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The Effects of Warm and Cold Water Scuba Finning on Cardiorespiratory Responses and Energy Expenditure

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The Effects of Warm and Cold Water Scuba Finning on Cardiorespiratory Responses and Energy Expenditure AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESISOF in Caron Lee Louise Shake for the degreeof Doctor of Philosophy Education presented on April 5, 1989. Scuba Finning on Title: The Effects of Warm and Cold Water Cardiorespiratory Responses and EnergyExpenditure Redacted for privacy Abstract approved: cardiorespiratory and energy This study was designed to determine finning at expenditure responses elicited byrecreational divers while and warm (29°C) water a submaximal intensity(35% max) in cold (18°C) to par- with and without wet suits. Male divers (15) volunteered exercise ticipate in five experimentalprocedures. A maximal graded in 29°C tethered finning test, two submaximal(30 min.) finning tests tests with and without wet suits, and twosubmaximal (30 min.) finning The variables in 18°C with and without wetsuits were performed. (VE), measured were: breathing frequency(BF), minute ventilation (RER), heart rate oxygen consumption (V02)respiratory exchange ratio (HR), and core temperature (CT). Caloric expenditure (kcal) was calculated from RER and V02. A Four-Way ANOVA andrepeated measures 0.05) Two-Way design was used to analyze the data. A significant (p < A significant (p < (suit x time) interaction wasrevealed for BF. 0.01) Three-Way (suit x temp. x time)interaction was revealed forVE, V02, RER, HR, and CT. An inverse relationship exists betweenBF and VE when comparing dives with and without suits. Diving in 18°C with suitselicited higher BF and lower VE than diving in 29°Cwithout suits. V02 increased significantly during threeof the four dives. Diving without suits elicited higher V02values though this was not significant in every case. Diving in a cold environmentelicited lower RER re- higher V02 and VE. The 18°C dive with suits elicited sponses than the 29°C diveswithout suits. Cold stress dives elicited higher RERs, when compared to heat stressdives (not significant). HR increased significantly during thefour dives. Diving in 18°C with suits produced significantlyhigher HR's compared to 29°C diving without suits, suggesting that thesuits provided adequate heat three of the four loss protection. CT significantly increased during in the 18°C dive dives. The significant decrease in CT occurred without suits. CT rose to a higher degree duringthe 18°C dive with suits than the 29°C dive without suits. This research will be useful to physiologists,and diving instructors and associations. This studyshould increase knowledge about scuba diving and help to improvediving education and safety. The Effects of Warm and Cold Water Scuba Finning on Cardiorespiratory Responses and Energy Expenditure by Caron Lee Louise Shake A THESIS Submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Completed April 5, 1989 Commencement June, 1990 APPROVED: Redacted for privacy Professor of Physical Education in charge of major Redacted for privacy Department Chair of Physical Education Redacted for privacy Dean of the Schbel of Ea-Eat-ion Redacted for privacy Dean oGr to Schoolj Date thesis is presented April 5, 1989 DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my parents, Donand Harriette, who have always been great in supporting me through anyendeavor I have pursued. They helped me during this study by takingpictures, setting up the equipment, breaking the equipment down, andby performing some of the laboratory blood work until very late into thenight. Their constant encouragement and love havemade my education and love, dreamspossible. My parentshavealways provided me with friendship, and hope for the future. It is not so much what theyhave done for me as what they have enabled me todo for myself. If I could Mom and Dad, give you one thing, I wouldgive you the would ability to see yourselves as I and others see you.... then you realize what truly special people and parents youboth are. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my appreciation to thefollowing for their assistance and guidance in the project: Dr. Michael Maksud, Dr. James Leklem, Dr. Kathleen Heath, Dr. Jon Root, and Dr. LloydKlemke. Special recognition and gratitude is extended to Dr.James Leklem for his humor and assistance during the long hours oftesting and to Dr. Michael Maksud for his continued guidance and highexpectations during my education. Without the support from these two individualsand their push for excellence, I would never have accomplished orlearned so much. Furthermore, I wish to thank the following for theirearly morning and late night help during the testing phase ofthis study: Bonnie Robeson; Chris Quinn; Katie O'Shea; Monica Cain; EmilyCole; Karrie Martin; Anita Hiatt. A special thanks is given to Steve Ovallefor his help in statistics; Lance Hairabedian for his help inthe nutrition lab. I can't forget to thank Gregg Ferry for all hismoral support and computer assistance. A special thanks is extended to Patt Nearingburgand Mike Climstein for their friendship and extensive help in my reasearch. Without my good friends continued support, good humor, and prodding on,it never would have been as exciting. I also wish to thank those divers who volunteeredto participate in this study. They were each such characters; devotedand a bit crazy for sticking with it throughout the warm, the cold,and the probe. I really appreciate all your efforts on my behalf. Thank you everyone. Table of Contents Page CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1 Need for the Study 3 Statement of Problem 5 Hypothesis 5 Limitations of the Study 6 Definition of Terms 7 CHAPTER TWO REVIEW OF LITERATURE 9 Physiological Responses 9 Breathing Frequency and Minute Ventilation 9 Exercise and Minute Ventilation 11 Exercise and Oxygen Consumption 14 Oxygen Consumption and Water Exercise 15 Measurement of Oxygen Consumption 17 Temperature 19 Temperature Measurement 19 Measurement of Body Temperature 22 Exercise in the Cold 24 Insulation and Immersion 34 Temperature and Age 43 Scuba Diving 44 Immersion Effects on Divers 45 Carbon Dioxide Retention 51 Heart Rate and Immersion 55 Miscellaneous Factors 60 Dietary Factors 60 Fatigue/Workload/Mental & Physical State of Divers . 61 Age 63 Body Composition 63 Stress/Training 64 Acclimated Versus Unacclimated Divers 66 Factors in Diving Accidents 67 CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY 71 Selection of Subjects 71 Experimental Conditions 72 Page Work Intensity 72 Water Temperature Regulation 74 Wet Suit Utilization 75 Instrumentation 79 Pilot Study and Experimental Procedures 80 Statistical Procedures 81 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS 82 Inferential Statistics 82 Breathing Frequency (B.F., Breaths per Minute) 84 Minute Ventilation (VE BTPS) 88 Minute Ventilation for each Condition 90 Ventilation Responses During Normal Diving Conditions . 92 Relationship of Ventilation and Breathing Frequency . 93 Responses Oxygen Consumption (V02, Liters per Minute, STPD) 94 Oxygen Consumption Responses During Cold Water Diving . 96 Without Suits Oxygen Consumption Responses While Diving With and . 97 Without Suits Oxygen Consumption Responses During Normal Diving . 98 Conditions Oxygen Consumption (V02, Milliliters per Minute per 99 Kilogram, STPD) Oxygen Consumption Responses During Cold Water Diving . 101 Without Suits Oxygen Consumption Responses During Warm Water Diving . 102 With Suits Oxygen Consumption Responses During Normal Diving . 105 Conditions Respiratory Exchange Ratio (R E R ) 105 Respiratory Exchange Ratio Responses During Warm Water . 108 Dive With Wet Suits Respiratory Exchange Ratio During Normal Diving . 109 Conditions Caloric Expenditure 109 Page Caloric Expenditure Calculations 109 Caloric Expenditure Results 110 Caloric Expenditure During Cold Water Diving 111 Caloric Expenditure During Warm Water Diving 112 Total k/cals Used During Each of The Diving Conditions 114 Heart Rate (H.R., Beats per Minute) 115 Heart Rate Responses During Diving With Wet Suits . 117 Heart Rate Responses During Normal Diving Conditions . 118 Temperature (T °C) 120 Core Temperature Responses During Cold Water Diving . 121 Without Suits Core Temperature Responses During Warm Water Diving . 122 With Suits 123 Core Temperature Responses During Normal Diving . Conditions Body Percent Fat as a Covariate Factor 125 Relationship of Body Composition to Oxygen Consumption . 126 Responses (L x min-1) Relationship of Body Composition to Oxygen Consumption . 129 (ml x min-1 x kg-1) Summary 129 CHAPTER FIVE DISCUSSION, CONSIDERATIONS, CONCLUSIONS, SUMMARY . 131 Discussion 132 Breathing Frequency and Minute Ventilation 132 Oxygen Consumption (V02, L x min-1) 136 Oxygen Consumption Responses During Normal Diving . 137 conditions Oxygen Consumption Results (V02 ml x min-1) 139 Respiratory Exchange Ratio 145 Heart Rate 150 Core Temperature 153 Considerations 159 Relationship of Dive Time to Physiological/ 159 Metabolic Responses Wet Suits 160 Acclimated vs. Unacclimated Divers 161 Pool 162 Time of Day of Testing 163 Page Prior Diet 164 Motivation 164 Conclusions 164 Recommendations 169 Summary 170 BIBLIOGRAPHY 174 APPENDICIES A. Scuba Equipment 188 B. Tethered Finning/Swimming System 189 C. Diet Information 190 D. Consent Form 191 E. Human Subjects Committee 194 F. Diver Information 197 G. Means and Standard Deviations for Breathing Frequency 198 During Diving H. Minute Ventilation (L x min-1) Means and Standard . 199 Deviations for each of the Four Diving Conditions I. Oxygen Consumption (L x min-1) Means and Standard . 200 Deviations for each of the Four Diving Conditions J. Oxygen Consumption (ml x min-1 xkg-1) Means and 201 Standard Deviations for each of the four Diving Conditions K.
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