DOCSLIB.ORG

Imp Ibex Mann

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Imp Ibex Mann ALPINE MARMOT (Marmota marmota, L.) Mann C. S.*, Macchi E.**, Janeau G.* *I.R.G.M. - Faune Sauvage, I.N.R.A. - BP 27, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan Cedex (France) **Dipartimento di Produzioni Animali, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino (Italy) IBEX J.M.E. 1:17-30 1 Systematic Status Class: Mammals Sub-family: Sciurinae Order: Rodents Genus: Marmota Family: Sciuridae Species: marmota French: Marmotte; German: Murmeltier (n); Italian: Marmotta; Spanish: Marmota. Species belonging to the genus Marmota (according to Nowak & Paradiso, 1983: 11 species): M. monax, M. flaviventris, M. caligata: North-América M. olympus*, M. vancouverensis*, M. broweri*: North-América (* Species belonging to the “caligata group” in Ellerman 1940, M. broweri as M. caligata broweri) M. caudata, M. menzbieri: Asia M. camtschatica: Asia (belonging to the “caligata group” in Ellerman, 1940); M. bobak: Europe + Asia M. marmota: Europe 2. Origins and distribution but also in America and Europe (migration 2.1 Origins: Asia → America → Europe) all of which com- The first rodents - During the Paleocene municated quite freely in that period (Russell, (some 60 million years ago), in Asia, a group of 1968). mammals appeared with a novel masticatory The first American and European rodents apparatus that enabled them to gnaw (with belonged to the family Paramyidae (Wood, strong incisors) and chew (with cheek teeth), 1962): Paramys atavus appeared in North gnaw and chew... in quick succession. From American forests in the late Paleocene/early this fossil group of mammals known as the Eocene (Chaline & Mein, 1979; Vianey-Liaud, mixodonts (Mixodentia = Anagalida) and to 1985) and Paramys sp. in Europe as early as the which for instance the chinese Heomys orienta- Lower Eocene (Hartenberger, 1989). They lis belonged, two “sibling orders” both deserve special mention here as the pre- (Hartenberger, 1977) branched out: the sent dental pattern of Marmota is exactly the rodents and the lagomorphs. same as that of these very ancient rodents! According to current knowledge, rodents first (Hartenberger, 1992 pers. comm.) appeared in China during the Paleocene, some At the beginning of the Lower Eocene, Europe 56 million years ago (see fig.1) (Li Chuan and North America were finally completely Kuei, 1977; Mein, 1992). They radiated separated by the Atlantic. The land-area of outwards extremely fast since true rodents Europe was at that time an island separated already exis-ted at the start of the Lower from Asia by a shallow sea and for 15 million Eocene (-55 M Y) not only in Asia (Cocomys) years original fauna developed there. However, IBEX J.M.E. 1:1993 17 Mann C. S., Macchi E. & G. Janeau Monograph events were to change drastically. probably the birthplace of the Marmotini The T.E.E. and the “Grande Coupure” - The which date back to the lower Miocene with end of the Eocene, about 35 million years ago Miospermophilus (Black, 1963; Mein, op. cit.) (recent datings give 34 MYA), was marked by and subsequently radiated both in America and worldwide climatic changes (the Terminal in Eurasia (Chaline & Mein, op. cit.). Eocene Event) and deep tectonic movements The genus Marmota also appeared in America, which led to the disappearance of the sea in during the Pliocene (Black, op. cit.), and then Eastern Europe. The combination of these cli- migrated along with the horse across the frozen matic and tectonic events in Europe led to Bering Straits to Eurasia at the end of the what palaeontologists call the “Grande Tertiary/beginning of the Quaternary (Mein, Coupure”, i.e. a tremendous modification of op. cit.). the fauna in the early Oligocene. Broadly, cli- Marmots reached Europe around 250,000 years matic changes caused most species of that ago, before or during the Riss *** glaciation. period to die out* (Hartenberger, 1983), inclu- During the Würm period (a series of successive ding rodents**, and the end of Europe’s isola- glacial phases interrupted by warmer episodes) tion meant that external species (mostly from marmots in Europe lived in the lowlands Asia) were free to occupy the newly abando- during the colder phases and sought refuge in ned ecological niches (ibid.). the mountains during the warmer ones. The This was a major step in the history of rodents split between Marmota bobak and Marmota as almost all of the old European Eocene bran- marmota started at that time by an alternation ches disappeared and the first members of the of contact (in the lowlands during the glacial modern families, especially the Sciuridae, took phases) and isolation (in the mountains during over from them. the interglacials) of populations (Chaline, 1972). The split became final after the ultima- Appearance and development of the te retreat of the Pleistocene ice about 10,000 Sciuridae... - They appeared as early as the years ago when Marmota marmota sought per- Lower Oligocene both in North America manent refuge in the mountains. (Protosciurus) and in Europe (Palaeosciurus, Vianey-Liaud, op. cit.) and have evolved consi- derably since (flying, arboreal and terrestrial * even complete groups were wiped out, such as the European primates (Mein op cit.). forms), especially as regards the American ** except for the Gliridae (Hartenberger pers. comm. 1992) ground squirrels (Mein, op. cit.). *** fossils of Marmota from the Riss period in Europe ...up to the marmots - North America is (Chaline, 1972; Mein, op cit.) Fig. 1 - Major steps during the Tertiary and the Quaternary in the evolution leading to Marmota marmota 18 IBEX J.M.E. 1:1993 Monograph Mann C. S., Macchi E. & G. Janeau 2.2 Distribution - Marmota marmota was wide- there in Europe (e.g. Roumania, Ramousse, op. spread after the Würm period: from Central cit.). Europe (Carpathians) to the Pyrenees, inclu- ding the Apennines and the Dinar Alps in the 3. Tracks south. But its distribution then considerably The presence of marmots is best recognised by receded during the Quaternary under the pres- their call: alarm call upon the approach of a sure of climate and other events. walker, repeated calls at dawn or towards the At the present time, marmots are found (Fig. end of the day. Burrows are more easily spotted 2) in the Carpathians, Tatras mountains inclu- by the debris in front of them than by the ope- Fig. 2 - Distribution of Marmota marmota ded (Huber, 1978), in the Pyrenees, in the nings themselves: this debris is conspicuous Alps, in part of the Apennines and in some from a great distance as it remains bare and is other locations (see below). only colonised by vegetation if the hole is sel- In many of these areas however, the species dom or never used. In the summer, these two was (re)introduced both to establish new clues (call and debris) give a reliable indication nuclei or for restocking already existing popula- of the presence of marmots from a distance, tions. and with a little patience will help in spotting Such operations have been carried out: in the the animals themselves. Pyrenees since 1948 both on the French and The latrines (a shallow hole in the ground, Spanish sides (Couturier, 1964; Herrero, 1978; often beneath a block) can be found if you Nebel, 1992), in the French Alps, Jura, Vosges have a good sense of smell or after careful and Massif Central (e.g. Magnani, 1992; exploration and it is then possible to tell Ramousse, 1992), in the Swiss Jura (Neet, whether the faeces are recent. 1992), in the Tosco-Emiliano Appennines and From July to early August paths such as those Italian Alps (Ferri et al., 1988; Chiesura that run from burrow to burrow are quite con- Corona, 1992; Panseri, 1992) and here and spicuous and show up the routes most com- IBEX J.M.E. 1:1993 19 Mann C. S., Macchi E. & G. Janeau Monograph monly taken by the animals. - The retina is totally devoid of rods and the- When the winter turns into spring (end of refore unsuitable for night vision. It is also April to May) and if the snow cover is even devoid of a fovea, giving the animal a visual and deep enough the often dirt-stained burrow acuity “certainly better than that of other openings are visible from quite a distance. rodents, whilst not as good as that of humans” Footprints can also be found in the snow but (Rochon-Duvigneaud, 1955). The field of are quickly spoilt by the repeated passages of vision is very wide both sideways and upwards, the animals and even more by the sun. because of the location of the eyes mainly. 4. Physical Features Size, weight and gait - The marmot is a stubby 5. Ecology and Ethology animal with short ears, a stout body and hardly 5.1 Preferred habitat - The marmot is rare in any neck, a morphology adapted to the life of a the mountain belt and in the forested subalpi- burrower. An adult (head + body) measures ne belt, it is mainly an inhabitant of the subal- roughly 50-60 cm in length, and its tail is rou- pine and alpine meadows. The highest local ghly 15 cm long. Body weight varies tremen- densities are found in scree with large to dously with the season because of hibernation medium sized blocks long since stabilized and (see § 7). As a rough guide, the weight of an totally or partially overgrown with vegetation. average adult is around 5 kg (or more) in The most populated parts of the grassland are September and drops to 2.5 kg (or less) in those where blocks are present both on the sur- April just after hibernation. face and underground. The marmot also lives Its walking gait is slightly rolling and its run by the edge of the forest but is not a true forest has been well described by Hainard (1988): dweller.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Alarm Calling in Yellow-Bellied Marmots: I
    Anim. Behav., 1997, 53, 143–171 Alarm calling in yellow-bellied marmots: I. The meaning of situationally variable alarm calls DANIEL T. BLUMSTEIN & KENNETH B. ARMITAGE Department of Systematics and Ecology, University of Kansas (Received 27 November 1995; initial acceptance 27 January 1996; final acceptance 13 May 1996; MS. number: 7461) Abstract. Yellow-bellied marmots, Marmota flaviventris, were reported to produce qualitatively different alarm calls in response to different predators. To test this claim rigorously, yellow-bellied marmot alarm communication was studied at two study sites in Colorado and at one site in Utah. Natural alarm calls were observed and alarm calls were artificially elicited with trained dogs, a model badger, a radiocontrolled glider and by walking towards marmots. Marmots ‘whistled’, ‘chucked’ and ‘trilled’ in response to alarming stimuli. There was no evidence that either of the three call types, or the acoustic structure of whistles, the most common alarm call, uniquely covaried with predator type. Marmots primarily varied the rate, and potentially a few frequency characteristics, as a function of the risk the caller experienced. Playback experiments were conducted to determine the effects of call type (chucks versus whistles), whistle rate and whistle volume on marmot responsiveness. Playback results suggested that variation in whistle number/rate could communicate variation in risk. No evidence was found of intraspecific variation in the mechanism used to communicate risk: marmots at all study sites produced the same vocalizations and appeared to vary call rate as a function of risk. There was significant individual variation in call structure, but acoustic parameters that were individually variable were not used to communicate variation in risk.
    [Show full text]
  • The Successful Introduction of the Alpine Marmot Marmota Marmota In
    JOBNAME: No Job Name PAGE: 1 SESS: 18 OUTPUT: Mon Mar 12 14:45:29 2012 SUM: 8A81CE40 /v2503/blackwell/journals/mam_v0_i0_new_style_2010/mam_212 Mammal Rev. 2012 1 REVIEW 2 3 The successful introduction of the alpine marmot 4 Marmota marmota in the Pyrenees, Iberian Peninsula, 5 Western Europe 6 7 Isabel C. BARRIO* Pyrenean Institute of Ecology, Avda, Regimiento de Galicia s/n 8 PO Box 64, 22700 Jaca (Huesca), Spain, and Department of Biological Sciences, 9 University of Alberta T6G 2E9 Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. 10 E-mail: [email protected] 11 Juan HERRERO Technical School of Huesca, University of Zaragoza, 22071 Huesca, 12 Spain. E-mail: [email protected] 13 C. Guillermo BUENO Pyrenean Institute of Ecology, Avda. Regimiento de Galicia 14 s/n PO Box 64, 22700 Jaca (Huesca), Spain, and Department of Biological Sciences, 15 University of Alberta T6G 2E9 Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. 16 E-mail: [email protected] 17 Bernat C. LÓPEZ Center for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications, 18 Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain. 19 E-mail: [email protected] 20 Arantza ALDEZABAL Landare-Biologia eta Ekologia Saila, UPV-EHU, PO Box 644, 21 48080 Bilbo, Spain. E-mail: [email protected] 22 Ahimsa CAMPOS-ARCEIZ School of Geography, University of Nottingham 23 Malaysian Campus, Semenyih 43,500, Selangor, Malaysia. 24 E-mail: [email protected] 25 Ricardo GARCÍA-GONZÁLEZ Pyrenean Institute of Ecology, Avda. Regimiento de 26 Galicia s/n PO Box 64, 22700 Jaca (Huesca), Spain. E-mail: [email protected] 27 28 29 ABSTRACT 30 1. The introduction of non-native species can pose environmental and economic 31 risks, but under some conditions, introductions can serve conservation or recre- 32 ational objectives.
    [Show full text]
  • List of 28 Orders, 129 Families, 598 Genera and 1121 Species in Mammal Images Library 31 December 2013
    What the American Society of Mammalogists has in the images library LIST OF 28 ORDERS, 129 FAMILIES, 598 GENERA AND 1121 SPECIES IN MAMMAL IMAGES LIBRARY 31 DECEMBER 2013 AFROSORICIDA (5 genera, 5 species) – golden moles and tenrecs CHRYSOCHLORIDAE - golden moles Chrysospalax villosus - Rough-haired Golden Mole TENRECIDAE - tenrecs 1. Echinops telfairi - Lesser Hedgehog Tenrec 2. Hemicentetes semispinosus – Lowland Streaked Tenrec 3. Microgale dobsoni - Dobson’s Shrew Tenrec 4. Tenrec ecaudatus – Tailless Tenrec ARTIODACTYLA (83 genera, 142 species) – paraxonic (mostly even-toed) ungulates ANTILOCAPRIDAE - pronghorns Antilocapra americana - Pronghorn BOVIDAE (46 genera) - cattle, sheep, goats, and antelopes 1. Addax nasomaculatus - Addax 2. Aepyceros melampus - Impala 3. Alcelaphus buselaphus - Hartebeest 4. Alcelaphus caama – Red Hartebeest 5. Ammotragus lervia - Barbary Sheep 6. Antidorcas marsupialis - Springbok 7. Antilope cervicapra – Blackbuck 8. Beatragus hunter – Hunter’s Hartebeest 9. Bison bison - American Bison 10. Bison bonasus - European Bison 11. Bos frontalis - Gaur 12. Bos javanicus - Banteng 13. Bos taurus -Auroch 14. Boselaphus tragocamelus - Nilgai 15. Bubalus bubalis - Water Buffalo 16. Bubalus depressicornis - Anoa 17. Bubalus quarlesi - Mountain Anoa 18. Budorcas taxicolor - Takin 19. Capra caucasica - Tur 20. Capra falconeri - Markhor 21. Capra hircus - Goat 22. Capra nubiana – Nubian Ibex 23. Capra pyrenaica – Spanish Ibex 24. Capricornis crispus – Japanese Serow 25. Cephalophus jentinki - Jentink's Duiker 26. Cephalophus natalensis – Red Duiker 1 What the American Society of Mammalogists has in the images library 27. Cephalophus niger – Black Duiker 28. Cephalophus rufilatus – Red-flanked Duiker 29. Cephalophus silvicultor - Yellow-backed Duiker 30. Cephalophus zebra - Zebra Duiker 31. Connochaetes gnou - Black Wildebeest 32. Connochaetes taurinus - Blue Wildebeest 33. Damaliscus korrigum – Topi 34.
    [Show full text]
  • Fur Color Diversity in Marmots
    Ethology Ecology & Evolution 21: 183-194, 2009 Fur color diversity in marmots Kenneth B. ArmitAge Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7534, USA (E-mail: [email protected]) Received 6 September 2008, accepted 19 May 2009 Fur color that differs from the typical shades of brown and gray occurs in eight species of marmots. Albinism generally is rare whereas melanism is more common. Melanism may persist in some populations at low frequencies averaging 16.1% in M. monax and in M. flaviventris for as long as 80 years. White (not albino) and “bluish” marmots generally are rare, but a population of white M. marmota persisted for at least 10 years. Four species are characterized as having pelages of “extreme colors”; M. caudata, red; M. vancouverensis, dark brown; M. caligata, white; M. bai- bacina, gray. Fur is involved in heat transfer between the marmot and its environment. Heat transfer depends on fur structure (fur depth, hair length, density, and diameter), on fur spectral properties (absorptivity, reflectivity), and on the thermal environment (temperature, wind speed, radiation). Heat transfer is highly sensitive to solar radiation. Metabolic rates calculated from the fur model corresponded closely with measured values at ambient temperatures ≤ 20 °C. Solar radiation can either provide heat that could reduce metabolism or thermally stress a marmot. M. fla- viventris orients towards the sun when solar radiation is low and reduces exposure when it is high. Light fur reduces and dark fur color increases absorptivity. I hypothesize that fur color functions primarily in heat trans- fer.
    [Show full text]
  • 383 ­– with High Plant Cover and Low Human Disturbance (Allainé Et Al
    DIET SELECTION OF THE ALPINE MARMOT (MARMOTA M. MARMOTA L.) IN THE PYRENEES I. GARIN1*, A. ALDEZABAL2, J. HERRERO3, A. GARCÍA-SERRANO4 & J.L. REMÓN4 RÉSUMÉ. — Sélection du régime alimentaire chez la Marmotte des Alpes (Marmota m. marmota L.) dans les Pyrénées.— Nous avons étudié de mai à septembre dans les Pyrénées occidentales la composition du régime alimentaire et la sélection des plantes dans deux groupes familiaux de Marmotte des Alpes Marmota m. marmota. La nourriture consommée a été déterminée par analyse des fèces et la sélection des plantes en comparant la composition des fèces au cortège de plantes disponibles dans la zone entourant les terriers des marmottes. La plupart des plantes disponibles n’appartenaient qu’à quelques familles dont l’abondance ne changea pas de manière remarquable durant les mois d’étude contrairement aux stades phénologiques des plantes. Les marmottes ont surtout consommé des végétaux consistant en une grande variété de feuilles, de fleurs et de graines de graminées et autres herbes, les feuilles de dicotylédones dominant nettement dans le régime. Les Légumineuses, Composées, Liliacées, Plantaginacées et Ombellifères étaient positivement sélectionnées ; les Labiées et les Rubiacées étaient évitées. Les fleurs étaient activement choisies sur la base de leur abondance relative et de leur phénologie. L’ingestion de proies animales (Arthropodes) a été confir- mée au début de la saison d’activité. SUMMARY. — We studied the diet composition and selection of plants in the Alpine marmot Marmota m. marmota of two family groups in the Western Pyrenees from May to September. The food consumed was determined by faecal analysis, and the plant selection was determined comparing the plant composition in faeces and plant availability in the area surrounding the marmot burrows, which was measured by the point- intercept method.
    [Show full text]
  • Climate Change Impacts in Alpine Meadows: Environmental Factors Correlated with the Decline of the Olympic Marmot
    Climate Change Impacts in Alpine Meadows: Environmental Factors Correlated with the Decline of the Olympic Marmot ( Marmota olympus ) Population in Olympic National Park, Washington State Maia Murphy-Williams A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science University of Washington 2020 Committee Chair: Kristiina Vogt, Professor, SEFS, CoEnv., University of Washington Committee Members: Patricia Happe, Wildlife Branch Chief, Olympic NP, National Park Service, Washington; Daniel Vogt, Assoc. Professor, SEFS, CoEnv., University of Washington; Stephan Gmur, PhD, Affiliate Professor, SEFS, University of Washington Program Authorized to Offer Degree: School of Environmental and Forest Sciences 1 ©Copyright 2020 Maia Murphy-Williams 2 University of Washington ABSTRACT Climate Change Impacts in Alpine Meadows: Environmental Factors Correlated with the Decline of the Olympic Marmot ( Marmota olympus ) Population in Olympic National Park, Washington State Maia Murphy-Williams Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Kristiina Vogt School of Environmental and Forest Sciences Climate change is rapidly altering the environmental template globally, and detrimentally impacting the structure and function of both plant and animal communities locally. Endemic and high alpine species are especially vulnerable to these changes because of climate change impacts on the persistence of suitable habitat distribution and availability. The endemic Olympic marmot (Marmota olympus ) population of Olympic National Park (ONP) has declined by ~50% in the past 30 years. Because the Olympic marmots are an ecologically important and charismatic species, it is important to determine what meadow conditions are correlated with their persistent occupancy and what conditions contribute to their decreasing population sizes and distribution range. If marmots are to be locally reintroduced into these alpine meadows, understanding what conditions cause marmots to abandon a specific meadow because it is unsuitable for their survival is also important.
    [Show full text]
  • Taxonomic Revision of the Palaearctic Rodents (Rodentia). Part 2. Sciuridae: Urocitellus, Marmota and Sciurotamias
    Lynx, n. s. (Praha), 44: 27–138 (2013). ISSN 0024-7774 (print), 1804-6460 (online) Taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic rodents (Rodentia). Part 2. Sciuridae: Urocitellus, Marmota and Sciurotamias Taxonomická revise palearktických hlodavců (Rodentia). Část 2. Sciuridae: Urocitellus, Marmota a Sciurotamias Boris KRYŠTUFEK1 & Vladimír VOHRALÍK2 1 Slovenian Museum of Natural History, Prešernova 20, SI–1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; [email protected] 2 Department of Zoology, Charles University, Viničná 7, CZ–128 44 Praha, Czech Republic; [email protected] received on 15 December 2013 Abstract. A revision of family group names for squirrels (Rodentia: Sciuridae) uncovered a neglected name Arctomyinae Gray, 1821 which predates Marmotinae Pocock, 1923. We propose a new subtribe Ammospermophilina, to encompass the Nearctic Ammospermophilus and Notocitellus and holds a basal position in a lineage of ground squirrels and marmots. Furthermore, we reviewed the Palaearctic Arcto- myinae from the genera Urocitellus, Marmota and Sciurotamias. On the basis of published data and our own examination of 926 museum specimens we recognize 12 species and 15 subspecies: Urocitellus undulatus (two subspecies: undulatus and eversmanni), U. parryii (the only Palaearctic subspecies is leucosticus), Marmota marmota (marmota and latirostris), M. bobak, M. baibacina, M. kastschenkoi, M. sibirica, M. himalayana, M. camtschatica (camtschatica, bungei, doppelmayeri), M. caudata (caudata, aurea, dichrous), M. menzbieri (menzbieri and zachidovi), and Sciurotamias davidianus (davidianus and consobrinus). All species names (69 in total) are reviewed and linked to senior synonyms. We showed that Arctomys marmota tigrina Bechstein, 1801 is a junior synonym of M. bobak and not of M. marmota. Descriptions are provided for valid taxa, together with photographs of skins or living animals, and drawings of skulls.
    [Show full text]
  • Mammals List EN Alphabetical Aktuell
    ETC® Species List Mammals © ETC® Organization Category Scientific Name English Name alphabetical M3 Addax nasomaculatus Addax M1 Ochotona rufescens Afghan Pika M1 Arvicanthis niloticus African Arvicanthis M1 Crocidura olivieri African Giant Shrew M3 Equus africanus African Wild Ass M1 Chiroptera (Order) all Bats and Flying Foxes M3 Rupicapra rupicapra (also R. pyrenaica) Alpine Chamois (also Pyrenean Chamois) M3 Capra ibex Alpine Ibex M2 Marmota marmota Alpine Marmot M1 Sorex alpinus Alpine Shrew M3 Ursus americanus American Black Bear M1 Neovison vison American Mink M3 Castor canadensis American/Canadian Beaver M2 Alopex lagopus Arctic Fox M3 Ovis ammon Argali M1 Sicista armenica Armenian Birch Mouse M1 Spermophilus xanthoprymnus Asia Minor Ground Squirrel M2 Meles leucurus Asian Badger M1 Suncus murinus Asian House Shrew M3 Equus hemionus Asiatic Wild Ass/Onager M3 Bos primigenius Aurochs M3 Axis axis Axis Deer M1 Spalax graecus Balkan Blind Mole Rat M1 Dinaromys bogdanovi Balkan Snow Vole M1 Myodes glareolus Bank Vole M1 Atlantoxerus getulus Barbary Ground Squirrel M1 Lemniscomys barbarus Barbary Lemniscomys M2 Macaca sylvanus Barbary Macaque, female M3 Macaca sylvanus Barbary Macaque, male M3 Ammotragus lervia Barbary Sheep M1 Barbastella barbastellus Barbastelle M1 Microtus bavaricus Bavarian Pine Vole M3 Erignathus barbatus Bearded Seal M1 Martes foina Beech Marten M1 Crocidura leucodon Bicolored White-toothed Shrew M1 Vulpes cana Blanford's Fox M2 Marmota bobak Bobak Marmot M2 Lynx rufus Bobcat M1 Mesocricetus brandtii Brandt's
    [Show full text]
  • Population Size and Life-History Traits of the Alpine Marmot (Marmota Marmota) at Selected Sites in the Swiss National Park
    Population Size and Life-History Traits of the Alpine Marmot (Marmota marmota) at Selected Sites in the Swiss National Park 6th Semester in Environmental Studies Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich Supervisor: Dr. Martin Schütz Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL) Marleen Schäfer Zürich, 20.09.2009 Index 1. Introduction ___________________________________________________________ 2 1.1 Study Topics _________________________________________________________ 2 2. Biology of the Alpine Marmot _____________________________________________ 4 3. Material and Methods ____________________________________________________ 6 3.1 Study Site ___________________________________________________________ 6 3.2 Observations ________________________________________________________ 7 3.3 Survey _____________________________________________________________ 8 3.4 Detailed Mapping of Alp Stabelchod ______________________________________ 8 3.5 Recording of Daily Activity at Alp Grimmels ________________________________ 10 3.6 The Trophic Cascades Study ___________________________________________ 10 4. Results ______________________________________________________________ 11 4.1 Survey ____________________________________________________________ 11 4.2 Detailed Mapping of Alp Stabelchod _____________________________________ 11 4.3 Recording of Daily Activity at Alp Grimmels ________________________________ 13 4.4 The Trophic Cascades Study ___________________________________________ 14 5. Discussion and Conclusion
    [Show full text]
  • Personality and Vigilance Behaviour in Alpine Marmot (Marmota Marmota)
    UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL PERSONALITY AND VIGILANCE BEHAVIOUR IN ALPINE MARMOT (MARMOTA MARMOTA) THESIS PRESENTED AS A PARTIAL REQUIREMENT FOR THE MASTER IN BlOLOGY SY CATERINA FERRARI MAY 2010 UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL Service des bibliothèques Avertissement La diffusion de ce mémoire se fait dans le respect des droits de son auteur, qui a signé le formulaire Autorisation de reproduire et de diffuser un travail de recherche de cycles supérieurs (SDU-522 - Rév.01-2006). Cette autorisation stipule que "conformément à l'article 11 du Règlement no 8 des études de cycles supérieurs, [l'auteur] concède à l'Université du Québec à Montréal une licence non exclusive d'utilisation et de publication de la totalité ou d'une partie importante de [son] travail de recherche pour des fins pédagogiques et non commerciales. Plus précisément, [l'auteur] autorise l'Université du Québec à Montréal à reproduire, diffuser, prêter, distribuer ou vendre des copies de [son] travail de recherche à des fins non commerciales sur quelque support que ce soit, y compris l'Internet. Cette licence et cette autorisation n'entraînent pas une renonciation de [la] part [de l'auteur] à [ses] droits moraux ni à [ses] droits de propriété intellectuelle. Sauf entente contraire, [l'auteur] conserve la liberté de diffuser et de commercialiser ou non ce travail dont [il] possède un exemplaire.» UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL PERSONNALITE ET COMPORTEMENT DE VIGILANCE CHEZ LA MARMOTTE ALPINE (MARMOTA MARMüTA) MEMOIRE PRÉSENTÉE COMME EXIGENCE PARTIELLE DE LA MAÎTRISE EN BIOLOGIE PAR CATERINA FERRARI MAI2010 AVANT-PROPOS l present this thesis in a form of a scientific paper.
    [Show full text]
  • Squirrels and Relatives II Ground Squirrels
    ᭝ Squirrels and relatives II Ground squirrels Class Mammalia Order Rodentia Suborder Sciuragnathi Family Sciuridae Subfamily Sciurinae Thumbnail description Short and stout short-haired rodent with a slender or bushy tail that is one quarter to one half the total squirrel’s length; coloration varies between species from uniform to distinctive contrasting patches, dark and light stripes, or speckled with small light spots Size 7.2–30 in (18.3–75 cm); 0.09–24 lb (0.04–11 kg) Distribution Number of genera, species North America, north Africa, sub-Saharan Africa, central to eastern Europe, west 9 genera; 95 species and central Asia, north Asia, and east Asia Habitat Desert, prairie, savanna, shrub, temperate forests, subalpine forests, rocky slopes, alpine meadows, and arctic tundra Conservation status Endangered: 4 species; Vulnerable: 6 species; Lower Risk/Near Threatened: 6 species; Lower Risk/Conservation Dependent: 2 species; Data Deficient: 1 species Evolution and systematics exchange and radiation of tree squirrels, however forests fol- The ground-dwelling squirrels are grouped into three lowed by the formation of a marine barrier (7.4 to 4.8 mya) tribes: 1. Xerini—the African ground squirrels (Xerus and At- prevented the movement of North American Marmota sp. and lantoxerus) and a central-Asian ground squirrel (Spermophilop- Spermophilus sp. into Asia until after an unforested land bridge sis); 2. Marmotini—the marmots (Marmota), antelope was established as glaciers expanded and sea level declined. squirrels (Ammospermophilus), prairie dogs (Cynomys), ground Tamias crossed the land bridge at this time as well but a North squirrels (Spermophilus), and Chinese rock squirrels (Sciuro- American or Eurasian origin of this group is still debated.
    [Show full text]
  • The Snow Vole and Tatra Marmot As Different Rodent Bioindicators of Lead Pollution in an Alpine Environment: a Hibernation Effect
    Pol. J. Environ. Stud. Vol. 28, No. 5 (2019), 3215-3226 DOI: 10.15244/pjoes/93293 ONLINE PUBLICATION DATE: 2019-04-28 Original Research The Snow Vole and Tatra Marmot as Different Rodent Bioindicators of Lead Pollution in an Alpine Environment: A Hibernation Effect Marián Janiga1, Zuzana Ballová1*, Mária Angelovičová1, Ján Korňan2 1Institute of High Mountain Biology, University of Žilina, Slovakia 2Administration of the Kysuce Protected Landscape Area, Čadca, Slovakia Received: 6 March 2018 Accepted: 12 July 2018 Abstract We compared the content of lead (Pb) and other trace metals in various bone and tooth tissues of two alpine rodent species with different behaviours. Hibernating marmots accumulated less Pb than the non-hibernating and shorter-lived snow voles. It was confirmed that calcium (Ca) is substituted by Pb in Tatra marmot teeth and skull bones. Ca concentration in marmot bones is likely maintained even during this inactive period and this mechanism may reduce Pb accumulation in bones of hibernating marmots. Pb accumulation in bone and tooth tissues may be slightly mitigated by zinc content and also by increased strontium (Sr) in bones. Trace metals deposited differently in tooth and skull bone tissues of marmots. Frontal and parietal skull bones contained significantly more Pb than marmot incisors, but the difference was not significant when comparing skull bones with molars. Molars are static and could reflect past exposure of heavy metals, whereas incisors renew themselves, and would not. Keywords: Chionomys nivalis; Marmota marmota latirostris; endangered alpine rodents; physical inactivity; the Western Carpathians Introduction quantified from anthropogenic emissions in atmospheric deposition since the mid-1990s atmosphere [3].
    [Show full text]