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Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial: Historic Resource Study

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Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial: Historic Resource Study Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial: Historic Resource Study Lincoln Boyhood Historic Resource Study The Evolution of a Sanctified Landscape A Historic Resource Study of the LINCOLN BOYHOOD National Memorial Spencer County, Indiana Prepared by: HRA Gray & Pope, LLC 1318 Main Street Cincinnati, OH 45210 Contract No. P6300000125 22 May 2002 Prepared for: National Park Service Midwest Regional Office 1709 Jackson Street Omaha, Nebraska 68102 TABLE OF CONTENTS libo/hrs/hrs.htm Last Updated: 19-Jan-2003 http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/libo/hrs/hrs.htm[6/27/2014 12:27:32 PM] Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial: Historic Resource Study (Table of Contents) Lincoln Boyhood Historic Resource Study TABLE OF CONTENTS COVER ABSTRACT LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF PLATES CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION Methodology Historical Research Field Survey Project Personnel CHAPTER II. ENVIRONMENTAL OVERVIEW Physiography-Geomorphology Bedrock Geology Lithic Resources Soils Climate Flora and Fauna CHAPTER III. AMERICAN INDIAN SETTLEMENT Cultural Sequence Paleoindian Occupation (? to 8000 B.C.) Archaic Occupation (8000 to 700 B.C.) Woodland Occupation (700 B.C. to A.D. 1000) Late Prehistoric Occupation (A.D. 1000 to 1650) CHAPTER IV. EURO-AMERICAN/AMERICAN INDIAN RELATIONS Proto-Historic and Contact Period Aboriginal Occupation (1600 to 1750) Euro-American Occupation (1675-1785) Expansionism by the United States (1785-1815) Land Cessions by Indian Tribes CHAPTER V. SETTLEMENT AND IMMIGRATION Federal Land Laws (1785-1820) The Land Ordinance of 1785 The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 The Land Act of 1800 and the Introduction of a Credit System http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/libo/hrs/hrst.htm[6/27/2014 12:27:34 PM] Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial: Historic Resource Study (Table of Contents) The Land Act of 1820 Settlement of Southern Indiana Organization of Spencer County CHAPTER VI. PIONEER LIFEWAYS Transportation Systems Rivers and Streams Roads Agricultural History Significant Factors in Land Settlement Homesteading Social Institutions CHAPTER VII. LINCOLN OCCUPATION PERIOD The Lincolns in Kentucky The Indiana Homestead Lincoln's Boyhood The Indiana Legacy CHAPTER VIII. POST-LINCOLN HISTORY Lincoln City Memorializing the Lincolns The First Memorial to Nancy Hanks Lincoln Establishing Non-Profit Associations Designing the Lincoln State Memorial The Trail of Twelve Stones and the Cabin Site Memorial (1931-1938) Construction of the Memorial Building and Court (1938-1945) Designation as a National Memorial CHAPTER IX. RECOMMENDATIONS Additional Research Needs Agricultural Practices Economic and Social Development National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form Additional Interpretive Programs Audio Tour Trail of Twelve Stones Nature Trails BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX A: ADDENDUM TO THE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES NOMINATION FORM FOR THE LINCOLN BOYHOOD NATIONAL MEMORIAL LIST OF FIGURES 1. Site Plan of the Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial 2. Map of Indiana Showing Physiographic Units and Glacial Boundaries (Schneider, 1966: http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/libo/hrs/hrst.htm[6/27/2014 12:27:34 PM] Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial: Historic Resource Study (Table of Contents) 41) 3. Map of Indiana Showing Bedrock Physiographic Units (Gutschick, 1966:54) 4. 1935 Map Showing Percent of Sheet Erosion and Gullying by County (Sieber and Munson, 1994: 86) 5. Indian Villages and Tribal Distribution in the Northwest Territory, c. 1768 (Tanner, 1987: 58-59) 6. 1800 and 1803 Maps of Indiana Territory (Buley, 1950:1:62) 7. Indian Treaties and Land Cessions (Sieber and Munson, 1994: 22) 8. Map of the Northwest Territory as Established by the Ordinance of 1787 (Day, 1988: 28) 9. Map Depicting Separation of Michigan and Illinois Territories (Buley, 1950: 1:63) 10. Land Districts and Offices, 1812 (Rohrbough, 1968) 11. Land Districts and Offices, 1819 (Rohrbough, 1968) 12. Indiana Counties, 1816 (Sieber and Munson, 1994: 24) 13. Map of Southwestern Indiana Taken from the Diary of David Thomas, 1816 14. Map of Original Land Entries in Vicinity of Lincoln Farmstead 15. Drawing of Early Ohio River Flatboat (Sieber and Munson, 1994: 27) 16. Early Roads and Trails in Indiana (Madison, 1990: 76) 17. The Little Pigeon Community, c. 1816-1830 (Warren, 1991: 100-101) 18. 1816-1830 Base Map of Little Pigeon Vicinity (Bearss, 1967) 19. 1879 Map of Lincoln City (Griffing, 1879) 20. 1896 Map of Lincoln City (Wright, 1896) 21. Allee and Plaza Site Plan, 1927-1938 (McEnaney, 2001: 15) 22. Site Plan of Lincoln State Park and Nancy Hanks Lincoln State Memorial, c. 1932 23. Allee and Plaza Site Plan, 1938-1944 (McEnaney, 2001: 27) 24. Floor Plan of the Memorial Building (Outdoor Indiana, 1941: 1) 25. Current Site Plan of Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial (McEnaney, 2001: 49) 26. Current Site Plan of Allee and Plaza (McEnaney, 2001: 51) 27. Comprehensive Cultural Resources Base Map of Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial (Adapted from McEnaney, 2001: 49) LIST OF PLATES 1. 1959 Photo of Nancy Hanks Lincoln Grave Marker and Ornamental Iron Fence 2. 1959 Photo of Cabin Site Memorial 3. 1959 Photo of Cloister in Memorial Building 4. 1959 Photo of Railroad Tracks that Pass Through Park 5. 1959 Photo of Lake Lincoln at Nearby Lincoln State Park 6. 1959 Photo of Sate Route 162 and Entry to Park 7. 1959 Photo of Allee, Looking Toward Flagpole and Cemetery 8. 1959 Photo of Interior of Nancy Hanks Lincoln Memorial Hall 9. View of Living History Farm http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/libo/hrs/hrst.htm[6/27/2014 12:27:34 PM] Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial: Historic Resource Study (Table of Contents) <<< Previous <<< Contents >>> Next >>> http://www.nps.gov/libo/hrs/hrst.htm Last Updated: 19-Jan-2003 http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/libo/hrs/hrst.htm[6/27/2014 12:27:34 PM] Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial: Historic Resource Study (Abstract) Lincoln Boyhood Historic Resource Study ABSTRACT In November 2000, HRA Gray & Pape, LLC, contracted with the National Park Service, Midwest Regional Office, to prepare a Historic Resources Study of the Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial in Spencer County, Indiana (Contract No. P6300000125). In 1962, the National Park Service designated the Lincoln Boyhood site a National Memorial to preserve the family and boyhood home setting of Abraham Lincoln and the grave site of his mother, Nancy Hanks Lincoln. The Lincoln family lived on the Thomas Lincoln farm from 1816 until February 1830, when they moved to Illinois. The memorial site includes a visitor center, park housing complex, memorial and designed historic landscape, walking trails, living history farm, a burial area, and wayside exhibits. Park administrative offices are housed in the visitor center. The site was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1966 and was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. This report is derived from research in primary and secondary records related to environmental history, Native American use and occupation, exploration, land use, settlement patterns, and commemoration of the lives of Abraham Lincoln and Nancy Hanks Lincoln. It utilizes both documentary research and field observations to determine and describe the integrity, authenticity, associative values, and significance of resources within the memorial site, as well as to highlight areas for future interpretive development. The study will serve as the foundation for future cultural resource assessments and management plans. The historic context defines themes of area history; establishes a relationship between events and the built environment; identifies time frames and periods of significance for historic contexts; and identifies links between national, regional, and local events. The Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial is historically significant for its association with the early life of Abraham Lincoln and as the final resting place of Nancy Hanks Lincoln. Furthermore, the property retains a high level of integrity with regard to its historic landscape design, and the Memorial Building is an important contributing element to the property's architectural significance. Finally, the property is significant for its association with the development of historic preservation theory over the course of the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It began as a shrine to Nancy Hanks Lincoln and, by extension, the cult of motherhood that characterized the Victorian era. During the 1930s, the memorial was transformed to commemorate Lincoln and his lifetime of accomplishments. Thirty years later, the site's programs were expanded to include a parallel interpretive theme with the construction of the Living History Farm. The influences of each interpretive theme are clearly visible upon the extant cultural landscape and contribute to our understanding of the constantly evolving cultural and social phenomena of memorializing important personages in American history. http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/libo/hrs/abstract.htm[6/27/2014 12:27:35 PM] Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial: Historic Resource Study (Abstract) <<< Previous <<< Contents >>> Next >>> libo/hrs/abstract.htm Last Updated: 19-Jan-2003 http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/libo/hrs/abstract.htm[6/27/2014 12:27:35 PM] Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial: Historic Resource Study (Chapter 1) Lincoln Boyhood Historic Resource Study CHAPTER I: Introduction In November 2000, HRA Gray & Pape, LLC, (HRAG&P) contracted with the National Park Service (NPS), Midwest Regional Office,
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