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Nouvelles Études Sur La Provenance Géographique Des Blocs Utilisés Pour La Construction De Monuments Mégalithiques Dans Le Département Du Puy-De-Dôme

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Nouvelles Études Sur La Provenance Géographique Des Blocs Utilisés Pour La Construction De Monuments Mégalithiques Dans Le Département Du Puy-De-Dôme View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by HAL-UNILIM Nouvelles ´etudessur la provenance g´eographiquedes blocs utilis´espour la construction de monuments m´egalithiques dans le d´epartement du Puy-de-D^ome Fr´ed´ericSurmely, Alain De Go¨erde Herve To cite this version: Fr´ed´ericSurmely, Alain De Go¨erde Herve. Nouvelles ´etudessur la provenance g´eographique des blocs utilis´espour la construction de monuments m´egalithiquesdans le d´epartement du Puy-de-D^ome.Mus´eedes tumulus de Bougon. Origine et d´eveloppement du m´egalithismede l'ouest de l'Europe, 2002, Bougon, France. Conseil g´en´eraldes Deux-S`evres, pp.249-252, 2006. <hal-00350908> HAL Id: hal-00350908 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00350908 Submitted on 8 Jan 2009 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destin´eeau d´ep^otet `ala diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publi´esou non, lished or not. The documents may come from ´emanant des ´etablissements d'enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche fran¸caisou ´etrangers,des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou priv´es. Provenance des blocs utilisés pour la construction de mégalithes dans le Puy-de-Dôme. 249 Provenance of the stones used for the construction of megaliths in Puy-de-Dôme. NOUVELLES ÉTUDES SUR LA PROVENANCE GÉOGRAPHIQUE DES BLOCS UTILISÉS POUR LA CONSTRUCTION DE MONUMENTS MÉGALITHIQUES DANS LE DÉPARTEMENT DU PUY-DE-DÔME NEW STUDIES ON THE PROVENANCE OF THE STONES USED FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF MEGALITHIC MONUMENTS IN THE PUY-DE-DÔME (FRANCE) Alain DE GOËR DE HERVE † & Frédéric SURMELY. (Relecture du texte anglais / Revision of the English text: Chris SCARRE) Mots clefs : mégalithes, dolmen, menhir, Auvergne, Puy-de-Dôme. Keywords: megaliths, dolmen, menhir, Auvergne, Puy-de-Dôme. Introduction. Dans un précédent article (Surmely et al. 1996), In a previous article, we described the results nous avions présenté le résultat de nos recher- of our research work on the source of the boulders ches sur la provenance des blocs utilisés pour la that were used for the construction of certain meg- construction de certains monuments mégalithiques alithic monuments in the département of Puy de du département du Puy-de-Dôme, essentiellement Dôme, mostly in the Limagne area. This study has dans le secteur de la Limagne, et du département led us to the conclusion that the stones from which du Cantal. Cette étude, basée sur une analyse pé- the megaliths were made were not taken from the trographique détaillée des constituants des mo- place where the monument was erected. The boul- numents et du contexte, avait permis de mettre ders, some weighing up to 10 tons, were dragged en évidence le fait que les pierres constituant les for distances of about 15 km. This allowed us to mégalithes n’avaient pas été prises à l’endroit où point out two facts which had already been em- le monument avait été érigé. Le transport de ces phasized by various authors studying other monu- blocs, pesant parfois plus de dix tonnes, atteignait ments in different areas. First of all, it is quite clear des distances de près de 15 km. that for the builders, the choice of the construction site was not dictated by geological considerations Pour étayer notre démonstration et lui donner but was made according to other criteria. Second, plus de force, nous avons choisi d’étendre notre choosing the right place to build the monument étude aux autres monuments du département du was an essential part of the process. Puy-de-Dôme, ce qui nous a amené, ce faisant, à réaliser des découvertes et à revoir l’interprétation For this article, we have studied 14 dolmens de certains mégalithes. C’est le résultat de ces re- and 8 menhirs from different areas of the départe- cherches qui est présenté ici, de façon très résu- ment of Puy-de-Dôme. mée. L’intégralité de nos observations figure dans Origine et développement du mégalithisme de l’ouest de l’Europe (Bougon - 26/30 octobre 2002) Origin and development of the megalithic monuments of western Europe (Bougon - 26/30 October 2002) 250 Alain DE GOËR DE HERVE † et Frédéric SURMELY. un autre article (Surmely et Goër, sous presse). Il This study shows that the sites that were select- est à noter que la majeure partie des monuments ed for the construction appear to have been the n’est pas datée de façon précise, faute de recher- natural limits of the landscape and/or clearly vis- ches récentes. ible places overlooking a wide territory. Indeed, Neolithic populations deliberately built monu- ments that were meant to be seen, and they erected them in very distinctive locations. That is why it is La commune de Saint-Nectaire. quite natural to suggest that those impressive mon- uments must have been considered as landmarks La région de Saint-Nectaire offre une concen- for sedentary or semi-sedentary populations. On tration remarquable de monuments, sans égale en the other hand, the transport of the boulders, a co- Auvergne, puisque pas moins de cinq dolmens et lossal task, provides evidence of the high degree deux menhirs ont été recensés sur son territoire. of engineering ability and social organisation pos- Tous les monuments sont situés sur des plateaux, sesed by Neolithic communities. leur assurant une large visibilité sur les alentours. Quatre des monuments, les dolmens du Parc, de In order to give more susbtance and better sup- Saillant, de Chabareau (découverte R. Liabeuf) et port to these assumptions, we decided to extend de la Pineyre sont constitués de roches prises loca- our study to the other monuments of the départe- lement, avec parfois une remontée des blocs à par- ment. In the course of this work, we have made tir du rebord de plateau. Le dolmen ruiné de Sap- new discoveries and have re-examined our inter- chat est composé de blocs locaux et de deux dalles pretation of certain megalithic monuments. The de provenance inconnue. Le menhir de Freydefont results of this research work will be found in the est une écaille de granite dont l’origine peut être list that follows. trouvée à environ 700 m, sur le bas du plateau. En- fin le menhir de la Croix-Saint-Roch (Fig. 1) est This latest stage of our research work on the un prisme basaltique déplacé sur une distance d’au megalithic monuments of the Puy de Dôme has moins 3 km. brought us to the same conclusion that we had reached in our previous study. In most cases, the boulders from which the monuments were made were not found on the sites on which they were La bordure du Cézallier. built. Neolithic builders may sometimes have found satisfactory material on the chosen spot and Le dolmen de Loubaresse (Le Broc) est fait de have used it, but most of the time, owing to a lack blocs trouvés sur place. Dans le cas du dolmen de of local material, they were compelled to carry the l’Ustau du Loup et du menhir de Gourdon (Cham- stones distances ranging from a dozen metres up peix), les blocs ont été déplacés sur une courte dis- to 100 metres. When choosing the location for the tance. construction of a monument, therefore, they had Le menhir de Fohet (commune d’Aydat ; Fig. 2) in mind other criteria than merely the local sup- est un des menhirs les plus imposants de la région ply of suitable building material. We should also Auvergne, avec une longueur totale de près de 5 note that they looked for sites from which they had m et un poids de plus de 10 t. Il est formé d’une an excellent view over the surrounding area: thus, écaille de diorite corsique, qui se trouve en contre- they were sure that the monuments would be clear- bas (200 à 300 m en distance linéaire, 10 à 15 m ly visible from far. And yet they avoided the high- de dénivelé). Le menhir a donc été remonté, sur est uplands. The favourite location was undoubt- une pente douce et régulière, pour être érigé. Le edly the edge of a plateau. Unfortunately, so little dolmen de Cournols pose un problème particulier, is known about the Neolithic period in this region dû à la présence, attestée par la littérature d’une that we cannot establish possible links between dalle, aujourd’hui disparue, et qui proviendrait de megalithic monuments and settlements. It should plus de 20 km de distance. be noted, however, that a number of polished stone axes have been found at megalithic sites (Surmely et al. 2001). Origine et développement du mégalithisme de l’ouest de l’Europe (Bougon - 26/30 octobre 2002) Origin and development of the megalithic monuments of western Europe (Bougon - 26/30 October 2002) Provenance des blocs utilisés pour la construction de mégalithes dans le Puy-de-Dôme. 251 Provenance of the stones used for the construction of megaliths in Puy-de-Dôme. Les Combrailles. The foregoing allows us to repeat again the following statement: megalithic monuments were Les deux dolmens de la commune de Saint- used as landmarks by highly organised human Etienne-des-Champs sont en orthogneiss local. En groups. revanche, le dolmen de Farges (Saint-Germent- près-Herment) est composé de dalles de basalte qui proviennent de plus de 500 m à vol d’oiseau. L’origine des imposants menhirs de Menat et de Blot-l’Eglise reste à déterminer, mais semble ex- tra-locale.
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