Science Fiction Edited by Gerry Canavan , Eric Carl Link Frontmatter More Information

Home , Beyond This Horizon, Karen Hellekson, Liu Cixin, Slan, The High Crusade

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-16609-7 — The Cambridge History of Science Fiction Edited by Gerry Canavan , Eric Carl Link Frontmatter More Information

the cambridge history of SCIENCE FICTION

The first science fiction course in the American academy was held in the early 1950s. Since then, science fiction has become a recognized and established literary genre with a significant and growing body of scholarship. The Cambridge History of Science Fiction is a landmark volume as the first authoritative history of the genre. Over forty contributors with diverse and complementary specialities present a history of science fiction across national and genre boundaries, and trace its intellectual and creative roots in the philosophical and fantastic narratives of the ancient past. Science fiction as a literary genre is the central focus of the volume, but fundamental to its story are its non-literary cultural manifestations and influence. Coverage thus includes transmedia manifestations as an integral part of the genre’s history, including not only short stories and novels but also film, art, architecture, music, comics, and interactive media.

gerry canavan is an associate professor of twentieth- and twenty- ﬁrst-century literature in the Department of English at Marquette University. He is the co-editor, with Kim Stanley Robinson, of Green Planets: Ecology and Science Fiction (2014) and, with Eric Carl Link, of The Cambridge Companion to American Science Fiction (2015). His ﬁrst monograph is Octavia E. Butler (2016). eric carl link is Professor of American Literature and Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences at Purdue University Fort Wayne. His many publications include The Vast and Terrible Drama: American Literary Naturalism in the Late Nineteenth Century (2004), Understanding Philip K. Dick (2010), and Crosscurrents: Readings in the Disciplines (2012). He is the editor or co-editor of numerous volumes, including The Cambridge Companion to American Science Fiction (co-edited with Gerry Canavan, 2015).

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-16609-7 — The Cambridge History of Science Fiction Edited by Gerry Canavan , Eric Carl Link Frontmatter More Information

THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF SCIENCE FICTION

Edited by GERRY CANAVAN Marquette University and ERIC CARL LINK Purdue University Fort Wayne

University Printing House, Cambridge cb2 8bs, United Kingdom One Liberty Plaza, 20th Floor, New York, ny 10006,USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, vic 3207, Australia 314–321, 3rd Floor, Plot 3, Splendor Forum, Jasola District Centre, New Delhi – 110025,India 79 Anson Road, #06–04/06,Singapore079906

Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning, and research at the highest international levels of excellence.

www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107166097 doi: 10.1017/9781316694374 © Cambridge University Press 2019 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2019 Printed in the United States of America by Sheridan Books, Inc. A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data names: Canavan, Gerry, editor. | Link, Eric Carl, editor. title: The Cambridge history of science ﬁction / edited by Gerry Canavan, Eric Carl Link. description: Cambridge ; New York, NY : Cambridge University Press, 2019.| Includes bibliographical references and index. identifiers: lccn 2018012832 | isbn 9781107166097 subjects: lcsh: Science ﬁction – History and criticism. classification: lcc pn3433.5 .c36 2018 | ddc 809.3/8762–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018012832 isbn 978-1-107-16609-7 Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

For Sarah Link, Nathaniel Link, Natalie Link, and Nolan Link, who make life worth living and who are the best of companions on this generation starship called Earth.

For my parents, who got me every book I ever asked for. And for Jaimee Hills, Zoey Canavan, and Connor Canavan, and another trillion years.

Contents

List of Illustrations page xii Notes on Contributors xiii Acknowledgments xxi Chronology xxii

On Not Deﬁning Science Fiction: An Introduction 1 eric carl link and gerry canavan

part i BEFORE THE NEW WAVE 11

1 . Science Fiction before Science Fiction: Ancient, Medieval, and Early Modern SF 13 ryan vu

2 . Interrelations: Science Fiction and the Gothic 35 roger luckhurst

3 . European Science Fiction in the Nineteenth Century 50 terry harpold

4 . Inventing New Worlds: The Age of Manifestos and Utopias 69 rhys williams

5 . War Machines and Child Geniuses: American Edisonades 86 nathaniel williams

6 . Afrofuturism in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries 101 w. andrew shephard

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Contents

7 . Science Fiction, Modernism, and the Avant-Garde 120 paul march-russell

8 . The Gernsback Years: Science Fiction and the Pulps in the 1920s and 1930s 135 brooks landon

9 . Astounding Stories: John W. Campbell and the Golden Age, 1938–1950 149 michael r. page

10 . Science Fiction in Continental Europe before the Second World War 166 salvatore proietti

11 . Rise of the Supermen: Science Fiction during the Second World War 186 andrew pilsch

12 . Utopia ...: Science Fiction in the 1950s and 1960s 201 malisa kurtz

13 . ...or Bust: Science Fiction and the Bomb, 1945–1960 218 brent ryan bellamy

14 . Women in the Golden Age of Science Fiction 232 jane donawerth

15 . Better Living through Chemistry: Science Fiction and Consumerism in the Cold War 247 lee konstantinou

16 . “The Golden Age of Science Fiction Is Twelve”: Children’s and Young Adult Science Fiction into the 1980s 265 michael levy

17 . Spectacular Horizons: The Birth of Science Fiction Film, Television, and Radio, 1900–1959 279 sean redmond

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Contents

18 . Fandom and Fan Culture in the Golden Age and Beyond 295 karen hellekson

19 . Science Fiction and Its Critics 308 rob latham

part ii THE NEW WAVE 321

20 . Riding the New Wave 323 andrew m. butler

21 . New Wave Science Fiction and the Counterculture 338 shannon davies mancus

22 . Science Fiction Film, Television, and Music during the New Wave, 1960–1980 353 jeffrey hicks

23 . Science Fiction, Gender, and Sexuality in the New Wave 367 lauren j. lacey

24 . Shestidesyatniki: The Conjunction of Inner and Outer Space in Eastern European Science Fiction 380 larisa mikhaylova

25 . Afrofuturism in the New Wave Era 396 mark bould

26 . New Wave Science Fiction and the Vietnam War 415 david m. higgins

27 . New Wave Science Fiction and the Dawn of the Environmental Movement 434 rebecca evans

28 . Stagﬂation, New Wave, and the Death of the Future 447 greg conley

Contents

29 . Science Fiction in the Academy in the 1970s 460 ritch calvin

part iii AFTER THE NEW WAVE 479

30 . The Birth of the Science Fiction Franchise 481 stefan rabitsch and michael fuchs

31 . Science Fiction and Postmodernism in the 1980s and 1990s 502 phillip e. wegner

32 . Cyberpunk and Post-Cyberpunk 519 graham j. murphy

33 . Science Fiction Film and Television in the 1980s and 1990s 537 nicole de fee

34 . “Strangers to Ourselves”: Gender and Sexuality in Recent Science Fiction 550 veronica hollinger

35 . Contemporary Science Fiction and Afrofuturism 565 isiah lavender iii

36 . Science Fiction and the Revenge of Nature: Environmentalism from the 1990s to the 2010s 580 eric c. otto

37 . Science Fiction and the Return of Empire: Global Capitalism, Tom Cruise, and the War on Terror from the 2000s to the 2010s 596 dan hassler-forest

38 . Comic Books from the 1980s to the 2010s 616 aaron kashtan

39 . Video Games and Virtual Lives: Science Fiction Gaming from the 1980s to the 2010s 632 pawel frelik

Contents

40 . Twenty-First Century Chinese Science Fiction on the Rise: Anti- Authoritarianism and Dreams of Freedom 647 hua li

41 . Ciencia Ficción / Ficção Cientíﬁca from Latin America 664 rachel haywood ferreira

42 . Science Fiction and the Global South 680 hugh charles o’connell

43 . Science Fiction Film and Television of the Twenty-First Century 696 sherryl vint

44 . Dystopian Futures and Utopian Presents in Contemporary Young Adult Science Fiction 713 rebekah sheldon

45 . Convergence Culture: Science Fiction Fandom Today 725 paul booth

46 . Theorizing SF: Science Fiction Studies since 2000 741 john rieder

Select Bibliography 756 Index 772

Illustrations

26.1 Pro- and anti-Vietnam War ads in the June 1968 issue of Galaxy Science Fiction page 419 31.1 A Greimas square mapping science ﬁction’s relationship to modernism, realism, utopianism, and postmodernism 515

xii

Notes on Contributors

brent ryan bellamy is Assistant Professor of Speculative Literature at Trent University. His work can be read in the forthcoming Loanwords to Live With: An Ecotopian Lexicon (co-edited with Matthew Schneider-Mayerson) and a special issue of Science Fiction Studies on climate crisis (with Veronica Hollinger, November 2018). His book Remainders of the American Century: Post-Apocalyptic Novels in the Age of US Decline is under advanced contract.

paul booth is an associate professor of media and cinema studies in the College of Communication at DePaul University, specializing in fandom, new media, games, technology, popular culture, and cultural studies. He is the author of Digital Fandom: New Media Studies, which examines fans of cult television programs, and of Time on TV: Temporal Displacement and Mashup Television, which compares time travel on television with social media. His latest book, Companion to Media Fandom and Fan Studies, was published in 2018.

mark bould is Reader in Film and Literature at the University of the West of England, Bristol. One of the founding editors of the journal Science Fiction Film and Television, he co- edits the Studies in Global Science Fiction monograph series. His most recent books are Solaris (2014), SF Now (2014), and Africa SF (2013).

andrew m. butler is a senior lecturer at Canterbury Christ Church University and one of the editors of Extrapolation. He has written extensively on science ﬁction and related genres; his most recent books are Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2014) and Solar Flares: Science Fiction in the 1970s (2012).

ritch calvinteaches at Stony Brook University. His work has appeared in Science Fiction Studies, Extrapolation, Femspec, Utopian Studies, The Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts, Science Fiction Film and Television, The New York Review of Science Fiction, and The SFRA Review. He co-edited a collection of essays for studying and teaching science ﬁction in 2014. His monograph, Feminist Science Fiction and Feminist Epistemology: Four Modes was published by Palgrave Macmillan in 2016.

gerry canavan is an associate professor in the English Department at Marquette University, specializing in twentieth- and twenty-ﬁrst-century literature. An editor at

xiii

Notes on Contributors

Extrapolation and Science Fiction Film and Television, he has also co-edited Green Planets: Ecology and Science Fiction (2014) and The Cambridge Companion to American Science Fiction (2015). His ﬁrst monograph, Octavia E. Butler, appeared in 2016 in the Modern Masters of Science Fiction series at University of Illinois Press.

greg conley is an instructor at Bluegrass Community and Technical Colleges and Eastern Kentucky University. Specializing in transatlantic speculative ﬁction from the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, he has explored the ﬁgure of the extra- terrestrial from the Gothic period to the present.

nicole de fee is an associate professor in the English Department at Louisiana Tech University. Her research focuses on nineteenth-century American Literature, Herman Melville, and American literary naturalism, alongside science ﬁction and horror.

jane donawerth, Professor Emerita of English and Afﬁliate in Women’s Studies, University of Maryland, is the author of Frankenstein’s Daughters: Women Writing Science Fiction, co-editor of Utopian and Science Fiction by Women: Worlds of Difference, and co- author with Kate Scally of “‘You’ve found no records’: Slavery in Maryland and the Writing of Octavia Butler’s Kindred” in Extrapolation (2017). She has been awarded the International Association for the Fantastic in the Arts Scholarship Award for career work in gender and SF.

rebecca evans is an assistant professor in the English department at Winston-Salem State University. She researches and teaches twentieth- and twenty-ﬁrst-century American literature as it intersects with social and environmental justice; she is currently working on a book manuscript that shows how contemporary American writers experiment with speculative genres in order to make structural and environmental violence legible to readers.

pawel frelik is Associate Professor of American Media and the Director of the Video Game Research Center at Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin. His research interests include science fiction, video games, fantastic visualities, digital media, and transmedia storytelling, and he has published widely in these fields. He serves on the advisory boards of Science Fiction Studies, Extrapolation, and Journal of Gaming and Virtual Worlds, and is the co-editor of the New Dimensions in Science Fiction book series at the University of Wales Press. In 2013–14, he was President of the Science Fiction Research Association (SFRA). In June 2017, he received SFRA’s Thomas D. Clareson Award for service to the field.

michael fuchs is a ﬁxed-term assistant professor in American Studies at the University of Graz. He has co-edited six volumes, most recently Intermedia Games – Games Inter Media: Video Games and Intermediality (2019), Space Oddities: Difference and Identity in the American City (2018), and a special issue of the European Journal of American Studies on animals in American television (2018). He is currently working on a monograph on urban spaces in horror ﬁlms and a project on animal monsters in American culture.

xiv

Notes on Contributors

terry harpold teaches science ﬁction, image-text studies, and climate studies at the University of Florida. The author of Ex-foliations: Reading Machines and the Upgrade Path (2008) and co-editor of Collectionner l’Extraordinaire, sonder l’Ailleurs: Essais sur Jules Verne en hommage à Jean-Michel Margot (2015), his published science ﬁction scholarship includes studies of European and Anglo-American SF (especially of the long nineteenth and early twentieth centuries), the illustrated Jules Verne, and historical and contemporary environmental humanities.

dan hassler-forest works as an assistant professor in the Department of Media and Cultural Studies at Utrecht University. He has published books and articles on comics, transmedia storytelling, superhero movies, critical theory, and fantastic world-building, and is one of the editors of Science Fiction Film and Television.

rachel haywood ferreira is Associate Professor of Spanish and Portuguese at Iowa State University. She is co-editor of the book series Studies in Global Science Fiction and of the journal Extrapolation, serves on the editorial boards of Science Fiction Studies, Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts, Zanzalá – Revista Brasileira de Estudos de Ficção Científica, and Alambique: Revista Académica de Ciencia-Ficción y Fantasía / Jornal Académico de Ficção Científica e Fantasia, and is subeditor for Latin American and Iberian science fiction for The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. She is the author of The Emergence of Latin American Science Fiction (2011). Her current book project is provisionally titled Latin American Science Fiction in the Space Age.

karen hellekson has published widely in the ﬁelds of science ﬁction and fan studies, and is the founding co-editor of the journal Transformative Works and Cultures. She is also the co-editor, with Kristina Busse, of The Fan Fiction Studies Reader (2014).

jeffrey hicksis an assistant professor of English at Los Angeles City College. His work has appeared in The Cambridge Companion to the City in Literature (2014) and Marxism and Urban Culture (2014). His research interests include dystopian literature and film, urban literature and film, and New Wave science fiction.

david m. higgins is the Speculative Fiction Editor for the Los Angeles Review of Books.He teaches English at Inver Hills College in Minnesota, and his research examines imperial fantasies in postwar American culture. Higgins’s article “Toward a Cosmopolitan Science Fiction” won the 2012 SFRA Pioneer Award for excellence in scholarship. He has published in journals such as American Literature, Science Fiction Studies, Paradoxa, and Extrapolation, and his work has appeared in edited volumes such as The Cambridge Companion to American Science Fiction.

veronica hollinger is Emerita Professor of cultural studies at Trent University in Ontario. She is a long-time co-editor of Science Fiction Studies, co-editor of The Wesleyan Anthology of Science Fiction, and co-editor of ﬁve scholarly collections. Her publications include essays on contemporary SF theory and criticism, queer and feminist SF, Chinese SF, posthumanism, the anthropocene, cyberpunk, and postmodernism.

Notes on Contributors

aaron kashtan is a visiting assistant professor in composition and rhetoric at Miami University of Ohio. His research focuses on the material, digital, and multimodal rhetoric of comics. His ﬁrst book, Between Panel and Screen: Comics, the Future of the Book, and the Book of the Future, currently under review, examines what comics can tell us about the effect of digital media on the material experience of reading. His second book project will examine comics as a site of nostalgia for handwriting in contemporary American culture.

lee konstantinou is Associate Professor of English at the University of Maryland, College Park, and Senior Humanities Editor at the Los Angeles Review of Books. He wrote the literary history Cool Characters: Irony and American Fiction, and the novel Pop Apocalypse. With Samuel Cohen, he co-edited the collection The Legacy of David Foster Wallace.Heis currently working on a book project entitled “The Cartoon Art: Comics in the Age of Mass High Culture.”

malisa kurtz received her PhD from Brock University in Interdisciplinary Humanities. Her work focuses on the intersection of science ﬁction, globalization, and postcolonialism. She has published in Paradoxa, Science Fiction Studies and Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts, and co-edited Notions of Genre: Writings on Popular Film Before Genre Theory (2016) with Barry K. Grant.

lauren j. lacey is Associate Professor of English and co-director of Women’s and Gender Studies at Edgewood College in Madison, Wisconsin, where she regularly teaches courses in contemporary literatures, feminist theory, and speculative ﬁction. She is author of The Past That Might Have Been, the Future That May Come: Women Writing Fantastic Fiction, 1960s to the Present (2014). Her current project examines how posthuman relation- ships negotiate power dynamics in contemporary ﬁction.

brooks landon teaches in the University of Iowa English Department. He has written widely on aspects of science ﬁction literature and ﬁlm.

rob latham is the author of Consuming Youth: Vampires, Cyborgs, and the Culture of Consumption (2002), co-editor of The Wesleyan Anthology of Science Fiction (2010), and editor of The Oxford Handbook of Science Fiction (2014) and Science Fiction Criticism: An Anthology of Essential Writings (2017). He was a senior editor of the journal Science Fiction Studies for two decades. Currently, he is planning a volume on the work of Robert Silverberg and is completing a second book manuscript on New Wave science ﬁction.

isiah lavender iiiis Associate Professor of English at Louisiana State University, where he researches and teaches courses in African-American literature and science ﬁction. In addition to his book Race in American Science Fiction (2011) and edited collections Black and Brown Planets: The Politics of Race in Science Fiction (2014) and Dis-Orienting Planets: Racial Representations of Asia in Science Fiction (2017), his publications on science ﬁction include essays and reviews in journals such as Extrapolation, Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts, and Science Fiction Studies. He’s currently working on his second monograph, Classics of Afrofuturism.

xvi

Notes on Contributors

michael levy was a proliﬁc writer and editor of science ﬁction criticism, as well as the longtime managing editor of Extrapolation. He passed away in 2017.

hua li is Associate Professor of Chinese at Montana State University. She published her monograph Contemporary Chinese Fiction by Su Tong and Yu Hua: Coming of Age in Troubled Times in 2011, and has authored journal articles and book chapters on various topics in contemporary Chinese fiction and cinema. She has carried out research on Chinese science fiction since 2014, and has published journal articles and book chapters on such Chinese science fiction writers as Liu Cixin and Xu Nianci. She is currently working on a book manuscript on Chinese science fiction in the 1980s.

eric carl link is Professor of American Literature and Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences at Purdue University Fort Wayne. He is the author of several books, including Understanding Philip K. Dick (2010), The Vast and Terrible Drama: American Literary Naturalism in the Late Nineteenth Century (2004), Neutral Ground: New Traditionalism and the American Romance Controversy (co-authored with G. R. Thompson, 1999), and Crosscurrents: Readings in the Disciplines (co-authored with Steven Frye, 2012). He is the editor or co-editor of numerous volumes, including The Cambridge Companion to American Science Fiction (co-edited with Gerry Canavan, 2015), Critical Insights: Herman Melville (2012), Critical Insights: The Red Badge of Courage (2010), Taming the Bicycle: Essays, Stories, and Sketches by Mark Twain (2009), and the fourth edition of the Norton Critical Edition of The Red Badge of Courage (2008).

roger luckhurst is Professor of Modern and Contemporary Literature at Birkbeck College, University of London, and the editor of The Cambridge Companion to Dracula and Science Fiction: A Literary History (both 2017). He has written books on telepathy, mummy curses, and zombies, and has edited Lovecraft, Stoker, and H. G. Wells in Oxford World’s Classics. His latest book is Corridors: Passages in Modernity (2019).

shannon davies mancusis a PhD candidate in the Department of American Studies at the George Washington University. Her dissertation, “Appealing to Better Natures: Genre and the Politics of Performance in the American Environmental Movement, 1990– Present,” examines the political implications of how different genres act as structuring mechanisms for narratives that compete to deﬁne the moral and philosophical parameters of the modern environmental movement. She is particularly interested in how those genres inﬂuence performances and media framing.

paul march-russell is the editor of Foundation: The International Review of Science Fiction and the general editor of SF Storyworlds. His most recent book publications are Modernism and Science Fiction (2015), The Postcolonial Short Story, co-edited with Maggie Awadalla (2013), and Legacies of Romanticism, co-edited with Carmen Casaliggi (2012).

larisa mikhaylova is a Russian philologist, literary critic, and translator. She teaches world literature of the twentieth century and science ﬁction in the Department of Journalism at Moscow State University. She edits the Russian SF magazine Supernova.

xvii

Notes on Contributors

graham j. murphy is a professor with the School of English and Liberal Studies (Faculty of Business) at Seneca College in Toronto. He co-edited Cyberpunk and Visual Culture (2018)andBeyond Cyberpunk: New Critical Perspectives (2010), co-authored Ursula K. Le Guin: A Critical Companion (2006), and has written numerous articles that have appeared in diverse anthologies and peer-review journals. He is an assistant editor for Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts and sits on the editorial advisory boards of Science Fiction Studies and Extrapolation.

hugh charles o’connell is an assistant professor of English at the University of Massachusetts Boston. His current research project focuses on the relationship between speculative ﬁction and speculative ﬁnance. His essays on utopianism, British SF, and postcolonial SF appear in Postcolonial Literary Inquiry, Paradoxa: The Futures Industry, CR: The New Centennial Review, Modern Fiction Studies, and The Journal of Postcolonial Writing. His essay, “Mutating Towards the Future,” received Honorable Mention for the 2013 Science Fiction Research Association Pioneer Award.

eric c. otto is an associate professor of environmental humanities in the Department of Integrated Studies at Florida Gulf Coast University, where he also directs the General Education Program. He is the author of Green Speculations: Science Fiction and Transformative Environmentalism (2012).

michael r. page is the author of three monographs: The Literary Imagination from Erasmus Darwin to H. G. Wells (2012), Frederik Pohl (2015), and Saving the World Through Science Fiction: James Gunn, Writer, Teacher and Scholar (2017). He has edited The Man with the Strange Head and Other Early Science Fiction Stories by Miles J. Breuer (2008) and has edited and annotated an edition of James Gunn’s 1951 master’s thesis, Modern Science Fiction: A Critical Analysis, The Seminal 1951 Thesis (2018). Page teaches science ﬁction and holds an administrative position in the English Department at the University of Nebraska.

andrew pilsch is an associate professor of English at Texas A&M University. He is the author of Transhumanism (2017).

salvatore proiettiteaches American literature at the University of Calabria. His main areas of research include SF, early-republican US culture, Thoreau, and Twain. He is the author of Storie di fondazione: Letteratura e nazione negli Stati Uniti post-rivoluzionari (Foundation Stories: Literature and Nationhood in Post-Revolution America, 2002) and Hippies: Le culture della controcultura (Hippies: The Cultures of the Counterculture, 2003, 2008), as well as of numerous articles on SF in Italian and English.

stefan “steve” rabitsch is a fixed-term assistant professor in American Studies at the University of Graz and teaches courses in American cultural history at the University of Klagenfurt. His first monograph, Star Trek’s Secret British History, was published in 2019.He has also co-edited Set Phasers to Teach! The Use of Star Trek in Research and Teaching (2018) and Fantastic Cities: American Urban Spaces in Science Fiction, Fantasy, and Horror (forthcoming). His research and his classes are dominated by American cultural studies, with a focus on science fiction studies across media.

xviii

Notes on Contributors

sean redmond is Professor of Screen and Design at Deakin University, Australia. He is the editor of Liquid Metal: The Science Fiction Film Reader (2005), co-editor (with Leon Marvell) of the AFI Film Reader: Endangering Science Fiction Film (2015), and author of Liquid Space: Science Fiction Film and Television in the Digital Age (2017). He edits the online open- access science fiction studies journal Deletion and has published in such landmark journals as the Cinema Journal, the New Review of Film and Television, Thesis 11, and Social Semiotics. He is currently working on a monograph on loneliness in science fiction film.

john rieder is a professor of English at the University of Hawaii at Ma¯noa, author of Science Fiction and the Mass Cultural Genre System (2017) and Colonialism and the Emergence of Science Fiction (2008), recipient of the Science Fiction Research Association’s Pilgrim Award in 2011, and a member of the editorial board of Extrapolation.

rebekah sheldon is an assistant professor of English at Indiana University. Her ﬁrst book, The Child to Come: Life After the Human Catastrophe (2016), received an honorary mention for the Science Fiction and Technoscience Studies Program Award from the University of California at Riverside. She has published essays on science ﬁction in Science Fiction Studies, The Cambridge Companion to Contemporary American Science Fiction, and ADA: Journal of Gender, New Media, and Technology.

w. andrew shephard is a PhD candidate in the Department of English at Stanford University. His research interests are broadly concerned with modes of genre fiction such as science fiction, fantasy, and horror in their various media forms, including prose, film, television, and graphic narrative. He is particularly interested in these genres’ engage- ments with race, gender, and sexuality.

sherryl vint is Professor of Media and Cultural Studies at the University of Calfornia, Riverside, where she directs the Speculative Fiction and Cultures of Science Program. SheisaneditorofScience Fiction Studies,andwasaneditorofScience Fiction Film and Television, which she co-founded, for a decade. Her publications include Bodies of Tomorrow (2007), Animal Alterity (2010), and Science Fiction and Cultural Theory: A Reader (2015).

ryan vu received his PhD from the Program in Literature at Duke University. His work focuses on the historical rise of fantastic literature during the Enlightenment in Britain and France.

phillipe.wegneris the Marston-Milbauer Eminent Scholar and Professor of English at the University of Florida, as well as the founder and director of the Working Group for the Study of Critical Theory. He is the author of four books: Imaginary Communities: Utopia, the Nation, and the Spatial Histories of Modernity (2002), Life Between Two Deaths: US Culture, 1989–2001 (2009), Periodizing Jameson: Dialectics, the University, and the Desire for Narrative (2014), and Shockwaves of Possibility: Essays on Science Fiction, Globalization, and Utopia (2014), and the editor of a new edition of Robert C. Elliott’s The Shape of Utopia (2013), Darko Suvin: A Life in Letters in Paradoxa (2011), a special issue of ImageText, “Animé and Utopia” (2010), and the forthcoming The Next Generation: Emerging Voices in Utopian Studies.

xix

Notes on Contributors

nathaniel williams completed his PhD at the University of Kansas and is a fulltime lecturer for the University Writing Program at the University of California, Davis. He is the author of Gears and God: Technocratic Fiction, Faith, and Empire in Mark Twain’s America (2008) and essays in American Literature, Utopian Studies, Nineteenth-Century Contexts, and elsewhere. He has been awarded a Horatio Alger Fellowship for the study of popular American culture and an honorable mention for American Literature’s Norman Foerster Prize. He serves on the advisory board of the Gunn Center for the Study of Science Fiction.

rhys williams is Lord Kelvin Adam Smith Research Fellow at Glasgow University. He completed his PhD in English Literature at the University of Warwick on the subject of contemporary science ﬁction and radical politics in 2014. His work is broadly concerned with the relationship between fantasy and social change, radical politics, pedagogy, and the politics of the imagination; he also writes about science ﬁction and utopianism. His current project is on how we imagine our alternative energy futures.

Acknowledgments

The editors are tremendously grateful to everyone who made this volume possible, a list of contributors and benefactors far too large to properly or adequately name. In particular we would like to thank the editorial staff at Cambridge University Press for supporting this project from inception to execution, especially Ray Ryan and Edgar Mendez; the anonymous readers from the Press, who provided us with very useful feedback on our initial proposal; the research assistants at Marquette University who helped us gather, process, and organize the immense bibliographic footprint of this volume, Elliott Neal, Sarah Holland, Sarah Bublitz, Kenny Guay, and Justice Hagan; Sarah Lambert, Caroline Drake, Neil Wells, and Jaimee Hills; and our families, for putting up with this mammoth project in our lives and allowing us the space to get the project done. Last and best of all we would like to thank the incredible contributors to this volume, who have produced both brilliant scholarship and brilliant revisions for us (sometimes on very tight deadlines), who have taught us so much about the genre we love, and who have together produced a wonderful history of SF that, we hope, will be read and enjoyed by scholars, students, and fans for many years to come. Thanks so much, to all of you. Eric Carl Link Purdue University Fort Wayne Gerry Canavan Marquette University

xxi

Chronology

1516 Thomas More, Utopia 1627 Francis Bacon, New Atlantis 1634 Johannes Kepler, A Dream 1638 Francis Godwin, The Man in the Moone 1686 Bernard de Fontenelle, Discussion of the Plurality of Worlds 1741 Ludvig Holberg, Nils Klim 1752 Voltaire, Micromégas 1771 Louis-Sebastien Mercier, The Year 2440 1805 Cousin de Grainville, The Last Man 1818 Mary Shelley, Frankenstein 1820 John Cleves Symmes, Symzonia; Voyage of Discovery 1826 Mary Shelley, The Last Man 1827 Jane Webb Loudon, The Mummy! A Tale of the Twenty-Second Century George Tucker, A Voyage to the Moon 1836 Marry Grifﬁth, “Three Hundred Years Hence” 1838 Edgar Allan Poe, The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket 1844 Nathaniel Hawthorne, “Rappaccini’s Daughter” 1859 Martin Delany, Blake, or the Huts of America 1864 Jules Verne, Journey to the Center of the Earth 1865 Jules Verne, From the Earth to the Moon 1868 Edward S. Ellis, The Steam Man of the Prairies 1870 Jules Verne, Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea 1871 Edward Bulwer-Lytton, The Coming Race 1872 Camille Flammarion, Lumen 1879 Jagananda Roy, Shukra Bhraman (Travels to Venus in English) 1882 Noname (Luis Senarens), Frank Reade, Jr. and His Steam Wonder (multiple sequels) 1887 W. H. Hudson, A Crystal Age 1888 Edward Bellamy, Looking Backward, 2000–1887 (sequel Equality [1897]) 1889 John Ames Mitchell, The Last American Mark Twain, A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court 1890 Ignatius Donnelly, Caesar’s Column Richard C. Michaelis, Looking Further Forward William Morris, News from Nowhere

xxii

Chronology

1892 William Dean Howells, A Traveler from Altruria: A Romance 1893 Chicago World’s Fair 1894 Mark Twain, Tom Sawyer Abroad 1895 H. G. Wells, The Time Machine 1896 Jagadish Chandra Bose, Niruddesher Kahini (The Story of the Missing One in English) H. G. Wells, The Island of Dr. Moreau 1897 Kurd Lasswitz, On Two Planets 1898 Garrett P. Serviss, Edison’s Conquest of Mars H. G. Wells, The War of the Worlds 1899 Sutton E. Griggs, Imperium in Imperio 1900 Frank L. Baum, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz 1901 M. P. Shiel, The Purple Cloud H. G. Wells, The First Men in the Moon 1902 Liang Qichao, Xin Zhongguo Weilai Ji (The Future of New China in English) 1903 Pauline Hopkins, Of One Blood 1904 Edward A. Johnson, Light Ahead for the Negro Huang Jiang Diao Suo (real name unknown), Yueqiu Zhimindi Xiaoshuo (Tales of Moon Colonization in English) 1905 Rudyard Kipling, “With the Night Mail” 1908 Jack London, The Iron Heel 1909 E. M. Forster, “The Machine Stops” 1910 Jack London, “The Unparalleled Invasion” 1911 Hugo Gernsback, Ralph 124 C 41+ 1912 J. D. Beresford, The Hampdenshire Wonder Edgar Rice Burroughs, “Under the Moons of Mars” (book 1914) Arthur Conan Doyle, The Lost World Jack London, The Scarlet Plague Garrett P. Serviss The Second Deluge 1914 George Allan England, Darkness and Dawn 1915 George Allan England, The Air Trust Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Herland (sequel With Her in Ourland [1916]) Franz Kafka, “The Metamorphosis” Robert Sherman Tracey, The White Man’s Burden: A Satirical Forecast 1918 Abraham Merritt, “The Moon Pool” 1920 Karel Cˇapek, R.U.R: A Fantastic Melodrama W. E. B. Du Bois, “The Comet” David Lindsay, A Voyage to Arcturus 1923 E. V. Odle, The Clockwork Man Weird Tales launches 1924 Yevgeny Zamiatin, We 1926 G. Peyton Wertenbaker, “The Coming of the Ice” Hugo Gernsback starts Amazing Stories Metropolis (dir. Fritz Lang) 1927 H. P. Lovecraft, “The Colour Out of Space” 1928 H. P. Lovecraft, “The Call of Cthulhu” E. E. Smith, The Skylark of Space Buck Rogers debuts in “Armageddon 2419 ad” (comic 1929)

xxiii

Chronology

1929 David H. Keller, “The Conquerors” Leslie F. Stone, “Letter of the Twenty-Fourth Century” 1930 Lilith Lorraine, “Into the 28th Century” Olaf Stapledon, Last and First Men John Taine, The Iron Star Philip Wylie, Gladiator Astounding Science-Fiction launches The Comet appears, the first science fiction fanzine 1931 Edmond Hamilton, “The Man Who Evolved” H. P. Lovecraft, “The Whisperer in Darkness” George S. Schuyler, Black No More Frankenstein (dir. James Whale) 1932 Aldous Huxley, Brave New World Amelia Long Reynolds, “Omega” 1933 John W. Campbell, “Twilight” Laurence Manning, The Man Who Awoke Philip Wylie and Edwin Balmer, When Worlds Collide (sequel After Worlds Collide [1934]) 1934 Murray Leinster, “Sidewise in Time” E. E. Smith, “Lensman” series (multiple sequels) Donald Wandrei, “Colossus” Stanley G. Weinbaum, “A Martian Odyssey” Flash Gordon debuts DC Comics founded (as National Allied Publications) 1935 John W. Campbell, “Night” Sinclair Lewis, It Can’t Happen Here Nat Schachner (as Chan Corbett), “When the Sun Dies” Olaf Stapledon, Odd John 1936 H. P. Lovecraft, “At the Mountains of Madness” George S. Schuyler, Black Empire Things to Come (dir. William Cameron Menzies) 1938 John W. Campbell, Jr. (as Don Stuart), “Who Goes There?” Lester del Rey, “Helen O’Loy” John Campbell becomes editor of Astounding Science-Fiction Superman debuts in Action Comics #1 Orson Welles, War of the Worlds radio hoax 1939 L. Sprague De Camp, “Lest Darkness Fall” (novel 1941) Dalton Trumbo, Johnny Got His Gun Stanley G. Weinbaum, The New Adam Marvel Comics founded (as Timely Comics) New York World’s Fair The first Worldcon is held in New York City 1940 Robert A. Heinlein, “The Roads Must Roll” Robert A Heinlein, ‘“If This Goes On –’” A. E. van Vogt, Slan (book 1946) Superman radio series premieres

xxiv

Chronology

1941 Isaac Asimov, “Nightfall” Robert A. Heinlein, “Universe” Robert A. Heinlein, “By His Bootstraps” L. Sprague De Camp, Lest Darkness Fall Theodore Sturgeon, “Microcosmic God” 1942 Isaac Asimov, “Foundation” (book 1951) Robert A. Heinlein, Beyond This Horizon (book 1948) 1943 Ayn Rand, The Fountainhead 1944 C. L. Moore, “No Woman Born” 1945 Murray Leinster, “First Contact” 1946 Groff Conklin, ed., The Best Science Fiction (anthology) Raymond J. Healy and J. Francis McComas, eds. Adventures in Time and Space (anthology) 1947 Robert A. Heinlein, Rocket Ship Galileo 1948 Shirley Jackson, “The Lottery” Judith Merril, “That Only a Mother” B. F. Skinner, Walden Two 1949 Everett Bleiler and T. E. Dikty, eds. The Best Science Fiction Stories George Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four H. Beam Piper, “He Walked Around the Horses” George R. Stewart, Earth Abides Jack Vance, “The Kind of Thieves” Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction launched 1950 Isaac Asimov, I, Robot (linked collection) Ray Bradbury, The Martian Chronicles (linked collection) Judith Merril, Shadows on the Hearth Jack Vance, The Dying Earth Galaxy Science Fiction launched (dir. Irving Pichel) Destination Moon (dir. Irving Pichel) 1951 Ray Bradbury, The Illustrated Man (loosely linked collection) John Wyndham, The Day of the Trifﬁds The Day the Earth Stood Still (dir. Robert Wise) 1952 Ray Bradbury, “A Sound of Thunder” Philip José Farmer, “The Lovers” Vladimir Nabokov, “Lance” Clifford D. Simak, City (linked collection) Theodore Sturgeon, “The World Well Lost” Osamu Tezuka, Astro Boy v.1 (anime premiered 1963, remakes in 1980 and 2003, movie in 2009) 1953 Alfred Bester, The Demolished Man, winner of the ﬁrst Hugo Award for Best Novel Ray Bradbury, Fahrenheit 451 Arthur C. Clarke, Childhood’s End Hal Clement, Mission of Gravity Ward Moore, Bring the Jubilee and “Lot” (sequel, “Lot’s Daughter,” 1954)

xxv

Chronology

Frederik Pohl and C. M. Kornbluth, The Space Merchants Frederik Pohl, ed., Star Science Fiction Stories (anthology) Clifford D. Simak, Ring Around the Sun Theodore Sturgeon, E Pluribus Unicorn (collection) Theodore Sturgeon, More Than Human War of the Worlds (dir. Bryon Haskin) 1954 Poul Anderson, Brain Wave Isaac Asimov, The Caves of Steel (multiple sequels) Hal Clement, Mission of Gravity Tom Godwin, “The Cold Equations” Richard Matheson, I Am Legend Frederik Pohl, “The Tunnel under the World” This Island Earth (dirs. Joseph M. Newman and Jack Arnold) 1955 Isaac Asimov, The End of Eternity James Blish, Earthmen, Come Home (ﬁx-up novel) Leigh Brackett, The Long Tomorrow Fredric Brown, Martians, Go Home Arthur C. Clarke, “The Star” Jack Finney, The Body Snatchers William Tenn, Of All Possible Worlds (collection) Tomorrowland opens at Disneyland 1956 Alfred Bester, Tiger! Tiger! (US: The Stars My Destination, 1957) Arthur C. Clarke, The City and the Stars Philip K. Dick, “Minority Report” Robert A. Heinlein, Double Star Judith Merril, ed., The Year’s Greatest Science-Fiction and Fantasy (anthology) Invasion of the Body Snatchers (dir. Don Siegel) Forbidden Planet (dir. Fred M. Wilcox) 1957 Ayn Rand, Atlas Shrugged 1958 Brian W. Aldiss, Non-Stop (US: Starship) James Blish, A Case of Conscience Robert Heinlein, “All You Zombies” Ivan Antonovich Yefremov, Andromeda 1959 Alfred Bester, “The Men Who Murdered Mohammed” William S. Burroughs, Naked Lunch Richard Condon, The Manchurian Candidate Philip K. Dick, Time Out of Joint Pat Frank, Alas, Babylon Robert A. Heinlein, Starship Troopers Daniel Keyes, “Flowers for Algernon” (book 1966) Kurt Vonnegut, Jr., The Sirens of Titan The Twilight Zone premieres Extrapolation founded 1960 Poul Anderson, The High Crusade Rachel Carson, Silent Spring

xxvi

Chronology

Philip José Farmer, Strange Relations (linked collection) Walter M. Miller, Jr., A Canticle for Leibowitz Theodore Sturgeon, Venus Plus X The Time Machine (dir. George Pal) 1961 Gordon R. Dickson, Naked to the Stars Harry Harrison, The Stainless Steel Rat Robert A. Heinlein, Strangers in a Strange Land Zenna Henderson, Pilgrimage: The Book of the People (linked collection) Stanslaw Lem, Solaris (transl. US 1970) Cordwainer Smith, “Alpha Ralpha Boulevard” Leó Szilárd, “The Voice of the Dolphins” Fantastic Four debut in Fantastic Four #1 1962 J. G. Ballard, The Drowned World Philip K. Dick, The Man in the High Castle Naomi Mitchison, Memoirs of a Spacewoman Madeline L’Engle, A Wrinkle in Time Eric Frank Russell, The Great Explosion The Manchurian Candidate (dir. John Frankenheimer) The Jetsons premieres Spacewar! (first computer game) 1963 Kurt Vonnegut, Cat’s Cradle The Outer Limits premieres First broadcast of Doctor Who 1964 Philip K. Dick, Martian Time-Slip Robert A. Heinlein, Farmham’s Freehold Dr. Strangelove (dir. Stanley Kubrick) New York World’s Fair 1965 Philip K. Dick, Dr. Bloodmoney Harlan Ellison, “‘Repent, Harlequin!’ Said the Ticktockman” Harry Harrison, “The Streets of Ashkelon” Frank Herbert, Dune, winner of the first Nebula Award for best novel Jack Vance, Space Opera Donald A. Wollheim and Terry Carr, eds., The World’s Best Science Fiction: 1965 (anthology) Lost in Space premieres 1966 Samuel R. Delany, Babel-17 Philip K. Dick, “We Can Remember It For You Wholesale” Harry Harrison, Make Room! Make Room! Robert A. Heinlein, The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress Damon Knight, ed., Orbit I (annual original anthology) Frederik Pohl, “Day Million” Thomas Pynchon, The Crying of Lot 49 Keith Roberts, “The Signaller” Star Trek first broadcast in the USA 1967 Samuel R. Delany, The Einstein Intersection Philip Jose Farmer, Riders of the Purple Wage

xxvii

Chronology

Harlan Ellison, ed., Dangerous Visions (anthology) Roger Zelazny, Lord of Light Pamela Zoline, “The Heat Death of the Universe” 1968 John Brunner, Stand on Zanzibar Philip K. Dick, Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? Thomas M. Disch, Camp Concentration Stanislaw Lem, Solaris Anne McCaffrey, Dragonflight Judith Merril, ed., England Swings SF (anthology) Alexei Panshin, Rite of Passage Keith Roberts, Pavane Robert Silverberg, Hawksbill Station 2001: A Space Odyssey (dir. Stanley Kubrick) Planet of the Apes (dir. Franklin J. Schaffner) 1969 Michael Crichton, The Andromeda Strain Philip K. Dick, Ubik Harlan Ellison, “A Boy and His Dog” Ursula K. Le Guin, The Left Hand of Darkness Anne McCafferty, The Ship Who Sang Vladimir Nabokov, Ada, or Ardor Alice Sheldon (as James Tiptree, Jr), “The Last Flight of Dr. Ain” Kurt Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse-Five 1970 Larry Niven, Ringworld The first ComicCon is held in San Diego Science Fiction Research Association founded 1971 Terry Carr, ed., Universe I (annual original anthology) Samuel R. Delany, Driftglass Larry Niven, “All the Myriad Ways” Ursula K. Le Guin, The Lathe of Heaven Robert Silverberg, The World Inside 1972 Isaac Asimov, The Gods Themselves Thomas Disch, 334 Harlan Ellison, ed., Again, Dangerous Visions (anthology) David Gerrold, The Man Who Folded Himself Ursula K. Le Guin, “The Word for World Is Forest” (book 1976) Barry Malzberg, Beyond Apollo Ishmael Reed, Mumbo Jumbo Joanna Russ, “When It Changed” Arkadi and Boris Strugatsky, Roadside Picnic Darko Suvin, “On the Poetics of the Science Fiction Genre” (book Metamorphoses of Science Fiction [1979]) Gene Wolfe, The Fifth Head of Cerberus Science Fiction Foundation begins the journal Foundation A Clockwork Orange (dir. Stanley Kubrick) The first Star Trek convention is held in New York 1973 Arthur C. Clarke, Rendezvous with Rama

xxviii

Chronology

Ursula K. Le Guin, “The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas” Thomas Pynchon, Gravity’s Rainbow Mack Reynolds, Looking Backward, from the Year 2000 Alice Sheldon (as James Tiptree, Jr.), Ten Thousand Light Years from Home (collection) and “The Women Men Don’t See” Ian Watson, The Embedding Sleeper (dir. Woody Allen) Soylent Green (dir. Richard Fleischer) Science-Fiction Studies begins publication 1974 Suzy McKee Charnas, Walk to the End of the World Joe Haldeman, The Forever War Ursula J. Le Guin, The Dispossessed Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle, The Mote in God’s Eye (sequel The Gripping Hand [1993]) Land of the Lost premieres 1975 Ernest Callenbach, Ecotopia Samuel R. Delany, Dhalgren Salman Rushdie, Grimus Joanna Russ, The Female Man Pamela Sargent, ed., Women of Wonder: SF Stories by Women About Women (anthology) Robert Shea and Robert Anton Wilson, Illuminatus! Space Is the Place (dir. John Coney, featuring jazz musician Sun Ra) The Rocky Horror Picture Show (dir. Jim Sharman) 1976 Octavia E. Butler, Patternmaster Samuel R. Delany, Triton Marge Piercy, Woman on the Edge of Time Alice Sheldon (as James Tiptree Jr.), “Houston, Houston, Do you Read?” Logan’s Run (dir. Michael Anderson) 1977 Mack Reynolds, After Utopia Joanna Russ, We Who Are About To ... Alice Sheldon (as James Tiptree, Jr.), “The Screwﬂy Solution” Leslie Marmon Silko, Ceremony Close Encounters of the Third Kind (dir. Steven Spielberg) Star Wars (dir. George Lucas, sequels The Empire Strikes Back [1979] and The Return of the Jedi [1983]) 1978 Stephen King, The Stand Vonda MacIntyre, Dreamsnake Dawn of the Dead (dir. George Romero) Invasion of the Body Snatchers (dir. Philip Kaufman) Battlestar Galactica (original series) premieres Space Invaders (Taito Corporation) 1979 Douglas Adams, The Hitch-Hiker’s Guide to the Galaxy (ﬁlm 2005) Octavia E. Butler, Kindred John Crowley, Engine Summer Sally Miller Gearhart, The Wanderground

xxix

Chronology

Frederik Pohl, Gateway Mack Reynolds, Lagrange 5 Kurt Vonnegut Jr., Slaughterhouse-Five Alien (dir. Ridley Scott, sequel Aliens [1986]) Mad Max (dir. George Miller, sequels Mad Max 2 – The Road Warrior [1981], Beyond Thunderdome [1985], Fury Road [2015]) Star Trek: The Motion Picture (dir. Robert Wise) Superman (dir. Richard Donner) 1980 Gregory Benford, Timescape Suzy McKee Charnas, The Vampire Tapestry Gene Wolfe, The Shadow of the Torturer (first volume of The Book of the New Sun) Missile Command (Atari) 1981 C. J. Cherryh, Downbelow Station Philip K. Dicks, VALIS William Gibson, “The Gernsback Continuum” Salman Rushdie, Midnight’s Children Vernor Vinge, “True Names” 1982 Brian W. Aldiss, Helliconia Spring (Helliconia 1) Hayao Miyazaki, Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (film 1984) Katsuhiro Ôtomo, Akira v.1 (film 1988) Blade Runner (dir. Ridley Scott) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (dir. Steven Spielberg) The Thing (dir. John Carpenter) TRON (dir. Joseph Kosinski) EPCOT Center opens International Association for the Fantastic in the Arts founded 1983 David Brin, Startide Rising Born in Flames (dir. Lizzie Borden) WarGames (dir. John Badham) V and The Day After premiere 1984 Octavia E. Butler, “Blood Child” Samuel R. Delany, Stars in My Pocket Like Grains of Sand Gardner Dozois, ed., The Year’s Best Science Fiction: First Annual Collection (anthology) Suzette Haden Elgin, Native Tongue William Gibson, Neuromancer Gwyneth Jones, Divine Endurance Frederik Pohl and Elizabeth Anne Hull, eds., Tales from the Planet Earth (anthology) Kim Stanley Robinson, “The Lucky Strike” and The Wild Shore The Brother from Another Planet (dir. John Sayles) The Terminator (dir. James Cameron, multiple sequels) 1985 Margaret Atwood, The Handmaid’s Tale Greg Bear, Blood Music and Eon Orson Scott Card, Ender’s Game (multiple sequels) (film 2013) Don DeLillo, White Noise

xxx

Chronology

Ursula K. Le Guin, Always Coming Home Alan Moore and Dave Gibbons, Watchmen James Morrow, This Is the Way the World Ends Carl Sagan, Contact Lewis Shiner and Bruce Sterling, “Mozart in Mirrorshades” Bruce Sterline, Schismatrix Kurt Vonnegut, Galápagos Back to the Future (dir. Robert Zemeckis, sequels 1989 and 1990) Brazil (dir. Terry Gilliam) 1986 Lois McMaster Bujold, Ethan of Athos Orson Scott Card, Speaker for the Dead Ken Grimwood, Replay Pamela Sargent, The Shore of Women Joan Slonczewski, A Door into Ocean Bruce Sterling (ed.), Mirrorshades (anthology) Metroid (Nintendo) 1987 Iain M. Banks, Consider Phlebas Octavia E. Butler, Dawn (sequels Adulthood Rites [1988] and Imago [1989]) Pat Cardigan, Mindplayers Judith Moffett, Pennterra Lucius Shepard, Life During Wartime Michael Swanwick, Vacuum Flowers Robocop (dir. Paul Verhoeven) Star Trek: The Next Generation and Max Headroom premiere Mega-Man (Capcom) 1988 John Barnes, Sin of Origin Terry Bisson, Fire on the Mountain David Markson, Wittgenstein’s Mistress Masamune Shirow, Ghost in the Shell (ﬁlm 1995; sequels Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex [2002], Ghost in the Shell: Arise [2013]) Sheri S. Tepper, The Gate to Woman’s Country They Live! (dir. John Carpenter) Mystery Science Theater 3000 premieres 1989 Orson Scott Card, The Folk of the Fringe Geoff Ryman, The Child Garden Dan Simmons, Hyperion Bruce Sterling, “Dori Bangs” Sheri S. Tepper, Grass Dingbo Wu, ed., Science Fiction from China (anthology) Batman (dir. Tim Burton) Alien Nation and Quantum Leap premiere 1990 David Brin, Earth Colin Greenland, Take Back Plenty Kim Stanley Robinson, Paciﬁc Edge Sheri. S. Tepper, Raising the Stones

xxxi