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Eumarcia Paupercula (Bivalvia: Veneridae) from Maputo Bay, Mozambique

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Eumarcia Paupercula (Bivalvia: Veneridae) from Maputo Bay, Mozambique Western Indian Ocean JOURNAL OF Marine Science Volume 16 | Issue 2 | Jul – Dec 2017 | ISSN: 0856-860X Chief Editor José Paula Western Indian Ocean JOURNAL OF Marine Science Chief Editor José Paula | Faculty of Sciences of University of Lisbon, Portugal Copy Editor Timothy Andrew Editorial Board Lena GIPPERTH Joseph MAINA Sweden Australia Serge ANDREFOUËT France Johan GROENEVELD Aviti MMOCHI South Africa Tanzania Ranjeet BHAGOOLI Mauritius Issufo HALO Nyawira MUTHIGA Salomão BANDEIRA South Africa/Mozambique Kenya Mozambique Christina HICKS Brent NEWMAN Betsy Anne BEYMER-FARRIS Australia/UK South Africa USA/Norway Johnson KITHEKA Jan ROBINSON Jared BOSIRE Kenya Seycheles Kenya Kassim KULINDWA Sérgio ROSENDO Atanásio BRITO Tanzania Portugal Mozambique Louis CELLIERS Thierry LAVITRA Melita SAMOILYS South Africa Madagascar Kenya Pascale CHABANET Blandina LUGENDO Max TROELL Reunion (France) Tanzania Sweden Published biannually Aims and scope: The Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science provides an avenue for the wide dissem- ination of high quality research generated in the Western Indian Ocean (WIO) region, in particular on the sustainable use of coastal and marine resources. This is central to the goal of supporting and promoting sustainable coastal development in the region, as well as contributing to the global base of marine science. The journal publishes original research articles dealing with all aspects of marine science and coastal manage- ment. Topics include, but are not limited to: theoretical studies, oceanography, marine biology and ecology, fisheries, recovery and restoration processes, legal and institutional frameworks, and interactions/relationships between humans and the coastal and marine environment. In addition, Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science features state-of-the-art review articles and short communications. The journal will, from time to time, consist of special issues on major events or important thematic issues. Submitted articles are subjected to standard peer-review prior to publication. Manuscript submissions should be preferably made via the African Journals Online (AJOL) submission plat- form (http://www.ajol.info/index.php/wiojms/about/submissions). Any queries and further editorial corre- spondence should be sent by e-mail to the Chief Editor, [email protected]. Details concerning the preparation and submission of articles can be found in each issue and at http://www.wiomsa.org/wio-journal-of-marine- science/ and AJOL site. Disclaimer: Statements in the Journal reflect the views of the authors, and not necessarily those of WIOMSA, the editors or publisher. Copyright © 2017 —Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association (WIOMSA) No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the copyright holder. ISSN 0856-860X Cover image: Woman collecting ascideans at Ponta Mazondue, Inhaca Island, Mozambique (© José Paula, 2005) WIO Journal of Marine Science 16 (2 ) 2017 69-77 Original Article 69 Reproductive biology of the beaked clam Eumarcia paupercula (Bivalvia: Veneridae) from Maputo Bay, Mozambique Eulália D. Mugabe 1,3*, Carlota A. Amoda1,2, Charles L. Griffiths3 1 Centre of Coastal Studies and School 2 National Institute of Fisheries 3 Marine Biology Research Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Research, Av. 07 de Setembro 1466, and Department of Biological Sciences, Eduardo Mondlane University, Quelimane, Mozambique University of Cape Town, Chuabo Dembe, P.O.Box 128, Rondebosch 7701, Quelimane, Mozambique South Africa. * Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract The beaked clam Eumarcia paupercula (Holten 1802) (Bivalvia: Veneridae) is an important fishery resource for local artisanal fishers in Maputo Bay. Its annual reproductive cycle was described by following seasonal fluctuations in the condition index of the population occupying a tidal flat, and by analysing fresh gonad smears to confirm that changes in condition were, in fact, due to gonad state. Macroscopic gonad observations and changes in body condi- tion confirmed that E. paupercula is a year-round breeder with three spawning peaks, with the major spawning peri- ods occurring during summer. The spawning pattern found in this study is similar to other clams inhabiting similar tropical ecosystems. Keywords: Reproductive activity, condition index, Eumarcia paupercula, Maputo Bay, venerid clam Introduction cycle of E. paupercula, particularly its spawning time. The stages and frequency of gonadal maturation in This is because most of the management measures clams varies among species and are typically depend- applied in fisheries are related to the capacity of a ent on environmental conditions (Laruelle et al., species to reproduce and recruit to compensate for 1994; Adkins et al., 2016). Various studies on repro- its removal by fishing. This study represents the first ductive patterns have shown that clams exhibit long attempt to describe the reproductive activity of the spawning periods over the year (Narasimham et al., beaked clam, E. paupercula, inhabiting Maputo Bay. 1988; McLachlan et al., 1996; Tirado and Salas, 1999; Denadai et al., 2015). This is particularly true in ven- Methods erids, in which spawning typically peaks one to three Study area times a year (Laruelle et al., 1994; Jagadis and Rajago- Maputo Bay is located in southern Mozambique, pal, 2007; Luz and Boehs, 2011). between 25º55’ and 26º10’S, and 32º40’ and 32º55’ E (Fig. 1). The total area of the Bay is 1280 km2, of which The venerid clam Eumarcia paupercula inhabits sandy approximately 774 km2 constitutes the sub-littoral and muddy bottoms, and it is usually found 2–3 cm zone, while the remainder is equally divided between below the surface in the intertidal zone. It is one of the intertidal areas and sand dunes (Lencart et al., 2010). most important commercial clam species in Maputo Sampling for E. paupercula took place at Costa do Sol Bay, Mozambique (Scarlet, 2005; Rosendo, 2008; beach, an intertidal sandflat that is the major fishing Vicente and Bandeira, 2014). Effective regulation of area in Maputo Bay and a major source of harvested this fishery requires understanding of the reproductive E. paupercula. 70 WIO Journal of Marine Science 16 (2 ) 2017 69-77 | E. Mugabe et al. Figure 1. Maputo Bay, with rivers discharging into the Bay and main cities marked as black dots (Matola Figureand Maputo). 1. Sample collection Description of reproductive cycle Sixty clams measuring ≥ 20 mm in length were collected Two methods were used to describe the reproduc- during low spring tides each month between November tive activity of E. paupercula. The first was a measure 2012 and April 2014. Thirty of these clams were used of condition index, expressed as the fluctuation for gonad smear observations and macroscopic gonad in flesh dry weight (FDW) of a standard sized (30 analysis, and the other 30 for measuring the condition mm shell length) individual. The changes in FDW index (CI). In addition, three replicate water tempera- of the standard 30 mm individual were calculated ture (˚C) and salinity measurements were made in situ from monthly length/condition regressions of 30 on each day of sampling. A hand-held digital thermom- individual clams, which were fitted using a power eter and refractometer were used to record temperature function (FDW = aLb). The weight of a standard sized and salinity, respectively. Total monthly rainfall data for individual was determined using each monthly the study period were obtained from the Mozambican regression. Regressions were fitted using the SPSS 22.0 National Institute of Meteorology, Maputo. statistical package. E. Mugabe et al. | WIO Journal of Marine Science 16 (2 ) 2017 69-77 71 The second method was based on a macroscopic Stage 4 – Partial Release (PR): gonad is cream coloured examination of gonad maturation for 30 clams in and has a loose consistency. which the reproductive state of each clam was scored Stage 5 – Total Release (TR): colour of gonad becomes following a visual scale of stages, developed from light cream to white in colour. Sex remains identifi- a combination of scales defined for other venerids able when cutting the gonad tissue. At this stage, all (Shafee and Daoudi, 1991; Baron, 1992; Jagadis and mature gametes have been released. Rajagopal, 2007), as follows: Stage 1 – Inactive (INA): the gonad is barely discern- Sexual products were also taken and sex determined ible macroscopically and tissue is limited to a thin by performing a smear and observing this at 400 X translucent and colourless layer. In most individuals, magnification, and sex ratio was presented as percent- sex is indeterminate at this stage. ages of males and females. To determine if the sex ratio differed from 1:1, a Chi-square test χ( 2) was con- Stage 2 – Maturing (MAT): whitish gonad clearly ducted each month. observed. The space occupied by the gonad is small and the digestive diverticula (dark green to black) can Data Analysis be seen once a clam is opened. Pearson’s correlation was used to compare relation- Stage 3 – Ripe (RIP): gonad is cream coloured, has ships between environmental variables and CI. One- reached the maximum size and become turgid, cover- way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by a post ing a major part of the digestive diverticula and diffus- hoc Tukey test, was used to test for significant differ- ing to the foot area. The release of reproductive mate- ences in CIs among
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