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Forest Plantation Mapping of the Southern Highlands

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Forest Plantation Mapping of the Southern Highlands FOREST PLANTATION MAPPING OF THE SOUTHERN HIGHLANDS Forest Plantation Mapping of the Southern Highlands Final report _________________________________________________________________________________ 5 March 2017, Turku, Finland Forest Plantation Mapping of the Southern Highlands Final report Report authors Ulpu Mankinen (University of Turku, Department of Geography and Geology) Niina Käyhkö (University of Turku, Department of Geography and Geology) Joni Koskinen (University of Turku, Department of Geography and Geology) Anssi Pekkarinen (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) Other contributors Volunteers from following organizations: Tanzania Forest Service Private Forestry Programme University of Dar es Salaam University of Bagamoyo Ardhi University Recommended citation: Private Forestry Programme, 2017. Forest Plantation Mapping of the Southern Highlands. Final report. Iringa, Tanzania. Private Forestry Programme – Panda Miti Kibiashara Plot no.21, Block 1, Zone 1A Gangilonga P.O. Box 2244, Iringa. www.privateforestry.or.tz TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 KEY FINDINGS 2 1. INTRODUCTION 3 1.1 Private Forestry Programme and the needs for plantation mapping 3 1.2 Study area 3 2. METHODOLOGY 6 2.1 Overview 6 2.2 Preparations for data collection 7 2.2.1 Stratified sample in level 1 7 2.2.2 Stratified sample in level 2 8 2.3 Data collection 8 2.3.1 Data collection in level 1 8 2.3.2 Participatory data collection in level 2 10 2.3.3 Cleaning and completion of training data 13 2.4 Satellite image classification 13 2.4.1 Image classification in level 1 13 2.4.2 Image classification in level 2 15 2.5 Accuracy assessment of the maps 15 2.6 Map refining, layout and statistics production 16 3. RESULTS 18 3.1 Forest plantations in the Southern Highlands 18 3.1.1 Plantation area and ownership 18 3.1.2 Planted species distribution 21 3.1.3 Plantation age 23 3.1.4 Plantation density distribution 25 3.2 Forest plantations in the pilot areas 27 3.3 Accuracy of the plantation maps 30 3.3.1 Whole study area map accuracies 30 3.3.2 Accuracies of pilot area maps 31 4. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 33 4.1 Cover and distribution of plantation forests in the Southern Highlands 33 4.2 Mapping and monitoring plantation forests using remote sensing 33 4.3 Applicability of mapping results to forest plantation planning and management 34 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 35 REFERENCES 36 LIST OF ANNEXES Annex 1 Practical guidelines for the plantation mapping 37 Annex 2 Region level plantation statistics 50 Annex 3 District level plantation statistics 52 Annex 4 District-level maps for PFP operating area 56 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Map of the study area 5 Figure 2 The mapping process 6 Figure 3 The level 1 sample with the manually added points included (1,667 points in total) 9 Figure 4 The level 2 sample (7,500 points in total) 9 Figure 5 Open Foris Collect Earth Software 10 Figure 6 Mapathon at the University of Dar es Salaam 11 Figure 7 The land-use and land-cover classification systems used in data collection 12 Figure 8 A time series card for a plantation plot in Iringa (in yellow) 12 Figure 9 Example imagery was used for plantation age class and density class assessment 13 Figure 10 Wet (julian days 1–200) and dry (julian days 200–305) season Landsat-8 mosaics were used for both visual interpretation and image classification 14 Figure 11 Example of a natural forest misclassified as a plantation in the level 1 map 14 Figure 12 Sample points for the accuracy assessment (1,800 in total) 16 Figure 13 Field check locations (218 in total) 17 Figure 14 Plantation ownership and area (ha) by region 18 Figure 15 Plantation coverage and ownership in the study area 19 Figure 16 Plantation intensity (ha/km2) in the study area 19 Figure 17 Plantation coverage and ownership by district (districts with >1,000 ha of plantations) 20 Figure 18 Areas (ha) and proportions (%) of tree species in the study area 21 Figure 19 Tree species planted in Njombe region 22 Figure 20 Tree species planted in Iringa region 22 Figure 21 Plantation age classes in the study area (ha) 23 Figure 22 Plantation age classes in Njombe region 24 Figure 23 Plantation age classes in Iringa region 24 Figure 24 Proportions of plantation density in the study area (ha) 25 Figure 25 Plantation density classes in Njombe region 26 Figure 26 Plantation density classes in Iringa region 26 Figure 27 Difference in visual appearance of the 10 m resolution map (left) and 30m resolution map (right) 27 Figure 28 Plantation coverage at 10 m resolution in pilot area 1 in Kilolo 28 Figure 29 Plantation coverage at 10 m resolution in pilot area 2 in Njombe 29 Figure 30 Plantation coverage at 10 m resolution in pilot area 3 in Makete 29 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Input data sets for the mapping 7 Table 2 Forest plantation coverage per region (ha) 18 Table 3 Areas (ha) and proportions (%) of tree species by ownership 21 Table 4 Approximate plantation age classes by ownership (ha) 23 Table 5 Approximate plantation density classes by ownership (ha) 25 Table 6 Forest plantation coverage in the pilot areas 27 Table 7 Accuracy of the whole study area plantation coverage map 30 Table 8 Species map accuracy 30 Table 9 Accuracy of pilot area 1 (Kilolo) plantation coverage maps 31 Table 10 Accuracy of pilot area 2 (Njombe) plantation coverage maps 31 Table 11 Accuracy of pilot area 3 (Makete) plantation coverage maps 32 ABBREVIATIONS DEM Digital elevation model FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FBD Forestry and Beekeeping Division FDT Forestry Development Trust GEE Google Earth Engine GIS Geographic information system MNRT Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism NAFORMA National Forest Monitoring and Assessment of Tanzania NDVI Normalized Difference Vegetation Index PFP Private Forestry Programme SHI Sao Hill Industries SRTM Shuttle Radar Topography Mission SUSLAND Sustainability, scale relations and structure-function-benefit chains in the landscape systems of the Tanzanian Southern Highlands TANWAT Tanganyika Wattle Company TFS Tanzania Forest Service TGA Tree growers’ association UDSM University of Dar es Salaam UTU University of Turku QGIS Quantum GIS, an open Source GIS Software EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Private Forestry Programme (PFP) operates over a large geographical area of the Southern Highlands in Tanzania. Knowledge about the existing forest plantations in that area could serve as an important baseline for future plantation management and development (PFP, 2015). Unfortunately, while the area has a substantial number of commercial and privately operated forest plantations, it is unclear what the geographical extent of forest coverage is, how many plantation forests lie in each district of the Southern Highlands, how large a proportion of them are privately run, and other key information is missing. The lack of spatially explicit information about forest plantations has made it challenging to engage in strategic forest management planning. Clearly, there is a dire need for maps and statistics forest plantation to support the efforts of the project. Having more geospatial information about current forest plantations would support plantation management, the monitoring of changes, the planning of future investments and the allocation of new land areas for planting. To help meet this need, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the University of Turku (UTU) conducted a plantation mapping study of the Southern Highlands during between June 2016 and December 2016 under the framework of the FAO-Finland Forestry Programme. The area mapped included the operating areas of the PFP and the Forestry Development Trust (FDT, 2016) as well as areas of interest identified by the SUSLAND project (UTU, 2016). Other partners of this study included the University of Dar es Salaam (USDM), the Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism (MNRT), and Tanzania Forest Service (TFS). The mapping was conducted at two levels. For level 1, tentative plantation and forest maps were created. For level 2, the accuracy of the maps was improved by collecting a large sample data set of plantation attributes. Level 2a included mapping the plantation cover over the whole study area at the spatial resolution of 30 m, and level 2b focused on mapping the plantations on three small pilot areas at a higher spatial resolution (10 m). When that work was complete, the accuracy of the mapping was assessed. The satellite imagery and GIS data sets used at both levels of work were Landsat-8 OLI mosaic, ALOS Palsar, Sentinel-1, Sentinel-2, SRTM DEM and Hansen Global Forest Change mapped land surface data. In order to collect a large training sample of forest plantations from high-resolution satellite images using Open Foris Collect Earth, an intensive data-collection event, Mapathon, was organised at the USDM Department of Geography HEI-GIS lab in October 2016. Fourteen volunteers, all students of GIS/remote-sensing, and eight forest land cover experts worked for about a week to collect over 7,000 sample points in the area. The survey attributes were based on the NAFORMA land-cover classes (MNRT, 2015) but they were adjusted for the interpretation of high-resolution imagery. Maps of specific plantation attributes (species, age class and density class) were produced for the forest plantation land-cover class. During level 2 work, different image classifiers were tested; Random forest classifier proved to be the most accurate. Using imagery mainly from the period between 2013 and 2015, the FAO-UTU study created baseline information about the geographical extent of the forest plantations in the Southern Highlands. In December 2016, the findings were compiled into a technical report issued jointly by the FAO and the UTU in December (Mankinen, Koskinen, Käyhkö, & Pekkarinen, 2016).
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