NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 7, ISSUE 4, Apr. -2021 CRITIQUE OF ETHICAL DEGRADATION IN WELLS'S THE INVISIBLE MAN Bindu Gahatraj, Tribhuvan University, Central Department of English Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
ABSTRACT: INTRODUCTION: The Invisible Man by H.G. Wells H.G. Wells's The Invisible Man (1897) is portrays ethical degeneracy of The Invisible regarded one of the privileged works of Man because of his own fault of discovering modern science fiction that occupies an invisibility caused by pseudo- science. It honored place in the Victorian literature. This moves around Griffin, the protagonist of research examines Griffin, the protagonist of having great desire to make him invisible the novel as ethically and morally corrupt via obscure scientific power. But, his character. Being the central character he is invisibility makes him absolutely invisible and lacks social status. He is the extraordinary, unusual, unsociable, representative character of the late nineteenth alienated, unrealistic and inhuman century and is guided with obscure scientific character evading him from entire mass of power along his involvement with chemical Iping village. Furthermore, he becomes apparatus. Griffin is a brilliant research means of terror and creates more violence scientist who discovers a formula that makes a in English society going beyond ethical and human being invisible. The formula entails moral contemplations. First, Griffin isolates taking opium and another drug, which makes himself from humanity because he wants to his blood clear, then processing him in a make all the glory of his discoveries. Later, radiator engine. It succeeds but he finds he drives himself to isolation by a fear of himself unable to reserve the process. Despite discovery and compelled to be mad by the his strong abilities and conscience, his effects of his self-imposed isolation. Griffin's ambitious nature and consumption with greed invention is a terrible impossibility that the scientific power turned protagonist to pursuit dedicated to improving the human antagonist to that leads him as ethically and condition bears the greatest potential to morally wicked character as well as socially destroy humanity. He uses science without bankrupt personality. His anti-heroic deeds are considering humanity that causes his own more focused in the novel rather than his disaster portraying him as immoral heroic deeds. Griffin lacks the social status for scientist and makes him as a figure of two reasons: first because he refuses it and sympathy and mystery. His discovery of second society denies it to him. He is the gifted invisibility represents him as an antisocial young university student with albinism, who personality leading English society into a studies optical density. He believes he is on the reign of terror as well as disobeying ethics verge of great scientific discovery; he leaves of modern science and technology. the university and moves to a grimy apartment to continue his experiment alone. Keywords: Science fiction, scientific H. G. Wells, a science student and romance, pseudo - science, gothic, anti-hero teacher, was keenly interested in how the twentieth century would develop its technical knowledge. He was equally concerned with the
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NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 7, ISSUE 4, Apr. -2021 morality of the scientific experimenter. Griffin betrayal and isolation is the product of his is the scientist who is detached, hostile, and unstrained interest and desire in scientific despicable of his fellow humans. Ordinary experiment and its consequences. people have annoyance towards him. They However, the western modernist seem petty compared to his lofty concern with researcher consciously makes him invisible in the mechanisms of nature. His knowledge his moral failure to adopt this realistic makes him alienated personality and he thinks humankind under the influence of scientific only of his discovery and the power that his romance of late nineteenth century. Like many special knowledge gives him. Consequently, he books of the same era, he uses science as the becomes a hazard to society. It shows through instrument of retribution for the social crimes The Invisible man, Griffin tries to escape from that have been committed. But, as often the mass of society regarding them as a burden happens in Wells's work, the science fiction and chooses an alienated life which portrays situation in The Invisible Man provides a him as an ethically and morally ruined vehicle for exploring a larger set of ethical and character. moral problems that preoccupied him Wells's protagonist's gothic throughout his career. To put bluntly, the chief transformation of visibility into invisibility scientific act Griffin makes of his invisibility embodies the protagonist's treatment with because of his blindness on scientific obscure scientific power. Griffin, the judgments and his intention to spread terror protagonist's attempt to be dissolved into and horror in English society. At the end, The invisibility marks him from this sanity world Invisible Man, Griffin decides to murder him into insanity. His unusual actions and wired viciously and begins his own personal “reign of behaviors that he performs in this fiction terror” in brutal way. suggest him as being the morally and ethically Various critics have viewed the novel busted character, mad scientist and egoist from different perspectives. Paul A. Cantor in character. His strange wearing, a long-sleeved, his "The invisible Man and the Invisible hand: thick coat and gloves; his face entirely hidden H.G. Wells's Critique of Capitalism" states that by bandages except for a fake pink nose; and Wells raises the question about the ethics of his wearing of wide-brimmed hat leads him modern technology creating invisibility upon excessively into reclusive, irascible, and Griffin. He further admits: The Invisible Man unfriendly character. His magical and scientific tells the story of Griffin, the University college act to put him aside from other characters is student who finds a way to make himself also abnormal and immoral that embedded disappear. Driven to his experiments by an with madness and cruelness. The spirit of this ambition that has always been fierce, Griffin novel depicts that the western human world in grows increasingly megalomaniacal once he terms of scientific pursuit going beyond the becomes invisible. He thus takes his place in a realistic and ethical ground and capturing the line of literary portrayal of mad scientists that extremely terrorized atmosphere of scientific stretches back to Marry Shelley's Victor world. In such a highly organized and modern Frankenstein. Interest in The Invisible Man has world, science remains central to Griffin's understandably tended to focus on the anomalous adaptation with other characters of scientific aspects of the tale, specially the this fiction. Griffin seems to be much devoted questions Wells raises about the ethic of with his experiment. The protagonist's extreme modern technology. (91)
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NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 7, ISSUE 4, Apr. -2021 According to him, the unusual Griffin is also the voice of suffering as much as invisibility and ambition of Griffin leads him the embodiment of ambition. Indifferent to the towards brutal way making himself a mad anguish of others...." (36) scientist in the same way of Marry Shelley's Griffin, careless character becomes the Victor Frankenstein. Griffin makes him victim of his own experiment, a consequence of invisible by the help of false science which his own creation. As the protagonist, Griffin's indicates the false ethics of modern technology character development clearly illustrates a and it has insisted him as the severe character shift in attitude towards his invisibility, from going beyond the reality. admiration to contempt, as he begins to Concerning the characterization and understand the nature of his atrocious individuation in his "Revelation and the Unseen experiment that he initially does not expect. in H.G Wells's The Invisible man " Tarryn Furthermore, Bruce Beiderwell in his Handcock says the figure of the invisible man of "The Grotesque in Well's The Invisible Man" the novel opens up discussions on the nature of says that Griffin does not only face human confessional culture, highlighting themes as ignorance rather he faces animal ignorance too relevant today as they were in the late – because of his nonsense invisibility. He further nineteenth century when the book was written. emphasizes, "Dogs are a special curse to Griffin He further utters "The unseen body – because they detect him by scent, not sight. characterized by Wells not as transparent but Still, this faculty does not account for the as concealed current and transgressive – is a antipathy dogs express toward Griffin. It malignant presence that pose critical and moral cannot be that dogs are merely angered by problems" (41-42). The interconnected smelling what they cannot see; in the third relationship between revelation and unseen in chapter, a fully costumed, visible Griffin is the text illustrates how the body may be loaded bitten by a dog. It seems that dogs instinctively with meaning, and how literature might allow dislike Griffin" (121). His statement suggests us to examine the body as a site of personal and not only is Griffin isolating himself from the social concerns. human race, but he is also an outcast even from Another critic, Robert Crossley, in his the animals. The irony is that even though the "H.G. Wells" asserts it is clear that without animals can sense him, they still show an understanding of what he is about to embark, instinctive abhorrence towards Griffin. This Griffin’s plan for the acquisition of advantages demonstrates the detriment of Griffin's over his fellow men is falling apart. Without thoughtlessness as he is despised by all of comprehending the multitude implications of society, both humans and animals. Wells his alteration, he fails to accomplish what he illustrates the inevitable ramification of yearns for most, the ultimate ability to derive Griffin’s lack of consideration for his plans pleasure from life. He further articulates: through the symbol of dogs hating him. Griffin demonstrates the inevitability of Jeanne Murray Walker in his "The failures when he uses alchemy, a false science, isolated Scientist in H.G Wells The Invisible to obtain invisibility, "…aiming ‘to transcend Man" comments Griffin as an isolated scientist. magic’ and attain ‘the mystery, the power, the He further admits: freedom’ of invisibility...As simultaneous The invisible Man combines a detective researcher and subject of research, victim and story format with a sort of special pleading beneficiary of the experiment in invisibility, typical of romantic novel and, later of Victorian
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NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 7, ISSUE 4, Apr. -2021 dramatic monologues. These forms portray the protagonist of the novel. It shows the message typical human mind at work, sorting evidence of horrors of granting science humidly. and reaching conclusions. The scientific From these aforementioned theories, which are his only product are appreciations, it is quite clear that the novel is outrageously misunderstood and the representation of determined, an developed by innkeepers and policeman and ambitious, devoted student of optics wanting to town gossips. Wells shows the scientific be fall from his own invention i.e. invisibility separated from his society to his method of caused by false science. Moreover, Griffin has weighing evidence, which is to patiently become pathetic character of 1897 because of demonstrate a hypothesis without jumping to his own fault caused by scientific involvement conclusion. (156) via his own egoistic nature that leads him His criticism makes it clear that the ruthless character. Science that does not novel with its foundation of Romantic Victorian involve true knowledge cannot be called true styles depicts a picture of highly motivated science. Neither is the man who experiments scientist trying to isolate from the society but with applied sciences a true scientist, as he could not succeeded in his mission. Rather, his seems to be mad scientist ever. Only isolation takes him to the death where science when Griffin feels cornered and takes refuge in without humanity overturns his conscience. Dr. Kemp’s home does Wells fully reveal In the same way, another critics Robert Griffin’s mind and character. For the first time, Sirabian in his article "Papers on Language and Griffin has a scientific colleague to whom he Literature" focuses on the conception of can unburden himself. Griffin believes that science Wells's The Invisible Man. He asserts: Kemp will understand the scientific details and The achievement of The Invisible Man is share his commitment to terrorizing and Wells's treatment of science fiction beyond its remaking society. Griffin reasons in this faulty oversimplified conceptions, either as a purely manner because he has completely lost contact imagination, speculative pursuit or as an with his fellow man. He sees society only as analytical activity concerned only with material that he can manipulate. Griffin is so facts. Although an integral conception of absorbed in his own views that he does not science is taken for granted in the twentieth detect the revulsion Kemp feels for his century scientific method was a significant murderous plans. Griffin means to use science issue for discussion. The romantic conceptions as an instrument of terror; the scientist will of science presumed by Griffin challenges a become a dictator, deciding who shall live and prevailing Victorian notion, of science, defined who shall die. In the process, the scientist as the fact of truth for social good through himself becomes a monster, oblivious of the factual revealing and observation of nature. humanity. But while the novel clearly shows the dangers This present research work deals with of uncontrolled speculative science, it more the hero's ethical and moral crash in his subtly reveals the limits of scientific thought treatment with extreme scientific power. based solely on factual observation reasons Scientific cause becomes determinant in this and reality. (12) novelist's career as writer during the 1897, According to him, the novel excavates however, its protagonist unfolds differential the results of uncontrolled speculative science relationship in his treatment with individual that leads the disaster on the part of the power assuming scientific inquiry as important
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NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 7, ISSUE 4, Apr. -2021 factor. The hero's treatment with scientific Science fiction is largely based on power in modernist fiction portrays western writing rationally about alternative possible ignorance and carelessness towards moral worlds or futures. It is related to, but different stand during this period, a period of high use of from fantasy in that, within the context of the science and technology. Analyzing the hero's story, its imaginary elements are largely immoral attitude in this fiction contributes possible within scientifically established or intellectual and moral debates in modernist scientifically postulated physical laws. The narrative with different theoretical perspective settings of science fiction are often contrary to and outlook. those of consensus reality, but most science Science fiction studies research the fiction relies on a considerable degree of history, culture, and works of science fiction suspension of disbelief, which is facilitated in and more broadly, speculative fiction. Science the reader's mind by potential scientific fiction is a genre of speculative fiction typically explanations or solutions to various fictional dealing with imaginative concepts such as elements. Science fiction elements include: a futuristic science and technology, space travel time setting in the future in alternative and time travel, faster than light travel, parallel timelines, a spatial setting or scenes on other universe, and extraterrestrial life. Science world, characters that include aliens, mutants, fiction often explores the potential androids or humanoid robots and other types consequences of scientific and other of characters arising from a future human innovations. It usually eschews the evolution, scientific principles that are new or supernatural, and unlike the related genre of that contradict a accepted physical laws for fantasy, historically science fiction stories were example time travel or faster- than- light travel intended to have at least a faint grounding in or communication, new and different political science – based fact or theory at the time the and social systems e.g. utopian, dystopian, story was created, but this connection has post- scarcity or post-apocalyptic, paranormal become tenuous or non-existent in much of the abilities such as mind control, telegraphy, science fiction. telekinesis and other universes or dimensions Speculative fiction is a broad category and travel between them. of narrative fiction that includes elements, The modern field of science fiction settings and characters created out of studies is closely related to popular cultural imagination and speculation rather than based studies a sub discipline of cultural studies and on reality and everyday life. It encompasses the film and literature studies. It has great tie with genres of science fiction, fantasy, science futurism and utopian works where there is fantasy, horror fiction, superhero fiction often overlap with these fields as well. alterative history and magic realism. It However, the field's roots go back much typically differs strongly from reality and so further, to the earliest commentators who many feature fictional types of being like studied representations of the sciences in the mythical creatures and supernatural entities, arts and literature, and explorations of utopian technologies that do not exist in real life like and social reforms impulses in fantastic and time machines and interstellar spaceships or visionary works of art and literature. magical or otherwise scientifically inexplicable Science fiction has great role in elements. Victorian era because of its development in science and technology. The Victorian age was
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NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 7, ISSUE 4, Apr. -2021 the period of significant changes and people of he becomes a threat to English society of England was being highly motivated for new 1990s. sorts of development. European society Wells does not reveal the full continued to transform amid rapid industrial implications of Griffin's threat to order until growth enormously spreading new the last pages of the novel. At first, The technologies. The rapid industrial growth and Invisible Man, Griffin is a mysterious stranger high development in new technologies made seeking seclusion. His gruff manner is partly life of people so easier. In order to increase excusable because he is fending off the prying new technologies, science has become major questions of his landlady and other villagers. part to influence the way of people life. English After his plight as an invisible man is revealed, people more depend on high use of science and the narrative shifts to an absorbing, intricate technologies keeping much concern on its account of how he tries to remain at large. The benefits only. While experimenting in scientific moral implications of his discovery are not romance people did not care the dark part of considered while society is still mobilizing to science and drop the moral and ethical cope with this new phenomenon. considerations undermining human values. Wells in The Invisible Man highly But, later, scientific values were highly exaggerates science creating 'Scientific criticized pointing its negative consequences to Romance' that leads his protagonist, Griffin out human beings. Thus, charging closed concern of social order and rule with losing ethical and with this scientific supremacy, H.G wells one of moral deliberations. At the late nineteenth the influential writers of the 1890s wrote his century and beginning of early twentieth frictional novel making scientific power as century, Wells brands of Science fiction i.e. most awful part when it crosses its limitation. "Scientific Romance" was differed then the Wells further attempts to represent the brand of earlier writer. Concerning Wellsian realistic English society along with scientific romance critic Brian Stableford misrepresentation of science. states: "Science fiction is a story which Moreover, H. G. Wells, a scientist of late scientific discovery has drown back the nineteenth century and early twentieth century curtain." (Stableford 8) It means Wellsian was keenly interested in how the twentieth scientific discovery becomes incomprehensible century would develop its technical knowledge. that goes crossing boundary of real curtain or He was equally concerned with the morality of real ground of literary genres. the scientific experimenter. He also examines Stableford further adds his view in same the immorality of Griffin in The Invisible Man. paragraph notifying Wells scientific romance Griffin is one type of scientist, unfriendly, and articulates "Wells's fiction uses science destructive, and scornful for his people. more as an enabling literary device to enhance Common people do not like him. He seems very the verisimilitude and deepen the emotional unusual to them and they become afraid with impact of his fantastic vision" (21). By him. They seem petty compared to his arrogant aforementioned lines of Stableford, it is clear concern with the mechanisms of environment. that most of Wells's fictions enjoy "Scientific His knowledge segregates him; he assumes Romance" representing emotional impact of his only of his invention and the power that his speculative vision rather than real one. As far special acquaintance gives him. Consequently, concerned Griffin's characteristic in the novel The Invisible Man, the protagonist, Griffin,
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NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 7, ISSUE 4, Apr. -2021 primarily uses scientific supremacy influenced SF text were entirely concerned with by "Scientific Romance" of 1890s English world 'estrangement' then we would not be able to do and ignores the moral and ethical values of with 'cognition', then it would be scientific or aesthetic world. documentary rather than science fiction. (7) Moreover, his speculative science From Roberts's analysis it is clear that misuses the real science that invites his own both terms 'Cognition' and 'Estrangement' pathetic death. Taking this point in case, this donates alien world of speculative in any SF paper explores Wells's protagonist's book, film or story. 'Cognition' focuses immoralist and in- humanist lifestyle under the alienation with rational and logical scientific influence of scientific supremacy by using some implication where as 'Estrangement' estranges of the science fiction studies drawing on us familiar and everyday lives in certain concepts from Raymond William's Science context. These both terms play vital role to Fiction Studies (1988), Adam Roberts's Science expose scientific alienation of any science Fiction (the New Critical Idioms) (2000), fiction books, film or story. But, any science Arthur B. Evans's "Nineteenth- Century SF " of fiction book that is closed only with The Routledge Companion to Science Fiction 'Estrangement' and minimize 'Cognition' would (2009), Patrick Brantlinger's "The Gothic not grasp rational or logical implication of Origin of Science Fiction" of The Routledge science rather it would be scientific or Companion to Science Fiction (2009), Sherryl documentary. Vint's "Science Studies" of The Routledge In case of Griffin, in The Invisible Man, Companion to Science Fiction (2009), Adam the protagonist Griffin is alone in his scientific Roberts's Science Fiction (2001) and Adam world which is not rational and logical rather it Roberts's The History of Science Fiction is just scientific or documentary. (2006). 'Estrangement' play vital role to Griffin's story Concerning Darko Suvin's definition of than 'Cognition'. He, every time makes him science fiction " a literary genre or verbal alien via his invisibility which is not based on construct whose necessary and sufficient real science or scientific truth. He himself conditions are the presence and interaction of desires to separate him from people of Iping estrangement and cognition, and whose main and dissolves him into his scientific experiment device is an imaginative framework alternative being lonely. to the author's empirical environment" (Suvin The Invisible Man, Griffin is about a guy 37) in his Science Fiction (2001) critic Adam with no friends, no family, and, well, just no one Roberts asserts: at all. It seems like no matter where he finds 'Cognition', with its rational, logical himself, he is isolated from the larger implication refers to the aspect of SF that community. He is as alone in Iping as he is in prompts us to try and understand, to London. If the Invisible Man was just a solitary comprehend, the alien landscape of a given SF person who lived alone by choice, that would book, film or story. 'Estrangement' is a term be one thing. But Griffin is a genius scientist from Brecht, more usually rendered in English who is surrounded by people; they just do not – language criticism as 'alienation'; it this understand him. That might be the worst form context it refers to that element of science of isolation: surrounded by people but always fiction that we recognize as different that alone. He has no communication with people estrange us familiar and every day. If the around him. As it has been said by narrator:
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NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 7, ISSUE 4, Apr. -2021 "Communication with the world beyond the personality turn protagonist expression of the village he had none" (28). In this case, we way science denies common nature and thought that the Invisible Man had some humanity. It means Wells's science to be particular complain with Iping, we learn pretty scientist for his protagonist does not deserve quit slowly that he actually does not talk to common rules and regulation of pure science. It anyone. He says "I was alone…In all my great is just artificial and unrealistic. Claiming moments I have been alone" (128). At the antisocial personality of Wells's protagonist beginning of his talk with Kemp, the Invisible caused by scientific alienation Roberts points Man makes a connection between being alone out wrong implication of Wells's science that and being awesome. goes beyond reality. He articulates: Furthermore, uttering his lonely work Wells's protagonist, on the other hand, to his landlord he further says "What was I is a scientist. His invisibility is specifically on doing? Why was I always alone and secretive? the other hand is a scientist. His invisibility is Was it legal? Was it dangerous?" (137). with his specifically rationalized as the result of statement it is clear Griffin does not seem scientific research. The particular alienation serious in his work though he does it alone. He experienced by Wells's invisible man stems himself does not know about his work and its from his own antisocial personality, which in upcoming consequences. He is completely turn is an expression of the way science denies unknown about his work either his work is common nature and humanity. (19) legal or dangerous. Griffin talks about his By his analysis, it can be seen that landlord in London or rather, it is more like science used to make invisibility to Wells's Griffin speaking for the landlord, who is protagonist creates alienation being himself as worried that Griffin is up to no good. And the antisocial scientist. His science is not based on landlord's evidence that Griffin is bad news. real scientific values and denies common She realizes Griffin does his work feeling nature and human behavior. without help. He is always alone. He himself is Similarly, in The Invisible Man, Griffin more responsible to make him alone from the himself realizes his isolation and laments with rest of the people of Iping along with his Dr. Kemp: "I made a mistake, Kemp, a huge scientific world that is not based in real mistake, in carrying this thing through alone. I science. Every time he is guided with wrong have wasted strength, time, and opportunities. science. Griffin's scientific world is completely Alone - it is wonderful how little a man can do different than the world we live; however it is alone!" (173). Here is where Griffin ends up, not rationally or logically verified it is just even though he seemed to love being alone scientific or documentary rather than science when he started to tell Kemp his story. Of fiction. course, Griffin's plan to recruit Kemp does not Again, critic Adam Roberts in his book work out and Griffin is forced to work alone. Science Fiction talks about the science used to Noticing Griffin's alien behavior make Wells's protagonist as scientist is not Dr.Kemp says: "By this time I knew he was rationalized rather it denies the common alone in the house, and so I made no more ado, nature and humanity. On the one hand, Wells's but knocked him on the head" (164). protagonist to be scientist into invisibility is Sometimes being alone is associated with being rationalized as a result of scientific research. vulnerable because of wrong implications of On the other hand, the protagonist's antisocial science. Here Griffin tells Kemp how he took
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NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 7, ISSUE 4, Apr. -2021 out the costume-shop owner: as soon as Griffin cannot meet the real scientific fact and truth. realizes the guy is alone, bam, he knocks him Griffin makes him invisible using pseudo- out. It can imagine that Griffin would science. Mentioning his own scientific empathize with people who are alone like him, experiment Griffin, in this line says: ""I should but he does not seem to care about anyone. explain," he added, "what I was really too cold These lines show his abnormal action with and fatigued to do before, that I am an villagers where he performs Thus, Griffin's experimental investigator." "Indeed, sir," said science to make him invisibility becomes Mrs. Hall, much impressed" (13). Mrs. Hall does dangerous when it is isolated from the larger not really understand the science that the community. If we think of Griffin as a symbol Invisible Man is doing, but she has still for science-gone-wrong, this makes a lot of impressed by it. He says he is experimental sense. Finally, his wrong science makes him investigator, however, his observation cannot anti-social personality and person of prove him as an experimental investigator. His regression and vulnerability refusing common scientific way is alike than real scientific nature and humanity. method. Griffin's scientific collections are so Concerning definition of science, Adam many that even Chemists' shop could not Roberts again states science must be defined deserve it. Noticing Griffin's production with a body of examination and it is based on narrator utters: derived laws established by experiment in the bottles – little fat bottles containing real world. But, science fictionalized in science powers, small and slender bottles containing fiction cannot meet this standard of real coloured and white fluids, fluted blue bottles science rather it rules being out controlled labeled Poison, bottles with round bodies and inciting impossibility. Insisting on the portrayal slender necks, large greenglass bottles, large of scientific impossibility in science fiction white- glass bottles, bottles with glass stoppers Roberts further attaches: "We must want to and frosted labels, bottles with fine corks, define 'science' as a body of observations and bottles with bungs, bottles with wooden caps, derived laws established by experiment in the wine bottles, salad-oil bottles – putting them in real world; but according to this definition, rows on the chiffonnier, on the mantel, on the several of the frequently deployed 'nova' of table under the window, round the flower, on science fiction are things that 'science' has the bookshelf – everywhere. The chemist's specifically ruled out of court as literally shop in Bramblehurst could not boast half so impossible" (8). By his analysis, Roberts many. (22) suggests science is the body of examination and By these above lines, it is clear Griffins derivative laws established by experiment in collected materials to earn his invisibility real world. But, science use in science fiction which are quite unusual and impossible. How does not assemble this standard and follows can he make invisibility formula using these literally impossible world which is too difficult aforementioned equipments are also amazing to comprehend and quite mysterious to and hard to believe? In terms of collecting deserve normally. It has no logic and experimental materials, he collects tiny rationality; it is just unbelievable. resources to justify his investigation. He In case of Griffin, the science used by randomly gathers so many supplies which Griffin to make him invisible from English cannot afford by chemist's shop in society is not appropriate scientific law and Bramblehurst. Hence, it is easily proved
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NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 7, ISSUE 4, Apr. -2021 Griffin's attempt to deserve his invisibility funny thing. People in Iping on the whole, agree seems literally impossible that does not depend to dislike him. He is just irritable character: on real scientific lab experiment. "His irritability, though it might have been Similarly, Adam Roberts also claims comprehensible to an urban brain-worker, was science fiction as the dull and adventurous an amazing thing to these quiet Sussex characterization and exhausted plot that limits villagers" (30). What amazes the Iping villagers criteria applied to other literature. He further might be pretty ordinary to most people. So far, says "It is hard to deny many Science Fiction amazement has to do with relatively normal tests are limited and narrow if judged by things: weird hair, acts like city-folk as usual. aesthetic criteria sometimes applied to other He is the means of terror for people literature that their characterization often is when people do not know him but later he is then, their style dull and adventurous, their nothing to them. It clarifies "In the morning he plots hackneyed" (14). By his criticism, it can had still been simply a legend, a terror; in the be known that the characterization and plot of afternoon, by virtue chiefly of Kemp's drily science fiction is duller, adventurous and worded proclamation, he was presented as a drained in comparison to other literary genres tangible antagonist, to be wounded, captured, and it loses the aesthetic criteria making or overcome" (181). When people do not know narrow judgment. what the Invisible Man is, he is a source of As we also can see in The Invisible Man terror and amazement. Once they know that he Griffin's story loses aesthetic standards is just a man, people realize that he can be dealt because of its dull characterization and unreal with. It seems like the unknown is the biggest adventurous plot. In The Invisible Man, as we source of awe. His invention is not based on might have guessed, it is awe and amazement scientific truth because real science based on and of course it has sheer terror. Invisible men observation and experiments makes us think of might be everywhere in other literature too but test tubes, labs, and some other procedures. this Invisible men is really strange guy than we That is why Griffin's invisibility could not meet have actually seen in real life. Here, these aesthetic values of serious literature or science villagers are living their normal lives, and fiction rather it seems just funny and suddenly they have to deal with something marvelous. they have never even thought about. Focusing the materialist value of science Considering that a random stranger is a Roberts also shouts: "Wells is a concrete big deal in Iping, an Invisible man is almost too symbol of the dehumanization of science, a much to handle and bear. As, it is clear through particular coding of the very materiality of these lines: "It was inevitable that a person of science practice" (19). Hence, it is clear Wells's so remarkable an appearance and bearing science using in science fiction make himself as should form a frequent topic in such a village as the icon of dehumanization of science and he Iping" (29). Even before he has revealed as the uses science for material perform. In The Invisible Man, the stranger is so strange that he Invisible Man, Griffin is the model of science is a source of amazement. Amazement can lead without humanity. He begins his road to to curiosity and, in this case, it is gossip. This is decline in college when he becomes so an example of people being amazed by obsessed with his experiments that he hides relatively regular things – that is, compared to his work lest anyone else should receive credit. an invisible man, a strange visitor is small Griffin always hides his plan to people around
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NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 7, ISSUE 4, Apr. -2021 him. He is the person of distrust and dishonest. himself from all sense of human compassion. Hesitating Griffin's plan to hide himself from Simultaneously, in spite of his people of Port Burdock Kemp says ""No one?" predicament, Griffin at no time expresses any insisted Griffin."Not a soul"" (173). Kemp remorse for his behavior or for the crimes, means Griffin is not the person of soul. Nobody which he merely describes as necessary. His insists him to hide; however, he attempts to be only regret is frustration over not having hidden from people. He himself dehumanizes thought about the drawbacks of invisibility. For him. nearly a year, he works on trying to perfect an When he runs out of money, he kills his antidote; when time runs out for that activity, own father- a crime that makes the rest of his he first tries to leave the country and then plan crimes light in comparison. Pointing murder of failing tries to find an accomplice for himself so his own father Griffin says: "I robbed the old he can enjoy his invisibility and hence all the man- robbed my father- The money was not comforts of life as well. He goes from obsession his, and he shot himself" (129). Griffin takes his to fanaticism to insanity. father death as light thing because he makes Again, Adam Roberts mentions Darko his father to commit suicide to fulfill his Suvin's statement; he tries to say scientific material gain using his scientific power. He portrayal exposed in Science Fiction as goes from scientist to fanatic when he begins to falsifiability because science itself is not true focus all of his attention merely on the concept rather it is the experiment based on various of invisibility and neglects to think about the hypotheses. He states: consequences of such a condition. Griffin again For Suvin the important things about says "I did not feel bit sorry for my father. He the "science fiction" is that it is a discourse seemed to me to be the victim own his foolish build a certain logical principles that avoids sentimentality. The current cant required my self-contradiction; that it is rational rather than attendance at his funeral, but it was really not emotional or instinctual. Scientists my affair" (131). His statement suggests he has sometimes like to assert that they deal in no regression and guilty in his father death. He "facts" and "truth" where fiction deals in tries to escape from his responsibility towards "imagination" and is a form of laying. But, it is his father funeral being himself as an inhuman more accurate to describe science as a character. discipline based on falsifiability; a discourse in Most of the events, Griffin seems which hypothesis are tested by experiment. irresponsible and treats himself as inhuman Accordingly whilst a scientific premise may character. He deceives everyone. Noticing provide false, it cannot be proved true. In Griffin's attempt for murder Kemp says "He has science fiction, it is not that the use of science cut himself off from his own kind. His blood be gives the tests a particular privileged access to upon his own head" (179). Kemp has been truth. (9) explaining Griffin’s intentions to the police. In As can be seen by Roberts's study, devising the plan for murder and a "reign of Science Fiction discourse is based on logical terror," Griffin has become "inhuman," and principle so it is rational rather than emotional completely selfish. He "cut himself off" first by or instinctual that avoids self-contradiction. He creating a condition which would force him to further says though the science fiction is the the fringes of society. In planning to terrorize rational discourse; however science used in that society for his own ends, he divorces science fiction it cannot present scientific fact
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NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 7, ISSUE 4, Apr. -2021 and truth. Science itself a discourse that based tries many hypotheses like real science for on hypothesis tested by experiment so example he tries the invisibility on a cat then scientific portrayal of science fiction cannot himself. Nevertheless, he himself fails to access truth. It is just scientific fictionalizing in deserve his body to make invisible. His science which science appears as pseudo- science or has gone untruthfully making himself just as imaginative. pathetic character going out of social order. In the same way, in the novel The Moreover, another critic Raymond Invisible Man science just has been William in his Science Fiction Studies utters fictionalized. The invisible Man is all about much of the science fictions evokes the anti- science gone wrong. The science, Griffin use to scientific sentiment and dreadful breakdown of make him invisible is totally based on man and society. He further asserts:Much unrealistic scientific facts and truth. Griffin science fiction is really anti- science fiction- tries to follow the law of optics that absorb Humanism is discarded in the very affirmation light passing the refractive index of his body of the familiar contemporary myths of human into air and makes him invisible is completely concern- The convention powerfully supports anti scientific rule. Doubting the Griffin's this not only catastrophe, but social breakdown attempt to make apparent human body is dominance. Under new adversity man and invisible Kemp says: "Visibility depends on society at once breakdown but the evidence for action of visible bodies on light. Either the body this is not from the record; it is rather absorbs light or it reflects or refracts it, does all unconsciously from the writer's feelings things. If it neither reflects nor refracts nor consciously from the convention of the thrilling absorbs light, it cannot of itself be visible" story which needs trouble. (359) (124-25). Kemp's lines suggests human body is According to William, it is clear most of apparent neither it can absorb light nor it can the science fictions carry anti- scientific refract light so it is impossible to make human sentiment. Humanism is lost and the body invisible. His invisible just outcasts him protagonist loses his social status getting from society and experiences a psychological lowest points that cause his social breakdown. disconnection from humanity. Griffin's science The devastation of man and society is made to make his body invisible is quite imaginative unconsciously by the writer; however, the and not based on scientific truth. In order to convention of stimulating story needs trouble convince his own experiment to be invisibility consciously. The central character goes beyond to Kemp, Griffin speaks: "To do such a thing inhuman world breaking the social and moral would be to transcend magic. And behold, standards spreading violence revealing him as unclosed by doubt, a magnificent vision of all brutal character. In the same way, in The that invisibility might mean to a man- the Invisible Man, we can view the situation of mystery, the power, freedom." (128). It is clear Griffin as wicked character who invites anti- through these Griffin's lines that Griffin himself scientific sentiment because of his violent is not sure in his experiment and says his behavior to people. He is very inhuman experiment is magic and his invisibility is character and rules Iping village violently going mystery, power and freedom which is not beyond humanity. The narrator says: "People based on real science. Griffin could not down the village heard shouts and shrieks, and convince to Kemp about his experiment and looking up the street saw the "Coach and utters not to doubt him. In his experiment, he Horses" violently firing out its humanity." (50)
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NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 7, ISSUE 4, Apr. -2021 It means it is clear Griffin orders people in with a violent gesture tore at his whiskers and violent way destroying humanities. Griffin, the bandages" (50). Man, everything the Invisible protagonist overwhelms him in false science in Man does is violent! He throws bottles, he rips order to make him invisible thinking himself as his bandages off, and he even sneezes violently: an adventurous character. But, his invention "The Invisible Man amused himself for a little does not seem quite audacious. While involving while by breaking all the windows in the wrong scientific method, Griffin not only "Coach and Horses," and then he thrust a street invites his catastrophic situation but also put lamp through the parlor window of Mrs. him in social breakdown. The central character Gribble" (83). Breaking street lamps! Party! of adventure later, slowly follows the criminal Once again, the Invisible Man shows us his way to threat English people but, he himself character through his incredibly violent becomes the tool of danger and indicates the actions. failure of science. Because of his failure he The central character, Griffin, is a diminishes his aim and transforms himself in psychologically unrest character. His case can pitiable and violent situation. be made for it also being a psychological crime In the novel, The Invisible Man there is narrative of sorts, which tracks the journey one no scientific environment rather it has sound of man, takes into criminality and madness, whilst violence in each scene spreading anti- scientific pursuing a scientific experiment. His criminal sentiment. In this book, dogs attack men and way crafts him to be troublesome and feeble men attack dogs which we suppose is not fair. character undermining his endeavor. William Dog's presence starts violence: "Then the finer further adds "The central character of an end of Fearenside's whip reached his property, adventure story is usually so criminally and the dog, yelping with dismay, retreated careless that he would not serve a day real under the wheels of the wagon" (20). A little bit danger, but this makes for trouble and for more of violence goes a long way. From this quick story and so here with the unacknowledged scene, we learn that dogs can detect that there underlying aim" (359). By his analysis, it is is something wrong about the Invisible Man. apparent the central character becomes more There is another violent scene that hasty and decent less criminally and cannot stones get thrown at people and at windows. A deceit day real danger. His incapability to cope lot of furniture gets thrown, smashed, or just real danger suspiciously formulates the banged around. Panicky way the Invisible Man protagonist to be as troublesome, pathetic and gets into at least three big brawls, one of which aimless character. His criminality dissolves him ends in his violent death. " But, once there was in such situation where he completely loses his a concussion and a sound of bottles ringing sense and leads him to be failing in his together as though the table had been hit, and destination. the smash of a bottle flung violently down, and In case of Griffin, he also becomes then a rapid pacing athwart the room" (24). extremely sloppy in his invisibility action and The Invisible Man will take out his frustration leads him into vulnerable character losing his on anything close to him. sense. In his ways of scientific quest, Griffin For another example, check out the deserves all sorts of criminal activities namely Invisible Man's "violent smashing of bottles" in threatening, beating, cheating and killing (46). Here, we are not going to touch this guy people inhumanly. While doing so he with a ten-foot pole. "He took off his hat, and disregards his goal of invisibility and directs
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NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 7, ISSUE 4, Apr. -2021 him in violent and criminal proceedings. The way, we expect someone to keep their friend's Invisible Man beating up windows in the secrets, but when Griffin outlines his super "Coach and Horses", check out the siege of villain plan to take over England, Kemp decides Kemp's house refers another violent and that he has a more important priority than criminal scene. Griffin use scientific violence loyalty to his friend: protecting his country and and crime as the source of power to threaten neighbors. As, Griffin says: "He is invisible!" he and defeat other: said. "And it reads like rage growing to mania! Not wanton killing, but a judicious The things he may do! The things he may do! slaying. The point is, they know there is an And he's upstairs free as the air. What on earth Invisible Man - as well as we know there is an ought I to do" (121)? Kemp thinks his friend Invisible Man. And that Invisible Man, Kemp, Griffin potentially dangerous, and decides that must now establish a Reign of Terror. Yes; no he owes more to his neighbors and England doubt it's startling. But I mean it. A Reign of than he owes to Griffin. So, he decides to help Terror. He must take some town like everyone else by betraying Griffin. Griffin your Burdock and terrify and dominate it. He himself also becomes the part of betrayal due must issue his orders. He can do that in a to his tricky business based on unrealistic thousand ways - scraps of paper thrust under scientific inquiry among the people of Port doors would suffice. And all who disobey his Burdock as well as whole Iping territory. orders he must kill, and kill all who would Real science of many scientists is defend them. (174) shaped by wider social world. But, scientists of For the Invisible Man, it seems like many science fiction books separate their violence and crime are often just a hobby or a science from human values and desire because fun activity. However, he lays out a plan. He it could not meet the scientific standard of real only uses violence and crime in order to get science. It is just fictionalized going beyond what he wants. In other words, violence and reality that creates tension for many scientists crime here is a source of power. He focuses of science fiction books. Their science is more both violence and the criminal way to use fictionalized and violets human values and people in his order. He threats everyone choice. Talking about the relationship of showing his power to kill them if they disorder science and science fiction Sherryl Vint in her him. So, it is true it is a pretty violent book that "Science Studies" mentions statement of David follows criminal way to make people afraid. Bloor that is " "real" science shaped by the The criminal violence surrounding of the wider social world, a source of tension with Invisible Man makes him to be more or less many scientists who insist on a vision of human. His aim to be invisibility turns into science as separate and purified from the criminal way and it leads him as a dismal and contingencies of human values and choices" offended character. (414).Bloor line spells out fake science created Betrayal also portrays another sound of in many science fiction books also creates anti- scientific sentiment. Betrayal is always tension to their own scientists. Their scientists tied up with priorities in The Invisible Man. cross moral and human values that lead The Invisible Man does not steal from his dad themselves to be out from wider social world just to be mean. He steals because he cares making them as inhuman character. more about his scientific experiments than anything else including his family. In the same
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NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 7, ISSUE 4, Apr. -2021 In the story, the scientist, Griffin philanthropy, for sport. What was I to do? And displays character traits that exemplify his for this I had become a wrapped-up mystery, a negligence of consideration for his plan of swathed and bandaged caricature of a man!" invisibility, leading him to inevitable (156) consequences. As Griffin pleads for Dr. Kemp’s It is clear that without understanding of assistance, he explains his yearning of what he is about to embark, Griffin’s plan for ""...elaborate plans for the complete realization the acquisition of advantages over his fellow of the advantages my invisibility gave me as I men is falling apart. Without comprehending still imagined over my fellow men""(139). In the multitude implications of his alteration, he this narrative, Griffin plainly admits his illusion fails to accomplish what he yearns for most, the of the associated benefits transforming from a ultimate ability to derive pleasure from life. visible human being into an invisible character. Talking about the scientist appeared in The corrupt thought of his alteration's science fiction and his situation, another critic advantages motivates Griffin to impulsively Patrick Brantlinger in his "The Gothic Origin of secure its realization without considering the Science Fiction" utters scientist's monstrous consequences of its establishment. However, invention destroy his life rather it enriches to only as an invisible man is Griffin able to him. He further affirms "The mad scientist is understand the implications of his one item that shows up often in modern transformation as he expresses: science fiction; the monstrous invention that The more I thought it over, Kemp, the destroys life instead of enhancing it is another" more I realized what a helpless absurdity (33). Through this line, it is obvious an invisible man was - in a cold and dirty Brantlinger lets know Scientist's invention climate and a crowded civilized city. Before I destroys his life making him as pathetic made this mad experiment I had dreamt of a character at the end. The invention created by thousand advantages. That afternoon it seemed mad scientist is not true and cannot enhance all disappointment. I went over the heads of the their life rather it seems monstrous invention things a man reckons desirable. No that can destroy his life. He further adds "In doubt invisibility made it possible to get them, this pattern of radical disjunction from the but it made it impossible to enjoy them when actual –what might be called the structural they are got. (156) expression of imagination of disaster – lies the Through this complaint, Griffin central bond between science fiction and the expresses sincere regret of the misjudgment gothic romance" (35). Brantlinger affirms the that leads him to the failure of his dreams, even pattern of science fiction is the patterns of after invisibility has been attained. He now radical disjunction from actual that cause the realizes the challenges of invisible man faces in structural expression of imagination of disaster all aspects of life, from obtaining the basic which is the central bond within science fiction necessities to withstanding the vicious and gothic romance. It means imagination weather. He further exposes: created in science fiction leads the disaster in Ambition - what is the good of pride of the life of scientist and this disaster has place when you cannot appear there? What become the central content in most of science is the good of the love of woman when her fiction novel. name must need be Delilah? I have no taste for politics, for the black-guardisms of fame, for
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NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 7, ISSUE 4, Apr. -2021 In case of scientist of The Invisible Man, greatest potential to destroy humanity. his invention also causes great disaster at the Invisible Man fails to consider whether end of his life. Griffin, the mad scientist, tries to it is actually advantageous for a man to be make invisible to save him by social ignorance. invisible. Griffin never anticipates the However, his attempt to be invisibility causes difficulties he would deserve through his his trivial death. Finally, he is killed by villagers invisibility. As it turns out, being stark naked at inviting his own disaster. As narrator says: " all times is uncomfortable. The process of Griffin, the first of all men to make himself waiting for food to assimilate is inconvenient. invisible , Griffin the most gifted physicist the People and vehicles unaware of his presence world has ever seen, ended in infinite disaster prove hazardous. In fact, Griffin discovers that his strange and terrible career" (207). This line there is really very little he could do without clarifies Griffin, the man to make him invisible betraying himself. His invisibility - his desire to and great physicist ends his life in causing disappear and dominate is actually a cause of awful disaster in his odd and dreadful career. delectability and vulnerability. He is not able to success his dream of By removing himself practically and invisibility and faces his own death. As, the psychologically from the human throng, Griffin epilogue says: "he lapses into a dream, the grasps at what he assumed would be freedom, undying wonderful dream of his life" (210). He but is nothing more than mere license. He fails in his dream of invisibility and cannot care immediately perpetrates mindless acts of both for him by social ignorance. Neither he makes mischief and confusion in the absence of public him visible in the society nor does he fulfill his restriction. This results, however, in the rapid dream of invisibility. His invisibility just deterioration of any moral sense as the becomes the tool of spreading violence in the Invisible Man runs the scheme from stealing to English society inviting his own disaster. slaughter and it drives him mad. Such license To sum up, in his novel The Invisible triggers insanity because it is imbalanced and Man, H. G. Wells portrays protagonist, Griffin's prohibitive to true happiness. Man is created to ethical and moral degeneracy because of his be free. Man, as a social animal however, must own fault that is invisibility caused by phony participate in civilization to remain true to his science. He seems fully extraordinary, an nature where it sets his freedom. Freedom, unusual, unsociable, alienated, unrealistic and contrary to general conceptions, is not the inhuman character spreading more violence in capability to do whatever is desired; it is to do the territory of Iping village and Port Burdock whatever is decent. In other words, man is free as well as whole English society. Furthermore, when he acts well in the sight of other men. To he becomes means of terror going beyond be invisible is to be isolated, which is brutal ethical and moral contemplations. First, The inhuman and ultimately restrictive. Invisible Man, Griffin isolates himself from As Griffin descends into the madness humanity because he wants to make all the born of his unnatural attempt for an unnatural glory of his discoveries. Later, he drives himself independence, he determines that all to isolation by a fear of discovery. Finally, he is invisibility is really good for is killing and compelled to be mad by the effects of his self- establishing a reign of terror. Thus the history imposed isolation. Griffin's invention is a of the Invisible Man quickly unravels to rage, terrible impossibility that the pursuit dedicated riot, and tear -the horrifying conclusion of rash to improving the human condition bears the action without due regard for long-term effects.
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NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 7, ISSUE 4, Apr. -2021 Those willing to do wonton violence to their of retribution for the social crimes that have own natures for the sake of a perceived good been committed. Through invisibility, the will, given time, do violence to others. To Invisible Man gains triumph over science and make a rather medieval distinction, science from this, great power; he can steal, kill, and that does not involve true knowledge cannot be abuse anybody without fear of being caught. called true science. Neither is the man who He also acknowledges the shortcomings of his experiments with applied sciences a true invisibility, such as making sound and being scientist, as such- he is often a mad scientist, easily imprisoned once caught vulnerable however. The insanity of isolation produced by qualities which eventually lead to his downfall. strange scientific quests is a common theme In this way, Griffin is one type of that features surgically created beast-men, scientist, aloof, aggressive, and contemptuous grotesquely set apart from humanity. The of his fellow humans around English society. Invisible Man explores the detachment and He seems extraordinary and ordinary people solitude that is wrought when man uses his irritate him. They seem petty to compare to his powers to alter the natural course of things. lofty concern with the mechanisms of nature. The Invisible Man breaks into many His knowledge isolates him; he thinks only of people's homes, stealing money, and leading his discovery and the power that his special eventually to physical abuse and killing. When knowledge gives him. Consequently, his faced with power, such as invisibility, man knowledge fails lacking true scientific fact and becomes immoral and is willing to do anything truth and at the end, he becomes a danger to for personal gain and enjoyment. He believes society being antisocial personality and there is nothing wrong with doing anything for fascinating his own ethical and moral his own survival since he is superior. He also degeneracy. brings the situation one step further with his reign of terror. He now wants to have complete REFERENCES: control over everybody through terror and 1) Evans, Arthur B. "Nineteenth-Century wants to start his own area of control around SF."The Routledge Companion to Science the Iping village. This shows his complete thirst Fiction. London and New York: Routledge, for power. He uses science to give him 2009. 21-22. superpower. He shows how science can 2) Beiderwell, Bruce. "The Grotesque in accomplish great things and also how it can Wells's The Invisible Man." Harold Bloom. cause great harm. He thinks the harm that the Philadelphia: Chelsea House, 2005.121-22. Invisible Man's exploitation of power causes no 3) Brantlinger, Patrick. "The Gothic Origin of punishment. But, he is eventually captured and Science Fiction." A Forum on Fiction. beaten to death for the terror he both created 14.1(Autumn 980): 33-35 and wanted to create. His death also signifies 4) Cantor, Paul A." The Invisible Man and the the end of the immoral science that is too Invisible Hand H.G. Wells's Critiques of powerful for man. Both, The Invisible Man Capitalism." The American Scholars 68.3 and H.G. Wells in The Invisible Man (Summer 1999): 91-92. demonstrate and criticize man's tendency to 5) Crossley, Robert. "H.G. Wells." Mercer become moral or immoral with the Island: Starmont House, 1986. 36 -37. acquirement of power. Like many books of the 6) Handcock, Tarryn. "Revelation and the same era, he uses science as the instrument Unseen in H.G Wells's The Invisible Man."
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NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 7, ISSUE 4, Apr. -2021 London: Cambridge University Press, 11) Wells, H.G. The Invisible Man. New Delhi: 1996, 41- 42. Lexicon Books, 2014. 7) Roberts, Adam. Science Fiction. London and 12) Walker, Jeanne Murray."The Isolated New York: Routledge, 2000.19-20. Scientist in H.G. Wells The Invisible Man." 8) Roberts, Adam. Science Fiction. London and The Journal of Narrative Technique.15.2 New York: Routledge, 2001. 7-8. (Spring 1985): 156-58. 9) Roberts, Adam."Jules Verna and H.G.Wells." 13) Williams, Raymond. Science Fiction Studies. The History of Science Fiction. London and New York: SF-TH Inc, 1988. 359-60. New York: Routledge, 2006. 129-30. 14) Vint, Sherry. "Science Studies." The 10) Sirabian, Robert. "Papers on Language and Routledge Comparison to Science Fiction. Literature." Carbondale: Southern IIIinois London and New York: Routledge, 2009. University Press, 1992.12-13. 414-15.
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