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Thesis Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Science of the Université Libre D LL 2011 HEU T G A FACULTÉ DES SCIENCES FACULTÉ DES SCIENCES N O FACULTY OF SCIENCE DÉPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE tab DES ORGANISMES DÉPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE DES ORGANISMES VÉGÉTAUX ADOLPHE NFOTABONG ATHEULL LABORATORY OF SYSTEMS ECOLOGY AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY IMPACT OF ANTHROPOGENIC ACTIVITIES ON THE VEGETATION STRUCTURE OF A. NFO MANGROVE FORESTS IN KRIBI, THE NYONG RIVER MOUTH AND CAMEROON ESTUARY IMPACT OF ANTHROPOGENIC ACTIVITIES ON THE VEGETATION Despite the known/well recognised ecological, biological and economical importance of mangrove ecosystems, these forests are declining fast essentially because of anthropogenic STRUCTURE OF MANGROVE FORESTS IN KRIBI, THE NYONG RIVER intervention (for agriculture, aquaculture, fuelwood, settlements, etc.). Therefore these MOUTH AND CAMEROON ESTUARY vulnerable habitats require continuous monitoring to adapt suitable and sustainable management practices. The present thesis contains: (a) assessment of mangrove forest products usage, (b) perceptions of the local people on mangrove environmental changes, (c) the changes in mangrove vegetation cover around Douala (Cameroon), (d) reconstruction of the mangrove forest structure prior to wood harvesting, (e) mapping of the diameter distribution, stand biomass and carbon stocks from a non peri-urban mangroves located within the Cameroon estuary, and (f) analysis on the spatial distribution of Avicennia germinans (L.) Stearn. The findings are extremely useful for knowing the impact of local population on mangrove vegetation at Cameroon estuary, Nyong river mouth and Kribi. The multi-disciplinary approaches used in this research work are also applicable to other disturbed mangrove forests. IMPACTS DES ACTIVITÉS ANTHROPIQUES SUR LA STRUCTURE DE LA VÉGÉTATION DES MANGROVES DE KRIBI, DE L’EMBOUCHURE DU FLEUVE NYONG ET DE L’ESTUAIRE DU CAMEROUN Bien que globalement reconnues comme des écosystèmes à importance écologique, biologique et économique remarquable, les forêts de mangroves sont soumises à une anthropisation (agriculture, aquaculture, bois de chauffe, habitations, etc.) sans cesse croissante. Ainsi, ces habitats vulnérables requièrent un suivi continu afin d’adapter des mesures de gestion convenable et durable. Cette dissertation vise à (a) évaluer les divers usages des produits issus des mangroves, (b) analyser la perception des résidents locaux sur les changements environnementaux qui se sont produits dans les mangroves, (c) estimer les changements du couvert végétal des mangroves aux Thesis environs de Douala (Cameroun), (d) reconstruire la structure des forêts de mangroves avant les Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor prélèvements de bois, (e) cartographier la distribution de diamètres, de biomasses et de stocks carbonés des mangroves non périurbaines situées à l’estuaire du Cameroun et (f) d’analyser la of Philosophy in Science of the Université Libre de Bruxelles-ULB (Belgium) répartition spatiale d’Avicennia germinans (L.) Stearn. Les résultats sont utiles pour le suivi et and University of Douala (Cameroon) l’évaluation des impacts humains sur la structure de la végétation des mangroves de l’estuaire du Cameroun, de l’embouchure du fleuve Nyong et de Kribi. L’approche multi-disciplinaire by utilisée dans le présent travail peut aussi être appliquée à d’autres forêts de mangroves perturbées. ADOLPHE NFOTABONG ATHEULL Promotor: Pr. Dr. FARID DAHDOUH-GUEBAS Co-promotor: Dr. NDONGO DIN Impact of anthropogenic activities on the vegetation structure mangrove forests in Kribi, the Nyong river mouth and Cameroon estuary September 2011 FACULTÉ DES SCIENCES FACULTÉ DES SCIENCES / FACULTY OF SCIENCE DÉPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE DES ORGANISMES DÉPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE DES LABORATOIRE D'ÉCOLOGIE DES SYSTÈMES ORGANISMES VÉGÉTAUX ET GESTION DES RESSOURCES DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY IMPACTS DES ACTIVITÉS ANTHROPIQUES SUR LA STRUCTURE DE LA VÉGÉTATION DES MANGROVES DE KRIBI, DE L’EMBOUCHURE DU FLEUVE NYONG ET DE L’ESTUAIRE DU CAMEROUN Thèse en cotutelle présentée publiquement le 13 Septembre 2011 pour l‟obtention du grade de Docteur en Sciences Par ADOLPHE NFOTABONG ATHEULL COMPOSITION DU JURY: Pr Dr OLIVIER HARDY (Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgique) – Président Pr Dr THOMAS DROUET DE LA THIBAUDERIE (Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgique) – Secrétaire Pr Dr FARID DAHDOUH-GUEBAS (Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgique) – Promoteur Dr DIN NDONGO (Université de Douala, Cameroun) – Co-promoteur Pr Dr MARIE FRANÇOISE GODART (Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgique) - Membre Pr Dr JAN BOGAERT (Université de Liège, Gembloux, Belgique) – Membre Dr FRANÇOIS FROMARD (Université Paul Sabatier, France) - Membre Année académique 2010 - 2011 Citation: Nfotabong Atheull, A. (2011). Impact of anthropogenic activities on the vegetation structure of mangrove forests in Kribi, the Nyong river mouth and Cameroon Estuary. Ph.D Thesis, Université Libre de Bruxelles-ULB, Brussels, Belgium / The University of Douala, Cameroon, 196 pages + appendices. Cover photo: A logger illegally using a chain saw to cut down large trunks of Rhizophora racemosa Meyer in the Cameroon estuary. The big logs would be progressively pushed on mud along a clear-felled corridor and transported towards the local markets using traditional boats. Photo taken by A. Nfotabong Atheull. Photo de couverture: Un coupeur de bois utilisant illégalement une tronçonneuse pour abattre un arbre de Rhizophora racemosa Meyer dans l‟estuaire du Cameroun. Les larges morceaux de bois seront progressivement enroulés sur le sédiment boueux, le long d‟un corridor dévégétalisé et transportés vers les marchés locaux à l‟aide de pirogues traditionnelles. Photo prise par A. Nfotabong Atheull. À mes parents À mes deux petits frères et à ma petite sœur À la mémoire de ma bien-aimée Henriette Sidonie « Le milieu est conçu comme ressources et l’homme comme le maître d’œuvre de la transformation et de la restauration de la nature ». Marcel Dubois (cité in M.C Robic, 1992: Du milieu à l'environnement. Pratiques et représentations du rapport homme/nature depuis la Renaissance, Paris, Economica) SOMMAIRE ‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒ CHAPITRE 1. INTRODUCTION GÉNÉRALE .............................................................................. 2 1.1 BREF RAPPEL HISTORIQUE ............................................................................................... 3 1.2 DÉFINITION ET TYPOLOGIE.............................................................................................. 4 1.3 ADAPTATIONS MORPHOLOGIQUES .................................................................................. 5 1.4 ADAPTATIONS PHYSIOLOGIQUES .................................................................................... 5 1.5 DISTRIBUTION GÉOGRAPHIQUE ....................................................................................... 6 1.6 DIVERSITÉ SPÉCIFIQUE .................................................................................................... 9 1.6.1 Flore des mangroves ................................................................................................. 9 1.6.2 Faune des mangroves .............................................................................................. 10 1.7 IMPORTANCE DES MANGROVES ..................................................................................... 10 1.7.1 Importance écologique ............................................................................................ 10 1.7.2 Importance biologique ............................................................................................ 11 1.7.3 Importance économique .......................................................................................... 11 1.8 FACTEURS DE DESTRUCTION ......................................................................................... 12 1.8.1 Facteurs naturels ..................................................................................................... 12 1.8.2 Facteurs anthropiques ............................................................................................. 13 1.9 STRUCTURE DE LA MANGROVE ..................................................................................... 13 1.9.1 Définition ................................................................................................................. 13 1.9.2 Méthodes de mesure sur le terrain .......................................................................... 14 1.9.2.1 Méthode de quadrat .......................................................................................... 14 1.9.2.2 Méthodes de distance ....................................................................................... 14 1.9.3 Caractérisation de la structure des mangroves par télédétection .......................... 15 1.9.3.1 Photographie aérienne ...................................................................................... 16 1.9.3.2 Images satellites ............................................................................................... 17 1.10 MILIEU D‟ÉTUDE .......................................................................................................... 19 1.10.1 Contexte général des mangroves au Cameroun .................................................... 19 1.10.2 Caractéristiques physiques de la zone d’étude ..................................................... 20 1.10.3 Forêts de mangrove du Littoral ...........................................................................
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