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VOLUME XL SPRING 2004 Featuring: Identification of CVD Synthetic Diamonds Cultured Pearls from Mexico X-Ray Fingerprinting of Diamonds THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE GEMOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA Spring 2004 VOLUME 40, NO. 1 EDITORIAL _____________ 1 Gems & Gemology Celebrates Its 70th Anniversary with Recognition by ISI Alice S. Keller FEATURE ARTICLES _____________ 2 Identification of Synthetic Diamond Grown Using Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) Philip M. Martineau, Simon C. Lawson, Andy J. Taylor, Samantha J. Quinn, pg. 6 David J. F. Evans, and Michael J. Crowder Presents the results of the DTC Research Centre’s studies of more than 1,000 CVD synthetic diamond research samples and the properties that differentiate them from natural diamond. 26 Cultured Pearls from the Gulf of California, Mexico Lore Kiefert, Douglas McLaurin Moreno, Enrique Arizmendi, Henry A. Hänni, and Shane Elen Reports on the production and properties of multicolored cultured pearls harvested from the Pteria sterna oyster in Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico. 40 X-Ray Fingerprinting Routine for Cut Diamonds Roland Diehl and Nikolaus Herres Presents an X-ray topographic technique for generating a unique “finger- print” that can be used to confirm the identity of a faceted diamond. pg. 27 REGULAR FEATURES _____________________ 58 Lab Notes Feathers in copal • Rare type IIa pink diamond, with green radiation stains • Two yellow synthetic diamonds • Herderite update • Large opal doublet • Three rutilated quartz cat’s-eyes • Spurrite • Bicolored cat’s-eye tourmaline 66 Gem News International 2004 Tucson report • Yellow cat’s-eye beryl from Brazil • Update on demantoid and cat’s-eye demantoid from Iran • Blue omphacite from Guatemala • Black cultured pearls from Japan • New ruby production from Malawi • Pink to pink-orange spinel from Tanzania • Large tsavorite and green grossular from Tanzania • Color-change pg. 51 glass, imitating alexandrite • Commercial production of HPHT-treated diamonds showing a color shift • Update on proprietary diamond cuts • Diamond exhibiting a spectacular phantom • Black horn coral coated with artificial resin • Petroleum inclusions in quartz from Pakistan • New Swarovski triplet loupe • Conference reports • Announcements 87 The Dr. Edward J. Gübelin Most Valuable Article Award 89 2004 Gems & Gemology Challenge 91 Book Reviews 94 Gemological Abstracts pg. 61 Celebrates Its 70th Anniversary with Recognition by ISI his colleagues from the De Beers DTC Research Centre present the results of their study of more than a thousand synthetic dia- monds grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and the properties that differentiate them from natural diamonds. Drs. Roland Diehl and Nikolaus Herres describe an X-ray topographic method for “fingerprinting” a cut diamond so that its identity may be confirmed later in the event of loss or theft (or even recut- ting), while Dr. Lore Kiefert and co-authors shed light on the new cultured pearls from Mexico’s Gulf of California. These feature arti- cles are well complemented by the regular Lab Notes and Gem News International sec- tions, and much more. As we celebrate our 70th anniversary, I am delighted to announce another significant hen GIA founder Robert M. Shipley released the first milestone. Gems & Gemology has been accepted into the issue of Gems & Gemology in January 1934, his database of the Institute for Scientific Information. ISI aim, stated on the first of 32 loose-leaf pages, was to (www.isinet.com) is widely recognized as the premier database W of scientific publications, and its print and online resources are “increase the gem merchant’s knowledge and ability in order that he may protect more thoroughly his customers’ best inter- used by libraries and researchers worldwide. This nomination ests.” Though not the first gemological publication to appear— provides G&G with a mark of recognition within the scientific Great Britain’s The Gemmologist began in 1931—G&G was community for publishing quality research. Just as important, it introduced at a time when such information was desperately raises the visibility and stature of gemology as a scientific disci- needed. For the most part, jewelry trade magazines of the day pline, since G&G is the first gemological journal to be included did not delve into gemology, and many jewelers and dealers in the ISI database. We are very grateful to the authors and knew very little about the gems they were handling. reviewers who wrote letters to ISI on behalf of G&G , and to those whose contributions over the years have made the jour- Although its early staff was perennially low on budget and nal a vital component of the scientific literature. manpower, G&G was fortunate to enjoy contributions from some of the world’s most distinguished gemologists and miner- Gems & Gemology will be included in the following ISI alogists. Such legends as Basil Anderson, Sydney Ball, Dr. media, beginning with last year’s Spring issue (Vol. 39, No. 1, Edward Gübelin, Dr. Edward Kraus, Dr. Karl Schlossmacher, 2003): Current Contents—Physical, Chemical & Earth Robert Webster, and Shipley himself, regularly wrote for the Sciences; Science Citation Index—Expanded, including the journal during its first two decades. That torch eventually was Web of Science; and ISI’s current awareness alerting services. passed to G. Robert Crowningshield, Richard Liddicoat, Dr. Kurt Nassau, and Dr. John Sinkankas, among others, and today ISI’s recognition is a fitting tribute to gemology, a science it rests in a number of equally capable hands worldwide. that—like G&G—has come a long way in the last 70 years. So, despite the many changes in cosmetics and content over the years, the scientific tradition built by the likes of Shipley and Liddicoat continues. In this 285th issue (for those of you doing the math, G&G was bimonthly rather than quarterly during its first two years), our contributors represent gemological research from around the world—the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Germany, Mexico, and the U.S.—and report on a range of Alice S. Keller meaningful topics. In the lead article, Dr. Philip Martineau and Editor-in-Chief EDITORIAL GEMS &GEMOLOGY SPRING 2004 1 IDENTIFICATION OF SYNTHETIC DIAMOND GROWN USING CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION (CVD) Philip M. Martineau, Simon C. Lawson, Andy J. Taylor, Samantha J. Quinn, David J. F. Evans, and Michael J. Crowder Studies carried out at the DTC Research Centre have shown that single-crystal CVD synthetic dia- mond is clearly distinguishable from natural diamond. This article presents information about the CVD process, the history of its development, the different kinds of CVD synthetic diamond mate- rial that can be produced, and properties that differentiate them from natural diamond. The authors studied more than a thousand CVD synthetic diamond samples that were grown for research purposes using a range of different process conditions. Absorption, photoluminescence, and cathodoluminescence spectra of these CVD synthetic diamond samples showed a range of different impurity-related features not seen in natural diamond. Photoluminescence imaging is also useful in identifying CVD synthetic diamond, and X-ray topography may give supportive evi- dence. The effectiveness of the Diamond Trading Company Diamond Verification Instruments for identifying CVD synthetic diamond is also described. ynthetic diamond has occasionally been of faceted material starting in the fourth quarter of encountered by the gem trade, but until recent- 2003 (Pridy, 2003). Sly attention has focused almost exclusively on Butler et al. (2002) presented analytical results for the kind produced by exposing carbon-containing one faceted sample of single-crystal CVD synthetic solids to high pressures and temperatures (HPHT- diamond produced by Apollo Diamond. Preliminary grown synthetic diamond; see, e.g., Shigley et al., notes on examination of several Apollo samples 1986, 1987). For many years, however, scientists appeared in the Gem News International section of have known that it is also possible to synthesize the Fall 2003 issue of this journal. Then, in the Winter diamond at low pressures from carbon-containing 2003 issue, Wang et al. gave a thorough description of gases, using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) tech- the results of their study of 13 samples provided by niques. Although the gem trade has been relatively Apollo Diamond, offering useful indicators to aid unaware of CVD, over the last two decades this identification of CVD synthetic diamond of the kind method of diamond synthesis has been the subject proposed for commercial jewelry production. of intense worldwide research because of the many Since the late-1980s, the Diamond Trading potential technological applications of CVD syn- Company, a De Beers Group company, has carried thetic diamond material. out proactive research to investigate the implications Apollo Diamond Inc. of Boston, Massachusetts, has spent many years developing CVD synthetic diamond material for use in technological applica- See end of article for About the Authors and Acknowledgments. tions and jewelry. In August 2003, this company GEMS & GEMOLOGY, Vol. 40, No. 1, pp. 2–25. announced plans to begin selling limited quantities © 2004 Gemological Institute of America 2 IDENTIFICATION OF CVD SYNTHETIC DIAMOND GEMS & GEMOLOGY SPRING 2004 Figure 1. These faceted CVD synthetics (0.21–1.04 ct) range from colorless to brown. Diamond Trading Company faceted CVD synthet- ics are not commer- cially available; they have been produced solely for research and education. Photo by M. Crowder. of CVD diamond synthesis for the gem trade. The taining gases such as methane (see, e.g., Bachmann, purpose of this research has been to develop under- 1998; Goodwin and Butler, 1998). This method of standing of the properties of CVD synthetic diamond, synthesis involves breaking up gas molecules into so that an effective and practical methodology for dis- reactive species from which diamond can be grown. tinguishing it from natural diamond could be devel- This can be done in a number of ways, resulting in a oped ahead of the marketing of CVD synthetics for family of related growth techniques.
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