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Eesti Põlevkiviõli Tootmise Parim Võimalik Tehnika Töö nr ENE1204 Eesti Põlevkiviõli tootmise parim võimalik tehnika Projekti rahastas SA Keskkonnainvesteeringute Keskus 05.07.2013 Tallinn Meie oskused on Teie edu !™ Eesti Keemiatööstuse Liit ÅF-Consulting AS Peterburi tee 46 Väike-Paala 1 11415 Tallinn, Eesti 11415 Tallinn, Eesti Tel. 613 9775 Tel. 605 3150 www.keemia.ee www.estivo.ee Sisukord Eessõna .............................................................................................................................. 4 Kasutatud lühendid ................................................................................................................. 7 Kasutatud mõisted ................................................................................................................... 9 Kokkuvõte ............................................................................................................................ 12 Summary ............................................................................................................................ 13 Reguleerimisala ...................................................................................................................... 31 Põlevkiviõli tööstuse toormaterjal – põlevkivi .................................................................... 33 Põlevkiviõli ............................................................................................................................ 34 1. Üldteave põlevkiviõli tootmisest maailmas ja Eestis ....................................................... 35 1.1. Eesti põlevkivi kasutamise lühikronoloogia ................................................................................... 35 1.2. Põlevkivi varud ja kvaliteet ............................................................................................................ 36 1.3. Põlevkiviõli tootjad Eestis .............................................................................................................. 37 1.3.1. Eesti Energia Õlitööstus AS ........................................................................................... 38 1.3.2. VKG Oil AS ................................................................................................................... 38 1.3.3. Kiviõli Keemiatööstuse OÜ ............................................................................................ 38 1.4. Tootmismahud ja tööhõive ............................................................................................................. 39 1.5. Põlevkiviõli ja kõrvalsaadused ....................................................................................................... 40 1.5.1. Põlevkiviõli..................................................................................................................... 40 1.5.2. Kõrvalsaadused ja jäätmete taaskasutus ......................................................................... 41 1.6. Eksport, energiajulgeolek ja konkurentsivõime ............................................................................. 42 1.7. Põlevkiviõli tööstuse peamised keskkonnaprobleemid .................................................................. 44 1.7.1. Õhuheited ...................................................................................................................... 44 1.7.2. Reovesi 45 1.7.3. Jäätmed 46 1.7.4. Pinnase ja põhjavee reostus ........................................................................................... 46 1.7.5. Teised keskkonnaaspektid ............................................................................................. 47 2. Põlevkiviõli tootmiseks kasutatav tehnika ....................................................................... 48 2.1. Põlevkiviõli tootmise meetodid ja tehnoloogiad maailmas ............................................................ 48 2.2. Põlevkiviõli tootmise meetodid ja tehnoloogiad Eestis .................................................................. 49 2.2.1. Gaasilise soojuskandja meetod ...................................................................................... 51 2.2.2. Tahke soojuskandja meetod .......................................................................................... 54 2.2.3. Tehnoloogiate tehnilised karakteristikud ...................................................................... 58 3. Põlevkiviõli tootmise saaste eriheited ja jäätmetekke tase, erikulude tase ................... 60 3.1. Sissejuhatus .................................................................................................................................... 60 3.2. Ressursikasutus ja saasteainete teke gaasilise soojuskandja meetodil ........................................... 61 3.2.1. Gaasigeneraatori protsessi sisendid ............................................................................... 62 3.2.2. Gaasigeneraatori protsessi väljundid ............................................................................. 62 3.3. Ressursikasutus ja saasteainete teke tahke soojuskandjaga meetodil ............................................. 70 3.3.1. Galoter protsessi sisendid .............................................................................................. 72 3.3.2. Galoter protsessi väljundid ............................................................................................ 73 3.4. Müra ............................................................................................................................................... 79 3.5. Lõhn ............................................................................................................................................... 79 3.6. Põlevkivi ja põlevkiviõli laadimine ja ladustamine ........................................................................ 79 2 4. Tehnikad kaalutlemiseks PVT tuvastamisel .................................................. 80 4.1. Korralduslikud meetmed ................................................................................................................. 80 4.1.1. Keskkonnajuhtimissüsteem ............................................................................................ 80 4.1.2. Seire 81 4.2. Ülevaade põlevkiviõli tootmisel kasutusel olevatest heidete vähendamise tehnilistest lahendustest ....................................................................................................................................................... 83 4.2.1. Põlevkivi ladustamine ..................................................................................................... 83 4.2.2. Põlevkiviõli jm vedelike ladustamine ............................................................................. 83 4.2.3. GSK meetodil põlevkiviõli toomisega kaasnevad ainevood ja nende töötlemise tehnilised lahendused ...................................................................................... 84 4.2.4. TSK meetodil põlevkiviõli toomisega kaasnevad ainevood ja nende töötlemise tehnilised lahendused ...................................................................................... 86 4.3. Võimalikud lahendused saaste kontrollimiseks ja energia efektiivsemaks kasutamiseks................ 89 4.3.1. Vääveloksiidid (SOX) ..................................................................................................... 89 4.3.2. Lämmastikoksiidid (NOx) .............................................................................................. 89 4.3.3. Tahked osakesed ............................................................................................................. 90 4.3.4. Väävelvesinik ................................................................................................................. 90 4.3.5. Energiatõhususe meetmed .............................................................................................. 91 5. Parima võimaliku tehnika (PVT) valimine...................................................................... 94 5.1. Üldine PVT .................................................................................................................................... 96 5.1.1. Keskkonnajuhtimine...................................................................................................... 96 5.1.2. Energiatõhusus .............................................................................................................. 96 5.1.3. Materjalide ladustamine ning käitlemine ...................................................................... 96 5.2. GSK meetodiga põlevkiviõli tootmine ........................................................................................... 97 5.2.1. Põlevkiviõli tootmise PVT – GSKm üldised aspektid ..................................................... 97 5.3. TSK meetodil põlevkiviõli tootmine .............................................................................................. 98 5.3.1. Põlevkiviõli tootmise PVT – TSKm üldised aspektid ..................................................... 98 5.3.2. Fenoolvesi....................................................................................................................... 99 6. Kujunemisjärgus olev tehnika ........................................................................................ 100 6.1. Enefit-280 tehnoloogia ................................................................................................................. 100 7. PVT järelduste eelnõu ..................................................................................................... 102 Lisa 1. Põlevkiviõli
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