for illustration, the par effective date from the 7th of September try as to the present situation so far as ity price were moved up several points to the 1st of October? Let me go back his power, and so far as farm prices, and or down several points. It would have to the first sentence- He charged a lacl.: the effect of the Bankhead bill on farm no effect on the price actually received of control over prices-farm prices in {)rices is concerned. and paid. The price of beef cattle and particular-because of the language I wish to read from the President's of meat in this country today is based which Congress had written into the first last message. I read from page 4 of the on the law of supply and demand. Dur Price Control Act, passed in January mimeographed copy: · .ing the past year, mostly within the past 1942. He claimed that his hands were It is difficult to forecast the actual price 6 or 7 months. we have gone away almost tied in controlling the prices of farm increase which would result under the Bank entirely, though not quite, from an~ leg products. That was what threatened head bill, and the estimates I have received islative influence. All the commodities differ widely. They all agree, however, that listed a:re ~elling and being bought on the economic welfare of the people. they will be substantial, although there is That is what the President meant when · some difference of opinion as to the time the basis of a price fixed by the relation he said that- when they will occur. of demand to the available supply, and That delay has now reached the point of yet the President of the United States, danger to our whole economy. The President, however, in the next and Mr. Prentiss M. Brown, and the pamgraph-and this is the statement I "snake doctors" in the Oflice-of Price What did the President propose to do particularly challenge-says this: Administration, who manufacture statis;.. about it? He had a program of his own, The Bankhead bill would certainly deprive tics to prove some particular point, have and he said that if he were given the the Government of power to prevent these in a statement put out this kind of "guff" power his purpose would be to hold farm price increases which might- to -the country. They unfairly, unnec prices at parity, or at levels of a recent This is the point- essarily, and needlessly alarm the people date, whichever were higher. of this country. I say, without any hesi That joined the issue. There was a which might-add more than a billion dollars to the consumers' ~ood budget. tation or fear of being successfully con situation about which the President tradicted, that the effect of passage of complained and for which he charged Mr. President, so far as any effect of the Bankhead bill,upon the price struc Congress with responsibility. He wanted the Bankhead bill on food prices is con ture of food to the consumers of the power to carry forward his own program. cernEd, that is arrant nonsense, not to country would be negligible. It would He stated what that program would be. call it by a stronger term. The Presi have some effect in about three instances Manifestly, if the condition existing was dent of the United States owes a duty · so grave as to threaten the welfare of to the people greater than that shown to which I shall return. the country, then certainly the Presi in statements of that nature. Mr. P:::-esident, I ask permission to have dent's program would make a tremen I now desire to proceed to a demon the table and accompanying statement dous change in the conditions which then stration of the facts which are in direct inserted in the RECORD at this point as existed and had bee'n existing. Was conflict with the President's statements. a part Of my remarl{S, that the fact? No. I have asked the Bureau of Agricultural The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem Mr. President, I am bringing up this Economics to furnish me with bas~c pore. Without objection, it is so or old question because, on this floor, I figures dealing with the situation per dered. charged the President with needlessly taining to the cost ,of food and food The table and statement are as fol alarming the people of this country. prices. I ask that a copy of the state lows: Not since Orson Vvelles excited many ment be distributed so that Senators, The table below, prepared by the Bureau persons about a supposed invasion from who are patient enough to listen, may of Agricultural Economics, . Department of Mars had any responsible voice in this have the figures in front of them. Agriculture, shows actual average prices re country so needlessly alarmed the people On the sheet to which I have referred ceived by farmers in the United States for ... food products as of March 15, 1943. The as. did the President in his message. is a list of all the important staple food it-ems listed include every important item Senators may recall that at that time products which go to make up almost of staple food consumption, except wheat and I had printed in the RECORD studies made the entire food bill of the people of the corn. These are given separate treatment. by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, United States. The table was prepared Vegetables, ex9ept potatoes and sweetpota• one of the most responsible statistical by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics. toes, and ·fruits, except apples, are not in agencies known anywhere. As briefly as The figures are not mine. They are of cluded because the influence of the Bank I can I wish to advert to them. I called ficial figures given out by the most au head bill, if any, would be negligible in the attention to the fact that the Bureau of thoritative official source, the most care whole food-price equation. The parity price is shown in column 2. Agricultural Economics calculated that ful and conscientious official source in The actual average farm ruice is shown in the sum total of the price established the country. column 3. The percentage relation of the under the policy of Congress which Please refer to the table at the bottom actual price to the parity price is shown in would be received by the farmer for the of the sheet. Let me first make a pre column 4. Each and every price is now from commodities about which the President liminary statement. Many persons at 8 to 48 percent higher than the parity price. complained, and the price which would tach more weight to the term "parity" Each of these commodities is selling at a be received by the farmer for the same or the term "parity price" than they price which reflects tfle law of supply and demand. The actual price is not controlled commodities in the same quantity under should. As a matter of fact, a parity by the parity price. the policy of the President's program, price is only a statement of the price Price Administrator Brown, in his letter to differed by- only one-tenth of 1 percent. a farmer should receive, and nothing in Senator BARKLEY,- and read to the Sznate on On a $14,000,000,000 base the difference the law, in and of itself, or in the Bank March 25, intimated that the Banlthead bill between the price received by the farmer head bill or anything else, do.es any- would increase food prices perhaps as much 2970 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE APRIL 6 as 7 percent or $1,500,000,000. In the Prest- of this bill, the price could.still be regu that the statement did not-apply to that dent's message o! April 2, it was suggested lated by the 0. P. A., and that, after all, particular article, but what Mr. Brown that the Bankhead bill would increase food it would depend largely upon supply prices more than 5 percent, or more than was talking about was the total picture $1,000,000.000. There is no basis in fact for and demand ril.ther than upon this par- of farm prices with the farmer's costs, these statements. . ticular legislation. . and not simply as to one crop. The effect of sustaining the Presidential Mr. REED. The Senator from Man- Mr. WHEELER. If that theory is cor veto of the Bankhead bill would be to estab- tana is ·correct. We thought we had rect, then one could pick out some few llsh a wartime parity which would be the matter nailed down in the recent items· which are inordinately high and eeveral points lower than parity as now cal- Price·control Act so that there could not say that prices of the great majority of culated. The Administration will subtract be fixed a ceiling below P-arity or below from the present lawful parity price the farmers .were four times higher than amount of parity and soil-conservation pay- the highest price paid between January their costs. Of course, that would be ments. The Administration is doing this 1, 1942, and September 15, 19'42. The absolutely unfair to a great majority of now. · Sustaining the veto would legali~ Senator will remember 'that, for he, as the farmers of the country. The state this practice. well as I, participated actively in work.: ment does not say the average; it says Food prices may ahd probably will go ing out a further limitation upon the the prices to the farmers have "risen four somewhat higher, but that will be because price ceilings. I say to the Senator that . of the demand as measured · against the times as much." I say that the state supply and not by any influence direct or I have left not a particle of co·nfidence in · ment is misleading and is not in accord indirect of the Bankhead bill. :· the administrative integrity of officials with the facts. The Bankhead bill can have no possible downtown. What they will do, God only Mr. REED. The Senator from Mon effect upon the current price o! these com- kno·ws; I do not. If their past perform tana knows as well as I do, and as well modities. The most it could do would be ance is any indication of tbeir future ac as does the Senator from Kentucky, that that the higher parity, maintained by virtue tion, once we lose our control here in the anyone who makes the statement that of· th£' Bankhead bill requirements, W~)Uld f establieh a floor if food prices should decline Congress o the United States I do not the average price the farmer receives on sufficiently to reach such a floor. This is know what they will do. all his products has increased four not in the least likely. Mr. WHEELER. Mr. President, will ·times-400 percent--is not stating the Prices received. by farmers tor food products the Senator yield further? fact. and percentage of parity or comparable Mr. REED. Certainly. Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, will price, United States, "Mar. 15, 1943 Mr. WHEE!..ER. I merely wish to call the Senator yield again? ------,----.,..----:-""'--- • attention to the fact that in the. letter Mr. REED. Certainly. Parity Per· which the head of the 0. P. A., Mr. Mr. BARKLEY. What the Price . Ad or Farm centage Brown, sent t~ Senator BARKLEY on ministratOr was doing_ was drawing a com· ~ice, actual Commodity parable ar. price March 24 he made this statement: · comparison between the increased price ~ice. 15, is of Not OLly have prices the farmers receive ar. 1943 parity of farm products and the increased cost I 15. 1943 price risen four times as much as the prices the to the farmer who produees the prod farmer.s pay, but they .have also risen four ucts. It would be manifestly unfair to (1) (2) (3) (·1) . times as much as farmers' cost of production. pick out some one crop and say that be ------cause it does not apply to that crop the Dollar& Dollars Percent I call attention to the fact that I asked Lambs, per 100 pounds______9. 47 13.98 14S a representative of the Department of whole statement is false. Beef cattle, per 100 pounds___ 8. 73 12.80 147 Agriculture this morning, who appeared Mr. REED. The Senator from Ken Rice, per husheL______1.309 1. 802 13S Veal calves, per 100 pounds___ 10.87 14.45 133 before the committee after he had been tucky knows as well as does the Senator Chickens, per pound_------. 1R4 . 235 128 threatened with a subpena, whether or from Montana and I do, that, taking the Cottonset.>d, per ton_ . --·----- 36. 31 45.73 126 Potatoes, pt!r busheL------1. 161 ]. 41)) 125 not that statement was correct. He hes average, farm prices have not increased Bo~, per 100 polmds:______11. 70 14.67 125 itated about it, and I said, "Certainly it four times. Turkeys, per pound______• 232 • 287 12t Milk, wholesale, rer 100 is not true so far as the wheat farmers -Mr. BARKLEY. That is not what we pounds ___ ------2. 54 I 3. 04 2 120 are concermid, is it? The price of wheat are talking about. We are talking about Eggs, per dozen ___ ------. 284 . 340 2120 has not risen four times." He finally comparative increase of farm prices rel Apples, rer busheL______1. 55 ]. 85 119 Butterfat, per pound______.429 . 505 2 113 acknowledged that he thought that was ative to the cost of producing . Sweetpotatoes, per busheL___ 1. 414 1. 536 109 true. Mr. WHEELER. Let me read the Butter, per pound------.----·-·- . 444 103 I do not know who prepared the state statement; let us see what Administrator ment which was sent here; probably --it Brown said. 1 Preliminary. was prepared by some official of the ' Parity price~ adjusted for sea..."'nal variations. Not only have prices farmers receive riSen Source: Bureau ol Agricultural Economics, Division of 0. P. ·A., by some of the so-called four times as much as the prices farmers Etati~tical ancl Historical Research. economists in that organization, but it is pay- absolutely misleading and cannot be Mr. REED. Mr. President; the table ! submit that that statement alone is deals with every food crop, every food sustained by the facts. Does the Sen ator agree with that statement? not correct, whether we take the average product of great importance except or take some particular farm crop. wheat and corn and perhaps sugar-and Mr. REED. I disagree with the state ment of Mr. Brawn. Mr. REED. I agree with the Senator to that point I shall return. from Montana as to that. I come from the great wheat-produc Mr. . WHEELER. That is what I mean. Mr. WHEELER. S~condly, Adminis ing State, and I have read with alarm trator Brown says.: and disapproval and a bit of despair Mr. REED. I agree with anyone who says that what the Senator has quoted but they have also risen four times as much what the President said in his message as farmers' cost Qf production. about bread. L~t me say that bread is is not true. the lowest priced food product anyone Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, will The Bureau of Statistics of the Agri can buy. Relatively and actually, based the Senator yield there? cultural Department this morning said upon food values, based upon the price The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem they did not have the statistics and could of wheat, bread is now and has been at pore. Does the Senator from Kansas not figure out what the cost of produc a subnormal level. yield to the Senator from Kentucky? tion is. Sa I say those two statements Mr. WHEELER. Mr. President- Mr. REED. Certainly. are misleading. I do not attribute that The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem Mr. BARKLEY. What the Price Ad to former Senator Brown; I know he was pore. Does the Senator from Kansas ministrator was talking about was the taking the word of some of his statisti yield to the Senator from Montana? average increase in costs and prices. · cia11s in the organization who know Mr. REED. I am glad to yield. Mr. WHEELER. But that is not what about as much concerning farming and Mr. WHEELER. I desire to ascertain the letter says. farm prices and agricultural products as if I understand the Senator's argument. Mr. BARKLEY. He was talking about a young man who is just out of Columbia As I understand, his contention is that, the average costs of production and of or Harvard University. regardless of whether or not the Con farm prices. Of course, one could pick Mr. REED. The Senator from Mon gress should override the President's veto a single item out of a hundred and say tana and the Senator f!om Kentucky 1943 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 2971 and I, know that Prentiss Brown, our Bureau of Agricultural Economics. They $1.14 on the farm, 13 cents is added to former colleague, is a fair, square, furnished me this time, as they always cover freight charges and country ele straightforward, honorable gentleman, do, with a great many figures. I depend vator costs. The loan value of wheat at but he was made a sucker of last year on them, it is true. Kansas City is $1.27 per bushel. Cost of by 0. P. A., and there is a fair basis Mr. President, I wish now to distribute storage, insurance, handling, and other for the assumption that he is to be to Senators a statement to which I shall charges may amount to as much as 13 made a sucker of by the 0. P. A. now. call attention. I distribute copies of this cents per bushel. Wheat, in the market Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, I do statement because it contains an opinion at Kansas City, has a base value of $1.27. not think it is fair to former Senator of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics When sold in the market, whatever por Brown for the Senator from Kansas to which controverts the 0. P. A. I should tion of the total carrying charge-13 rise here and say that he was made a like to have the statement distributed cents-has accrued, must be added to sucker out of by somebody. because it goes to the heart of the wheat, the price unless the seller takes a shrink Mr. REED. If ·nave Ginsburg did not flour, and bread question. in his price. He does not usually do this. make a sucker out of Mr. Brown, I do not Mr. President, there is no reasonable If wheat is stored under loan on the know what the significance of the ex ground for belief that the Bankhead bill farm, the farmer storing it may receive pression is. will have any e:tfect on the market price 7 cents a bushel for the storage. Stor Mr. BARKLEY. Whatever may be of wheat for the remainder of the pres age costs are added to the loan price. said of Mr. Ginsburg, I think it would ent marketing year, which ends June 30, The farmer storing his own wheat re take a far better man than he to make 1943. The parity price of wheat on the ceives this addition to his price. a suclcer out of Mr. Brown. farm as of March 15, 1943, was $1.423. Wheat is selling at Kansas City at Mr. REED. Ginsburg is a pretty The actual average price received by between $1.35 and $1.39-mostly at $1.37 smart man. farmers on March 15, 1943, was $1.227, or $1.38. Mr. BARKLEY. Of course it is true, which is 19 cents below the parity price. The big factor is: as I presume even the Senator from The price received was 86 percent of the When the market price at Kansas City Kansas and the Senator from Montana, parity price, but the parity price is not goes above $1.27, which is the loan value, along with the Senator from Kentucky the controlling factor in the grain mar plus an amount sufficient to meet the and all other Senators, must admit, that ket at the present time. The actual accrued carrying charges, which at this we have to have people help us obtain marketing situation is: season may average 10 cents a bushel, the facts we present here. Wheat has been below parity over a loan wheat comes freely into the mar We ourselves do not have the time to long period' of years. In wheat, parity is · ket from the farm where it has been dig them all out. Frequently I obtain merely an expression of what the farmer stored. This is what holds the price figures which I have requested from the ought to receive. Giving the wheat range around $1.37. That price covers Department of Agriculture, the Depart farmer a parity price in the market place the loan and the carrying charges. If ment of Commerce, the Treasury De is a pious hope yet to be fulfilled. The the farmer has stored his own wheat, he partment, and all other departments, loan value of wheat is the dominant gets the benefit. but if someone wishes to condemn the influence. Mr. President, I wish to add at this figures I present, or figure presented Mr. WHEELER. Mr. President, will point that the parity price of wheat in by the Senator from Kansas, all he has the Senator yield? Kansas City at this time is $1.55, and to do is to rise on the floor of the Senate Mr. REED. I yield. wheat is being bought and sold on the and say, "The Senator himself did not Mr. WHEELER. So far as wheat is market every day at $1.37. In the name ascertain those facts; he asked some concerned, regardless of whether or not of Heaven, how could the Bankhead bill little statistician or some little bureau the veto shall be sustained, the bill would affect that? It simply could not do it. crat in Washington to get them for him." not have anything to do with bringing Whoever makes the claim that it would, We create a bureau and someone ap the price of wheat up to parity. makes a mistake. Whoever holds out to points a ·man to be the head of the Mr. REED. It would not have there the people of this country the idea that bureau, and we immediately criticize him motest influence. The Bankhead bill, their food costs may be determined by as a bureaucrat. enacted or rejected, would not have the such "bosh" as that, is guilty of action Mr. REED. If the Senator will pardon remotest immediate e:tfect, and only a which brings on disunity. my relating something that occurred at very negligible e:tfect in the future, on Mr. BUTLER, Mr. WHEELER, and Mr. a lunch table discussion, a Senator stated the price of wheat. TAFT addressed the Chair. that when the supplemental appropria Mr. WHEELER. As a matter of fact, The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem tion bill came before us he intended to the price of wheat has very little to do pore. Does the Senator from Kansas move to strike out provision for all econ with the cost of bread at any time. yield, and, if so, to whom? omists in general, and the economists Mr. REED. It is an ).mportant but Mr. REED. I yield first to the Senator of the Office of Price Administration in not the controlling factor. from Nebraska. particular. Mr. WHEELER. It has very little to Mr. BUTLER. Mr. President, in order Mr. BARKLEY. I am sure that would do with it. It has something to do with to emphasize the point which the Sen not a:tfect anyone in the Senate. it, but very little to do with the price of ator from Kansas is making, I should Mr. REED. Mr. President, I wish to bread anywhere in the United States. like to ask a question or two. If I am cor proceed for a moment with the discus Mr. REED. In a moment I shall come rect there are approximately 600,000,000 sion of wheat, because it has been as to an authoritative expression of opinion bushels of wheat available under Govern serted that a great injustice was going r.pon the bread question, and the extent ment loans: to be done to the consumers of bread. to which bread might be affected by the Mr. REED. I could not give the figure I wish to go back and repeat what I have price of wheat. I now return to my as of this date. The last time I had oc· already said, that of all the articles of statement. casion to inquire it was in the neighbor food, bread is the lowest in price. The The loan value of wheat for the hood of 600,000,000 bushels; that is cor price is subnormal. It has been subnor 1942 crop was announced by the Secre rect. mal for a long time. There was a group tary of Agriculture on May 1, 1942, be Mr. BUTLER. That is approximately of Members of this body who actively fore the marketing of the new crop be the amount today. Under the market fought with the 0. P. A. last winter to gan. It is 85 percent of the average farm conditions which have prevailed until the keep the 0. P. A. and the Secretary of parity of wheat during the preceding consideration of this bill became rather Agriculture from going into an exten year. warm, it was possible for the owner of sive campaign to keep the price of wheat The 1942 wheat crop loan value is 85 wheat who had a Government loan on it down. percent of a parity price of $1.34, or $1.14 to dispose of the wheat and have a little I do not know where the President gets on the farm. Let us now move from the margin left over and above the original the figure of a cent or a cent and a half farm to the market place. loan. In other words, there was a con a loaf. Let me say to the Senator from· The great winter wheat market is tinual flow of wheat into the market Kentucky that I shall again refer to the Kansas City. To the farm-loan price of channels from the owner. the farmer, in LXXXIX--188 2972 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE APRIL 6 the country. But the market the last This is a real war job where your help is and listen, I will come to the question of few days has declined a total of about urgently neetled. Act immediately. principle. I think it will interest even Top wages-9 hours per day--6 days per I 6 or 8 cents a bushel. A farmer who has week. ·Time and one-half after 40 hours. the Senator from Ohio. wish to dis a loan on his wheat cannot sell the wheat An inexperienced man can earn $250 pe:t: cuss that particular question. and cash in. Therefore as a matter of month. Mr. WHEELER. Mr. President, will necessity, with the wheat loans all fall· Lodging accommodations available. the Senator again yield? ing due on April 30, the last of this month, J. C. BOESPFLUG CONSTRUCTION Co., • Mr. REED. I yield. the wheat which is under loan will all Marine Division, Anacortes, Wash. Mr. WHEELER. Certainly there is a come into the possession of the Com. Will someone tell me how we can keep question of principle involved it seems to modity Credit Corporation. Will there the farmer on the farm when, whether me, in whether the President or the ex be any opportunity for a further advance he is experienced or inexperienced, he ecutive departments have the right-- in the market when the Government, can go into war industry and earn as Mr. REED. And the power. through the Commodity Credit Corpora much as $250 a month? The advertise Mr. WHEELER. Yes; whether they tion, owns all the available wheat? ment says that an inexperienced man have the right and the power under the Mr. REED. I have not followed the can earn $250 per month. There is only law to deduct. I contend they do not market as closely as has the Senator from one way the farmer is going to be able have any right under the law to deduct. Nebraska, but the fact of the matter re to compete with such a condition as that, They do not have any business to· de mains, assuming the information given or keep help on the farm, and that is to duct. There are certain kinds of wheat by the Senator from ~ebraska to be cor be given a reasonable price so he can of which we do not have a surplus, but in rect, that this agitation, the deep fears afford to pay more wages. That is as my judgment the passage of the bill which have been created in the country, simple as that 2 and 2 make 4. The would not affect to any appreciable ex are penalizing the farmers whose crop is statisticians can argue all they want to, tent the price of the wheat of which we already below, and has been for 25 years but they cannot get away from the plain do have a surplus. I doubt if it will below the point we call parity. If there facts in the case. affect it at all. But in my judgment has ever been a greater injustice done to Mr. REED. The Senator from Mon there is a matter of principle involved, any class of people in this country than tana knows that we have discussed the as to whether under the law the Presi is being done to the farmers now in gen farm labor question on the floor of the dent has the right or does not have the eral, and to the wheat farmers in partic Senate for almost a year past. I agree right to deduct these payments. ular, then I am not conscious of it. with the inference which I think the Mr. TAFT. When we passed the anti Mr. WHEELER. Mr. President, will Senator from Montana intends to leave, inflation bill in October my impression the Senator yield? that at no time have we ever gotten into was that the payments in question were Mr. REED. I yield. the heads of the administrators down not to be deducted, but I must say I Mr. WHEELER. There is no way by town, the "bureaucrats," if the Senator think the act is ambiguous, and I have which wheat can be brought up to parity from Kentucky does not object to the studied it with great care. I think an under the Bankhead bill. term, any consciousness of the trouble, argument can be made that they can Mr. REED. Absolutely not. of the actual situation, of the danger be deducted. Certainly under the con Mr. WHEELER. It can be brought up which threatens the country in respect ference report they can be deducted. to parity if the Government makes a to a food shortage. That may have been wrong. I did not loan practically at the full parity price, Mr. TAFT. Mr. President, will the know that such language was in the re or if the surplus wheat now on hand Senator yield? port. I do not think I would have should be taken off the market by being Mr. REED. I yield. agreed to it had I known that it con· consumed. Mr. TAFT. I agree with the Senator tained such language; but it does contain Mr. REED. That is correct. from Kansas, that as he states the facts, it. Mr. WHEELER. Wheat is not going to the bill will not increase the price of Mr. REED. The Senator from Ohio parity until that occurs. It seems to me wheat to the farmer. But if it will not was a member of the conference com perfectly ridiculous for anyone to make a increase the price of wheat to the farmer mittee. statement that the price of wheat is go what is the use of voting for it? Mr. TAFT. Yes. ing to go up as the result of the passage Mr. REED. The Senator from Ohio Mr. REED. And the Senator did not of the Bankhead bill. I am not speaking has given me an opening to deal immedi· know anything about it? for the farmers of other sections of the ately 'With a question which I intended Mr. TAFT. I do not remember the country, but in Montana the majority to discuss later. subject being discussed. of the farmers, aside from the stockmen Mr. TAFT. I think now is the time to Mr. REED. That is correct. and cattlemen, are wheat raisers, and I deal with it, because there is before the Mr. TAFT. That is in the conference resent statements being given out by the Senate a bill which undoubtedly will committee. But unfortunately the word· 0. P. A. and by others intimating that give the country the impression of gen ing of the bill is ambiguous. The con· the farmers of my State are the cause of eral inflation. ference report is ambiguous. I am not inflation. Such a statement is perfectly Mr. REED. Why? Because of- saying that the President is· correct. I ridiculous. The truth about the matter Mr. TAFT. I do not care why. I am only say that I do not see any great is that the wheat farmers of my State saying that is the fact. I want to know question of principle involved in the in· have not complained and are not com what is the use of passing it if it will not terpretation of the Price Control Act. plaining particularly about the price of raise the price to the farmer? Mr. REED. Mr. President, while the wheat at the present time. They realize Mr. REED. Because there is a princi Senator from Ohio is on that point, let the situation. They realize that it is go ple involved which is much bigger than me say that the President put his in· ing to be difficult for them to get any the mere question of the price of any terpretation on the bill in his Execu. higher price for wheat than they are re farm commodity at this time, and if the tive Order No. 9250, as I recall, issued ceiving at the present time no matter Senator from Ohio-- on October 2 of last year. The Bank what is done by Congress. What is caus Mr. TAFT. What is the principle? head bill, as we passed it, was nothing ing the farmer in my State more trouble Frankly, I do not quite see what the more than a reiteration of the Senate's than anything else is the wage the labor principle is. position. There was nothing new in that. ing man is receiving in some war indus· Mr. REED. I intend to come to that In October of last year, I introduced tries. I am not complaining about that, later, if the Senator will be patient until Senate Joint Resolution 308 declaring but I call attention to an advertisement I reach that point. · the Senate's position on the question of appearing in the Miles City, Mont., daily Mr. TAFT. We have deducted these deductions of these payments from newspaper, as follows: payments on farm loans and in other parity prices. Later it was written into MEN WANTED FOR VITAL WAR INDUSTRY cases, but, while I do not think they the Bankhead bill, which was introduced CARPENTERS, HELPERS, LABORERS ought to be deducted, I do not regard in the present session, and which the Immediate employment. Excellent work that as any great question of principle. Senate passed. ing conditions. Help win this war-build Mr. REED. I have not said that. If The point is that we passed the Bank cargo barges for use against the enemy. the Senator from Ohio will have patience head bill by a vote of 78 to 2. In doin~ 1943 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD~SENATE 2973 so, we stated and reiterated what I 55 cents per bUShel. This was only 49 per Michigan-! am sorry he is not present thought was a proper construction of the cent of parity and the price has remained at this moment-the Senator hom Ne law. The Senator from Michigan and below parity, now in March being up only' braska, the Senators from Colorado, and to 86 percent. The cash income from wheat the Senator from Ohio voted for the bill. in 1942- the Senators from Utah on the beet The bill went to the House, was slightly sugar question. I shall leave that ques amended, came back to the Senate, was The cash income for farmers from all tion largely to them; but I desire to make further considered by the Senate, and the wheat marketed in the United States one statement regarding it: As I remem was sent to conference; and the con in 1942, a period of prosperity for the ber, the President and Mr. Brown held ference report was agreed to by the Sen farmer-and there can be no doubt out the idea that there may be an added ate by unanimous vote. In the bill the it was a prosperous period, and, rel cost to the consumer of $200,000,000 a President is told what in our opinion atively speaking, the farmer of today is year in the price of beet sugar. is the proper construction of the law. better off, but even now he is receiving Mr. President, there is already under Either we did not know what we were only 53 percent as much cash income as way a program by the Commodity Credit doing when we passed the bill in the that which the wheat farmers received Corporation of the Department of Agri Senate by a vote of 78 to 2, and we did during the First World War period. culture to handle an increase in beet not know what we were doing when on Mr. President, bread, the finished sugar production. That program may be the conference report we reaffirmed our product of wheat, is the cheapest thing made successful, granting higher prices action by unanimous vote, or now, if we in the entire range of foods. It was to beet-sugar producers, at a cost, not of accept the veto of the President, we are selling below a fair price at the time $200,000,000, but $25,000,000. I have that stultifying ourselves. when ceilings were set, and is still sell statement before me in writing from the If we do that, a majority of this body ing below a fair price. The price of Bureau of Agricultural Economics. The and a majority of the House have abso bread could be increased, as a matter Bureau did not make the statement be lutely lost all control over legislation. of fact, about 2 cents a loaf without cause it shared my view. I do not ask That would mean that unless the Presi throwing it out of line with comparable the Bureau to endorse what I say. The dent of the Unite:d States in exercising food costs at this time. Neither Ad Bureau told me the truth. That is the his undoubted constitutional privilege ministrator Brown nor the President difference between honest economists and and duty of veto agreed ·.v~th the ma claim that an increase of more than one statisticians and what I have referred to jority in both Houses, a majority would half cent to a full cent would be brought as the "snake doctors" in the Office of be powerless. about by any action of the Bankhead Price Administration. We passed the law. There was not bill. This is straining at a gnat and Mr. President, I am sorry the Senator very much difference of opinion about it. swallowing a camel when viewing the from Michigan [Mr. VANDENBERG] was It is true that there was a great deal Jf food situation as a whole. absent when I laid the sugar question in confusion and discussion relative to it. The Bureau of Agricultural Economics, 'his lap. The Senator from Ohio referred to that. of the Department of Agriculture, has Mr. TAFT. Mr. President, will the I have never questioned the good faith advised me that on the average an ad Senator yield for a moment before he or integrity of Prentiss Brown. I do not vance of about 50 cents a bushel in the leaves the sugar question? It has given do so now. I do say that in the closing price of wheat would be necessary in or me more trouble than any other. Mr. REED. The authorities on sugar da.ys of the con~iderat.ion of the price der to justify an addition of approxi control bill there was around him a mately 1 ~ent to the price of a 1-pound are the Senator from Michigan [Mr. bunch of people who would mislead any loaf of bread. An increase of one-half VANDENBERG], the Senator from Colorado one. I ran into them in the lounge-a a cent in the average price of bread [Mr. MILLIKIN], and the Senator from group including Mr. Ginsburg. They would be more than adequate to cover Nebraska [Mr. BUTLER]. talked to me about their conception of the increased cost of material in the Mr. TAFT. The difficulty is that with the bill and their understanding of it. I event wheat prices rose to the present respect to sugar the benefit payment, told them that their construction and parity. They are not likely to advance which is not to be deducted, is already their understanding was not mine. But even that far. aid by the consumer through a tax. It 'ffers entirely from the corn and wheat they caused the then Senator Brown to Now I shall refer to a subject which I situation. put into the RECORD a statement which think will interest the Acting President never was read on the floor. It was a pro tempore, the distinguished senior Mr. REED. That is true. piece of bad faith for whicl: I never Mr. TAFT. There seems to me to be Senator from Dlinois [Mr. LucAs], who is much more justification for deducting charged Mr Brown with any responsi the present occupant of the chair. That bility, and I do not do so now. I simply the payments made in the case of sugar subject is corn. Both the President and than there is in the case of wheat and say they made a sucker out of him. I Mr. Brown, and the economists, mention corn, but the bill lumps them all to- · said that a ~hile ago. I think that is the three products. They mention corn and gether, so that we cannot deal separately case, and is about the shortest way to sugar and one other product. What is the with each commodity. explain this matter. corn situation? The parity price on Mr. REED. If I had been drafting the Now I desire to talk about the price of corn now would be approximately $1.06 bill I should have exempted sugar, or wheat. I am sure the Senator from a bushel. They hold out and express changed the Sugar Control Act. The Montana will be interested. First, I read the fear that if the price of corn were Senator from Alabama did not do so. a paragraph from a memorandum on allowed to go up a little, feed costs Let me read to the Senator from Ohio wheat prepared by the Bureau of Agri would be affected so greatly that the a confirmation of the statement I made cultural Economics of the Department of price of meat would be increased. Their a moment ago, that this problem can Agriculture. The Senate has heard the view finds no support from any reliable, be handled at a cost of $25,000,000, in discussion, has heard the President's authoritative source. As a matter of stead of $200,000,000, and without raising message, and has heard what Mr. Brown fact, the Bureau of Agricultural Eco the price to the consumer. said about the possibility of the price of nomics has told me definitely that, in its Mr. TAFT. I do not see how that can bread going up. Let us see what the opinion, the price of corn could go up be done. from the present ceiling of about $1.01 Mr. REED. Let me read a letter writ most authoritative source in the country or $1.01¥2 for No. 3 yellow corn in Chi said: ten to me by the Bureau of Agricultural cago to the full parity price, which, as Economics in response to my request for Since the outbreak of the war the price I remember, is about $1.06, without hav information on the sugar question. It of wheat has advanced materially, but this ing any effect upon the price of meat, bas been from a very low level. The price is a long letter, but this is the salient whether meat from beef, lambs, pork, point: of wheat and the income to farmers from chickens, or what-not, the consumer wheat are stlll considerably below levels The Secretary of Agriculture has already reached in the previous war period. At the buys. announced plans for the Commodity Credit outbreak of war in Europe in August 1939, They also refer to sugar. I have al Corporation to subsidize processors of the the farm price of wheat averaged only about ways deferred to the ·senator from 1943 beet crop $1.50 per ton of beets. 29 '74 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE APRIL 6 Mr. TAFT. Mr. President, will the provides that no subsidy to the proces and as a result the sugar-beet producer Senator yield? sor, any more than to the original farm will find himself without any opportunity Mr. REED. Let me conclude this brief er, may be taken into account or to have a processor. Therefore he will paragraph. The memorandum can be deducted in fixing the parity price. So be harmed just as much as though he had found in the Federal Register for March we must pay the parity price, and .then been harmed in the first instance. 18, 1943, at page 3331. Continuing- add any subsidy. The suggested plan Mr. REED. I am glad the Senator If this subsidy rate were raised to about may be a very good one; but I say that from Michigan called my attention to $2.38 per ton, the difference between the it will be made impossible if we pas~ the that. This memorandum or letter is estimated 1942 farm price of sugar beets and Bankhead bill. dated April 3, 1943, and reads as follows: the estimated 1943 parity price, the price Mr. REED. I differ with the Senator Hon. CLYDE M. REED, ceilings on sugar could be maintained at their from Ohio on that point. I am con present levels and farmers would receive a United States Senate. return equal to the parity price plus the stitutionally opposed to a subsidy if DEAR SENATOR REED: In response to your Government payments, or about $11.50 per there is any way to avoid it. One of the telephone call yesterday I am enclosing a ton. This subsidy would cost the Commod main differences of opinion between Mr. statement about the effect of the Bankhead ity Credit Corporation about $25,000,000. A Leon Henderson and myself was that he bill on prices for sugar. comparable subsidy to continental cane grow had a wholesale scheme for subsidizing It is signed by the Agricultural Eco ers would amount to around $7,000,000. consumers. I believe that production nomic Statistician, who, upon request, That would make a total of $32,000,000. can be handled on a subsidy basis to always furnishes me with information of Mr. TAFT. The difficulty with that some extent. For example, copper and this nature from the Bureau of Agricul proposal, as I see it, is that the Bank sugar are nov, being handled on that tural Economics. If they have made a head bill provides that those farmers basis. All that was suggested to me was mistake, it is the first time in all my con shall not be subsidized, or, if they are, that a variation of that plan could be tact with them that they have made an the subsidy must not be considered in followed. I asked for it in connection erroneous statement on an important computing the parity prices. So the with my discussion of the Bankhead bill. subject such as this. subsidy plan which the Senator is sug The Bureau of Agricultural Economics Mr. VANDENBERG. Unless I am to gesting is one which is ruled out by the has never yet misled me, so I feel safe in tally misinformed-and I do not think Bankhead bill, which would make it im saying to the Senator from Ohio that it I am-the statement that the new sugar possible of accomplishment. is the belief of the officials of the Bureau program subsidizes processors of the 1943 The Bankhead bill says, in effect, that of Agricultural Economics that this prob beet crop is totally inaccurate. the price must be increased. We can lem can be handled in the way I have sug Mr. REED. I will say to the Senator not increase the price of beet sugar with gested, at a cost to the consumer not of from Michigan that I will leave the proc out increasing the price of cane sugar. $200,000,000 but approximately $30,000,- essors to him. If I can take care of the It would cost the public a minimum of 000. beet-sugar farmer I think I shall be doing a cent a pound, which would mean $120,- Mr. TAFT. I agree that we can give my duty. 000,000. the beet-sugar growers an increase of Mr. VANDENBERG. Exactly; and The Bankhead bill says that we must $1.90 or $2 a ton for beets at a very much that is the mistake which the Depart meet the situation by increasing the lower cost than would be involved in rais ment of Agriculture is making. It has price .. and we cannot afford a subsidy, ing the price of sugar. However, the taken care o·f the beet grower; but a beet because we cannot deduct the subsidy Bankhead bill would nullify the possibil grower without an available neighbor from the prices which the farmer must ity of doing so, because under the terms hood processor might just as well have receive. He must get both the price of the Bankhead bill if we raise the price no beets. and the subsidy. of beets to the producers $2 a ton we must Mr. REED. I shall be glad to give the Mr. REED. I am not an authority on pass it on in the price of sugar to the Senator from Michigan a complete copy sugar. I think I know something about consumer. of the memorandum to which I have re wheat, a:nd a little about corn, cattle, Mr. VANDENBERG. Mr. President, ferred. hogs, and such things as that, but I d will the Senator yield? Mr. VANDENBERG. If the remainder not know much about sugar. The Sen Mr. REED. I yield. of the memorandum is anything like ator from Michigan [Mr. VANDENBERG] Mr. VANDENBERG. I am sorry I what I have read, I am not much in told me that he would protect the in missed the Senator's discussion of this terested. terests of the beet sugar growers, but subject. I listened very faithfully to the Mr. REED. The Senator from Michi he has failed to do so. first 20 minutes of his address, which was gan is pitting his knowledge, or lack of Mr. VANDENBERG. Mr. Presi the extent of my original contract with knowledge-whichever he chooses to call dent- him. I was called from the Chamber in it-against a definite statement from the Mr. REED. Mr. President, I should connection with conferences with respect best and most authoritative source on like to answer the Senator from Ohio, to this bill, or I should have returned matters of this kind in the whole Gov and then I shall be happy to take on sooner. ernment. The Senator may be right. the Senator from Michigan. This has nothing particularly to do Far be it frorr.~. me to say who is right. I shall be glad to turn over to the with the argument which the Senator If this information is in error-and there Senator from Ohio a copy of the mem has had with the Senator from Ohio, is always the possibility of an error-it orandum to which I have referred, but I should like to keep the record is the first serious error I have ever de which is rather lengthy. It is intended straight. The Senator has been com tected in information given me by the to handle the subsidy program through plaining about unreliable information. Bureau of Agricultural Economics. the processors. At the present time the He presents a memorandum which says Mr. President, I wish to bring my re price is based upon the sugar content of that the Secretary of Agriculture has marks to a close. I should like to return beets. As I remember, every ton of already announced plans for the Com to what the Senator from Ohio [Mr. beets produces about 310 pounds of raw modity Credit Corporation to subsidize TAFT] said. If he cannot see the prin sugar. Not being entirely ·familiar with processors of the 1943 wheat crop $1.50 ciples involved, it is most unfortunate the arrangement, I may perhaps be in per ton of beets. Has the Senator any for him, for the principle, and for the error. As I understand the arrange information about any subsidization of Senate. ment, after the processing reaches a processors in connection with this pro Questions of price and subsidy, the certain point, the processor and the gram? cost of this or that commodity, and the farmer divide the profit. The farmer Mr. REED. The memorandum is my matter of price ceilings are temporary. gets his price based upon the sugar con authority. For the moment such factors may be of tent of his beets. I think it is the inten Mr. VANDENBERG. I believe the advantage or disadvantage. However, tion of the Secretary of Agriculture to Senator will find that the subsidy would there is one definite, long-range, far handle this subsidy program through go directly to the grower. The processor reaching, fundamental principle in the processors, if that answers the ques has been ground down to a contract under volved in the question and in the vote tion raised by the Senator from Ohio. which he will be very fortunate if he can which we shall cast. Stating it as tersely Mr. TAFT. If the Senator will read even survive. In many instances proc as I can, the question is whether we shall the Bankhead bill, he will see that it essors will have to go out of business, continue to have a Government of law 1943 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 2975 under the Constitution, the principal Hayden Mill1kln Taft bilization. We must arrest the progress Hill Moore Thomas, Idaho source of power being the people, whose Holman Murdock Thomas, Okla. of each firmly and instantly. will is expressed through Congress in the Johnson, Calif. Nye Thomas, Utah One of the Senators said that the passage of legislation by a constitutional Johnson, Colo. O'Daniel Tunnell Bankhead bill was a small matter, that Kilgore O'Mahoney Tydings majority of the two Houses, or whether La Follette Overton Vandenberg its consequences would be light. I am we shall have a Government by Execu Langer Pepper Van Nuys not disposed to debate that point. I do tive decree. Shall Congress abdicate? Lodge Radcliffe Wagner not know whether its col'\Sequences Lucas Reed Wallgren Are the people willing that Congress McCarran . Revercomb Walsh would be heavy or light, but I am in shall turn over to the President the McClellan Reynolds . Wheeler clined to think that, in the important power to issue decrees which are at vari McFa;rland Robertson Wherry matter of prices, they will be greater McKellar Russell White than we anticipate. Let us, however, ance with the plain intent of Congress? McNary Shipstead Wiley Let us agree with the statement of the Maloney Smith Willis consider the matter from the standpoint · Senator from Ohio that the language of Mead Stewart Wilson of the proponents of the bill and of its the Price Control Act of October 2, 1942, The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem author. He said the consequences in may be ambiguous. I do not agree with pore. Eighty-four Se:Aators have an the markets on the cost of living would the statement. The intent was plain to swered to their names. A quorum is be relatively small. Let us grant tliat, me. I had some part in the adoption of present. for the purpose of the argument; but language in an attempt to prepare a Mr. BAILEY. Mr. President, since I I remind the Senate that a small breach formula which would meet the objections obtained the :floor I have been informed in the barrier of stabilization at this of everyone and save the face of every by the senior Senator from Alabama that tiJile is just as disastrous as a great one, one. It was not ambiguous to me; but he intends to make a motion to refer to and the small breach predicates the let us assume that the language was am the committee the bill with the veto mes great one. biguous. sage of the President. I rise to speak in We are dealing with an extremely Last October I introduced Senate behalf of sustaining the veto of the Pres serious situation. Stal:>ilization is the Joint Resolution 308 to clear up that ident and also for the purpose of oppos antidote to inflation, and there is no very point. I never pressed it for pas ing the motion to refer. other antidote. While a great deal has sage. The Seventy-seventh Congress What we are dealing with, Mr. Presi been said in the Senate in the past 7 or 8 was drawing to a close. The question dent, is not, primarily, a matter of prices years, more lately and ever increasing, was bound to arise during the present or a matter of wages. We are dealing about inflation, I question, nevertheless, - Congress. The bill of the Senator from with the necessity of stabilization. The whether most of us realize how serious Alabama is nothing more or less than a issue before the Senate is not a farmer are the implications of that word. If we reiteration by the Congress of what we issue nor is it a labor issue. It is not a ever yield to inflation, if we ever lose understood we were doing when we party issue in any sense. It is a national control of the forces which make for enacted the Price Control Act. That issue; the national interest is involved. inflation, we are sunk. We not only lose is all. We will either stabilize the American the American economy, but we make it I invite the attention of the Senator economy now or we will go faltering and infinitely difficult to win the war. I do from Ohio to the point which I wish to trembling down the road to economic not wish to say anything that would give make. I say that unless the Bankhead wreck and national disaster. aid or comfort to our enemies; things are bill is passed over the President's veto, We have been undertaking for some going very well for us on the battlefields; the majority of the Congress-the ma time to reach the point of stabilization, but today there is more of danger on the jority in each House-will have lost its and there has &ppeared to be a conflict American battlefield than there is on the power. The question as to what Con of interest, a competition, and I might European or the Asiatic or the African. gress meant or what ouyht to be done is say a rivalry, as between one group, Shoot the American economy to pieces, directly in issue. We expressed our in which we will call the workers repre let the chaos and the disaster of inflation tent when we enacted the original law. sented by. organized labor in their sev come upon us, lose our last opportunity to By a vote of 78 to 2, we reaffirmed our eral organizations, and the other group, stabilize our economy here tod2y, and I statement of intent. The bill went to the the farmers, represented by the farmer will not venture to say at what time or House of Represenhtives and was there organizations. There are two standards. under what conditions this country would passed by an overwhelming vote. The Unfortunately each of them is variable, recover the morale, the revenue, and the conference report was agreed to by the and we have reached the point where we spirit necessary to win the war and win Senate by a unanimous vote. · must put an end to the variation. · the peace. Were we playing and fooling around One of the standards set up is the Mr. President, we have already en all that time, or were we in earnest? We standard of the cost of living. Labor is tered into the period and into the process were in earnest. We were saying, "This saying, "We can never have stability of of inflation. Our problem now is not to is what we intended to say, and thi:;; is wages; we can never arrest the tendency prevent inflation, but to control it, arrest what ought to be done." A vote of two of wages to rise; we will not permit you it, and prevent its consequences. thirds of each House of Congress, not to find a level by which you and the Here are the evidences -of inflation: merely a majority, is required to reaffirm country can abide so long as under us First, the rapidly rising prices in all di the intention of Congress in the first and under our wages the cost of living rections. We do not have to go far. place and to make effective legislation constantly rises." That is a reasonable There are the rapidly rising prices in the which has been under consideration in position. dining room downstairs, the rapidly ris the Congress during the past year or On the other hand, we have the stand ing prices down the street, in the stores; two. ard of parity for the farmers. Parity, the loss of money values and the increase Mr. President, I yield the :floor. as we generally understand it, is a price of commodtty values, and the ever-in Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, I sug to the farmers which gives them the creasing demand for mere wages. Min· gest the absence of a quorum. status of equality in the market in buy ers are coming forward now and saying, The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem ing and selling. So long as wages rise "Why, $7 a day is not sufficient." "Why pore. The clerl{ will call the roll. the farmer's cost in buying rises, and he is i11 not?" "Because $7 a day does not The Chief Clerk called the roll, and answers, "I will not be content with any pay the bills for our children, for break the following Senators answered to their parity formula; I will not be content fast and dinner and supper." names: with any sort of price arrangement you We have also the factor of inflation in the constantly increasing public expend Aiken Butler Eastland may make so long as my costs i:l the Austin Byrd Ellender market are rising." That, too, is a rea itures paid for by borrowed money. We Bailey Capper Ferguson sonable position. probably cannot help that. We are in Ball Chandler George Bankhead Chavez Gerry That is the situation which is pre the war, and we must see it through at Barkley Clark, Idaho Gillette sented here; that is the situation which any cost; but there bas never been a Bone Clark, Mo. Green was presented to the President of the country which could spend money at the Brewster Connally Guffey United States. We must deal now with Brooks Danaher Gurney rate of $75,000,000,000 a year, most of it Burton Davls Hatch those two standards, and we must deal borrowed, without running into infla Bushfield Downey Hawkes with them with a view to a lasting sta- tion. 2976 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE APRIL 6 I was reading in the newspaper last that from now on we are going to have structure of our country and plunging night a simple statement that the War stability in the United States; that we our economy and our people into chaos. Department is spending money at the are going to save our economy, that we Mr. President, so we have two great rate of $4,000,000,000 a month-$48,000,- are going to arrest the rise in wages, that factors, and I say about the last one that 000,000 a -·ear-in one branch. I read a we are going to grapple with the labor there are merchants and manufacturers statement a few days ago, which I think leaders, who constantly stir the workers who complain about the ceilings. They is true, that in this war we are spending up with discontent, to demand more and complain that the ceilings are too low, on battleships and cargo ships alone more and more, and that we are going and they complain about the regulations, more than we had to spend in the First to grapple, too, with the farm leaders, that they are too many, or that the~ are World War. with all due respect to them, well know too drastic. Perhaps they are for peace I think I can add to those statements ing that it is their business to make a new time. Let us. agree that our Government another of very great significance. The demand every day. officials have sent out too many question United States of America is spending in I am not blaming them for that, for naires. We must have ceilings, and we this war at the present time more than by that means they have their living; but must have officials to impose them, and all the other nations engaged on both we should be ready to say to them that we must have officials to stand up for sides are spending. And coupled with the hour has come in America when they, them, and we must have Senators who that is the statement of Mr. Jesse Jones too, along with the workers, with Sena will stand up for those who do stand up that the excess of national income, esti· tors, with the consumers, with the for them. We cannot go along arguing mated at $119,000,000,000, over consum soldiers and the sailors and the men in and quarreling through a period·such as able goods available for purchase this the air shall rally around the flag and this. year will be between forty and fifty bil demand that the conomy of their coun Mr. President, I am in favor of stand lion dollars and that excess will seek try shall be stabilized, thereby to effect ing by the program, and I am not for something to purchase. a saving to all persons within the coun weeping on the necks of my constituents. All those things mean that we are in try. When they write complaining letters I the very vortex of inflation. Senators So, Mr. President, we must succeed do not complain back to them. There say we should refer the bill, and delay it. with this matter of stabilization, and might be circumstances under which I It is not possible to delay when we come succeed promptly, or face consequences would do so. It is a very fine thing to to put out a fire. We cannot hesitate which I do not undertake to describe. I sympathize with complaints. when we come to deal with such factors know that some Senators will say "this Hear me, Senators. We have reached making for inflation as these, and when is a small matter; let it go." Another the hour when we as Senators must the evidences of the inflation are all question will come before us tomorrow, stand up for the country. We must tell about us, even as the flames in a burning and some Senators may say "this, too, our constitutents that we are in this war house. We must act firmly, we must act is a small matter; let it go." And on and that the American people must un instantly, we must act with the utmost and on we shall go. I say we have dergo its disciplines. If they do not intelligence, not in the interest of the reached the point where we must meet undergo them voluntarily the time will farmers, not in the interest of labor, not the wage situation, the cost of living come when they will thank God for some in the interest of the politicians, but in situation, the worker situation, and the one who compelled them to do so. the national interest, which embraces farmer situation, and strike a firm note Mr. President, this is total war. I was the farmers, the workers, and the poli and say, "Here we stand for stability and reading today that the Russian Army ticians and which carries at this hour the we will not be moved." which whipped Napoleon was composed of 200,000 men. The present Russian last best hope of earth. Mr. President, we have a program for I could mention other evidences of in Army is composed of 8,000,000 or 9,000,- stabilization. The program was estab 000 men and it is struggling with the :fiation. Look at the black market grow lished by the Congress, and I feel that if ing up all over America. That is a man Germans. We ourselves are planning any program can succeed, that program for an armed force of fully 11,000,000 ifestation of the inflationary flame lick can. But I am llere to say that it can ing out here and there. To mention an men. All the population must stand by not succeed if we tamper with it or tri:fie in the matter of manpower, the matter other, look at the stock market today. with it. What is the program? We have There is a new demand for equity stock. of production, the matter of sacrifice, rationing, and we cannot have stabili and the matter of discipline, and hold its Once again there are large turn-overs, zation now without rationing. I do for men distrustful of the value and pur peace. Let us quit the miserable quar not want to make a speech today rels. Let us quit the light and airy joke chasing power of money are trying to about rationing. I have one word to say find somewhere to place it. about the situation, and realize that this about it, and I say it "to all the American is not a matter which involves any po Another evidence is· the general un people. The time has come for us to litical party. It is not a matter which rest throughout the country. Om· peo quit quarreling about rationing, and to involves the political life of any man. ple are not discontented with what the take it as it is. Quit going home and We have reached the stage in which the boys are doing in the war. They are complaining about rationing. It is a whole American people must rise to the their sons, and they are proud of them. high levels of sacrifice and self -discipline. But from one end of the country to the necessity. It is a part of the stabiliza other-and I hope I urn not saying any tion program. The Senator from Kansas [Mr. REED] The next portion of the stabilization spoke a short while ago about govern thing now that gives aid or comfort to ment by law or' government by Executive our enemies-from one end of the coun program is the price and wage ceilings involved in the measure before us and its order. He was praying against govern try to the other there is a restlessness, ment by Executive order. I will pray there is a discontent, there is a fear, and veto. We undertook in October of last it is based on the fact that when the year to establish the principle of wage with him. But if we want to maintain housewives and the mothers and the and price ceilings. From the d..ty we be government by law in the United States gan until now there has been no end of of America through the present situation fathers go to the market in the morning, the Congress must be equal, as a lawmak they do not know what to expect. The kicking and quarreling and complaining. Very ing body, to sustaining the processes of prices are rising all the time, the sttua naturally, in a democracy perhaps the disciplining of 130,000,000 democrats. tion is running out of .their hands, and the administration of the program was I mean that in the generic sense and they are complaining about their Gov not perfect by a long shot, and it is not not in the party sense. We are used ernment, when, as a matter of fact, they now perfect, and never will be perfect; to having our way. We are used to ob are really complaining about the insta but it is a program fixed by the law, not taining a favor. We are accustomed to bility in the midst of which they have derived from any dictator, but derived having the Government do our will. The been cast. from the Congress. We remember that time has come when we must become ac I do not know of anything that would the former Senator from Michigan, Mr. customed once in a lifetime to doing the bring more happiness to the American Brown, discussed the bill, and we must will of the Government, and not to com people right now than some strong word stand by that program. We cannot shoot plain, and not to hesitate, and not to from the Senate-which they still trust- it down witt10ut shooting down the whole tarry. 1943 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 2977. Mr. President, we can make some prog watchmen ·on the tower give forth an I read further from the President's ress by keeping alert; we can· make some uncertain sound, what shall the people message: criticism which may be helpful; but we say, and what shall the people do? In my message of September 7, 1942, I ad cannot stir this Republic with the fires So, Mr. President, in this policy of vised the Congress that "our entire effort to of discontent and dissatisfaction in a cooperation we have got to giv~ the hold the cost of living at its present level situation such as now faces us and hope American people a leadership in accept is now being sapped and undermined by ing the disciplines and controls de further increases in farm prices and in wages, to get through. and by an ever-continuing pressure on prices We have another remedy for our in manded by the situation into which fate resulting from the rising purchasing power flation, another effort to control it, and has cast us. of our people." I requested the Congress "to that is the program of impoverishment Now I come to the President's mes pass legislation under which the President by taxation-that is the proper word for sage. I shall be rather brief about it, would be specifically authorized to stabilize it, too. It is not taxation for revenue. I hope. When I first read the message the cost of living, including the price of all I think the present tax structure calls it occurred to me as being the most farm commodities." for approximately twenty-one or twenty earnest and one of the most important of We cannot stabilize anything in Amer two billions of dollars, and I understand all the President's messages to the Con ica until we have stabilized the cost of that the one which is proposed is to call gress, and I lingered on the words. Here living. There is no use in having any for sixteen billion more. While the Gov are his first words: debate about that. I am for stabilizing ernment needs the revenue, the author I am compelled to this action- wages; but how can we go about stabiliz ities do not hesitate to say to us that To this veto. Those are the words of ing wages until we stabilize the cost of one of the objectives of the heavy taxa the mighty man .who is President, the living of the wage earner? The two tion is to recapture and absorb the excess man of whom so many of us are afraid things should be considered together. money in the market, to extinguish the lest he become a dictator. That is the If we fail to do the first, we open the buying power of the people. I hope we leader of the Nation speaking for the na door to attacks from a thousand direc may not come to that, but come to it we tional interest, and with all the powers tions. will unless we arrest this competition or of the Presidency; but he is compelled. I shall not go into the argument of counterirritation as between wages to What compels him? the President. It is perfectly satisfac the workers on the one hand and prices tory to me. It appears that he was at to the farmers on the other. It 1s a I am compelled to this action by the deep conviction that this measure is inflationary tacked because of his interpretation of gun behind the door. It is a control to in character. It breaks down the barriers parity. I think a full answer to that at which we must have recourse if nothing we have erected and which we must main tack occurs in four or five paragraphs else will avail. tain in order to avoid all the disasters of of the message. However, I shall pass I am thinking that we have toyed with inflation. that by. I come to one sentence: this program since October, we have de- . That is not a scarecrow. That is not I have referred to the legislative history- bated about it to suit ourselves, we have a bogey. That is not a boy crying The history of parity- complained and criticized. We have "Wolf, wolf!" That is the President of sympathized with our constituents and, the United States saying that the bill- only because of some of the criticisms of I think, have encouraged the American my action. I know that some Members of people to believe that they might escape Breaks down- the Congress differ with my interpretation of the law. I credit them with sincerity. the disciplines of the situation, that we Does not tend to break .down, but I ask that they credit me with equal sin may have the war without having its breaks down- cerity. horrors, that we may have the war econ the barriers we have erected and which omy and still have a good time with our we must maintain in order to avoid all the I think that is a fair proposition. selves and with our money. But the hour disasters of inflation. Agreed that there is debate about the interpretation; give the President credit has come when we must straighten UP The President then says: not merely the Members of the Senate for good faith. Give him credit for an but the whole American people-and It is wholly inconsistent with our stabili interpretation in the interest of stabili must prove ourselves equal to the dis zation program- zation, and do not override his veto on ciplines entailed by circumstances. The Meaning to say that it shoots that pro the ground that he usurped power or very first thing we have got to do is to gram all to pieces, it undoes the acts we acted improperly. Read his own ex learn how to cooperate with the National have been enacting here, it destroys the planation and see how it is reconciled Government and the national policies program- with the interpretations of the Congress. all of us, Republicans and Democrats, and therefore, dangerous alike to our con I come to page 4 of the message. farmers and workers, and everyone else. structive farm policy and to our whole war There has been an increase in the cost of We have got to maintain this program, as effort. living since May 1942. This increase is due I have just said, whatever the cost. We I believe the President's farm policy mainly to our failure to bring food costs cannot retreat. We cannot give away under control. But the War Labor Board has been constructive, and I think some is resolutely adhering to the Little Steel here and recover there. We- have laid thing might be said here in behalf of formula which compensates labor, in its down our line. We have erected our for the President as a friend of the farmer. wage rates, for the increase in the cost of tifications. We have established our I heard the letters from the farm agen living which occurred between January 1, controls. We cannot run away from cies read today. 1941, and May 1, 1942. them; and the last body in the world to I have been in the Senate 12 years, The Board believes that 1f the formula 1s run is the Senate of the United States. and have seen acts to aid agriculture broken now it will start an inevitable infla I think I have something to say about passed-a great tide of them-year after tionary spiral that would ultimately cancel that. Senators are leaders of the peo out whatever gains labor has made, and year, beginning with the Agricultural Ad place an intolerable burden on widows and ple in their States, whether they would justment Act, which I opposed when it old folks with fixed incomes, and on teachers so classify themselves or not. The peo was brought up in 1933, and continuing and unorganized workers in low-paid occu ple are looking to us. They do not know to the present hour. I am here to bear pations. what to do; they do not know what to witness that the President of the United It will become impossible to hold this line think. We may not be political leaders; States has supported all those acts; he if the cost of living is still further increased we may not be political bosses; and we has been responsible for the passage of not from imperative war needs, but by the may not be able to have our way; but most of them. I do not deny that the action of the Congress in departing from we are Senators. When the people in farm organizations are friends of the its declared policy to stabilize all prices and their homes all over the country begin farmers. Of course they are. But I think wages. to think about what is going on and the President of the United States is a • • • about what to do, they are thinking in better friend of the farmers of the United If by this bill you force an increase in the terms of the men whom they elected to States than are all the farm leaders and cost or the basic foodstuffs- represent them here. We cannot afford all the farm organizations, and I think No one denies that the bill would bring to give out an uncertain sound. If the the record will so show. about an increase in the cost•of sugar; 2978 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE APRIL 6 no one denies that it would bring about will lay the accusation at our feet and not theirs for them, and as they measure an increase in the cost of flour; no one at his. theirs for themselves. denies that it would bring about an in Mr. President, our situation in this I read what the poet Noyes wrote on crease, indirectly, in other costs. country is very good in many respects. I the occasion to which I have referred: If by this bill you force an increase in the am inclined to think that the farmers There's but one gift that all our dead desire, cost of the basic foodstuffs, and as a result have done and will do their part. I am One gift that men can give, and that's a the National War Labor Board increases not among those who say that unless we dream, wages, no one can tell where increases will do this or that for them they will not Unless we, too, can burn with that same fire start or what those increased wages will Of sacrifice; die to the things that seem. ultimately cost the farmers and all people produce. I have watched them for more of the Nation. than 60 years. They go forth in seed Die to the little hatreds, die to greed; time and harvest, in the early and the Die to the old ignoble selves we knew; The President is dealing directly with latter rains, and bring home the wealth Die to the base contempts of sect and creed, the menace of inflation because of the to feed themselves and their country, And rise again, like these, with souls as failure of Congress and the country to I am not so much inclined to complain true. recognize the necessity for stabiliza of the workers. I know there are Nay, since these died before their task was tion. excrescences, delinquencies, and bad as finished, Notice the last paragraph from the pects. But after all, measured by the Attempt new heights, bring even their President's message. It begins in an miraculous production of the last 2 years, dreams to birth; odd way: Build us that better world, oh, not diminished the workers have done quite well; and are By one true splendor that they planned on I appeal- doing better today. earth. Nor am I inclined to complain of the The President appeal~, upon consid And that's not done by sword, or tongue, or erations duly set forth, to the considered industrialists. The way in which they pen, judgment of the Congress to reject the have gone about putting their capital, There's but one way: God make us better Bankhead bill. their energies, and their plants into war men. production is something to hearten every I appeal to the considered judgment of the _ Mr. BANKHEAD. Mr. President, I Congress to reject the Bankhead bill which American. We owe it to those classes to I am returning unsigned. It will not help do our duty, to maintain them, and to stated a few days ago that in my judg the farmer with his immediate war difficul stabilize them. They cannot carry on if ment the purposes and the issues in ties_ It will make it infinitely harder for we shake the foundations under them. volved in the bill, as well as the effect the farmer to protect himself from wartime With regard to our sons, there were of the bill, have been misunderstood in inflation and· post-war chaos. It will add to people who said we had a softened and some quarters. After further considera the burdens of those most heavily burdened. tion, and after discussion with friends on It will make the winning of the war more careless generation and that our young difficult and gravely imperil our chances of men-and, I may add, our young wom the :floor, I am convinced that more time winning the peace. en-would not be equal to the ordeals of should be given to appraise the situa such a time as this. But we now know tion, and allow Members of the Senate That is the judgment of the President, better. A million and a half are abroad, to better understand the issues, as well and that is the appeal of the President and probably 4,000,000 are in camps in as the consequence of passing the bill of the United States to the Congress. I this country, and millions more will fol over the President's veto. Recognizing do not think he has ever said anything low. They are fine, manly, valiant fel that many factors are involved, and after to us of more solemn import than what lows. Women are working in the fac consultation with associates and friends he says in the last paragraph of his tories and helping the men who are on both sides of the issue, l have de message. I reecho that appeal. engaged in the various activities. cided to move that the bill, with the Ordinarily, and in time of peace, I accompanying papers, be referred to the might, with some lightness of heart, con Of our soldiers and sailors overseas there are stories of Homeric heroism Committee on Agriculture and Forestry. sider overriding a Presidential veto. I The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem might simply say, "That is his judgment; coming home to us every day. We read of those things, and we read of our young pore. The pending question before the this is mine, and I shall exercise mine." Senate is the motion of the Senator from But even so, I should remember that the men doing just as well as the ancients in President was given the veto power in the great traditions of Roman and Alabama to refer the bill with the ac order that he might speak to me in the Greek literature. We have a right to be companying papers to the Committee on national interest, and I think I would proud. We have a right to be grateful. Agriculture and Forestry. hesitate. But in time of war, when he We have a. right to be courageous. Mr. BARKLEY. The motion is debat sends a bill back to us unsigned and ap Mr. President, we also have an obliga able. It is obvious that we cannot dis peals to us, in the name of winning the tion. We must maintain this country pose of it today. I~ it is agreeable to war, in the name of the welfare of the back of our people in the armed services. the Senator from Alabama and other farmers, and in the name of winning the We must maintain this country equal to Senators, I should like to have the Senate peace-when he makes an appeal such as them. We must maintain it solidly be suspend until tomorrow. Would that be that, I. would have to have an over hind them, and maintain its competence agreeable? whelming conviction, and an exceedingly to sustain them. We must move the Mr. BANKHEAD. I have no desire great weight of evidence even to suggest whole country up to higher levels of to resist the procedure suggested by the to me that I override his veto. discipline and self-sacrifice and elimi Senator. In conclusion, if the Congress fails to nate selfishness, just as they have done. Mr. BARKLEY. It is now 5 o'clock. bring about stabilization now, if the Con Mr. President, the other night I read and there will be some discussion of the gress now yields the line which we have some lines written by a British poet by motion of the Senator from Alabama, erected, if the Congress now hesitates, if the name of Alfred Noyes. He lived and I doubt that it would be proper to the Congress now waivers in sustaining during the First World War. He had at ask Senators to remain to vote tonight. the policy of stabilization, fully warned tended a memorial service for British Therefore, within a few minutes it will by the President and fully informed by sailors held in Trinity Church in New be my purpose to move that the Senate events, we must take the responsibility York. He left the church undertaking recess until tomorrow. for the conseonences. As Abraham to interpret his heart, his emotions, his duty, and his obligations. CHILD-CARE MAINTENANCE UNDER Lincoln said, "W t: shall not be able to LANHAM ACT escape history." Mr. President, we have our sailors and After this veto message and this warn our soldiers. They are going forth by Mr. DANAHER. Mr. President, about ing, if we vote to override the veto, if we the hundreds of thousands, perhaps mil .. 2 weeks ago a very great deal of dis neglect to maintain control, and inflation lions, to fill graves in other lands. We cussion took place on the :floor of the comes. with chaos and disaster. history must measure our duty as we measure Senate concerning the use of Lanham 1943 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE - 2979' Act funds and applications being made tions approved and pending, a total of 110,- Status of Lanham applications tor wartime for child-care centers and development 020 children in war-affected communities school facilities (maintenance and opera shortly will be cared for with the assistance tion of child-care facilities), Mar. 20, 1943 of facilities for such purposes. of Lanham Act funds. Of this total, approxi I took the matter up with the Fed mately half are being cared for by nursery eral Works Agency, with the request that Num- Num- ~e~f schools and the other half by centers for the ber of ber of appli General Fleming advise me so as to re care of school children from 6 to 14 before units children cations move much of the confusion which seems and after classes, while their mothers are at to surround our thinking on the subject. work. A total of $2,451,438 in .Federal funds -----·------Approved by the President: He has brought us down to date in a thus far has been approved by the Presiden1 Nursery schools ______475 16, 315 79 splendid letter which I have received for the purpose. This sum wlll be increased, Extended school serv- from him. I ask unanimous consent to of course, as projects still pending are ap ices ______-- 251 13,485 143 have the letter printed in the body of the proved. TotaL.------726 29, 800 80 RECORD at this point as a part of my Applications may be made for Lanham Act = = funds for group services for children from Pending: 2 remarks. Nursery schools._------ 934 38, 590 142 There being nu objection, the letter was 2 to 14 years old. Required to accompany Extended school serv· all applications is a statement with support ices __ ___ -._------•. - 564 41,630 170 ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as ing data showing the war needs for the activ Total (of this total, 126 follows: ities for which funds are requested. Cor are awaiting certifi FEDERAL WoRKs AGENCY, roboration is obtained from employers. Be cate of necessity from washington, March 25, 1943. the U. S. Office of fore funds are granted a certificate of need Education)______1, 498 80, 220 145 Hon. JoHN A. DANAHER, is required from other Federal agencies, more United States Senate, especially from the United States Office of Totals: Washington, D. C. Nursery schools __ ------1, 409 54,905 221 MY DEAR SENATOR DANAHER: Responsive to Education. Of 142 applications for nursery Extended school serv- your letter of March 18, I am glad to pass schools pending March 20 in the office of the ices------815 55, 115 1118 Federal Works Agency, 126 were awaiting cer along certain data in which you have ex Orand totaL...... 2, 224 110,020 225 pressed Interest relative to the activity of tificates of necessity fl'om the Office of Edu cation. the Federal Works Agency in helping to meet Federal funds approved by the President, $2,451,438 The applicant Is responsible for the selec the urgent need for supervisory care of school 1 Application for extended school services is usually in· age or preschool age children of mothers who tion of children to whom the services shall eluded in the application for nursery schools. To date are :fllling or are about to fill jobs essential be given. It is well understood, however, there are only 4 separate applications for such services. that services should be limited to children of 2 Includes applications being reviewed in Washington, to the winning of the war. awaiting Board review. and awaitinr certificate ofneces· All of us know that the employment of working mothers. Enrollment is not limited sity. women workers is increasing in most war to the children of parents working in any EXECUTIVE SESSION plants. Although there is a definite Federal given plant. Employment in civilian trades policy against the recruiting of mothers of and services and In agriculture, as well as in Mr. BARKLEY. I move that the Sen young children, a considerable number of war factories, is considered an essential con ate proceed to consider executive busi such mothers are working; There are also tribution to the war effort. Special justifica ness. working a very much 1arger number of moth tion is required from applicants for the care The motion was agreed to; and the ers whose children are somewhat older but of other children, such as those living In Senate proceeded to the consideration of still in need of care. Quite apart from an trailers or migratory camps. Applicants must executive business. understandable patriotic impulse to make some definite contribution to the war effort, be public agencies, such as boards of educa EXECUTIVE MESSAGE REFERRED tion and welfare bodies, or such nonprofit pri many mothers have been impelled by eco The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem nomic considerations to take war jobs. This vate organizations as can show legal author is especially true of the wives of soldiers ity to operate the service requested. pore laid before the Senate messages whose allotments have been insufficient to The total amount of fees collected from from the President of the United States meet family needs. Then too, from the parents plus other local contributions must submitting sundry nominations in the standpoint of the employer, it has been found be sufficient to defray at least 50 percent of Marine Corps
<Iongrc~Sional Record
