Effects of Temperature on the Behaviour and Metabolism of An
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Chilling Out: the Evolution and Diversification of Psychrophilic Algae with a Focus on Chlamydomonadales
Polar Biol DOI 10.1007/s00300-016-2045-4 REVIEW Chilling out: the evolution and diversification of psychrophilic algae with a focus on Chlamydomonadales 1 1 1 Marina Cvetkovska • Norman P. A. Hu¨ner • David Roy Smith Received: 20 February 2016 / Revised: 20 July 2016 / Accepted: 10 October 2016 Ó Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2016 Abstract The Earth is a cold place. Most of it exists at or Introduction below the freezing point of water. Although seemingly inhospitable, such extreme environments can harbour a Almost 80 % of the Earth’s biosphere is permanently variety of organisms, including psychrophiles, which can below 5 °C, including most of the oceans, the polar, and withstand intense cold and by definition cannot survive at alpine regions (Feller and Gerday 2003). These seemingly more moderate temperatures. Eukaryotic algae often inhospitable places are some of the least studied but most dominate and form the base of the food web in cold important ecosystems on the planet. They contain a huge environments. Consequently, they are ideal systems for diversity of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms, many of investigating the evolution, physiology, and biochemistry which are permanently adapted to the cold (psychrophiles) of photosynthesis under frigid conditions, which has (Margesin et al. 2007). The environmental conditions in implications for the origins of life, exobiology, and climate such habitats severely limit the spread of terrestrial plants, change. Here, we explore the evolution and diversification and therefore, primary production in perpetually cold of photosynthetic eukaryotes in permanently cold climates. environments is largely dependent on microbes. Eukaryotic We highlight the known diversity of psychrophilic algae algae and cyanobacteria are the dominant photosynthetic and the unique qualities that allow them to thrive in severe primary producers in cold habitats, thriving in a surprising ecosystems where life exists at the edge. -
The History of Carbon Monoxide Intoxication
medicina Review The History of Carbon Monoxide Intoxication Ioannis-Fivos Megas 1 , Justus P. Beier 2 and Gerrit Grieb 1,2,* 1 Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, Gemeinschaftskrankenhaus Havelhoehe, Kladower Damm 221, 14089 Berlin, Germany; fi[email protected] 2 Burn Center, Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Intoxication with carbon monoxide in organisms needing oxygen has probably existed on Earth as long as fire and its smoke. What was observed in antiquity and the Middle Ages, and usually ended fatally, was first successfully treated in the last century. Since then, diagnostics and treatments have undergone exciting developments, in particular specific treatments such as hyperbaric oxygen therapy. In this review, different historic aspects of the etiology, diagnosis and treatment of carbon monoxide intoxication are described and discussed. Keywords: carbon monoxide; CO intoxication; COHb; inhalation injury 1. Introduction and Overview Intoxication with carbon monoxide in organisms needing oxygen for survival has probably existed on Earth as long as fire and its smoke. Whenever the respiratory tract of living beings comes into contact with the smoke from a flame, CO intoxication and/or in- Citation: Megas, I.-F.; Beier, J.P.; halation injury may take place. Although the therapeutic potential of carbon monoxide has Grieb, G. The History of Carbon also been increasingly studied in recent history [1], the toxic effects historically dominate a Monoxide Intoxication. Medicina 2021, 57, 400. https://doi.org/10.3390/ much longer period of time. medicina57050400 As a colorless, odorless and tasteless gas, CO is produced by the incomplete combus- tion of hydrocarbons and poses an invisible danger. -
Recent Benthic Foraminifera from the Itaipu Lagoon, Rio De Janeiro (Southeastern Brazil)
12 5 1959 the journal of biodiversity data 15 September 2016 Check List LISTS OF SPECIES Check List 12(5): 1959, 15 September 2016 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/12.5.1959 ISSN 1809-127X © 2016 Check List and Authors Recent benthic foraminifera from the Itaipu Lagoon, Rio de Janeiro (southeastern Brazil) Débora Raposo1*, Vanessa Laut2, Iara Clemente3, Virginia Martins3, Fabrizio Frontalini4, Frederico Silva5, Maria Lúcia Lorini6, Rafael Fortes6 and Lazaro Laut1 1 Laboratório de Micropaleontologia (LabMicro), Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro – UNIRIO. Avenida Pasteur 458, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 22290-240, RJ, Brazil 2 Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Instituto de Biologia Marinha, Outeiro São João Batista, s/nº, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 24001-970, RJ, Brazil 3 Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ). Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 20550-900, RJ, Brazil 4 DiSTeVA, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Campus Scientifico Enrico Mattei. Località Crocicchia, 61029 Urbino, Italy 5 Laboratório de Palinofácies e Fácies Orgânicas (LAFO), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ). Avenida Pedro Calmon, 550, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21941-901, RJ, Brazil 6 Laboratório de Ecologia Bêntica, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro – UNIRIO. Avenida Pasteur 458, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 22290-240, RJ, Brazil * Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: Itaipu Lagoon is located near the mouth of There are many advantages of applying foraminifera Guanabara Bay and has great importance for recreation to environmental monitoring when compared with to the city of Niterói, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. -
Arenicola Marina During Low Tide
MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Published June 15 Mar Ecol Prog Ser Sulfide stress and tolerance in the lugworm Arenicola marina during low tide Susanne Volkel, Kerstin Hauschild, Manfred K. Grieshaber Institut fiir Zoologie, Lehrstuhl fur Tierphysiologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universitat, Universitatsstr. 1, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany ABSTRACT: In the present study environmental sulfide concentrations in the vicinity of and within burrows of the lugworm Arenicola marina during tidal exposure are presented. Sulfide concentrations in the pore water of the sediment ranged from 0.4 to 252 pM. During 4 h of tidal exposure no significant changes of pore water sulfide concentrations were observed. Up to 32 pM sulfide were measured in the water of lugworm burrows. During 4 h of low tide the percentage of burrows containing sulfide increased from 20 to 50% in July and from 36 to 77% in October A significant increase of median sulfide concentrations from 0 to 14.5 pM was observed after 5 h of emersion. Sulfide and thiosulfate concentrations in the coelomic fluid and succinate, alanopine and strombine levels in the body wall musculature of freshly caught A. marina were measured. During 4 h of tidal exposure in July the percentage of lugworms containing sulfide and maximal sulfide concentrations increased from 17 % and 5.4 pM to 62% and 150 pM, respectively. A significant increase of median sulfide concentrations was observed after 2 and 3 h of emersion. In October, changes of sulfide concentrations were less pronounced. Median thiosulfate concentrations were 18 to 32 FM in July and 7 to 12 ~.IMin October No significant changes were observed during tidal exposure. -
New Insights Into the Behavioural Ecology of Intertidal Foraminifera
Journal of Foraminiferal Research, v. 45, no. 4, p. 390–401, October 2015 THE DEVIL LIES IN DETAILS: NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE BEHAVIOURAL ECOLOGY OF INTERTIDAL FORAMINIFERA LAURENT SEURONT1,3 AND VINCENT M. P. BOUCHET2 ABSTRACT To validate in-situ observations, living foraminifera have The motion behaviour of three species of intertidal been used in the laboratory for nearly a century (e.g., Myers, foraminifera, Ammonia tepida, Cribroelphidium excavatum 1935; Le Calvez, 1938; Jepps, 1942; Arnold, 1953). In contrast, and Haynesina germanica, was investigated continuously in the the understanding of the behavioural ecology of foraminifera laboratory. We first infer the presence of geotactic and is still in its infancy, despite a fair amount of work related to phototactic responses. Significant geotactic responses were their vertical and horizontal rates of movement (Arnold, 1953, observed for all three species; A. tepida was found to be 1974; Zmiri et al., 1974; Severin & Erskian, 1981; Severin negatively geotactic while C. excavatum and H. germanica et al., 1982; Severin, 1987; Kitazato, 1988; Wetmore, 1988; showed positive geotaxis. In contrast, no response to light was Weinberg, 1991; Anderson et al., 1991; Bornmalm et al., 1997; ever observed. The detailed nature of motility, investigated in Manley & Shaw, 1997; Bernhard, 2000; Gross, 2000; Khare & terms of both geometric and stochastic complexity of their Nigam, 2000). motion behaviour, was consistently characterised by a strong Negative geotaxis is by far the most widely reported inter-specific, inter-individual and intra-individual variability. behavioural property among foraminifera (Murray, 1963, Specifically, A. tepida and H. germanica were characterised by 1979, 1991; Richter, 1964; Lee et al., 1969; Moodley, 1990), an intensive search behaviour (they explore their environment which has been routinely used to separate them from the slowly with straighter trajectories), while C. -
Temperature Regulation.Pdf
C H A P T E R 13 Thermal Physiology PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Stephen Gehnrich, Salisbury University Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Thermal Tolerance of Animals Eurytherm Can tolerate a wide range of ambient temperatures Stenotherm Can tolerate only a narrow range of ambient temperatures Eurytherms can occupy a greater number of thermal niches than stenotherms Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Acclimation of metabolic rate to temperature in a poikilotherm (chronic response) (5 weeks) (5 weeks) Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Compensation for temperature changes (chronic response) “Temperature acclimation” Partial compensation Full compensation Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Temperature is important for animal tissues for two reasons: 1. Temperature affects the rates of tissue processes (metabolic rates, biochemical reaction, biophysical reactions) 2. Temperature affects the molecular conformations, and therefore, the functional states of molecules. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Different species have evolved different molecular form of enzymes. All six species have about the same enzyme-substrate affinity when they are at their respective body temperature. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings The enzyme of Antarctic fish is very -
Principles of Animal Physiology, Second Edition
Thermal Physiology Endothermy, the ability to generate and maintain elevated dominate Earth in later years. Fossils dating back to this body temperatures, has arisen several times in the evolu- period reveal the existence of several distinct mammalian- tionary history of animals. It goes hand in hand with the ca- like reptilian lineages. These animals differed from other pacity to produce heat through metabolism, and therefore reptiles by the morphology of the skull and the organiza- activity levels. Most modern birds and mammals have high tion of the teeth. Although most of these lineages disap- metabolic rates and are able to maintain their body tem- peared, one group of reptiles called cynodonts gave rise to peratures well above ambient temperature, often within true mammals. The earliest mammals retained the reptil- narrow thermal windows. While both are perceived as ian trait of egg laying, like the modern monotremes, “higher vertebrates,” birds and mammals arose from sep- echidna and platypus. By the early Cretaceous period (144 arate reptilian ancestors. Thus, endothermy arose inde- million years ago), mammals had diversified into several pendently at least twice. However, fossil evidence suggests lineages of marsupials and insectivores. When the di- that other extinct reptiles may also have been endotherms. nosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago, at the end The fossil record of the animals in the paleontological pe- of the Cretaceous period, there was an explosion of mam- riod from 200 to 65 million years ago is particularly clear, malian diversification. New species of mammals began to showing definitive examples of the transitions from rep- occupy the environmental niches vacated by the dinosaurs. -
The Metabolic Response of Ubiquitous Benthic Foraminifera (Ammonia Tepida)
RESEARCH ARTICLE Surviving anoxia in marine sediments: The metabolic response of ubiquitous benthic foraminifera (Ammonia tepida) Charlotte LeKieffre1*, Jorge E. Spangenberg2, Guillaume Mabilleau3, SteÂphane Escrig1, Anders Meibom1,4*, Emmanuelle Geslin5* 1 Laboratory for Biological Geochemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique FeÂdeÂrale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland, 2 Stable Isotope and Organic Geochemistry Laboratories, Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics (IDYST), University of Lausanne, a1111111111 Lausanne, Switzerland, 3 Service commun d'imageries et d'analyses microscopiques (SCIAM), Institut de a1111111111 Biologie en SanteÂ, University of Angers, Angers, France, 4 Center for Advanced Surface Analysis, Institute of a1111111111 Earth Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland, 5 UMR CNRS 6112 - LPG-BIAF, University a1111111111 of Angers, Angers, France a1111111111 * [email protected] (CL); [email protected] (AM); [email protected] (EG) Abstract OPEN ACCESS High input of organic carbon and/or slowly renewing bottom waters frequently create periods Citation: LeKieffre C, Spangenberg JE, Mabilleau G, Escrig S, Meibom A, Geslin E (2017) Surviving with low dissolved oxygen concentrations on continental shelves and in coastal areas; such anoxia in marine sediments: The metabolic events can have strong impacts on benthic ecosystems. Among the meiofauna living in these response of ubiquitous benthic foraminifera environments, benthic foraminifera are often the most tolerant to low oxygen levels. Indeed, (Ammonia tepida). PLoS ONE 12(5): e0177604. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177604 some species are able to survive complete anoxia for weeks to months. One known mecha- nism for this, observed in several species, is denitrification. For other species, a state of Editor: Bo Thamdrup, University of Southern Denmark, DENMARK highly reduced metabolism, essentially a state of dormancy, has been proposed but never demonstrated. -
Priscila Leocádia Rosa Dourado Interferência Do Inseticida Fipronil Nas Respostas Ao Estresse Oxidativo De Tilápias Do Nilo M
Câmpus de São José do Rio Preto Priscila Leocádia Rosa Dourado Interferência do inseticida fipronil nas respostas ao estresse oxidativo de Tilápias do Nilo mediadas pelo ácido γ-aminobutírico (GABA), durante períodos de hipóxia. São José do Rio Preto 2019 Priscila Leocádia Rosa Dourado Interferência do inseticida fipronil nas respostas ao estresse oxidativo de Tilápias do Nilo mediadas pelo ácido γ-aminobutírico (GABA), durante períodos de hipóxia Tese apresentada como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Doutor em Biociências, junto ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, do Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas da Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Câmpus de São José do Rio Preto. Financiadora: FAPESP – Proc. 2015/15191-1 e Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Orientador: Profª. Drª. Cláudia Regina Bonini Domingos Co orientador: Dr. Danilo Grunig Humberto da Silva São José do Rio Preto 2019 Priscila Leocádia Rosa Dourado Interferência do inseticida fipronil nas respostas ao estresse oxidativo de Tilápias do Nilo mediadas pelo ácido γ-aminobutírico (GABA), durante períodos de hipóxia Tese apresentada como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Doutor em Biociências, junto ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, do Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas da Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Câmpus de São José do Rio Preto. Financiadora: FAPESP – Proc. 2015/15191-1 e Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Comissão Examinadora Prof. Dr. Danilo Grunig Humberto da Silva UNESP – Campus de São José do Rio Preto Co Orientador Profa. Dra. Juliane Silberschimidt Freitas USP – São Carlos Profa. -
Biotransformation: Basic Concepts (1)
Chapter 5 Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Elimination of Toxics Biotransformation: Basic Concepts (1) • Renal excretion of chemicals Biotransformation: Basic Concepts (2) • Biological basis for xenobiotic metabolism: – To convert lipid-soluble, non-polar, non-excretable forms of chemicals to water-soluble, polar forms that are excretable in bile and urine. – The transformation process may take place as a result of the interaction of the toxic substance with enzymes found primarily in the cell endoplasmic reticulum, cytoplasm, and mitochondria. – The liver is the primary organ where biotransformation occurs. Biotransformation: Basic Concepts (3) Biotransformation: Basic Concepts (4) • Interaction with these enzymes may change the toxicant to either a less or a more toxic form. • Generally, biotransformation occurs in two phases. – Phase I involves catabolic reactions that break down the toxicant into various components. • Catabolic reactions include oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis. – Oxidation occurs when a molecule combines with oxygen, loses hydrogen, or loses one or more electrons. – Reduction occurs when a molecule combines with hydrogen, loses oxygen, or gains one or more electrons. – Hydrolysis is the process in which a chemical compound is split into smaller molecules by reacting with water. • In most cases these reactions make the chemical less toxic, more water soluble, and easier to excrete. Biotransformation: Basic Concepts (5) – Phase II reactions involves the binding of molecules to either the original toxic molecule or the toxic molecule metabolite derived from the Phase I reactions. The final product is usually water soluble and, therefore, easier to excrete from the body. • Phase II reactions include glucuronidation, sulfation, acetylation, methylation, conjugation with glutathione, and conjugation with amino acids (such as glycine, taurine, and glutamic acid). -
Anomalies in Coral Reef Community Metabolism and Their Potential Importance in the Reef CO2 Source-Sink Debate
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 95, pp. 6566–6569, May 1998 Population Biology Anomalies in coral reef community metabolism and their potential importance in the reef CO2 source-sink debate JOHN R. M. CHISHOLM* AND DAVID J. BARNES Australian Institute of Marine Science, Private Mail Bag No. 3, Mail Centre, Townsville, Queensland 4810, Australia Communicated by Andrew A. Benson, University of California, San Diego, CA, March 20, 1998 (received for review September 23, 1997) ABSTRACT It is not certain whether coral reefs are ratio of photosynthesis to respiration on unperturbed reefs sources of or sinks for atmospheric CO2. Air–sea exchange of over 24 h is considered to be close to unity (10). CO2 over reefs has been measured directly and inferred from In March 1996, we made an expedition to Lizard Island, changes in the seawater carbonate equilibrium. Such mea- northern Great Barrier Reef, Australia (Fig. 1), to measure surements have provided conflicting results. We provide changes in the O2 concentration and pH of seawater flowing community metabolic data that indicate that large changes in across a 300-m section of the reef flat by using a floating CO2 concentration can occur in coral reef waters via biogeo- instrument package (11–14). Measurements were made in chemical processes not directly associated with photosynthe- March when tides permitted the instrument package to float sis, respiration, calcification, and CaCO3 dissolution. These freely over the reef flat, a short distance above the benthos. processes can significantly distort estimates of reef calcifica- On arriving at Lizard Island, we encountered environmental tion and net productivity and obscure the contribution of coral conditions that we had not anticipated. -
A Guide to 1.000 Foraminifera from Southwestern Pacific New Caledonia
Jean-Pierre Debenay A Guide to 1,000 Foraminifera from Southwestern Pacific New Caledonia PUBLICATIONS SCIENTIFIQUES DU MUSÉUM Debenay-1 7/01/13 12:12 Page 1 A Guide to 1,000 Foraminifera from Southwestern Pacific: New Caledonia Debenay-1 7/01/13 12:12 Page 2 Debenay-1 7/01/13 12:12 Page 3 A Guide to 1,000 Foraminifera from Southwestern Pacific: New Caledonia Jean-Pierre Debenay IRD Éditions Institut de recherche pour le développement Marseille Publications Scientifiques du Muséum Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle Paris 2012 Debenay-1 11/01/13 18:14 Page 4 Photos de couverture / Cover photographs p. 1 – © J.-P. Debenay : les foraminifères : une biodiversité aux formes spectaculaires / Foraminifera: a high biodiversity with a spectacular variety of forms p. 4 – © IRD/P. Laboute : îlôt Gi en Nouvelle-Calédonie / Island Gi in New Caledonia Sauf mention particulière, les photos de cet ouvrage sont de l'auteur / Except particular mention, the photos of this book are of the author Préparation éditoriale / Copy-editing Yolande Cavallazzi Maquette intérieure et mise en page / Design and page layout Aline Lugand – Gris Souris Maquette de couverture / Cover design Michelle Saint-Léger Coordination, fabrication / Production coordination Catherine Plasse La loi du 1er juillet 1992 (code de la propriété intellectuelle, première partie) n'autorisant, aux termes des alinéas 2 et 3 de l'article L. 122-5, d'une part, que les « copies ou reproductions strictement réservées à l'usage privé du copiste et non destinées à une utilisation collective » et, d'autre part, que les analyses et les courtes citations dans un but d'exemple et d'illustration, « toute représentation ou reproduction intégrale ou partielle, faite sans le consentement de l'auteur ou de ses ayants droit ou ayants cause, est illicite » (alinéa 1er de l'article L.