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Sewage Treatment in the UK

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Sewage Treatment in the UK Sewage Treatment in the UK UK Implementation of the EC Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive Department for Environment, Food Further copies of this publication are and Rural Affairs available from: Nobel House 17, Smith Square DEFRA Publications London SW1P 3JR Admiral 6000 Telephone 020 7238 6000 London Website: www.gov.uk SW1A 2XX Tel: 08459 556000 ©Crown Copyright 2002 This document is also available on Copyright in the typographical arrangement the DEFRA website. and design rests with the Crown. Published by the Department for Environment, This publication (excluding the logo) may be Food and Rural Affairs. Printed in the UK reproduced free of charge in any format or March 2002, on material containing 75% post- medium provided that it is reproduced accurately consumer waste and 25% ECF pulp (cover) and and not used in a misleading context. The 100% post-consumer waste (text). material must be acknowledged as Crown copyright with the title and source of the Product Code PB 6655 publication specified. Acknowledgements: Cover and p 7: North of Scotland Water Authority Cover and pps 1/2: Yorkshire Water Services Ltd Back cover: Thames Water Utilities Ltd Wessex Water Services Ltd Introduction This booklet explains how sewage 1 is treated in the UK and what action is being taken to improve this. It can also be seen at the Department’s website at www.defra.gov.uk/environment/ water/quality/sewage It fulfils the UK’s obligations under Article 16 of the European Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive to produce periodically national situation reports on the collection and treatment of waste water, and the Cooper Bridge – sludge incinerator re-use or disposal of the by-product of this treatment, sewage sludge. Background on It updates the first UK report urban waste water published in March 1996. Urban waste water, commonly referred to as Introduction sewage, is generally a mixture of domestic waste water from baths, sinks, washing machines and Proper collection, treatment and discharge toilets, waste water from industry and rainwater of waste water, and correct disposal or re-use of run-off from roads and other surfaced areas. the resulting sludge helps to protect and improve Every day in the UK about 347,000 kilometres water quality in the UK. This leaflet describes of sewers collect over 11 billion litres of waste what the UK has done to improve waste water water. This is treated at about 9,000 sewage treatment and meet its commitments under the treatment works before the treated effluent is Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive. It discharged to inland waters, estuaries and the sea. provides a general description of the present situation, monitoring and investment, and Without suitable treatment, the waste water we explains how individuals can help to reduce produce every day would damage the water water pollution. environment and create public health problems. Untreated sewage contains organic matter Please look out for KEYWORDS that have a fuller (carbohydrates, fats, proteins), bacteria and explanation in the Glossary on page 14 and chemicals. Bacteria naturally present in INFOBOXES that provide additional information. environmental waters do break these substances down, but in doing so they use the oxygen dissolved in the water. If there were large or continuous untreated discharges of urban waste water the result could be too little oxygen for fish and other aquatic life to survive. So the purpose of waste water treatment is to remove organic substances to protect the environment Waste water collection and treatment, and disposal of sewage sludge – United Kingdom 2000 2 from these effects. Sewage works therefore The Urban Waste Water reproduce what would occur in the Treatment Directive environment, settling out much of the solid matter (PRIMARY TREATMENT), and using bacteria The Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive that ‘digest’ and break down the organic (the Directive) was agreed in 1991. It is one of substances (SECONDARY TREATMENT). a number of European Directives (laws) which protect both the water environment and our use of water for drinking, recreation or industry. The Directive has requirements for sewerage (or collection systems) to be established and sets standards for sewage treatment. The general principle of the Directive is to provide treatment of sewage from the largest discharges first, and to protect sensitive waters. The maps on pages 11 to 13 show the main cities and towns and related waste water treatment across the UK. Tables A and B on page 9 represent the number of AGGLOMERATIONS, their associated collecting systems, and the category of receiving waters in the UK for 1998 and 2000. Eshalt – tertiary treatment plant Industrial discharges Sometimes, further treatment (TERTIARY) is (not to sewer) required to protect sensitive water environments. Tertiary treatment can involve disinfecting the The Directive also sets requirements for the treated effluent to protect bathing or shellfish treatment of biodegradable waste water from waters. It can also involve the removal of industries that discharge directly to the water phosphorus or nitrates (nutrients present in environment. The Directive does not set sewage) to protect waters that are threatened by standards for these industrial discharges, but EUTROPHICATION. An illustration of the different does require that discharges greater than 4,000 treatment processes is on page 10. POPULATION EQUIVALENT (pe) comply with their discharge authorisations by 31 December 2000. Even untreated waste water is mostly water (less The INFOBOX on page 3 sets out the industrial than 0.1% is solid material). Treatment allows sectors covered by the Directive and the size this water to be returned to the environment. of these sectors in the UK in Population In this way, it can help to maintain river flows Equivalent terms. which is important for use of water, for example for abstraction, conservation and fishery interests. The re-use and disposal of the removed solid material, sewage sludge, is discussed later in this report. Improvements in the collection of waste water INFOBOX 3 Table of industrial sector discharges not to sewer in the UK Industrial sector Total organic load meeting required standards at Total organic Number 31.12.2000 Full load (in PE) of plants (in PE) compliance Milk-processing 1,464,380 30 644,880 Dec-2003 Manufacture of fruit and vegetable products 1,144,564 9 1,144,564 Dec-2000 Manufacture and bottling of soft drinks –– – – Potato-processing 302,037 3 302,037 Dec-2000 Meat industry 623,348 18 573,348 Dec-2001 Breweries 94,000 1 94,000 Sep-1997 Production of alcohol and alcoholic beverages 1,930,727 23 1,930,727 Dec-2000 Manufacture of animal feed from plant products 476,000 3 476,000 Dec-2000 Manufacture of gelatin and of glue from hides, skin and bones 13,315 1 13,315 Dec-2000 Malt-houses 206,666 9 206,666 Dec-2000 Fish-processing industry 18,000 2 5,000 Feb-2001 Total 6,273,037 99 5,390,537 Improvements on the collection overflows is limited. In the UK we have the of waste water necessary regulatory controls and design criteria to limit pollution from combined sewer The sewage treatment service providers in overflows. For example, in England and Wales the UK are responsible for maintaining and for the five years to 2000, 1,200 unsatisfactory improving the public sewers which serve most combined sewer overflows were improved. of the UK population. About 96% of the UK Furthermore, between 2000 and 2005 another population is connected to sewers leading to 4,700 overflows will be brought up to standard sewage treatment works. Most of the remainder in England and Wales. are served by small private treatment works, cesspits or septic tanks. Improvements in the treatment All sewerage systems that also collect rainwater of waste water (combined sewers) need overflow outlets (combined sewer overflows) to deal with the The Directive specifies sewage treatment extra water collected during some rainstorms. deadlines that are linked to the size of the Without these safety valves both domestic, other communities (agglomerations) served by a properties, and sewage treatment works would be sewerage network and the nature of the water at risk of flooding. The Directive recognises that receiving the treated effluent. It sets secondary although sewage in these overflow discharges is treatment as the normal standard, but requires diluted with significant amounts of rainwater, tertiary treatment where qualifying discharges it can affect the environment. The legislation affect SENSITIVE AREAS identified under therefore requires that pollution from these the Directive. Waste water collection and treatment, and disposal of sewage sludge – United Kingdom 2000 4 UK Coastal Zone Percentage Compliance with Bathing Water Directive 76/160 1992 – 2000 100 UK Mandatory UK Guideline 94 90 91 89 88 89 82 79 80 80 60 54 50 51 46 43 44 40 36 Percentage compliance 34 31 20 0 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Year Changes in chemical river quality for UK countries ENGLAND 1996 2000 WALES 1996 2000 NORTHERN IRELAND 1996 2000 SCOTLAND 1996 2000 0204060 80 100 A B C D E F Percentage of classified river length in each grade Classification in the UK England, Wales and Northern Ireland GQA classes: A-Very Good; B-Good; C-Fairly Good; D-Fair; E-Poor; F-Bad *Scotland does not use the same classification system as in the rest of the UK, the key is for presentational purposes only: For Scotland: A1-Excellent; A2-Good; B-Fair; C-Poor D-Seriously polluted Classifications in Scotland are not comparable with other UK areas as it combines chemical, biological, nutrient and aesthetic assessments, but is predominantly chemical. Further improvements to come . At 31 December 2000 the UK was 90% Further improvements to come 5 compliant with the requirement of the Directive to provide secondary treatment for discharges Progress in the UK in meeting the standards from agglomerations of more than 15,000 pe.
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