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Evaluation of Diatomaceous Earth Content in Natural Soils for Potential Engineering Applications

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Evaluation of Diatomaceous Earth Content in Natural Soils for Potential Engineering Applications EVALUATION OF DIATOMACEOUS EARTH CONTENT IN NATURAL SOILS FOR POTENTIAL ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS by Jeongki Lee A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of The requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering (Civil and Environmental Engineering) at the UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN−MADISON 2014 The thesis is approved by the following members of the Final Oral Committee: Dante Fratta, Associate Professor, Geological Engineering James M. Tinjum, Assistant Professor, Engineering Professional Development William J. Likos, Associate Professor, Geological Engineering Juan Vivanco, Research Associate, Mechanical Engineering © Copyright by Jeongki Lee 2014 All Rights Reserved CONTENTS CONTENTS…………………………………………………………………………….... i LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………………… ii LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………………….. vi ABSTRACTIVE…………………………………………………………………………. vii 1. INTRODUCTION………..…………………………………………………………… 1 2. MATERIAL DESCRIPTION…………………………………………………………. 5 3. MATERIAL PROPERTIES WITH ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES……………… 8 4. IMPEDANCE ANALYZER SURVEY…………………………………………….. 12 5. EXPERIMENTAL STUDY………………………………………………………… 16 6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION……………………………………………………. 21 7. CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………………... 34 8. REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………… 36 APPENDIX A. FIGURES…………………………………………………………….. A1 APPENDIX B. TABLES……………………………………………………………… A55 i LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1. Scanning Electron Micrographs (SEM) of (a) diatom (20 μm), (b) silica flour (20 μm), and (c) kaolinite (1 μm) samples. (d) Image of the three samples previous to testing…………………..…………………………. A1 Figure 2.1. Grain size distribution of the three tested soils. The tests were run using the ASTM 152 H type hydrometer……………………...………………. A2 Figure 2.2. Liquid limit and plastic limit different sample compositions……...……. A3 Figure 3.1. Schematic response of soil and electrolyte mixture under an electrical field……………………………..……………………………………..... A4 Figure 3.2. Electrical resistivity of saturated soils and rocks (surface conduction Θ = 1.4 × 10-9 S – Attia et al. 2008)……………………………………... A5 Figure 3.3. Polarization mechanism. (a) Electronic Polarization, (b) Ionic Polarization, and (c) Molecular Polarization (the direction of electric field is from left to right) (Fam, 1995)………………………...………… A6 Figure 3.4. (a) Real and imaginary permittivity with frequency and (b) Cole-Cole plot from Debye (1929)……………………...………………………….. A7 Figure 3.5. Temperature effects on deionized water saturated silica flour in consolidation testing at 600 kPa………………………..………………. A8 Figure 3.6. Affected Relative real permittivity according to the diatomaceous earth concentration with deionized water……………………..……………… A9 Figure 4.1. The impedance Z consists of a real part R and an imaginary part X. The θ is phase angle of impedance (After Agilent Technologies, 2009)……... A10 Figure 4.2. The schema of open and short calibration (after Agilent, 2009)………… A11 Figure 4.3. The impedance vs. frequency of oedometric cell with low impedance shorting-bar after calibration at different zero set frequency, 100 kHz, 1 MHz, and 10 MHz……………………...……………………………….. A12 Figure 4.4. Capacitors. (a) Parallel-plate. (b) Electric field inside a capacitor. (After Santamarina et al., 2001)…………………..…………………………… A13 Figure 4.5. Leaking the current because of fringing effect………………..………... A14 ii Figure 4.6. Electrode polarization effect of saturated silica flour at 50 kPa in compression testing……………………………………………..……… A15 Figure 5.1. The apparatus to measure electrical properties (d = 6.28 cm, h = 0.4 cm). A16 Figure 5.2. The consolidation apparatus made by PVC plastic (up-left), the consolidation testing picture (up-right), and the cross section of apparatus (bottom)……………………..……………………………….. A17 Figure 6.1. Comparison between idealized permittivity data (line) and measured data by HP 4192A (dot)……………………………..………………….. A18 Figure 6.2. Define the fringing effect of electrodes with different thickness of specimen (0.4 cm and 7 cm)………………………………………..…... A19 Figure 6.3. Relative real and imaginary permittivity of deionized water and air tested different frequency calibration from 5 Hz to 10 MHz……………. A20 Figure 6.4. Conductivity of deionized water and air tested different frequency calibration from 5 Hz to 10 MHz…………………………..…………… A21 Figure 6.5. Permittivity of pure samples mixed with air in different porosity (100 kHz)…………………......……………………………………………… A22 Figure 6.6. Permittivity of pure samples mixed with air in different frequency (a) diatomaceous earth (n = 0.73), (b) silica flour (= 0.56), and (c) kaolinite (n = 0.57)……………...………………………………………………… A23 Figure 6.7. Conductivity of pure samples mixed with air in different frequency (a) and with different porosity (b) (100 kHz)……………………………….. A24 Figure 6.8. Relative real permittivity of diatomaceous earth with changing volumetric water content………………………………...……………… A25 Figure 6.9. Relative real permittivity of kaolinite with changing volumetric water content…………………………….……………………………………. A26 Figure 6.10. Relative real permittivity of silica flour with changing volumetric water content…………………………….……………………………………. A27 Figure 6.11. Relative imaginary permittivity of diatomaceous earth with changing volumetric water content…………………………………...…………… A28 Figure 6.12. Relative imaginary permittivity of kaolinite with changing volumetric water content………………………………..…………………………... A29 iii Figure 6.13. Relative imaginary permittivity of silica flour with changing volumetric water content……………………………..……………………………... A30 Figure 6.14. Conductivity of diatomaceous earth with changing volumetric water content………………………….………………………………………. A31 Figure 6.15. Conductivity of kaolinite with changing volumetric water content……... A32 Figure 6.16. Conductivity of silica flour with changing volumetric water content…… A33 Figure 6.17. Increasing relative real permittivity with increasing volumetric water content and determining soil characteristic factor β for (a) diatomaceous earth and (b) kaolinite……………………………..……………………. A34 Figure 6.18. Increasing relative real permittivity with increasing volumetric water content and determining soil characteristic factor β for silica flour……... A35 Figure 6.19. Changing relative imaginary permittivity with increasing volumetric water content for (a) diatomaceous earth and (b) kaolinite……………… A36 Figure 6.20. Changing relative imaginary permittivity with increasing volumetric water content for silica flour………………………………..…………... A37 Figure 6.21. Changing conductivity with increasing volumetric water content for (a) diatomaceous earth and (b) kaolinite…………………………...……….. A38 Figure 6.22. Changing conductivity with increasing volumetric water content for silica flour……………………………..………………………………... A39 Figure 6.23. Figuring out the saturated volumetric water content by using conductivity of three samples……………………………...……………. A40 Figure 6.24. Relative real permittivity of diatomaceous earth with changing vertical compression load. The void ratio is posted in Table 6.4………………… A41 Figure 6.25. Relative real and imaginary permittivity of diatomaceous and silica flour saturated mixtures at 600 kPa…………………………………...………. A42 Figure 6.26. Relative real and imaginary permittivity of diatomaceous and kaolinite saturated mixtures at 600 kPa…………………………………...………. A43 Figure 6.27. Relative real and imaginary permittivity of diatomaceous, kaolinite, silica flour, and even mixed three samples at saturated condition with 600 kPa……………………………………..…………………………... A44 iv Figure 6.28. Relative real and imaginary permittivity of diatomaceous, kaolinite, silica flour, and even mixed three samples at saturated condition with 600 kPa…………………………………..……………………………... A45 Figure 6.29. Relative real permittivity of diatomaceous slurry, mixed with deionized water or 1 M NaCl solution while changing vertical load……………….. A46 Figure 6.30. Relative real permittivity of kaolinite slurry, mixed with deionized water or 1 M NaCl solution while changing vertical load…………………...… A47 Figure 6.31. Relative real permittivity of silica flour, mixed with deionized water or 1 M NaCl solution while changing vertical load………………………... A48 Figure 6.32. Relative imaginary permittivity of saturated (a) diatomaceous earth and (b) silica mixed with deionized water or 1 M NaCl solution while changing vertical load…………………………………………..………. A49 Figure 6.33. Relative imaginary permittivity of kaolinite slurry, mixed with deionized water or 1 M NaCl solution while changing vertical load……………………………………………………………………... A50 Figure 6.34. 1 M NaCl solution saturated specimens’ responses volumetric water content at 600 kPa………………………..……………………………... A51 Figure 6.35. Relative real permittivity of diatom, silica flour, and kaolinite mixtures with deionized water or 1 M NaCl solution with similar volumetric water content. The volumetric water content or void ration is shown in table 6.6 and 6.7………………………………………………………….. A52 Figure 6.36. Relative imaginary permittivity of diatom, silica flour, and kaolinite mixtures with deionized water or 1 M NaCl solution with similar volumetric water content. The volumetric water content or void ration is shown in table 6.6 and 6.7……………………...……………………….. A53 Figure 6.37. Conductivity of diatom, silica flour, and kaolinite mixtures with deionized water or 1 M NaCl solution with similar volumetric water content. The volumetric water content or void ration is shown in table 6.6 and 6.7………………………………………..……………………... A54 v LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1. Basic properties of tested samples……………………………………….. A55 Table 2.2. Specimen Compositions for the Experimental Study……………………. A56
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