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Research Note Extended Nest Residence and Cannibalism in a Jumping Spider (Araneae, Salticidae)

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Research Note Extended Nest Residence and Cannibalism in a Jumping Spider (Araneae, Salticidae) 2000. The Journal of Arachnology 28:123±127 RESEARCH NOTE EXTENDED NEST RESIDENCE AND CANNIBALISM IN A JUMPING SPIDER (ARANEAE, SALTICIDAE) Keywords: Sociality, parental care, matriphagy, sub-social Menemerus bracteatus (L. Koch 1879) is a at least one clutch. A further seven nests large unidentate Australian salticid that nests found were from the previous season (evi- under the bark of eucalypt trees (Davies & dence: constructed on older bark attached to ZÇ abka 1989). During an earlier work (Rienks the shedding bark, and contained shed exo- 1992) several nests were found on the scribbly skeletons only). gum, Eucalyptus racemosa Cavanilles. While Description of nests.ÐNests were con- studying the microhabitats of a wide range of structed in the curve of the shedding bark and salticid species, it was noted that sometimes a had tough roof and outer walls which strongly single nest of this species was occupied by adhered to both the shedding bark and the tree numbers of large juveniles and the dead and trunk. Each nest had two reinforced entrances shrunken body of a conspeci®c adult female, with projecting lip-like ¯aps above and below possibly the mother. It is common for juvenile the entrance slit which may hinder access by salticids to remain with the mother for the ®rst predators and parasites. Nests were very instar after emerging from the postembryo strongly constructed and could be removed in- stage (Richman & Jackson 1992), but nest tact by carefully pulling the loose bark piece sharing by larger juveniles and an adult fe- away from the tree trunk. male is unusual. My observations suggested Most nests appeared to be in an early stage the juveniles of M. bracteatus may feed on of construction. Of the 11 nests which con- their mother, a behavior known as matriphagy. tained no clutches, seven appeared to have Matriphagy, although known in a variety of been just begun and consisted of the outer spider families, has not been documented for walls only (three of these contained adult fe- salticids. In the present paper, I provide data males), while the other four contained what on nest structure, nest residence and predators appeared to be preyed-upon clutches (stained other than conspeci®cs. Also, I examine the mass in which some individual chorions could hypothesis that juveniles of M. bracteatus be distinguished) and may have been aban- cannibalize their siblings and practice matri- doned. Counts were made of the number of phagy. Voucher specimens have been lodged clutches, and the number of eggs per clutch with the Queensland Museum (QM S.47193). in each nest for 23 nests. A total of 54 clutch- Four study sites in forests in which the es (median of two per nest) were found: 26% scribbly gum was common were selected in of the 23 nests contained one clutch, 30% con- the Brisbane metropolitan area. Three sites tained two, 30% contained three and 13% were in Toohey Forest, Grif®th University contained four or more. Nests containing four Campus; and one was in woodland adjacent or more clutches were completely ®lled with to Tingalpa Reserve. In each site, I sampled clutches and densely packed with loose sheets the occupants of as many nests as possible. of very sticky silk laid down between succes- No nests were found in the ®rst search which sive clutches. In contrast, nests with fewer was made when the scribbly gums had just clutches were only partially ®lled with a con- begun shedding bark (late October to early spicuous gap between the nest contents and November). A search between late December the nest roof. and early January revealed 35 nests in various The number of eggs per clutch was between stages of construction, 24 of which contained 9±45 (mean 23.8, SD 6.9, n 5 32) Eggs were 123 124 THE JOURNAL OF ARACHNOLOGY Table 1.ÐStages found in previous season's nests of Menemerus bracteatus. Numbers marked with an asterisk are nests in which adult remains were found. Nest 1, which may have been from the 1995±6 season, had been subjected to substantial insect attack; and its contents were almost entirely gone, leaving the outer nest wall only. Remains of individuals that had apparently been preyed upon are indicated by the number found, followed by ``p''. Instar determination is based on size of the carapace of the shed exuviae. First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Nest Larva instar instar instar instar instar instar 10000010 2* 19 25 32 1 1p 11 1 1p 0 0 0 327263522001 427251 2p 18 7 0 0 0 5* 35 19 24 18 4 1 0 636362629200 7261 1p 27 1 1p 26 1 1p 13 10 0 2 pale orange in color, did not adhere to each smaller than adult-sized. The numbers of car- other, and were enclosed in a loose bag of apaces at each stage was more or less constant non-sticky silk. Regardless of whether they from the larval stage through to the third and were developing or apparently preyed-upon, sometimes the fourth instar (as shown by sec- clutches were included in calculations if the ond and third instar carapaces). Numbers then original numbers of eggs could be accurately declined rapidly, suggesting that dispersal had determined. Numbers of eggs per clutch occurred in the third and fourth instars. If (clutch size) did not vary signi®cantly with nests of this species usually contain about four apparent order of laying (outermost clutch clutches then it appears that the number of taken to be the most recent). Of the 23 nests juveniles that survived to disperse as fourth in which clutches were examined in detail, the (or occasionally third or ®fth) instars, was oldest stage of development included the egg equivalent to 1±1.5 full clutches. The presence (57% of nests), embryo (9%), prelarva (4%), of carapaces of large juveniles (®fth instar and larva (13%), ®rst instar (13%) and second in- older) suggested that juveniles may use the star (4%) (terminology after Foelix (1996) natal nest as a retreat for ®ve or more instars. which follows that of Vachon (1957)). Cannibalism in the nest.ÐSometimes en- In total, 43% of the nests had one or more tire clutches, still enclosed in the silk bag, clutches showing signs of development. Three contained empty chorions, and had apparently nests contained a clutch consisting of eggs, been eaten. Such clutches were found in the developing eggs, and prelarvae and/or larvae, nests from both seasons. Also, I found several suggesting that development of eggs within a apparently preyed-upon individuals (larvae clutch tends not to be synchronous. In two and later stages) in three nests from the pre- nests containing four or more clutches, clutch vious season (Table 1). Two of the current sea- development showed a cohort effect with sep- son's nests that contained four clutches and aration of cohorts by up to one instar (i.e., were more developed than the other nests modal numbers at every second stage). One were examined in more detail for signs of can- of these nests contained 2±3 clutches of eggs nibalism. All ®rst and later instars in both of (total of 71 eggs), 31 larvae and 34 ®rst in- these nests had grossly enlarged abdomens, stars. The second nest contained one clutch of consistent with having recently fed. All larvae eggs (25 eggs), 19 prelarvae, 7 larvae, 31 ®rst had small abdomens which were similar in instars and 5 second instars. size to those of the prelarvae, suggesting that Nest residence by juveniles.ÐThe seven they had not fed. nests collected that were from the previous It appears that more clutches are laid than (1996±7) season contained shed carapaces and survive to disperse (see above). Since the exoskeletons of, in total, seven distinct stages, number of larval carapaces in the previous including the larval stage and six instars (Ta- season's nests never exceeded 36 (the equiv- ble 1). The largest carapace was considerably alent of just over one clutch), it is likely that RIENKSÐEXTENDED NEST RESIDENCE IN A SALTICID 125 the older instars preyed upon prelarvae and & Wickler 1987; Evans et al. 1995), matri- larvae in addition to eggs. phagy may occur in this salticid species. Per- Two nests from the previous season con- haps the adaptive signi®cance of the long du- tained what were apparently adult remains, in ration of nest residence by juveniles may be one case the dorsal part of the carapace of an primarily facilitation of matriphagy. adult-sized individual, and in the other case, The laying of multiple clutches in the same trachea attached to fragments of abdominal nest probably does, however, have drawbacks. cuticle. It was not possible to determine For other salticids comparable to M. bractea- whether these remains were those of adult fe- tus in size (females ranged from 9.5± males. 11.5mm), the interval between oviposition of Predation.ÐOf the 23 nests collected in successive clutches tends to be 20±30 days. the 1997±8 season that were examined in de- Assuming that the inter-clutch interval is com- tail, 26% contained one or two larvae of Aus- parable for M. bracteatus it is probable that a tromantispa imbecilla (Gerstaecker) (Neurop- maternal female would need to make inter- tera: Mantispidae). The mantispid larvae from mittent feeding forays away from the nest dur- each of these nests, all of which initially con- ing the time span required for multiple ovi- tained either two or three clutches, were position. While at the nest, the female may be reared until pupation. In all cases, only a few able to guard her eggs against the attacks of eggs and larvae survived, the rest apparently predators and parasites, but leaving the nest to being consumed by the mantispid.
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