DOCSLIB.ORG

City of Bend Oregon Standards and Specifications

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
City of Bend Oregon Standards and Specifications CITY OF BEND OREGON STANDARDS AND SPECIFICATIONS TABLE OF CONTENTS Division Title Page Contents ......................................................................................................i DEVELOPMENT PROVISIONS ................................................................ 1-22 DESIGN STANDARDS ............................................................................. 1-52 GENERAL CONDITIONS ......................................................................... 1-32 CONSTRUCTION INSPECTION SERVICES ................................................ 1-3 STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS II STREETS AND RELATED WORK ................................................................ 1-27 Grading Ordinance Drawings 1-1 to 1-5 Additional Street-related Drawings 2-1 to 2-15 III SEWER FACILITIES ................................................................................. 1-24 Drawings 3-1 to 3-15 IV WATER FACILITIES ................................................................................. 1-24 Drawings 4-1 to 4-21 V STRUCTURES .......................................................................................... 1-5 VI LANDSCAPE AND IRRIGATION ................................................................... 1-40 Drawings 6-1 to 6-9 i DEVELOPMENT PROVISIONS September 2004 CONTENTS Section Title Page 01 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................... 1 02 RULES ............................................................................................... 1 03 PLAN & SPECIFICATIONS ...................................................................... 2 04 AGREEMENTS ..................................................................................... 4 05 INSURANCE ........................................................................................ 4 06 EASEMENTS ....................................................................................... 5 07 PERFORMANCE BOND .......................................................................... 5 08 WARRANTY ......................................................................................... 5 09 PUBLIC NOTIFICATION .......................................................................... 6 10 INTERGOVERNMENTAL JURISDICTION ..................................................... 6 11 PRE-CONSTRUCTION MEETING .............................................................. 6 12 UTILITIES ........................................................................................... 6 13 INSPECTIONS ...................................................................................... 7 14 CONSTRUCTION STAKING .................................................................... 13 15 MATERIALS ...................................................................................... 14 16 WATERING ....................................................................................... 15 17 WORKMANSHIP ................................................................................. 15 18 TESTING .......................................................................................... 20 19 CLEAN-UP ........................................................................................ 20 20 AS-BUILT DRAWINGS ......................................................................... 21 21 PLATS ............................................................................................. 21 22 FINAL ACCEPTANCE ........................................................................... 22 ) DEVELOPMENT PROVISIONS September 1, 2004 01 INTRODUCTION City of Bend, Standards and Specifications, including Development Provisions, shall be incorporated in and made a part of any contract for the design or construction of City owned and maintained facilities. These Standards and Specifications shall be updated periodically and, as such, all persons should ensure they are working with the current set of Standards and Specifications. Updated Standards and Specifications shall typically be issued on January 1 of the year. Minimum general standards shall be as set forth in the current American Public Works Association Standards. The following provisions are minimum construction standards for the City of Bend and are intended as a supplement to the APWA standards. 02 RULES No construction or project that requires City inspection shall commence until the appropriate agreements have been signed, construction plans approved, all associated fees have been paid, and a pre-construction meeting has been held. The Owner, or agent, shall be responsible for any faulty material and workmanship for one year from the date of the formal acceptance of the storm sewer, sanitary sewer, street, water installation, or all public improvements. Said acceptance shall be in writing. The Owner, or agent, shall comply with all terms and conditions of applicable governmental rules and regulations pertaining to the work. The design of all proposed facilities shall be in conformance with the City of Bend Standards for Construction. All construction shall be in conformance with the City of Bend Standards and Specifications. Workmanship and materials not meeting these specifications shall be deemed a violation of the agreement and may result in an immediate suspension of the Contractor’s activities. When an authorized representative of the City Engineer suspends the Contractor’s activities, all work shall cease on the subject project until the violation is corrected. Only the specific representative that suspended the work is authorized to release the project for continuation. Development provisions Page 1 (Revised September 1, 2004) City of Bend, Oregon Development Provisions 03 PLANS & SPECIFICATIONS Plans and specifications for sewer, street or water facilities must be submitted to the City of Bend Engineering Division for review and approval prior to any construction. The Contractor shall not commence operations on site until the City Engineer has approved the plans, Engineering fees have been paid, a signed an executed Development Agreement/Public Facilities Improvement Agreement (PFIA) has been submitted, and the pre-construction meeting has been held. 03.01 COVER SHEET Shown on the top right 1/8 of the cover sheet shall be the following as appropriate to aid in engineering fees: Size and total linear feet of sewer main Size and total linear feet of watermain Size and total linear feet of storm piping Size and total number of fire service lines Size and total number of water services/sewer services Size and total number of water meters Total number of manholes and drywells Total number of fire hydrants Lineal feet of all streets and alleys Master plan quantities City of Bend Planning number Developer’s name and/or property owner’s name as shown on the Assessor’s tax lot number, mailing address and telephone number. The title block on each page of construction drawings shall contain the words: “Exhibit B”. Site plan and vicinity map at appropriate scale The cover sheet shall also include signature lines for applicable approvals; City Engineer (preliminary and final approval), Community Development Director (when master plan improvements are included in the proposed construction) all utilities; irrigation (if present); Building Department (approval for site grading, tree preservation, and erosion control); and other agencies as required (Deschutes County, Highway Division, etc). Whenever possible, the plans shall show all improvements contemplated for the entire area under development with enough of the surrounding improvements indicated to adequately show how the proposed improvement shall will impact the surrounding facilities. Any final plan having fire hydrants or facilities for the suppression of fires shall at time of submittal have on the cover sheet the signature of an appropriate official of the Bend Fire Department indicating that the design is approved by the City of Bend Fire Department. After the City preliminary approval of the plan, it shall be submitted to all other affected parties and they shall sign the plan indicating their approval. The fully signed plan shall then be returned to the City with all revisions clearly indicated for City Engineer signature. Development provisions Page 2 (Revised September 1, 2004) City of Bend, Oregon Development Provisions 03.02 SUBMITTALS The plan is to be submitted by the Owner, or his/her Engineer, to the City of Bend Engineering Division for approval. The plan shall be signed by a Registered Professional Engineer and certified by that person to be complete to the best of their abilities. Plans that are not 95% complete shall not be reviewed. A copy of any construction requirements or development conditions levied by any public agency, such as City of Bend Planning Department, shall be attached to plans submitted for review. Without the above submittal, the Engineering Division shall be unable to review the plans. Plans shall be reviewed every Wednesday by the Public Works Department and the Community Development Department in closed session. Plans to be reviewed must be submitted two weeks prior to review. Plans requiring an approved Master Plan, fire flows determined by the Fire Prevention officer, or Planning Department action shall not be accepted for review unless said materials are attached to the submittal. Once reviewed, plans shall either be approved as submitted, reviewed with the Design Engineer, or returned with comments. Resubmitted plans shall be accompanied by all previously submitted
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Biogenic Composite Filaments Based on Polylactide and Diatomaceous Earth for 3D Printing
    materials Article Biogenic Composite Filaments Based on Polylactide and Diatomaceous Earth for 3D Printing Marta Dobrosielska 1, Robert Edward Przekop 2,*, Bogna Sztorch 2, Dariusz Brz ˛akalski 3, Izabela Zgłobicka 4 , Magdalena Ł˛epicka 4, Romuald Dobosz 1 and Krzysztof Jan Kurzydłowski 4 1 Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 141 Wołoska, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland; [email protected] (M.D.); [email protected] (R.D.) 2 Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University in Pozna´n,10 Uniwersytetu Pozna´nskiego, 61-614 Pozna´n,Poland; [email protected] 3 Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Pozna´n,8 Uniwersytetu Pozna´nskiego, 61-614 Pozna´n,Poland; [email protected] 4 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, 45C Wiejska, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland; [email protected] (I.Z.); [email protected] (M.Ł.); [email protected] (K.J.K.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 11 September 2020; Accepted: 13 October 2020; Published: 16 October 2020 Abstract: New composites containing a natural filler made of diatom shells (frustules), permitting the modification of polylactide matrix, were produced by Fused Deposition Modelling (3D printing) and were thoroughly examined. Two mesh fractions of the filler were used, one of <40 µm and the other of 40 63 µm, in order to check the effect of the filler particle size on the composite − properties. The composites obtained contained diatom shells in the concentrations from 0% to 5% wt. (0 27.5% vol.) and were subjected to rheological analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • Diatomite in 1998
    DIATOMITE By Lloyd E. Antonides1 Domestic survey data and tables were prepared by Shantae Hawkins, statistical assistant, and the world production table was prepared by Glenn J. Wallace, international data coordinator. Diatomite is a chalk-like, soft, friable, earthy, very fine- called tests); but mention of such deposits is not very common grained, siliceous sedimentary rock, usually light in color in the literature. Tripoli is often also confused with tripolite (white if pure, commonly buff to gray, and rarely black). It is (i.e., diatomite) because it is also a lightweight, light-colored, very finely porous, very low in density (floating on water at very friable, very porous sedimentary rock that is a weakly least until saturated), and essentially chemically inert in most consolidated aggregate of particles, but the particles are liquids and gases. It also has low thermal conductivity and a individual microcrystals of quartz rather than diatom shells. rather high fusion point. Diatomaceous earth and simply Also, tripoli is heavier and less absorbent than diatomite. “D.E.” are common alternate names but they are more Known U.S. deposits of tripoli (and the very similar appropriate for the unconsolidated or less lithified sediment; “microcrystalline silica”) occur in Paleozoic or older (more many sediments and sedimentary rocks are somewhat than 240 million years old) limestones that contain chert layers diatomaceous. The deposits result from an accumulation in obviously related to tripoli (Berg and Steuart, 1994, p. 1091- oceans or freshwater of amorphous silica (opal, SiO2··nH2O) 1095) and may have originally been diatomite deposits comprising the cell walls of dead diatoms, which are (Thurston, 1978, p.
    [Show full text]
  • Diatomaceous Earth: Advantages and Limitations
    Proceedings of the 7 th Iniernaiumal Working Conference on Stored-product Protection, - Volume 1 Diatomaceous earth: Advantages and limitations Paul G. Flelds1 Abstract into one of two categones. One, msecncides have negatrve effects on non-target orgamsms Insect parasites and The gram industry needs to reduce Its reliance on synthetic predators, which would normally keep pest insect pesticides because of insecticide deregulation, resistant populations in check, can be killed by insecticides. Also populations and consumer concerns over msecticide insecticides can be tOXICto fish, birds, or mammals. Some residues, DIatomaceous earth (DE )-based msecticides are msecncides (eg. malatluon, chlorpynfos-methyl, fmdmg increased use as stored commodity protectants pmmrphos-methyl or deltamethnn; Snelson, 1987; Whrte, because of these concerns DE IS obtained from geological and Leesch, 1995) used to control stored-product insects deposits of diatomite, which are fossihzed sedimentary must be applied directly to the gram, and therefore residues layers of rmcroscopic algae called diatoms, DE, made up can be mgested by consumers. GIven that the effects mainly of SI~, works as an msecticrde through physical consuming low levels of msecticide residues for many years mechamsms. The fme DE dust absorbs wax from the insect cuticle, causing death due to desiccation. are unknown and effects may only appear after years of exposure, there IS a desire to have foods free of pesticide The main advantages of DE are ItS lOw-tOXICIty to mammals and ItS stability. However, several problems hmrt residues. Two, the WIdespread use of a single insecticide or Its WIdespread use: reduction of the bulk densrty and a class of msecticide can lead to resistance with the pest flowabhty of grain, dusty to apply, low efficacy against populations (Subramanyam, 1995) some msects and reduction m efficacy at high moisture These two factors have caused a reducnon m the number contents.
    [Show full text]
  • WALLY THARP and the DIATOMACEOUS EARTH SCENE INTERVIEW: Diatomaceous Earth Has Been Around - Commercially Speaking - at Least As Long As the Eco- Farming Movement
    Page 1 of 13 ACRES, U.S.A. - A VOTE FOR ECO-AGRICULTURE - JANUARY 1990 WALLY THARP AND THE DIATOMACEOUS EARTH SCENE INTERVIEW: Diatomaceous earth has been around - commercially speaking - at least as long as the eco- farming movement. In this interview, Wally Tharp tells about the background of this fantastic gift of nature. He also covers his own biography, hence a paucity of notes in this introduction. When people ask Wally Tharp where they can find him, he tells them to look it up in Acres U.S.A., where he always carries a commercial message. His phone is 505-247-3999, and he is willing to send literature, products or talk, the last as long as anyone is there to listen. With these things in mind, here was our opening question. ACRES U.S.A. Mr. Tharp, we reported on diatomaceous earth in ACRES U.S.A. maybe 18 or 20 years ago. The product comes and goes. One company after another tries to make a go of it, and you seem to be the first one to look like you have some staying power. Are you a Svengali? Is this an illusion? Will diatomaceous earth go away again? Tharp. It so happens that this is the second time I have successfully marketed the product. I went to work as an independent contractor with the original produce of DE - Phoenix Gems - which was having a rough financial time. The record will show that within 90 days, things began to turn around and within three years we were moving over a million and a half dollars worth per month and had distributors in 44 states.
    [Show full text]
  • Part 629 – Glossary of Landform and Geologic Terms
    Title 430 – National Soil Survey Handbook Part 629 – Glossary of Landform and Geologic Terms Subpart A – General Information 629.0 Definition and Purpose This glossary provides the NCSS soil survey program, soil scientists, and natural resource specialists with landform, geologic, and related terms and their definitions to— (1) Improve soil landscape description with a standard, single source landform and geologic glossary. (2) Enhance geomorphic content and clarity of soil map unit descriptions by use of accurate, defined terms. (3) Establish consistent geomorphic term usage in soil science and the National Cooperative Soil Survey (NCSS). (4) Provide standard geomorphic definitions for databases and soil survey technical publications. (5) Train soil scientists and related professionals in soils as landscape and geomorphic entities. 629.1 Responsibilities This glossary serves as the official NCSS reference for landform, geologic, and related terms. The staff of the National Soil Survey Center, located in Lincoln, NE, is responsible for maintaining and updating this glossary. Soil Science Division staff and NCSS participants are encouraged to propose additions and changes to the glossary for use in pedon descriptions, soil map unit descriptions, and soil survey publications. The Glossary of Geology (GG, 2005) serves as a major source for many glossary terms. The American Geologic Institute (AGI) granted the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly the Soil Conservation Service) permission (in letters dated September 11, 1985, and September 22, 1993) to use existing definitions. Sources of, and modifications to, original definitions are explained immediately below. 629.2 Definitions A. Reference Codes Sources from which definitions were taken, whole or in part, are identified by a code (e.g., GG) following each definition.
    [Show full text]
  • Diatomaceous Earth GENERAL FACT SHEET
    DiatOMaceOUS earth GENERAL FACT SHEET What is diatomaceous earth Diatomaceous earth is made from the fossilized remains of tiny, aquatic organisms called diatoms. Their skeletons are made of a natural substance called silica. Over a long period of time, diatoms accumulated in the sediment of rivers, streams, lakes, and oceans. Today, silica deposits are mined from these areas. Silica is very common in nature and makes up 26% of the earth’s crust by weight. Various forms of silica include sand, emerald, quartz, feldspar, mica, clay, asbestos, and glass. Silicon, a component of silica, does not exist naturally in its pure form. It usually reacts with oxygen and water to form silicon dioxide. Silicon dioxide has two naturally occurring forms: crystalline and amorphous. Most diatomaceous earth is made of amorphous silicon dioxide. However, it can contain very low levels of crystalline silicon dioxide. The first pesticide products containing silicon dioxide (diatomaceous earth) were registered in 1960 to kill insects and mites. Photo credit: Wipeter What are some products that contain diatomaceous earth Products containing diatomaceous earth are most commonly dusts. Other formulations include wettable powders and pressurized liquids. Currently, there are over 150 products registered for use inside and outside of buildings, farms, gardens, and pet kennels. Some products can also be used directly on dogs and cats. Diatomaceous earth products are registered for use against bed bugs, cockroaches, crickets, fleas, ticks, spiders, and many other pests. There are thousands of non-pesticide products that contain diatomaceous earth. These include skin care products, toothpastes, foods, beverages, medicines, rubbers, paints, and water filters.
    [Show full text]
  • Croatian Diatomites and Their Possible Application As a Natural Insecticide
    2017 | 70/1 | 27–39 | 4 Figs. | 6 Tabs. | www.geologia-croatica.hr Journal of the Croatian Geological Survey and the Croatian Geological Society Croatian diatomites and their possible application as a natural insecticide Ines Galović1, Josip Halamić1, Anita Grizelj1, Vlatka Rozman2, Anita Liška2, Zlatko Korunić3, Pavo Lucić2 and Renata Baličević2 1 Croatian Geological Survey, Department of Geology, Sachsova 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; ([email protected]) 2 University of Josip Juraj Strossmayer in Osijek, Faculty of Agriculture in Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 1, 31000 Osijek, Croatia 3 Diatom Research and Consulting Inc., 14 Tidefal Dr. Toronto, ON, MW 1J2, Canada doi:10.4154/gc.2017.04 Abstract Article history: In recent decades, there has been an increase in the use of diatomaceous earth (DE) as a natu- Manuscript received November 17, 2016 ral insecticide because of its low mammalian toxicity, worker safety, low risk of food residues and Revised manuscript accepted February 24, 2017 the occurrence of resistant insect populations associated with the use of chemical insecticides. Available online February 28, 2017 Therefore there is potential for research into known but previously undescribed Croatian mid- Miocene marine diatomites from the perspective of their potential as proper DE that could be mixed with plant extracts as a new formulation for grain storage protection. The marine diato- mites belong to the Paratethyan near shore environment, deposited in the upwelling zone during a mid-Miocene temperate climate. Palaeontological, mineral and geochemical analyses were done on ten promising marly sediments from 26 outcrops and one borehole from the North Cro- atian Basin. The most important ingredient of diatomaceous sediments is silica (biogenic opal-A and SiO2 bound in other silicate minerals including quartz, clay minerals, micas, etc.).
    [Show full text]
  • Shore Stewards News GUIDELINES and RESOURCES for LIVING NEAR WATER | ESTABLISHED 2003
    Shore Stewards News GUIDELINES AND RESOURCES FOR LIVING NEAR WATER | ESTABLISHED 2003 Autumn 2019 Island County, WA Issue No. 125 This is a two-part series on marine microorganisms. The first article examines five different types of marine microorganisms and the ways in which they have and continue to influence the world in which we live. In the second issue, we’ll explore how human activity impacts marine microorganisms and learn what Shore Stewards can do. This newsletter is written by Jerilyn Ritzman, WSU Extension Island County Shore Stewards Program Coordinator. Zooming in on Marine Microorganisms (Part 1) Figure 1: Diatoms present a gorgeous sight under the microscope with their transparent cell walls of glassy silica. They also help make life possible for the rest of us, producing 20% of the world’s oxygen, more than all terrestrial rainforests combined. Image Credit: Prof. Gordon T. Taylor, Stony Brook University, NSF Polar Programs / Public Domain. NOAA Photo Library (link). Introduction Puget Sound is home to many beloved marine animals you might be familiar with, from orca and humpback whales to otters, salmon, and the giant Pacific octopus. Just this short list alone covers many diverse body types and lifestyles, but these animals all have one thing in common: they’re fairly large. On the other end of the size spectrum, however, is another set of incredibly diverse organisms that are just as critical to Puget Sound and have much to tell us about the health of their marine environments. Marine microorganisms make up the foundation of the marine food web, produce much of the oxygen we breathe, and play significant roles in the global cycles of carbon and nitrogen.
    [Show full text]
  • SDS/Label Warnings When Handling Empty Containers
    SAFETY DATA SHEET Date revised: 06/16/16 1. CHEMICAL PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION Trade Name: Fossil Shell Flour® Formula: SIO2 Generic Name: Diatomaceous Earth EINECS: 310-127-6 Chemical Family: Silicates CAS: 61790-53-2 Manufacturer: Perma-Guard, Inc. Address: 60 N Cutler Drive, Unit 202 Emergency: Chemtrec USA (800) 424-9300 North Salt Lake State, UT Zip: 84054 International: +01 (703) 527-3887 Collect 2. HAZARD IDENTIFICATION 2.1 GHS Classification: Physical and chemical hazards: No Classification Human Health: No Classification Environment: No Classification 2.2 Label elements: Pictogram None Signal Word None Hazard Statement None Precautionary Statements None Summary: Prolonged and repeated exposure to excessive concentrations of this product’s dust or any nuisance dust can cause chronic pulmonary disease. Dust contact with eyes may cause temporary scratchiness or redness. This product has not been classified as a carcinogen by NTP or IARC. 3. COMPOSITION INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS INGREDIENT NAME: CAS Number: % NATURAL DIATOMACEOUS EARTH (DE) 61790-53-2 100 Diatomaceous Earth AMORPHOUS SILICA (uncalcined) 6 mg/M3 TOTAL DUST, MSHA 10 mg/M3 TOTAL DUST, ACGIH 4. FIRST AID MEASURES Inhalation: Remove to fresh air. Drink water to clear throat. Blow nose to clear dust. Eyes: Flush eyes with large quantities of water. If irritation persists contact a physician. Skin Contact: NA Skin Absorption: NA Ingestion: NOT HAZARDOUS WHEN INGESTED 5. FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES Flash Point: Non-Flammable Flammable Limits: LEL: NA UEL: NA Extinguishing Media: NA Special Fire Fighting Procedures: None Unusual Fire and Explosion Hazards: None Auto Ignition Temperature: None NFP Flammable/Combustible Liquid Classification: NA 6.
    [Show full text]
  • Homeowners' Do It Yourself (DIY) Bed Bug Control Guidance
    Homeowners’ Do It Yourself (DIY) Bed Bug Control Guidance Homeowners’ DIY Bed Bug Control Bed bugs were once a common public health pest worldwide, but declined in incidence through the mid‐20th century due to the wide scale usage of pesticides such as DDT and Malathion. During the late 1990s however, bed bugs began a dramatic resurgence and worldwide there are reports of increasing numbers of infestations. No one knows for certain what caused the resurgence of bed bugs in the United States. The Georgia Department of Public Health, Environmental Health Program provides primary prevention through a combination of surveillance, education, enforcement, and assessment programs designed to identify, prevent, and abate the environmental conditions that adversely impact human health. One of the many mandates for the Georgia Department of Public Health, Environmental Health Program is that of inspecting tourist accommodations in order to “minimize illnesses and injuries associated with unsanitary or hazardous conditions in Georgia’s lodging industry.” County Environmental Health Specialists working for the local health authority inspect these facilities twice a year and when there is a complaint, including complaints about bed bugs. Bed bugs have become a problem within dwellings of all kinds, including homes, apartments, hotels, cruise ships, dormitories and shelters. While we associate bed bugs with unsanitary conditions, the problem may be found in the cleanest of homes, hotels or other buildings. The purpose of this guide is to provide homeowners basic information about the biology and health significance of these pests, to offer guidance on inspection for bed bugs, and to provide information on how to safely and effectively control bed bugs in your home.
    [Show full text]
  • Silicon Dioxide (Diatomaceous Earth) CAS #: 7631-86-9
    Review Date: 06/28/2011 silicon dioxide (diatomaceous earth) CAS #: 7631-86-9 Type Insecticide - dust formulated products that contain at least 80% active ingredient (or combined with other active ingredients). Controls Spiders and other insects. Mode of Action Dries out insects by removing the oily protective film covering their bodies which normally prevents the loss of water. Thurston County Review Summary: Silicon dioxide is rated low in hazard by Thurston County and passes the review criteria. Silicon dioxide (diatomaceous earth) is made up of approximately 90% silica, the same as is in quartz, sand and agate. The type of silica found in diatomaceous earth is predominately amorphous silica but will contain small amounts of crystalline silica (which is associated with severe lung toxicity). Crystalline silica is classified as a known human carcinogen but amorphous silica is not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity. According to product registration staff at the Washington State Department of Agriculture, all products registered in Washington with silicon dioxide as the active ingredient contain amorphous silica (Reference 4). The EPA includes crystalline-free silica in the list of minimal risk inert ingredients and the FDA allows it to be added to food at rates up to 2% by weight. MOBILITY Property Value Reference Value Rating Water Solubility (mg/L) 120 2 Low Soil Sorption (Kd=mL/g) Organic Sorption (Koc=mL/g) Mobility Summary: The EPA waived all environmental fate data requirements for silicon dioxide because it is naturally occuring and very prevalent in our environment. The hazard for mobility is rated low for silicon dioxide.
    [Show full text]
  • Diatomaceous Earth Research What Is Diatomaceous Earth? We Have Seen Many Explanations for What Diatomaceous Earth Is
    Diatomaceous Earth Research What is Diatomaceous Earth? We have seen many explanations for what Diatomaceous Earth is. But we know that Diatomaceous Earth (aka D.E.) is basically the deposit of Diatoms which died and settled to the bottom of seabeds and rivers. These Diatoms formed layers of rock deposits which are mined for use in everything from animal feeds to industry. The Rocky Mountain Livestock Journal said, “Millions of years ago, in all the waters of the earth, microscopic one-celled plants called diatoms took the minerals from the waters and created protective shells for themselves." These diatoms photosynthesize, combining oxygen, the most available element on Earth, and silica, the second most available element on Earth. "Diatoms once lived in quantities far beyond the mind’s ability to conceive, and as they died their shells drifted to the bottom of the seabeds. In this manner, vast deposits of diatom shells were laid down.” National Geographic Magazine said, “They come from inner space and are essential to life on this planet. Single-celled algae, diatoms by the trillions produce oxygen by photosynthesis, support the oceanic food chain, and help mankind do a host of industrial chores.” “More than twenty-five thousand species of diatoms, and no shell the same. Each a living jewel.” Diatoms were discovered in 1702 by a pioneer of Microscopy, Anton van Leeuwenhoek. He at first thought they were tiny animals. It was later that scientists concluded that because they photosynthesized, they were indeed plants and not animals. Several years later, German Microscopist J.D. Mooler, spent 15 years mounting over 4,000 diatom species on a single slide.
    [Show full text]