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Insecta: Diptera)* Bol. R. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. Sec. Biol., 108, 2014, 21-35 ISSN: 0366-3272 Novedades faunísticas y entomosarcosaprófagas de la Región de Murcia, SE de España (Insecta: Diptera)* Faunistic and entomosarcosaprophagous news from Región de Murcia, Southeastern Spain (Insecta: Diptera) Miguel Carles-Tolrá1, Mª Isabel Arnaldos2,3, Itsaso Begoña2 y Mª Dolores García2,3 1. Avda. Príncipe de Asturias 30, ático 1; E-08012 Barcelona, España. [email protected] 2. Área de Zoología. Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física. Facultad de Biología. Universidad de Murcia. 30100 Murcia. [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 3.Unidad de Servicio de Entomología Forense y Análisis Microscópico de Evidencias. Servicio Externo de Ciencias y Técnicas Forenses (SECyTeF). Universidad de Murcia. Recibido: 19-noviembre-2013, Aceptado: 28-enero-2014, Publicado en formato electrónico: 15- febrero-2014. Palabras clave: Diptera, Brachycera, Faunística, Cadáveres, Citas nuevas, Región de Murcia, España. Key Words: Diptera, Brachycera, Faunistics, Carrion, New records, Región de Murcia, Spain. Resumen El orden Diptera constituye el grupo dominante de la comunidad sarcosaprófaga en número, diversidad y en términos de materia orgánica consumida en cadáveres animales, contribuyendo a obtener conclusiones en la práctica forense. De entre ellos, ciertos grupos suelen ser ignorados al estudiar las comunidades sarcosaprófagas o son citados sólo al nivel de familia, a pesar de que algunos pueden estar bien representados en la comunidad. En este trabajo, se presentan los resultados faunísticos del estudio de 8.247 ejemplares pertenecientes a 64 especies de 11 familias del suborden Brachycera (Diptera), recogidos durante la realización de un estudio sobre la fauna entomosarcosaprófaga asociada a cadáveres animales en El Morrón de Espuña, a 1.500 m de altitud, en el Parque Natural de Sierra Espuña (Murcia), en el que se utilizó, como dispositivo de muestreo, una trampa tipo Schoenly modificada cebada con cadáveres de lechón (Sus scrofa L.) de unos 5 Kg de peso. Se tomaron muestras en todas las estaciones anuales, en periodos de 8 semanas. Los resultados aportan novedades interesantes para la fauna de los dípteros sarcosaprófagos del SE español, ampliándose las distribuciones conocidas de diversas especies y contribuyendo al desarrollo de una base de datos sobre fauna entomológica cadavérica para esa región. Abstract Carrion constitutes a very rich nutritive resource for a great variety of animals and can directly or indirectly affect the global animal community. They contribute to the specific diversity, its dynamics and the nutrient recycling. The community of sarcosaprophagous arthropods is influenced by different variables such as the biogeographical area, which affects seasonality, habitat, vegetation, type of soil, weather conditions… Thus, the compilation of species lists for carrion-inhabiting arthropods from various geographical regions, and even from different environments within a ecosystem, becomes important, both in terms of faunal knowledge and for its potential application to forensic practice by establishing a database of species related to corpses in every region since, in fact, although many families of insects attracted to corpses are relatively ubiquitous, their individual species vary from region to region, highlighting the importance of performing local studies. The Diptera are the dominant group of the sarcosaprophagous community, both in number and diversity and in terms of removed organic matter from animal corpses, and allow getting conclusions of applied forensic interest. But, despite that, among the Diptera, some groups are usually ignored in studies on sarcosaprophagous communities or, at best, considered only at the family level, although it can become a significant proportion of that community. A study of the whole entomosarcosaprophagous community was conducted at a site near the top of El Morrón de Espuña, at the Regional Park of Sierra Espuña, in Murcia province, Southeastern Spain. A modified Schoenly trap was used to collect the arthropod fauna during all seasons. The trap was baited with a 5 Kg piglet (Sus scrofa L.) carcass. This trap is known to provide excellent results in evaluating communities of adult sarcosaprophagous dipterans and is considered a superior methodology to perform inventories of Diptera associated with carcasses. Every sampling period lasted about 8 weeks. Samples were taken daily during the first 15 days of exposition of the corpse and, afterwards, every two, three or more days, depending on the fauna observed. A total of 64 species were identified, belonging to 11 families, in a total of 8,247 adult specimens of Brachycera * Presentado en la XX Bienal RSEHN, Madrid 2013 Bol. R. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. Sec. Biol., 108, 2014 22 M. Carles-Tolrá, M.I. Arnaldos; I. Begoña y M.D. García (Diptera) studied. The results provide interesting news on sarcosaprophagous Diptera from Southeastern Spain, such as new records that enlarge the up to now known distribution of several species in the Iberian Peninsula. Thus, the families Camilidae and Carnidae are recorded for the first time from Murcia Region, as well as 20 genera and 43 species. Three new species to be described, belonging to families Carnidae, Sphaeroceridae and Trixocelididae, are cited. Otherwise, two families (Camillidae and Conopidae) and 20 species are referred for the first time as belonging to the cadaveric ecosystem in the Iberian Peninsula. These results enhance the faunistic knowledge of this fauna and will contribute to develop the indispensable database for de materia orgánica consumida. Forman parte forensic practice. Animal carrion demonstrates to be a de varios niveles de la cadena trófica, estando particular environment supporting a rich biodiversity, representados en las diferentes categorías consequence of a great biological and chemical activity. ecológicas de tal fauna. A pesar de su importancia, Its study is of great interest from both the biological el principal foco de atención son, habitualmente, and applied to forensic practice points of view. unas pocas familias (principalmente, aunque no 1. Introducción sólo, Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae y Muscidae) que se presentan desde las primeras etapas de Los cadáveres constituyen un recurso la descomposición de la materia orgánica de nutritivo muy rico para una gran variedad de origen animal, obviándose en muchos casos la animales y pueden afectar directa e indirectamente consideración de otras varias familias que pueden a la comunidad global, contribuyendo a la aportar información relevante en la práctica. dinámica de su diversidad específica y al reciclado Estas familias, aunque puedan llegar a constituir de nutrientes (Hocking & Reynolds, 2011; una parte significativa de la comunidad, bien son Beasley et al., 2012, cf. Barton et al., 2013). En ignoradas, bien aparecen referidas sólo a este esta comunidad, los artrópodos juegan un papel nivel, lo que puede inducir a importantes errores muy importante en el proceso de descomposición en la aplicación práctica de los datos pues, de de la materia orgánica, en la que se presentan en hecho, aunque muchas familias de importancia una sucesión específica relacionada con el propio forense son de amplia distribución mundial, proceso de la descomposición lo que, en la práctica las especies concretas varían en función de la forense, permite estimar el lapso de tiempo región geográfica, por lo que no debería reducirse transcurrido desde la muerte. La comunidad de el estudio de esta fauna al nivel de familia artrópodos sarcosaprófagos está influenciada por (Anderson, 2010; Arnaldos et al., 2006). múltiples factores, de los que el más importante En la Península Ibérica se han acometido, es la región geográfica o la zona biogeoclimática en los últimos años, diversos estudios sobre las comunidades de dípteros sarcosaprófagos (p.e. en la que se encuentren los restos, puesto que ésta Prado e Castro et al., 2011a, 2011b; Martín- define el hábitat, la vegetación, el tipo de suelo, Vega & Baz, 2013) y se han aportado datos acerca las condiciones meteorológicas y, por supuesto, la de algunas familias de dípteros de pequeño tamaño, estacionalidad (Anderson, 2010). Esta influencia que suelen pasar desapercibidas, relacionados con se materializa en la composición específica de el ecosistema cadavérico (Carles-Tolrá, 2011; la comunidad y en la dinámica de la sucesión Carles-Tolrá & Prado e Castro, 2011; Carles- sarcosaprófaga. Por ello, y dado que el principal Tolrá et al., 2011, 2012; Martín Vega et al., interés de la conocida como Entomología Forense 2011; Prado e Castro & García, 2010; Prado es establecer el intervalo postmortem esto es, el e Castro et al., 2011a, 2012a). En el sureste de la lapso de tiempo transcurrido entre el fallecimiento Península Ibérica tan sólo se conocen datos acerca del sujeto y el hallazgo de los restos, resulta de de estas comunidades en ambientes periurbanos especial relevancia conocer con precisión tal (Arnaldos et al., 2001, 2004; Romera et al., composición faunística de la comunidad implicada 2003). Por tal motivo, se ha abordado el estudio en la sucesión en cuantos ambientes distintos de estas comunidades en ambientes silvestres. pueda ser de aplicación esta disciplina científica, En este trabajo, del conjunto de los dípteros, se toda vez que la estimación de tal intervalo puede presentan los primeros datos conocidos sobre hacerse a partir del conocimiento de la fauna 11 familias de braquíceros pertenecientes a la
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