KARNATAKA NEERAVARI NIGAM LTD & ADVANCED CENTRE FOR INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

KARNATAKA INTEGRATED AND SUSTAINABLE WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT INVESTMENT PROGRAM ADB LOAN No. 0085-IND/LOAN No. 3172

QUARTERLY PROGRESS REPORT

July 2016 Project Management Unit, KISWRMIP Karnataka Neeravari Nigama Ltd (KNNL)

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TABLE OF CONTENT ...... ii LIST OF FIGURES ...... iv LIST OF TABLES ...... v ABBREVIATIONS & ACRONYMS ...... vi 1 PROJECT BACKGROUND...... 1 1.1 Introduction ...... 1 1.2 KISWRMIP Subprojects Selected for Modernisation ...... 3 1.2.1 Gondhi Irrigation System ...... 3 1.2.2 Vijayanagara Channels (VNC) ...... 5 1.2.3 Tungabhadra Left Bank Canal (TLBC) ...... 5 1.3 Implementation Arrangement ...... 6 1.4 Project Management Unit...... 8 1.5 Project Basic Data ...... 10 1.6 Utilisation of Funds ...... 11 1.6.1 Contract Awards ...... 11 1.6.2 Disbursements ...... 13 1.7 Physical Progress ...... 15 1.8 Milestones and Activities...... 16 1.9 Periodic Progress Monitoring...... 19 1.10 Gondhi Civil Works...... 19 1.10.1 Physical Progress: ...... 19 1.10.2 Financial Progress: ...... 19 1.11 Flow Measurement and Telemetry System ...... 19 1.11.1 Physical Progress: ...... 20 1.11.2 Financial Progress: ...... 20 2 PROJECT ACTIVITIES DURING REPORTING PERIOD...... 21 2.1 Quarterly Progress Report ...... 21 2.2 Agriculture Intervention Planning ...... 21 2.3 Social Management Framework (SMF) and Gender Action Plan (GAP) for Tranche 2 Subprojects. 21 2.4 Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of Tranche 2 Subprojects...... 21 2.5 Review of Contractor’s EMP for Gondhi Civil Works...... 21 2.6 WUCS Roadmap ...... 21 2.7 MASSCOTE Training Proposal...... 22 2.8 Updated Facility Administration Manual ...... 22 2.9 Study Tour to Australia ...... 22 2.10 QA/QC Study Tour Proposal ...... 22

2.11 Review of the Gondhi Contractor’s QA/QC Arrangements ...... 23 2.12 Program Performance Management System (PPMS) ...... 23 2.13 Gondhi Operation and Maintenance Plan ...... 23 2.14 Tranche 2 Subproject Feasibility Study...... 23 3 PROJECT STAFF MOBILISATION...... 25 3.1 Mobilisation in Reporting Period ...... 25 3.2 Overall Mobilisation...... 25 3.3 Expected Mobilisation in Next Reporting (Apr-Jun 2016)...... 26 4 MAJOR WORKS IN NEXT REPORTING PERIOD (JUL-SEP 2016) ...... 27 5 ISSUES, CHALLENGES and MITIGATION MEASURES...... 28 5.1 Resignation of PSC Specialists ...... 28 5.2 Delay in Preparation of VNC FSR ...... 28 5.3 Delay in Preparation of CAD Works Package ...... 28 5.4 MASSCOTE Training ...... 28 6 ACTIONS ON COMMENTS AND SUGGESTIONS OF THE CLIENT AND OTHER STAKEHOLDERS ...... 29 6.1 MASSCOTE Training Proposal...... 29 6.2 RFP for Effects Monitoring ...... 29 6.3 QPR Consolidation ...... 29 6.4 Study Tour to Australia ...... 29 REFERENCES ...... 30 APPENDICES...... 31 Appendix A: Agriculture Interventions ...... 32 Appendix B: Social Management Framework (SMF) and Gender Action Plan (GAP) for Tranche 2 Subprojects ...... 51 Appendix C: Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of Tranche 2 Subprojects ...... 90 Appendix D: Review Study of Gondhi Civil Contractor’s EMP ...... 139 Appendix E: WUCS Roadmap...... 143

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Figure 1: Krishna River network and sub-basins...... 2 Figure 2: Bhadra Irrigation System along with Gondhi Irrigation System (PPTA, 2013) ...... 4 Figure 3: Vijayanagara upstream channels (PPTA, 2013)...... 5 Figure 4: Implementation arrangement for KISWRMIP ...... 8 Figure 5: Planned vs Actual Contract Award (CA) for Project 1 excluding ACIWRM ...... 12 Figure 6: Updated planned disbursement vs actual disbursement for Project 1 ADB part...... 15 Figure 7: Overall staff mobilisation by end of June 2016 ...... 26

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Table 1: Relevant salient features of Gondhi Irrigation System ...... 4 Table 2: List of PMU Staff ...... 9 Table 3: Project Basic Data ...... 10 Table 4: Contract award under the Project -1 ...... 12 Table 5: Details of disbursement under the Project -1 ...... 14 Table 6: Status of DMF for Project 1...... 15 Table 7: Milestones and activities for Tranche 1 ...... 17 Table 8: Important deliverables for Project-1 activities ...... 19 Table 9: Summary of locations of telemetry for flow measurement in Tungabhadra Sub-basin . 20 Table 10: Staff mobilisation in reporting period ...... 25

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ٻڮڨڴکڪڭڞڜٻځٻڮکڪڤگڜڤڱڠڭڝڝڜ

AC-IWRM Advanced Center for Integrated Water Resource Management ADB Asian Development Bank BRP Bhadra River Project BRRBC Bhadra Reservoir Right Bank Canal CADA Command Area Development Authority CDTA Capacity Development Technical Assistance CPM Community Participation Management CWC Central Water Commission DATC District Agriculture Training Centre DPO Direct Potential Outlet DPR Detailed Project Report DSS Decision Support System EA Executing Agency EARF Environmental Assessment Review Framework EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMP Environmental Management Plan FAM Facility Administration Manual FAO UN Food and Agriculture Organisation FFS Farmer Field School FIDIC International Federation of Consulting Engineers GEO Geotechnical Engineering Office GoK Government of Karnataka HAMPI Hampi World Heritage ICRISAT International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics IEC Information Education and communication IEE Initial Environmental Evaluation INGO International Non-Government Organisation IW RM Issues in Water Resource Management KERS Karnataka Engineering Research Station Karnataka Integrated and Sustainable Water Resource Management KISWRMIP Investment Program KNNL Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Limited KVK Krishi Vigyan Kendra (Agriculture Science Centre) LBHLC Left Bank High Level Canal LBMC Left Bank Main Canal MASSCOTE MApping Systems and Services for Canal Operation TEchniques MD Managing Director MFF Multi-tranche Finance Facility MIS Management Information System

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MOM Management Operation & Maintenance MOU Memorandum of Understanding MTR Mid Term Report NCA Net Command Area NEP National Environment Policy NGO Non-Government Organisation O&M Operation and Maintenance OJT On the Job Training PALMS Productive Agriculture Linkages and Marketing System PCC Program Co-ordination Committee PD Project/Project Director PIO Project Implementation Office PMIS Program Monitoring Information System PMMS Program Monitoring Management System PMU Project Management Unit PPMS Program Performance Monitoring System PPTA Project Preparation Technical Assistance PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal PSC Project Support Consultant QCBS Quality Cost Based System QPR Quarterly Progress Report RBC Raya Basava Canal RBHLC Right Bank High Level Canal RBLLC Right Bank Low Level Canal RFP Request for Proposal RICM Regional Institute of Cooperative Management RMP Risk Management Plan SC State Steering Committee SGoK State Government of Karnataka SHG Self-Help Group SMEC Snowy Mountains Engineering Corporation SPS Safeguard Policy Statement SRI System of Rice Intensification SST Support Services Team TLBC Tungabhadra Left Bank Canal TNA Training Needs Assessment ToR Terms of Reference TPRM Tripartite Review Meeting TRBC Tungabhadra Right Bank Canal VFG Virtual Finance Group VNC Vijayanagara Channels Karnataka Integrated and Sustainable Water Resources Management Investment Page | vii Program- (KISWRMIP) – Quarterly Progress Report Apr-Jun 2016

WALMI Water And Land Management Institute WBADMIP West Bengal Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation Project WIS Water Institution Specialist WRD Water Resource Department WRIS Water Resources Information System WRS Water Resources Specialist WUA Water Users Association WUCS Water Users Co-operative Society

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ٻڟکڰڪڭڢڦڞڜڝٻگڞڠڥڪڭګ ڌ

1.1 Introduction Karnataka State (the State) is water stressed with increasing inter-sector water demands. Irrigation sector is the major user of water resources for agriculture. Due to competing demands, there will be appreciable decline in agriculture demand. Meeting the anticipated rise in competing demands, particularly industry, domestic and ecosystem services, is a major challenge. This, if unmet, may constrain sustainable economic growth of the State. Water stress in the State is exacerbated by uneven spatial and temporal distribution of water resources and the predicted impacts of climate change. Poor coordination between various water users (like industry, domestic and power) contributes to sub-optimal management of limited water resources. Adopting an IWRM approach that promotes coordinated development and management of water, land and related resources will improve equitable economic and social welfare, while ensuring sustainability of the environment.

With the assistance of the Asian Development Bank (the Bank), the State Government of Karnataka has launched the Karnataka Integrated and Sustainable Water Resources Management Investment Program (the Program), which is expected to improve water availability for competing water demands in select river basins by implementing integrated water resources management (IWRM) and improving irrigation services delivery in the State. It will support increased water use efficiency to provide economic opportunities, particularly to women and improve rural incomes. The Program will focus on the Krishna Basin (Figure 1), and specifically within the Tungabhadra Sub-basin for implementation of physical works. The IWRM activities will be implemented State-wide.

The multi-tranche financing facility (MFF) for the Karnataka Integrated and Sustainable Water Resources Management Investment Program (KISWRMIP) and the periodic financing request (PFR) for Project-1 were approved by ADB on 25 September 2014 and 17 October 2014 respectively. The total cost of the investment program over 2014-2021 is expected to be $225 million equivalent, with ADB financing amounting to $150 million. Project 1, estimated at $48 million, is expected to be completed by September 2018. Project 1 financing comprises $31 million from ADB’s ordinary capital resources, $16.6 million from the Government of Karnataka (GOK), and $400,000 of beneficiary contribution. The loan is effective from 13 July 2015 and loan closing is scheduled for 31 March 2019.

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Figure 1: Krishna River network and sub-basins

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The Program will be implemented in two tranches (or projects) with 4-year Tranche-1 followed by 6-year Tranche 2 expected to commence after one year of Tranche-1 implementation. The Program comprises of the following three outputs:

Output 1: State and basin institutions strengthened for IWRM

The output will strengthen institutional capacities of the Water Resources Department (WRD) and the Advanced Centre for IWRM (AC-IWRM) to implement IWRM in select river basins in Karnataka. This will include: (i) development and implementation of river basin plans to better manage water resources, (ii) capacity building and certification of the WRD (including its associated agencies like Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Limited [KNNL]) in IWRM with 30% of trainees being women, and (iii) improved water resources information systems. Output 2: Irrigation system infrastructure and management modernized

This output will include: (i) modernization of irrigation infrastructure including installation of telemetry for canal flow measurement of three irrigation subprojects within the Tungabhadra Sub- basin (Gondhi Subproject under Tranche 1, and Vijayanagara Channel (VNC) and Tungabhadra Left Bank Canal (TLBC) under Tranche 2); (ii) strengthening asset management and main system operation and maintenance (O&M); and (iii) capacity building of inclusive water user cooperative societies (WUCS), with women representation, for improved operation, maintenance and water management within their respective command area. Output 3: Program management systems operational This output will focus on delivery of the above two program outputs on time and within budget. 1.2 KISWRMIP Subprojects Selected for Modernisation The KISWRMIP is to include modernization of 3 irrigation areas: (i) Gondhi Irrigation system, which is a subǦarea of the Bhadra Irrigation System (Tranche 1), (ii) Vijayanagara (VJN, Tranche 2) and (iii) part of Tungabhadra Left Bank Canal (TLBC, Tranche 2 and 3). 1.2.1 Gondhi Irrigation System The Gondhi Anicut was built across the Bhadra River near Gondhi Village about 11.56 km from Bhadravati Town, Shivamogga. It is located about 14.50 km downstream of the Bhadra Dam. It lies within the larger and more recent Bhadra Irrigation System but has its own supply from the Gondhi Anicut (Figure 2). The construction of Gondhi Anicut started in 1916 and completed in 1926. The Gondhi Right Bank Canal was commissioned in 1927, whereas the Gondhi Left Bank Canal started in 1951 and commissioned in 1954. There are 20 tanks within the right bank command area. Some of these are in-line storage where the canal crosses a valley on an embankment but most are within the command area.

There are about 150 pipe outlets directly from the main canals. Some of these have gates but they are never operated. The other outlets have no gates at all. The result is uncontrolled release of water which may be in excess of irrigation requirements. There is an access track on the side of the canal adjacent to the command area.

The Culturable Command Area (NCA) of the Gondhi System is about 4,600 ha. Some of relevant salient features of the system are given in Table 1.

Under Tranche -1 Gondhi modernisation, the intervention envisaged under the system comprise of the following components: 1. Improvement of canals including provision of canal lining to suit future water delivery requirements. . Lining is by concrete paver lining.

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2. Repair / replacement of all canal structures to support the future operational objectives. 3. Supply and installation of telemetry-based flow measurement at about 20 locations. 4. Command area development works - 4,600 ha provided with Command Area Development works. 5. Capacity development of system operations staff and water users to enable them to effectively use the flow measurement system and provide a better water distribution service.

Figure 2: Bhadra Irrigation System along with Gondhi Irrigation System (PPTA, 2013)

Table 1: Relevant salient features of Gondhi Irrigation System

Particulars Left Bank Area Right Bank Area Total CCA (ha) 220 4380 4600 Main canal length (km) 14.7 74.4 89.1 Distributaries 0 16 No. / 34km 16 Cart bridges 20 86 106

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Particulars Left Bank Area Right Bank Area Total DPOs on main canal 20 130 150 DPOs on distributaries 52 52 Drainage inlets 2 51 53 Relieving weirs 3 22 25 Escape sluices 0 6 6 Aqueducts 0 3 3 Tanks 0 20 20 Channel section unlined unlined Main canal alignment contour contour

1.2.2 Vijayanagara Channels (VNC) This system comprises 16 canals, most of which were originally constructed during the Vijayanagara Empire about 400 years ago. Most of the canals have their own diversion structures on the river and many of the canals are interlinked. The total command area is reported as 11,154 ha (but has probably been reduced by urbanisation) with command areas of individual canals ranging between 210ha and 2,220 ha (Figure 3).

Figure 3: Vijayanagara upstream channels (PPTA, 2013)

1.2.3 Tungabhadra Left Bank Canal (TLBC) Construction of dam across Tungabhadra River (i.e. Tungabhadra Dam) was taken up during 1944 by the erstwhile States of Madras and Hyderabad Governments from opposite banks on Right and Left side banks respectively near Mallapuram village to impound 133 TMC of water in

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the reservoir. The 1.739 Km long dam, with its two saddles on the left side impounded the monsoon flow up to 491.62 m (1613 ft) level in the year 1953 and water was let in to the canals on both banks on 1st July 1953. However, erection of spillway gates, bridge, road on top of dam etc was completed by June 1958. As the reservoir submerged the Valvapur and Hosakote Anicuts constructed by the Rayas, a sluice was provided on right side of the dam with a lead channel to connect the old Raya and Basavanna canals to provide irrigation for 11 months. Similarly the old Koregal Anicut (Left flank of Valvapur Anicut) and its channel got submerged in the reservoir. So a channel has been connected to the first distributary of left bank main canal to serve the old Ayacut.

The project comprised of construction of dam across Tungabhadra River near Mallapuram with masonry dam length of 1040 m including spillway of 701m, composite dam of 546.8 m and earthen dam of 152.40 m totalling to 1739.20m. The Tungabhadra dam has 5 canals taking off from sluices located in it. These are: 1. Right Bank High Level Canal (RBHLC) 2. Power canal on right side which is named as Right Bank Low Level Canal (RBLLC) beyond 21.09 Km 3. Raya Basava Canal (RBC on right side) 4. Left Bank Main Canal (LBMC) also called as Tungabhadra Left bank canal (TLBC) 5. Left Bank High Level Canal (LBHLC) The TLBC system has a command area of 244,000 ha supplied from the Tungabhadra dam via a 227 km long main canal. Construction commenced in the 1960s and was envisaged as a system to supplement erratic rainfall during the kharif season. Tungabhadra Left Bank Main Canal with total length of 226 Km (141 Miles) was originally designed with a head discharge of 7,000 Cusecs up to Right outfall sluice (ROFS) located at Ch 0+430 m beyond which the canal carries 4100 cusecs. 1.3 Implementation Arrangement The Program implementation arrangement has been portrayed by illustration given in Figure 4. Accordingly, the existing State Steering Committee (SC) for IWRM, chaired by Chief Secretary of the State and comprising representatives from all relevant departments, will provide policy direction and strategic guidance on matters relating to IWRM in Karnataka. This IWRM SC will also oversee the coordination of IWRM programs in the State and between agencies. The Program Coordination Committee (PCC) chaired by the Principal Secretary, Water Resources Department (WRD) will provide overall program and policy guidance.

The Program Management Unit (PMU) is located within the KNNL in Bangalore, and has day-to- day responsibility for implementing KISWRMIP. The Managing Director (MD), KNNL is the Program Director (PD), who is responsible for implementing the overall program under the guidance of the State IWRM Steering Committee and the Program Coordination Committee (PCC), with the support of the Project Support Consultant (PSC). A Project Implementation Office (PIO) is established within the Advanced Centre for IWRM (AC- IWRM), which will be responsible for implementation of all IWRM related activities of Output 1. For Output 2, each irrigation subproject to be modernized a dedicated PIO. The PMU working with the relevant PIO and PSC will monitor overall program execution and will be responsible for monitoring and reporting. PSC will provide technical support for project implementation.

There are two main packages, one for each tranche (or project) of the overall program. It is the implementation of the Tranche-1 subproject i.e. Gondhi modernisation that SMEC International Pty Ltd (The Consultant) has been commissioned for. Furthermore, according to the guidelines Karnataka Integrated and Sustainable Water Resources Management Investment Page | 6 Program- (KISWRMIP) – Quarterly Progress Report Apr-Jun 2016

provided in the Facility Administration Manual (FAM) for KISWRMIP, SMEC will prepare the feasibility study reports of Tranche-2 subprojects (i.e. Vijayanagara Channel and Tungabhadra Left Bank Canal) and support the relevant PIOs to prepare Detailed Project Reports (DPRs).

For the implementation of field outreach program in the Gondhi Subproject, the PSC will also include support services teams (SSTs) for training, capacity building and hand holding support to the Water User Cooperative Societies (WUCS), and will be based in PIO, Shivamogga. For the second tranche due to involvement of large number of WUCS’s, the KNNL (in conjunction with PSC) will recommend the most appropriate mechanism for field outreach program in VNC and TLBC command areas.

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Figure 4: Implementation arrangement for KISWRMIP

1.4 Project Management Unit Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Limited (KNNL) is the Executing Agency for Implementation of ADB assisted Karnataka Integrated and Sustainable Water Resources and Management Investment Programme (KISWRMIP).

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This is the second Quarterly Progress Report (QPR) of the Executive Agency for Karnataka Integrated and Sustainable Water Resources and Management Investment Programme (KISWRMIP) and first quarterly report for 2016 covering the periods January to March 2016, detailing the various tasks initiated by the consulting team deployed.

The main objective and purpose of this 2nd quarterly report is to highlight the main achievements, key challenges and targets achieved during this quarter and also enable the Asian Development Bank, Program Coordination Committee, to monitor the project progress and become aware of the issues and assess the immediate project objectives in the implementation of the sub-project under the KISWRMIP.

The QPR also lists the important meetings that the project team were engaged in, the background documents referred, the reports submitted, training conducted, public consultations organized, and other information that have a bearing on the execution of this assignment.

Project Management Unit is headed by the Project Director and Managing Director, KNNL with its headquarter at Bengaluru. Project Implementation Offices (PIO’s) are headed by Chief Engineer of Upper Tunga Project Zone, Shivamogga for Project -1 and Chief Engineer of Irrigation Central Zone for Project -2 at Munirabad.

M/s SMEC International Pty. Ltd., Australia has been contracted by the Executing Agency (Karnataka Neeravari Nigam limited) as the Project Support Consultants to provide consultancy services for the Tranche -1 of KISWRMIP. The consultant’s time based contract has commenced in December 2015 and is due for completion in 2019. A complete list of PMU project staff that has been involved with the project since its inception is shown in Table 2.

Table 2: List of PMU Staff

# Name Designation

1. R. Rudraiah Program Director 2. M. G. Shivakumar Superintending Engineer Budget/ Administration Cell 3. N. Ravindran General Manager (Finance) 4. Nagaveena Asst. General Manager (Finance) 5. Rajiv Patil Manager (Finance) 6. Praveen Reddy Finance Assistant Monitoring Management Cell 7. Eswara Chandra K.S. Program Officer (Part Time) 8. - MIS & GIS Communication Expert Irrigation Management Cell 9. C.S. Nagendra Executive Engineer (Designs) 10. Manjunath S. Executive Engineer (I/c)-(Project Branch) 11. Eswara Chandra K.S. Technical Assistant 12. Deepa K. Assistant Engineer 13. C. B. Niranjan Assistant Engineer 14. P.R.M. Sharma EAP Consultant (Part time)

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1.5 Project Basic Data The project basic data are given in Table 3.

Table 3: Project Basic Data

Project Basic Data

1 Name of the Project Karnataka Integrated and Sustainable Water Resources Management Investment Program (KISWRMIP) 2 Project Number MFF 0085: Loan 3172 IND 3 Sector Agriculture & Natural Resources 4 Financial Plan for MFF ADB $150 million, GoK$ 75 million= $225 million 2014-2021 (ADB Rs.750 Cr : GoK Rs 375 Cr = Rs.1125 Cr)@Rs. 50/$ 5 First Tranche ADB $31 million: GoK$ 17 million= $48 million 2014-2019 (ADB Rs.155 Cr: GoK Rs 85 Cr= Rs.240 Cr) @Rs. 50/$ (i) Loan Signed on 07 May 2015 (ii) Loan effective from 13 July 2015 (iii) Loan Closing Date 31 March 2019 (iv) Executing Agency Water Resources Department of Karnataka through (Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Limited) (v) Implementing Agencies Advanced Centre for IWRM & Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Limited 6 Goals & Objectives The Project aims to manage and sustain the increasingly scarce water resources in the selected river basins in Karnataka 7 Activities involved (i) State and basin institutions strengthened for IWRM,- (AC- IWRM) (Strengthening the relevant institutions, specifically the Advanced Centre for IWRM (AC-IWRM) for advancing policy review, river basin management, water resources information systems establishment) (ii) Irrigation system infrastructure and management modernized,( KNNL) Modernization of irrigation system infrastructure and management in the Gondhi sub-project, including strengthening of water user cooperative societies (WUCS). Flow Measurement and Telemetry supply and Installation in the Tungabhadra sub basin. (iii) Project and management systems operational. (KNNL & AC-IWRM). 8 Outcomes of the project Improved water resources management in the Tungabhadra sub basin in Karnataka (Institutional Strengthening , International Best Practice, Sub-basin Planning, Decision Support systems etc.,) 9 Status of Physical Progress of Procurements (i) Modernization of Gondhi Contract Awarded- Work under Progress Main Canal and Tender Value: Rs. 112,21,88,261.00 Distributaries (ii) Flow Measurement & Contract Awarded- Work Under Progress Telemetry System Tender Value: INR 2,81,50,161.00 + Euro 1,945,020.00 (iii) Project Support Consultants Contract Awarded- Work Under Progress

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Project Basic Data

Tender Value: INR 10,42,79,758.00 + AUD 644,392.00 + USD 602,051.00 10 Projections for CY 2016 Contract Awards Disbursements Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Total Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Total 11.820 0.030 0.030 1.831 13.711 0.518 0.586 3.437 1.083 5.624 *As agreed during the TPRM, Jaipur, held on 30-31 Jan 2016.

11 Status of Projections for CY 2016 Contract Awards Disbursements Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Total Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Total 12.668 - - - 12.668 - - - - - #Note: the Q1 contract award is due to award of Gondhi pack age @ 1$ = INR 65.5540 Review meetings of the Project Progress 12 Tripartite Review Meetings a) 7 Dec 2015, Delhi. b) 30-31 Jan 2016, Jaipur 13 Dates of ADB Missions a) Special Project Administration Mission – 27 to 28 July 2015 b) Loan Inception Mission - 6 – 10 Nov 2015 c) Loan Review Mission - 26 – 5 May 2016 14 Project Coordinating Constituted Vide Govt Order Number WRD 51 MBI 2015 (P1) Committee (PCC) Dt 27 Nov 2015 15 External Aided Project st Monitoring Committee a) 1 Meeting held on 6th Aug 2015 meeting under the b) 2nd Meeting held on 7th Jan 2016 Chairmanship of Additional c) 3rd Meeting held on 30th May 2016 Chief Secretary to Govt. 16 Meetings under the Chairmanship of Addl. Chief a) Meeting held on 25th Feb 2016. Sec/ Principal Secretary/ th Secretary Water Resources b) Meeting held on 10 Jun 2016. Department

1.6 Utilisation of Funds 1.6.1 Contract Awards The contract awards so far under the Project -1 are detailed in Table 4. The contract award data is exclusive of ACIWRM part, which will be included when ACIWRM data is available (Figure 5)

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Table 4: Contract award under the Project -1

Date of ADB Procurement Item Contract Amount Award Financing

Gondhi NCB-1 Main Canal and Distributaries, Earth Rs. 112,21,88,261.00 26-02-2016 74% work lining, structures and flow measurement devices. ICB-2 Rs. 2,81,50,161.00 + Euro 23-11-2015 82% Flow Measurement, Telemetry –Supply 1,945,020.00 & Installation (FMT-ICB-2) PSC-1 Rs. 10,42,79,758.00 + AUD 20-11- 85% Program Support Consultants (including 644,392.00 2015 WUCS strengthening support) + USD 602,051.00 EFFM 5 Action to recruit Effects Monitoring Consultants has been Effects Monitoring initiated. Gondhi DC Multiple Lots 30 Contracts of value less than USD 74% Command Area Development works 30,000.00 to be awarded by Dec 2016.

Figure 5: Planned vs Actual Contract Award (CA) for Project 1 excluding ACIWRM

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1.6.2 Disbursements The details of disbursements so far under the Project -1 are given in Table 5. The planned vs actual disbursement details for ADB part are given in Figure 6.

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Table 5: Details of disbursement under the Project -1

Disbursement Status Expenses Booked ADB Financing Description Currency Remarks % WA submitted ADB Disbursement

Gondhi NCB-1 Main Canal and Distributaries, Earth work INR 6,45,00,000 74% 4,77,30,000 - lining, structures and flow measurement devices

ICB-2 Euro 194,502 82% 155,602 - Flow Measurement, Telemetry –Supply & INR 28,15,016 82% 22,52,013 - Installation PSC-1 INR 98,44,802 100% 98,44,802 USD - - - - Program Support Consultants (including WUCS strengthening AUD 64,439 85% - - support) EFFM 5 - - - - - Effects Monitoring Gondhi DC Multiple Lots Command Area - - - - - Development works AC-IWRM INR 67,19,387 Varied % 52,83,835 - USD TOTAL -

Re-estimated costs to completion: Nil

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Figure 6: Updated planned disbursement vs actual disbursement for Project 1 ADB part

1.7 Physical Progress The physical progress of the Program will mainly be assessed based on the output and outcome indicators given in Design and Monitoring Framework (DMF) of KISWRMIP. The current physical progress in terms of DMF outcome and output indicators is as given in Table 6.

Table 6: Status of DMF for Project 1

Item Performance Targets and Status as of 30 June 2016 Indicators with Baselines

Outcome Target Status River basin plan for x Institutional arrangements for river x Not due Krishna-8 (K-8) sub- basin management in the K-8 basin successfully sub-basin are established. implemented Outputs Target Status

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Item Performance Targets and Status as of 30 June 2016 Indicators with Baselines

(i) State and basin x At least 200 WRD staff (of which x UNESCO- IHE faculty visited institutions about 75 are women staff) are KISWRMIP on 14-16 December strengthened for certified in IWRM (baseline = 0) 2015. Discussions were held on IWRM application of an IWRM accreditation program to KISWRMIP. UNESCO-IHE cannot provide accreditation; discussions are ongoing with a suitable alternative local institution to fulfil this role. UNESCO-IHE will contribute training peer-review, advisors, and possibly training material. (baseline = 0)

(ii) Irrigation system x 123 km of irrigation canal x The Gondhi Civil works contract infrastructure and upgraded at Gondhi irrigation (GONDHI-NCB-1) is awarded on management subproject to serve 4,600 26th Feb 2016 to M/s RPP Infra modernized hectares command area Projects Ltd. for ₹ 112.22 Cr. x About 1.4 km of GLBC has been completed x Gondhi irrigation subproject main- x Not due system asset management (operation and maintenance) plan developed (baseline = 0)

x Telemetry systems operational for x Not due at least 100 locations within the sub-basin

x At least 7 WUCS operating and x Not due maintaining transferred systems

(iii) Project and x KNNL approves annual work plan x PMU is operational management within 30 days of receipt x Contract award and systems x PMU is operational disbursement at-risk however operational x Contract award and disbursement annual projections remain on-

project versus actual track.

1.8 Milestones and Activities The major milestone and activities identified for Project 1 are as given in Table 7.

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Table 7: Milestones and activities for Tranche 1

Action Point Time Frame Current Status

AC-IWRM Submit draft contract for two International consultancy 15-Jun-16 Signing of agreements is under process. NTP will be issued shortly. positions – Hydrologist and River basin modeller. RBM Specialist selected and financial proposal will be placed before the E.C. to Mobilize outstanding Contractual staff: RBM specialist, 30-06-2016 be held on 13-07-2016. For Hydrology and Irrigation Systems Expert even for Hydrology & Irrigation systems expert 4th call suitable candidate is not available. Submit draft contract document for Policy and Institutions 15/06/2016 Signing of agreements is under process. NTP will be issued shortly. Consultant to ADB for prior approval Mobilize Policy and Institutions consultant 30/06/2016 Discussing with CTA for scheduling other activities. Publish website 31-05-2016 Published Submit Submission 0's to ADB for prior approval for Climate 31-07-2016 Discussing with CTA. Change specialist and M&E expert KNNL The proposal was submitted to ADB on April 30, 2016. Observations and Submit draft SST sub-contract to ADB for review and prior 7-May-16 suggestions are received from ADB on May 6, 2016. The proposal is under approval. review since, there is an overlap of scope of services with PSC and SST. Input of key experts from the PSC is awaited to form the first draft package Submit the first CAD works package to ADB for review and 30-06-2016 comprising of implementation agreement and contract agreements. And will be prior approval. sent to ADB for prior approval, once received from PSC. Award of at least 30 CAD packages to WUCS 31-12-2016 Shall be awarded as per schedule. Submit first safeguards monitoring report to ADB 31-07-2016 Shall be submitted as per schedule. Loan Amendment to be signed by KNNL 30-Jun-16 Loan amendment is submitted to DEA from State Govt. on 8/07/16 QPR to be submitted one month after reporting period 15-05-2016 QPR is submitted to ADB on 25 June 2016. Required software has been procured. Developing the system and operation is PPMS and PMIS made operational 30-09-2016 under progress. Recruitment and mobilisation of MIS and GIS communication 30-06-2016 Under Process expert. WA application amounting to INR 6.51 Cr is submitted on 09-06-2016 in two Second Withdrawal application (WA) submitted to CAAA 7/05/2016 withdrawal applications. The same has been reimbursed as of 11 July 2016. APFS for 2015-16 submitted to ADB 15-05-2016 Will be submitted as per schedule.

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Action Point Time Frame Current Status

Updated FAM submitted to ADB 31-05-2016 Updated FAM sent to ADB on 29 June 2016. Obtain CWC's final approval of the VNC and TLBC DPR 30-09-2016 Necessary action to obtain approval from CWC is in process. PSC are in the process of preparing the feasibility report. Expected to be Submission of draft VNC feasibility study 30-06-2016 completed by July end. Submission of draft VNC bid documents to ADB for review 31-12-2016 Will be complied. and prior approval. Submission of draft TLBC feasibility study 30-11-2016 Will be complied. Implementation of Action Plan from TPRM 30-31 Jan, 2016 Re-allocation of loan proceeds, DEA to provide its concurrence to WRD's proposed loan re-allocation and submit Immediate Loan amendment is submitted to DEA from State Govt. on 8/07/16 the request to ADB. Initiate disbursements and submit withdrawal application. Advance payments of Consultants, telemetry contractors and Gondi civil works Process advance payments to consultants and telemetry Immediate contractors is paid and the same has been reimbursed by ADB. contractor, and request reimbursements. Actions taken with regard to agreed actions at the Monitoring committee review meeting for EAPs held on 30-05-2016. Compliance report to the minutes of latest TPRM/Aide Compliance to Aide Memoire submitted vide letter no.3144 dated10-06-2016. memoire to be sent to FD and the same to be incorporated in Within a week The same is incorporated into this report. the monthly progress report

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1.9 Periodic Progress Monitoring In order to monitor periodic progress reports based on loan implementation, the reports will be required as given in Table 8. Table 8: Important deliverables for Project-1 activities

# Report Deadline Status 1 Inception Report Draft submitted within 2 months of mobilization and finalized Submitted within 3 months of mobilization 2 Quarterly Progress Within 30 days of the end of each quarter Being Reports followed 3 Annual Reports Within 30 days of the end of each calendar year) Not due 4 Midterm Report Middle of year 2 for Project-1 Not due 5 Project Completion Draft submitted 3 months prior to Project completion and Not due Reports finalized within 3 months after Project completion

1.10 Gondhi Civil Works Gondhi canal modernisation civil works contract became effective from 26.02.2016 and expected to be completed by 26.02.2018. Most civil works are expected to be constructed during the canal closures over two years. So far, PSC IS/TL and CMS including KNNL site engineer visited the Contractor’s office in Bhadravati. The Contractor has already established the office including the Concrete Batching Plant in the office premise. Only limited quality control laboratory equipments were seen at the site office. A detailed assessment of laboratory arrangement adequacy will be carried out when the Contractor later updates about the progress of the laboratory establishment. 1.10.1 Physical Progress: As of now, the civil works limited to only vegetation clearance have been carried out to prepare access road to the construction site. About 14.5 km and 74.7 km of LBC and RBC has been cleared, and about 1.4 km of LBC lined in the tail reach. 1.10.2 Financial Progress: Agreed contract value is INR 112.22 crores. A mobilisation advance of Rs. 6.45 Cr. has already been paid to the contractor against a Bank Guarantee. 1.11 Flow Measurement and Telemetry System The contract for flow measurement and telemetry- supply and installation has been awarded to M/s HydroVision GmbH in JV with Canary’s Automation Pvt Ltd on 23.11.2015. The Contract period is 24 months for supply and installation plus 5-year operation and maintenance.

The proposed distribution of flow measurement installations for installation in Tranche 1 is listed in Table 9.

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Table 9: Summary of locations of telemetry for flow measurement in Tungabhadra Sub-basin

Number of Scheme / Canal Remarks Installations Head regulator, heads of distributary Bhadra Right Bank 52 1 to 22 and other major locations Head regulator and 3 subǦdivision Bhadra Left Bank 4 boundaries Tunga Canals 5 Head regulator and division boundaries Singatalur Lift Irrigation 2 One at head of each main canal Outlet from dam, division boundaries Tungabhadra Left Bank 7 plus heads of distributary 54 and 76 Tungabhadra Right High 4 Level (in Karnataka) Outlet from dam, subǦdivision boundaries Tungabhadra Right Low 5 Level (in Karnataka) Outlet from dam, subǦdivision boundaries Raya / Basavanna 1 At outlet from dam Head regulators, selected points on Gondhi irrigation system 20 main canals and on drainage system

1.11.1 Physical Progress: All 100 locations for installation have already been identified in the Tungabhadra basin including 20 locations in Gondhi system. A KNNL Quality Inspection Team visited Germany for quality inspection. The Telemetry equipments were shifted to the project location in the month of June 2016

1.11.2 Financial Progress: The agreed contract value is INR 2.81 crore and Euro 1.94 million. A mobilisation advance of Rs. 28 Lacs and Euros 194,502 has already been paid to the contractor against a Bank Guarantee.

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ٻڟڪڤڭڠګٻڢکڤگڭڪګڠڭٻڢکڤڭڰڟٻڮڠڤگڤڱڤگڞڜٻگڞڠڥڪڭګ ڍ

2.1 Quarterly Progress Report The progress report was prepared and submitted in May 2016 for Quarter 1 of 2016 (Q1 Y2) by summarising all the activities carried out during the reporting period. 2.2 Agriculture Intervention Planning In order to prepare the agriculture intervention plan for modernised Gondhi irrigation command area, the PSC Agriculture Specialist has initiated the study of the current agriculture practices and programs, and production and productivity of various crops in Shimoga District. After the detailed study, the detailed agricultural intervention plan will be developed and implemented over the project period. Preliminary review study conducted by the PSC Agriculture Specialist is given in Appendix A.

2.3 Social Management Framework (SMF) and Gender Action Plan (GAP) for Tranche 2 Subprojects Necessary community consultations and socio-economic surveys have been carried out to prepare the social management framework and gender action plan for Tranche 2 projects such as VNC and part of TLBC. Initial draft has been prepared and more data are being collected to finalise the SMF and GAP including Resettlement Plan and Indigenous People’s Assessment. The initial draft of SMF and GAP is given in Appendix B.

2.4 Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of Tranche 2 Subprojects The PSC Environmental Specialist along with the Social Development and Gender Specialist has carried out the community consultations, surveys and extensive field visits of the VNC subproject areas to appreciate with the environmental issues in the areas. The initial draft of IEE is being prepared and is expected to be ready by end of this month. Initial draft of IEE for VNC is given in Appendix C.

2.5 Review of Contractor’s EMP for Gondhi Civil Works The Gondhi civil contractor submitted the Environmental Management Plan to the EE Bhadravati office on 23 May 2016, which was shared with the PSC on 03 June 2016 for review and recommendation. The review found that the EMP is in line with the environmental assessment and review framework (EARF) for the program; however, this will require further supporting information to facilitate the compliance monitoring. The PSC’s observation on the EMP is provided in Appendix D.

2.6 WUCS Roadmap After appreciating with the status of the WUCS institutions in Gondhi, VNC and TLBC subprojects through the review of the relevant documents, reports and extensive field visits and community consultations, the PSC has developed a roadmap for the WUCS development in the subprojects.

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This will be a guiding stick for the subsequent WUCS development plan preparation. A brief outline of the roadmap is given in Appendix E.

2.7 MASSCOTE Training Proposal In order to achieve the following objectives, a detailed training proposal has been prepared with assistance from ACIWRM and PMU for carrying out MASSCOTE exercises for VNC and TLBC:

1 Develop the irrigation management modernisation strategy for VNC and TLBC and thereby incorporate the recommendations of canal improvements and management in the feasibility studies; 2 Build the internal capacity of KNNL/WRD engineers to conduct similar exercises in other projects; and 3 Benchmarking of VNC & TLBC for comparison with other projects and to know the improvements after modernisation.

In original submission, the procurement of international MASSCOTE consultant and payment of training expenses was considered to happen through SMEC as a variation to the current PSC contract. However, finally it was decided to hire the Consultant through ACIWRM and all other expenses would be directly paid by KNNL. In view of these changes, the proposal was revised including the training cost estimate. All preparatory activities such as selecting training participants, arranging training venue and accommodation, preliminary data collection, etc are currently underway so that the training can start as scheduled from 22 August 2016.

2.8 Updated Facility Administration Manual The Facility Administration Manual (FAM) for the KISWRMIP was updated to revise the various activities and deadlines, particularly after the slippage in timelines originally envisaged. The contract award and disbursement plans have been the major areas requiring updating.

2.9 Study Tour to Australia A study tour to Australia was proposed by ACIWRM for higher level officers of KNNL and WRD to study the irrigation and water resources management practices in Australia, particularly in the Murray Darling Basin. The tour was proposed to be conducted through SMEC by providing a variation to the PSC Contract. SMEC was instructed by PMU to prepare the cost estimate and travel itinerary and arrange all logistics. SMEC prepared the itinerary with help of the IWRM Advisor of ACIWRM including initial cost estimate prepared by SMEC International Training Coordinator. However, the study tour was postponed after the advanced stage of the development in view of the severe drought situation in Karnataka this year.

2.10 QA/QC Study Tour Proposal One of the capacity building objectives of the KISWRMIP is the capacity building of KNNL and CADA engineers in Quality Control supervision of civil works. In this context, this study is being organised for engineers involved in the modernisation of Gondhi Irrigation System.

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The objectives of the study tour are: Firstly, build the capacity of KNNL and CADA engineers in the Quality Control supervision of civil works through classroom lectures, on the job training and exposure visits; and Secondly, thereby achieve the best possible quality in the Gondhi civil works. With these perspectives, a training proposal was proposed, prepared and submitted by PSC by including the cost estimate for about 10 engineers of KNNL and CADA to visit the large-scale ongoing irrigation modernisation construction works in Sharda Sahayak and Lower Ganga Canal systems of UP under the World Bank programs, where SMEC is a third party quality control supervision consultant. The training program could not proceed as expected before the onset of the monsoon when the construction works stop due to wet conditions.

2.11 Review of the Gondhi Contractor’s QA/QC Arrangements The PSC CMS specialist carried out the Gondhi construction site visits. The visit was also made to the Contractor’s work program and other arrangements, office premises and laboratory arrangements for quality control. All these were discussed in detail with EE office Bhadravati and QC Division. The comments were made on the adequacy of the Contractor’s arrangements and recommendations made with regard to further arrangement necessary for the completion of works in time and with approved quality.

2.12 Program Performance Management System (PPMS) The PPMS for KISWRMIP has already in the advanced stage of development. The outline of the system and the works carried out by PSC so far have been presented to and discussed with PMU and ACIWRM in view of overall scope of the system to include all activities including ACIWRM. The contract details and other relevant information have been collected from ACIWRM and PSC is currently working to finalise the system so that it can be installed and made operational in PMU.

2.13 Gondhi Operation and Maintenance Plan In order to prepare the Operation and Maintenance Plan (OMP) for Gondhi System, the PSC O&M specialist carried out extensive field visits of the Gondhi System and reviewed the Gondhi FSR and DPR and made several consultations with WUCS representatives to understand the current operation practice and appreciate with the canal infrastructures. Further works in this regard is currently ongoing, and soon an outline of Gondhi OMP will be prepared to discuss with relevant officers of PIO.

2.14 Tranche 2 Subproject Feasibility Study As mentioned earlier, the PSC Social Development and Gender Specialist (SDGS) and Environmental Specialist have carried out extensive field visits, community consultations and surveys in VNC subproject areas to finalise Initial Environmental Examination (IEE), Social Management Framework (SMF), Gender Action Plan (GAP), Resettlement Plan and Indigenous People’s Assessment. All these documents are in advanced stage of development and will be finalised soon to incorporate into the FSR of VNC.

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The CV for the Project Economist has been submitted to PMU for necessary review and approval, and is under the assessment. However, in order to avoid the delay in preparation of VNC FSR, the Project Economist has already been mobilised to site to carry out the cost-benefit analysis of VNC subprojects.

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ٻکڪڤگڜڮڤڧڤڝڪڨٻڡڡڜگڮٻگڞڠڥڪڭګ ڎ

3.1 Mobilisation in Reporting Period Most of relevant staff were mobilised during the reporting period; however, their inputs were relatively less than planned. This is largely due to their prior engagements in other projects. Details of inputs of individual specialists mobilised in the reporting period are given in Table 10. Table 10: Staff mobilisation in reporting period

Expert Apr May Jun Total IS/TL 1.00 1.03 0.87 2.90 PIM/DTL 1.00 0.37 0.00 1.37 AGRI 0.33 0.00 0.50 0.83 CMS 1 0.00 0.37 0.00 0.37 CMS 2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 COM 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 ENV 0.37 0.20 0.30 0.87 MIS 0.07 0.73 0.90 1.70 OMS 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 PE/FMS 0.00 0.00 0.53 0.53 PROC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 SD&GS 0.53 0.50 0.53 1.57 WIS 0.37 0.00 0.00 0.37

3.2 Overall Mobilisation Overall staff mobilisation so far has been an issue and assessed to be significantly less than planned (Figure 7). So far, most common reason for poor mobilisation has been the engagement on other projects; however, PIM/DTL specialist resigned recently from this assignment for another position in ACIWRM, and WIS due to family reasons. Some of replacement proposals are awaiting PMU’s review and approval.

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Figure 7: Overall staff mobilisation by end of June 2016 3.3 Expected Mobilisation in Next Reporting (Apr-Jun 2016) Most subject experts are expected to be mobilised in the next reporting period to develop individual work plans and carry out necessary field works and consultations with relevant stakeholders to gather necessary data and feedbacks. This is also required to expedite the activities related to the feasibility studies of Tranche-2 subprojects, particularly TLBC. The VNC feasibility study has so far been completed significantly. With the mobilisation of SST team, Gondhi field activities are expected to pick up significantly.

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ٻڄڑڌڋڍٻګڠڮڈڧڰڥڃٻڟڪڤڭڠګٻڢکڤگڭڪګڠڭٻگڳڠکٻکڤٻڮڦڭڪڲٻڭڪڥڜڨ ڏ

x Preparation of Agriculture Development Plan x Finalising Program Monitoring Management System (PPMS) and making operational x Final Draft for VNC Feasibility x Facilitating MASSCOTE Training x Draft CAD Works Package x WUCS awareness material printing x Gondhi asset management plan (i.e. O&M Plan) x Preparation of Capacity Building Plan for KNNL, CADA, WALMI and WUCS x Finalising and implementing QA/QC process for Gondhi civil works quality control

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ٻڮڠڭڰڮڜڠڨٻکڪڤگڜڢڤگڤڨٻڿۉڼٻڮڠڢکڠڧڧڜڣڞٻڇڮڠڰڮڮڤ ڐ

5.1 Resignation of PSC Specialists The resignation of some of PSC specialists such as PIM/DTL and Water Institution Specialist (WIS) has slightly delayed some of PSC activities, particularly related to the WUCS formation and signing of MoU with KNNL.

Earlier two replacement proposals for PIM/DTL of SMEC were found lacking to meet the requirement of the position as outlined in the PSC ToR. A third proposal has been submitted recently and is awaiting approval soon. The approval of WUCS Support Service Team (SST) CVS is in final stage, and its mobilisation is expected to accelerate the CAD works, PIM and OMP activities.

5.2 Delay in Preparation of VNC FSR The field visits involving community consultations and surveys for the preparation of SMF and GAP, resettlement plan and indigenous people’s assessment took slightly longer than expected. Mobilisation of the Project Economist was delayed, although SMEC has currently engaged its in- house economist for the assignment while the approval of CV is still awaited. However, all field works are now over. As per the current status, initial draft FSR for VNC is expected to be completed by mid-August 2016.

5.3 Delay in Preparation of CAD Works Package The mobilisation of SST and PIM/DTL replacement is expected to happen by end of July 2016. The mobilisation of O&M specialist was delayed as well due to his other prior commitments. However, all these issues are now sorted out, and for this reason, the activities with regard to CAD works will commence immediately.

5.4 MASSCOTE Training Conducting the MASSCOTE Training successfully will be a challenge. Coordinating the activities between PSC, PIO Munirabad, and PMU and ACIWRM Bengaluru will require a concerted effort from all stakeholders. In this perspective, a meeting is being organised in final week of July 2016 to finalise all outstanding issues and tasks and define and assign the roles and responsibilities of stakeholders.

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ٻڟکڜٻگکڠڤڧڞٻڠڣگٻڡڪٻڮکڪڤگڮڠڢڢڰڮٻڟکڜٻڮگکڠڨڨڪڞٻکڪٻڮکڪڤگڞڜ ڑ ٻڮڭڠڟڧڪڣڠڦڜگڮٻڭڠڣگڪ

6.1 MASSCOTE Training Proposal The MASSCOTE Training proposal was revised and submitted for PMU review and approval as per the change in the mode of employment of international MASSCOTE Training expert. 6.2 RFP for Effects Monitoring On PMU’s request, RFP for effects monitoring was prepared and submitted to PMU for review. 6.3 QPR Consolidation On PMU’s request, QPR for Quarter 1 (Jan-Mar) 2016 was revised to incorporate the ACIWRM component as well. 6.4 Study Tour to Australia PSC had prepared the tour itinerary including the cost estimate with the help of International Training Coordinator of SMEC and organised all logistics on the request of PMU; however, the tour was postponed in the view of critical drought prevailing in Karnataka in the proposed period.

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ٻڮڠڞکڠڭڠڡڠڭ

ADB PPTA (No. 7954-IND). Gondhi Modernisation Feasibility Study Report. Integrated Water Resource Management and Sustainable Water Service Delivery in Karnataka

ADB PPTA (No. 7954-IND). Project Preparation Technical Assistance Reports. Integrated Water Resource Management and Sustainable Water Service Delivery in Karnataka

ADB TA (No. 7418-IND), 2011. Technical Assistance Report. Integrated Water Resource Management and Sustainable Water Service Delivery in Karnataka ADB, 2011. Concept Paper. Integrated Water Resource Management and Sustainable Water Service Delivery in Karnataka

ADB, 2014. Facility Administration Manual (FAM). Integrated Water Resource Management and Sustainable Water Service Delivery in Karnataka AS/NZS ISO 31000:2009 Risk Management – Principles and guidelines

FAO, 2009. Modernisation Strategy for Irrigation Management. Application of MASSCOTE in Upper Krishna- KJBNL, Karnataka

KNNL, 2013. Detailed Project Report for Modernisation of Left Bank Canal and Right Bank Canal of Gondhi Anicut. No. 4, BRLBC Division, Bhadravati

KNNL, 2015. Detailed Project Report For Modernisation of Canal System of Tungabhadra Project (For Balance Portion Excluding Already Tackled Works). W RD, ICZ, Munirabad

KNNL, 2013. Detailed Project Report for Modernisation of Vijayanagara Channels in Tungabhadra Project. W RD, ICZ, Munirabad

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ٻڮڠڞڤڟکڠګګڜ

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Appendix A: Agriculture Interventions

Draft Input on Agricultural Interventions Karnataka Integrated and Sustainable Water Resources Management Investment Programme (Work in Progress)

The Tungabhadra subbasin is the main pilot area for this programme, lies within the Krishna River Basin and largely within Karnataka. Rainfall for the sub‐basin follows a monsoonal pattern; Annual rainfall is 50 cm in the north east & 300 cm in the south (Western Ghats). Droughts are frequent. During the southwest monsoon of June to September, the sub‐basin receives on an average about 70% of the annual rainfall, with September being the wettest month. The Gondhi Anicut canal is a small scheme of 4,600 ha constructed 60 to 90 years ago with a 74.4 km main canal on the right bank (4,253 ha) and 14.5 km on the left bank (212 ha). There are 20 tanks in the command. The Gondhi canals currently benefit from return flows from the adjacent Bhadra command area and these are expected to reduce as the Bhadra system operation is improved. Modernization of Gondhi is required to mitigate adverse impacts. The canals are unlined and in poor condition and the bottom 60% of the system is believed to receive its irrigation supply from the Bhadra system rather than through the canal system which is blocked with sediment in some places. Paddy is the main seasonal crop in both Rabi and Kharif and sugar cane and areca nut are the perennial crops. Kharif season cropping makes use of irrigation as well as monsoon rainfall, while Rabi season cropping, though assisted by rainfall, makes use of residual soil moisture following Kharif and is otherwise dependent on irrigation. Pumped water, mostly from the river is utilized for conjunctive use by farmers in the middle and tail reaches particularly during scheme closure (1 month in late November and December), and in the lower part of the scheme (below km 44 on the right bank canal) during the closure of Bhadra canal in May to July. Water may be pumped several kilometers from the river. There are small areas of drip irrigation for areca nut. The area served by pumped water is not known, but may be 20% to 30% of the crop area. Fertilizer use on Gondhi scheme is considerably higher than the state average, and said to be twice recommended rates. There is no soil testing and the nutrient status is not known. The use of organic manure and farm yard manure is low. Micro nutrient deficiencies are increasing. The application of pesticide has also become common. Farm labour costs are increasing, and farmers are increasingly adopting mechanized agriculture, especially tractor ploughing, weed control, and transport, seed planting, and contract combine harvesters. Investigations found that 75% of the gross command area was cropped and the rest is built up and farms head areas, river, roads, non-crop trees, land out of command, and open water; 37% of the cropped area was under seasonal crops, 49% tree crops and 12% under sugar. According to the household survey cropping intensity in the area is 131% overall and about 160% on land with no perennial crops. The cropping pattern is dominated by paddy rice with around 40% of the area in both Kharif and Rabi seasons. The Gondhi scheme is fully developed, with almost 100% cropping in both Kharif and Rabi seasons. There is potential to improve yields in the Gondhi area through improved crop water management, crop diversification, improving cropping systems (for e.g. Areca nut, SRI Rice), drainage, soil fertility management, and pest management etc. The mean annual agricultural income from the household survey was Rs 54,000 per household, ranging from Rs 5,000 to Rs 330,000. Other non-farm income was relatively small.

Appendix A Page | 1 The main canals are contour canals and the height above the river increases with distance downstream. The system is in poor condition, most notably the right main canal where water appears to be unable to pass from head to tail as a result of sediment blockage from about km 45. Below this water comes from the Bhadra system as overland flow and intercepted drainage (most likely the source of the sediment). The downstream 40% of the Gondhi system is therefore vulnerable to water shortage when the Bhadra system is not operating. There are 20 tanks within the right bank command area many of which are enlargements of the main canal. One of these tanks commands about 260 ha and has gated outlets to enable active management of supply. There are about 150 pipe outlets, typically serving 20-320 ha directly from the main canals. Some of these have gates but they are never operated and others have no gates at all. The result is uncontrolled release of water. There is no engineered drainage system although there are many reports of waterlogging. The primary objectives of the modernization include supply of canal water to the lower Gondhi canal section and to save water that is to be transferred to a newly constructed irrigation area in the Upper Bhadra. The responsibility of operation and maintenance of the Gondhi Anicut Project (Anicut and canal works) lies with the Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Limited (KNNL) through its field office of Chief Engineer, Upper Tunga Project (UTP) Zone, Shivamogga. The project is under the jurisdiction of the Superintending Engineer, Bhadra Reservoir Project Circle, B R Project. Responsibility for the command area aspects of the project, including construction of field irrigation channels and drains, command roads, reclamation waterlogged soils and formation and support to WUCS lies within the jurisdiction of the Bhadra Command Area Development Authority, Malavagoppa, Shivamogga. Agricultural support services for government schemes and subsidies are provided through the Shivamogga District Agriculture Department Office. There are 3 Community Service Organizations active with canal irrigation in the project area. There are 9 WUCS in Gondhi Right Bank Channel 3 of these have entered into Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with KNNL on water management and have benefited from a one-time functional grant which is kept in the Bank as fixed deposit. On the left bank there is potential to form one WUCS. Overall the effectiveness and activities of WUCS in the project area is very limited. The overall objective of the project is to modernize the irrigation infrastructure so that a fully functioning irrigation system is left in place and WUCS that are independent self-sustaining entities capable of fulfilling their responsibilities including irrigation management; equitable distribution of water to farmers; O&M of minor canal system and collection of irrigation water charges; and, capable of interacting with service agencies including KNNL / CADA, Agriculture Department, Horticulture Department and other Departments to ensure that they receive necessary services. The goal is a significant improvement in water use efficiency coupled with an increase in agricultural productivity which in turn should lead to substantial improvement in the income of farmers. The Gondhi scheme is proposed for inclusion in the first tranche of KISWRMIP because modernization is needed and, although the scheme has a small area, the 74km length of the right main canal replicates many of the operational issues of much larger systems. In addition, the Gondhi canal has, for many years, received supplementary water as return flows from the adjacent Bhadra canal system but this source of water is diminishing as that system becomes better managed. The terrain in the Gondhi command area is suitable for piloting alternative distribution systems and the area is sufficiently small to give potential having fully-functioning WUCSs within the implementation period.

Appendix A Page | 2 The proposed interventions reflect the perceived project needs identified during the socio-economic survey activities. The following interventions are envisaged to upgrade the Gondhi system with a command area of about 4,600 ha. A: Modernisation of Gondhi Canal System A-1: Canal System Infrastructure Upgrading A-2: Command Area Development B: Improved Operation and Maintenance at all levels of the system B-1: Improved Operation and Maintenance at all levels C: Strengthening of KNNL and CADA System Management C-1: Institutional and Management Systems Strengthening C-2: Assessments of Tranche 2 projects D: WUCS and Agricultural Development D-1: WUCS Institutional Development & Capacity D-2: Agricultural Development and Livelihood Enhancement Major activities to be carried out to full fill the aforementioned interventions - 1 Improvement of main canals and distributaries including provision of concrete canal lining and upgrading of canal access roads. 2 Repair / replacement of all canal structures including bridges and crossings, drainage inlets and relieving weirs, pipe outlets and provision of new structures such as cross regulators. Ramps into canals for laundry and animal drinking will be provided. 3 Modification of current on-line storage tanks where feasible to become actively managed off-line storage and enhancement of existing off-line tanks. 4 Where feasible, remodelling of the drainage inflow and relieving weir arrangement to avoid water (and associated sediment) entering the main canals unless required. 5 Managed conjunctive use of canal water, water stored in tanks and groundwater where possible. Small pilots of gravity pressurised irrigation from the main canal. 6 Command area development works comprising lined channels, low pressure gravity supplied pipe distribution and improved drainage. Provision of electronic flow measurement with telemetry at about 20 locations on the main canal and drainage system and flow measurement at all outlets. Electronic flow measurement and control systems will also be provided for the Bhadra canal system and selected locations on other irrigation schemes in the K8 sub-basin. 7 Capacity development of system operations staff and water users. 8 Strengthening of WUCS for effective water management, agriculture and minor system O&M. 9 Agricultural extension and on-farm water management training. Proposed agricultural interventions are -

Appendix A Page | 3 9.1 Soil Fertility 9.2 Irrigation Water Savings and IWRM 9.3 Cropping Patterns and Intensification 9.4 Farm Mechanisation 9.5 Chemicals and Pest Management 9.6 Agricultural Extension and Communications 9.7 Research and Demonstration Method and Materials of Interventions: 9.1 Soil Fertility The soils of the project area red and red loamy, light textured, sandy to loamy, poor aggregating ability, poor in bases, acidic to neutral in reaction mostly supplemented with fertilizers that to imbalanced even though farmers are getting the desired results at present but in future course the soils if manures are not supplemented will be degraded and even after fertilizer supplementation the productivity will decrease. To overcome this situation every farmer should be brought under Soil Health Card Scheme and accordingly the fertilizers should be supplemented. Further it is suggested that the farmers should practice integrated farming in which they should cultivate cereals, pulses, oilseeds and vegetable crops in appropriate balance ; develop domestic and commercial orchards; take-up animal husbandry, goatry, piggery, fishery, poultry and duckry. By opting integrated farming the farmer will have advantages – Increased Productivity, Profitability, Sustainability, Balanced Food, Environmental Safety, Recycling of Resources, Availability of Manures for his own use and round the year Income. This aspect can be demonstrated through convergence with schemes of various departments. 9.2 Irrigation Water Savings and IWRM The popular method of irrigation is generally flooding in which a field is essentially flooded with water which is allowed to soak into the soil to irrigate the plants. Though the technique is common and normal in practice but the water wastage is huge and due to excess irrigation the available nutrients leach down and contaminate the ground water, later due to upwards movements through capillaries during evaporation the dissolved salts from lower layers accumulates on surface and deteriorates the soil. This is just an example it also hampers the social fabric of the community as it creates dispute with the person who has been devoid of his water share which have been taken up by his fellow farmer in excess. Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) is a process which promotes the co-ordinated development and management of water, land and related resources, in order to maximize the resultant economic and social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems and the environment. There are an arsenal of methods to conserve water few are here as an example -  Drip/Sprinkler Irrigation Calibrated water without much wastage can be delivered through Drip/Sprinkler system of irrigation, reducing the evaporation/seepage loss that happens with surface watering systems. Properly installed drip/sprinkler irrigation can save 60 to 80 % more water than conventional irrigation, and can even contribute to increased crop yields.

Appendix A Page | 4  Capturing and Storing Water Build ponds to capture and store rainfall for use throughout the year. Properly managed ponds can also facilitate a better environment.  Irrigation Scheduling Water management is not just about how water is delivered but also when, how often, and how much. To avoid under- or over watering crops, farmers should carefully watch the weather forecast, as well as soil and plant moisture, and adapt their irrigation schedule to the current conditions. Flood irrigation at night slowdowns evaporation, allows water to seep down into the soil and replenish the water table.  Drought-Tolerant Crops Growing crops that are appropriate to the region’s climate is another way that farmers are getting more crop per drop. Crop species that are native to arid regions are naturally drought-tolerant, while other crop varieties have been selected over time for their low water requirements.  Dry Farming Special tilling practices and careful attention to microclimates are essential. Dry farming tends to enhance flavors, but produces lower yields than irrigated crops.  Rotational Grazing Rotational grazing is a process in which livestock are moved between fields to help promote pasture re-growth. Good grazing management increases the fields’ water absorption and decreases water runoff, making pastures more drought-resistant. Increased soil organic matter and better forage cover are also water-saving benefits of rotational grazing.  Compost and Mulch Compost, or decomposed organic matter used as manure, has been found to improve soil structure. Mulch is a material spread on top of the soil to conserve moisture. Mulch made from organic materials such as straw/dry leaves will break down into compost, further increasing the soil’s ability to retain water. Compost and mulch help suppress weeds and reduce evaporation.  Cover Crops Planted to protect soil that would otherwise go bare, cover crops reduce weeds, increase soil fertility and organic matter, and help prevent erosion and compaction. This allows water to more easily penetrate the soil and improve its water-holding capacity. The fields planted with cover crops have been found more productive than conventional fields.  Conservation Tillage Conservation tillage uses specialized implements that partially till the soil but leave at least thirty percent of vegetative crop residue on the surface. Like the use of cover crops, such practices help increase water absorption and reduce evaporation, erosion, and compaction.  Going Organic In addition to keeping many of the more toxic pesticides out of our waterways, organic methods help retain soil moisture. Healthy soil that is rich in organic matter and microbial life serves as a sponge that delivers moisture to plants. It has been observed that organic fields can recharge groundwater supplies up to twenty percent.

Appendix A Page | 5 9.3 Cropping Patterns and Intensification The cropping pattern of the region is influenced not only by agro-climatic conditions like rainfall, soil, temperature, etc., but also by government policies and programmes for crop production in the form of subsidies, support prices, tariffs and pace of infrastructure development. The Shimoga District witnesses cultivation of major Cereals, Pulses, Oilseeds, Spices, Commercials, Vegetables and Plantations crops as per Table-1 however the prevalence of this cropping pattern in Gondhi project area is to be established for planning of the integrated farming system in participation with WUCSs. Unless n until all the resources are not taken in to the consideration the appropriate planning will not emerge. Intensification through improved package of practices, demand driven diversification with need based integration shall be the pivot of all round development of farmers of the project area.

Table1: Area, Production and Productivity of Major Crops in Shimoga (2012-13)

# Crop Area Production Productivity Share in Land Contribution (ha) (ton) (t/ha) (%) in Production (%) 1 Paddy 123311 489072 3.97 44.71 23.56 2 Jowar 382 765 2.00 0.14 0.04 3 Maize 69527 291485 4.19 25.21 14.04 4 Ragi 1072 1735 1.62 0.39 0.08 5 Red Gram 665 465 0.74 0.24 0.02 6 Black Gram 79 42 0.56 0.03 0.00 7 Horse Gram 83 32 0.40 0.03 0.00 8 Green Gram 794 198 0.26 0.29 0.01 9 Avare 38 23 0.64 0.01 0.00 10 Cowpea 463 128 0.29 0.17 0.01 11 Bengal Gram 63 36 0.60 0.02 0.00 12 Groundnut 683 409 0.53 0.25 0.02 13 Castor 103 68 0.69 0.04 0.00 14 Sesamum 15 5 0.34 0.01 0.00 15 Linseed 3 1 0.18 0.00 0.00 16 Nigerseed 10 2 0.20 0.00 0.00 17 Sunflower 1385 2515 1.91 0.50 0.12 18 Safflower 15 10 0.69 0.01 0.00 19 Dry Chillies 307 510 1.66 0.11 0.02 20 Corindar 2 1 0.31 0.00 0.00 21 Turmeric 118 1130 9.56 0.04 0.05 22 Dry Ginger 5450 106831 1.98 1.98 5.15 23 Black Pepper 973 3362 0.35 0.35 0.16 24 Cardamom 314 51 0.16 0.11 0.00 25 Sugarcane 3943 449502 120.00 1.43 21.65 26 Cotton 986 3565 0.65 0.36 0.17 27 Tobacco 15 9 0.65 0.01 0.00 28 Beans 20 209 10.45 0.01 0.01 29 Brinjal 18 363 20.17 0.01 0.02 30 Cabbage 12 241 20.08 0.00 0.01 31 Tomato 143 3150 22.02 0.05 0.15 32 Banana 6030 101394 16.81 2.19 4.88 33 Mango 3555 39340 11.07 1.29 1.89 34 Papaya 48 2364 49.74 0.02 0.11 35 Guava 12 71 5.94 0.00 0.00

Appendix A Page | 6 # Crop Area Production Productivity Share in Land Contribution (ha) (ton) (t/ha) (%) in Production (%) 36 Sapota 505 3174 6.29 0.18 0.15 37 Lemon 6 27 4.44 0.00 0.00 38 Cashewnut (R) 1438 453 0.32 0.52 0.02 39 Coconut 5736 44998 7.92 2.08 2.17 40 Arecanut (R) 47478 528316 11.40 17.21 25.45 Overall 275800 2076052 7.53 100.00 100.00

9.4 Farm Mechanisation Farm mechanization implies the use of various power sources, improved farm tools and equipment, with a view to reduce the drudgery of the human beings and draught animals, thereby increasing crop production and productivity. Majority of the population depends on agriculture for their livelihood. In recent years, non-availability of farm labours and fragmentation of land holdings (smaller land holdings) are forcing many farmers to mechanize their farms and over the last few years, there has been considerable progress in agriculture mechanization. Studies on efficiency of farm mechanization revealed that if the mechanization used properly a farmer can save seeds 15-20 per cent, fertilizer 20-30% per cent, time 20-30 per cent, labours 5-20 per cent, and increase in cropping intensity 10-15 per cent, higher productivity 15-20 per cent. The increase in cropping intensity has been reported to be 165, 156 and 149 per cent for tractor-owning, tractor hiring and bullock operated farms, respectively. During 1960- 61, the animal power contributed 92 per cent of the total farm power and mechanical and electrical together contributed 8 per cent. However, in 2004-05 the contribution from animal power reduced to 16 per cent and from mechanical and electrical power, it increased to 84 per cent. During the past few decades a large number of farm tools, implements and machines have been developed for different farm operations. In Karnataka, about 68 per cent of the rural population depends upon agriculture-based industries. There is a vast scope for the Departments to intervene and improve the knowledge level of farmers about farm mechanization practices. Though the paddy among all other crops is cultivated by all the farmers in the area, but their scientific knowledge about the farm mechanization in paddy crop and scientific adoption of the farm implements was not up to the mark in certain implements. So, one of the best ways to overcome this is to vigorously utilize the available scientific expertise at local level and organising Field and Farmers’ Day in which exhibitions on agriculture machine will help and encourage the farmers to know about the advantages of mechanization. The irrigation systems in vogue are surface and ground water irrigation somewhere alone and somewhere in conjunction but the irrigation methods are still the flooding an age old practice in which the heavy quantum of water is used and wasted. Water is becoming scares day by day therefore rational use of water in irrigation is the need of hour. To fulfill need improved and improvised techniques of macro and micro irrigation has to be introduced and area specific suitable techniques is to be adopted.

9.5 Chemicals and Pest Management Indiscriminate and injudicious use of chemical pesticides in agriculture has resulted in several associated adverse effects such as environmental pollution, ecological imbalances, pesticides residues in food, fruits and vegetables, fodder, soil and water, pest resurgence, human and animal health hazards, destruction of bio-control agents, development of resistance in pests etc. Therefore,

Appendix A Page | 7

Govt. of India has adopted Integrated Pest Management (IPM) as cardinal principle and main plank of plant protection in the overall Crop Production Programme since 1985. IPM is an eco-friendly approach which encompasses cultural, mechanical, biological and need based chemical control measures. The IPM approach is being disseminated through various schemes/projects at national and state level with the following objectives -

 Maximize crop production with minimum input costs  Minimize environmental pollution in soil, water and air due to pesticides  Minimize occupational health hazards due to chemical pesticides.  Preserve ecosystem and maintain ecological equilibrium.  No or less use of chemical pesticides for minimum pesticide residues  To improve farming systems

Based upon above the envisaged activities are –

 Popularizing IPM approach among farming community  Conducting regular pest surveillance and monitoring to assess pest/disease situation  Rearing biological control agents for their field use and conservation of naturally occurring bio- agents.  Promotion of bio-pesticides and neem based pesticides as alternative to chemical pesticides  To play a catalytic role in spread of innovative IPM skills to farmers  Development of IPM by imparting training to farmers through farmers field schools  Conducting short duration courses for progressive farmers

The major components of IPM are as-

 Cultural practices.  Mechanical practices  Genetic practices  Regulatory practices  Biological practices  Chemical practices

Cultural practices Cultural methods of pest control consist of regular farm operations in such a way which either destroy the pests or prevent them from causing economic loss. The various cultural practices are :

 Preparation of nurseries or main fields free from pest infestation by removing plant debris, trimming of bunds, treating of soil and deep summer ploughing which kills various stages of pests. Proper drainage system in field shall be adopted  Testing of soil for nutrients deficiencies on the basis of which fertilizers should be applied  Selection of clean and certified seeds and treating seeds with fungicide or bio-pesticides before sowing for seed borne disease control  Selection of seeds of relatively pest resistant/tolerant varieties which play a significant role in pest suppression  Adjustment of time of sowing and harvesting to escape peak season of pest attack  Rotation of crops with non-host crops to reduce incidence of soil borne diseases  Proper plant spacing which makes plants healthier and less susceptible to pests  Use of FYM and bio-fertilizers should be encouraged

Appendix A Page | 8  Proper water management (alternate wetting and drying to avoid water stagnation) as the high moisture in soil for prolonged period is conducive for development of pests especially soil borne diseases  Proper weed management. It is well known fact that most of weeds besides competing with crop for nutrients also harbor many pests  Synchronized sowing. Here community approach is required to sow the crops simultaneously in vast area so that pest may not get different staged crops suitable for its population build up and if pest appears in damaging proportion, control operation could be applied effectively in whole area  Growing trap crops on the borders or peripheries of fields. There are certain crops which are preferred more by a pest species are known as trap crops for that pest. By growing such crops on the border of the fields, pest population will develop here which can be either killed by using pesticides or its natural enemies are allowed to develop there for natural control  Root dip or seedling treatment in pest infested area  Inter-cropping or multiple cropping wherever possible. All the crops are not preferred by each pest species and certain crops act as repellents, thus keeping the pest species away from preferred crops resulting in reduction of pest incidence.  Harvesting as close as to ground level. This is because certain developmental stages of insect pests/diseases remain on the plant parts which act as primary inoculums for the next crop season. Hence, harvesting crops at ground level will lessen the incidence of pests in next season  Before planting, nursery plants should be sprayed/dipped in copper fungicide/bio-pesticide solutions to protect the plants from soil borne diseases  While pruning fruit trees remove crowded/dead/broken/diseased branches and destroy them. Do not pile them in the orchards which may act as source of pest infestation  Large pruning wounds should be covered with Bordeaux paste/paint to protect the plants from pest/disease attack

Mechanical practices

 Removal and destruction of egg masses, larvae, pupae and adults of insect pests and diseased parts of plants wherever possible  Installation of bamboo cage cum bird perches in the field and placing parasitized egg masses inside them for conservation of natural enemies and withholding of pest species wherever possible  Use of pheromone traps for mass trapping  Use of light traps and destruction of trapped insects  Installation of bird scarer in the field where required  Installation of bird perches in the field for allowing birds to sit and feed on insects and their immature stages viz., eggs, larvae and pupae  Use of pheromones for mating disruption and kill zone creation  Use of pheromone traps for monitoring and suppression of pest population  Use of rope for dislodging leaf feeding larvae  Keeping bee hives or placing flower bouquets of pollinizer cultivars facilitate better pollination and subsequent fruit set

Genetic practices

 Selection of high yielding varieties for different crops  Selection of comparatively pest resistant/tolerant varieties  Use of genetically modified seeds

Appendix A Page | 9 Regulatory practices

Regulatory rules (Quarantine rules) framed by the Government are brought into force under which seeds and infested plant materials are not allowed to enter from one part to other parts.

Biological practices

Biological control of insect pests and diseases through biological means is most important component of IPM. In broader sense, bio-control is use of living organisms to control unwanted living organisms (pests). In other words, deliberate use of parasitoids, predators and pathogens to maintain pest population at level below those causing economic loss either by introducing a new bio- agent into the environment of pest or by increasing effectiveness of those already preset in the field

Chemical practices

Use of chemical pesticides is the last resort when all other methods fail to keep the pest population below economic loss. Although there is a great advancement in pest management research, yet pesticides would continue to play an important role in crop protection in view of complexity of pest problems. Therefore, use of pesticides should be need based, judicious, based on pest surveillance and economic threshold level (ETL) to minimize not only the cost involved, but also to reduce associated problems. While going for chemical control, we must understand thoroughly what to spray, when to spray, where to spray and how to spray, keeping in mind the following -

 ETL and pest defender ratio must be observed  Relatively safer pesticides should be selected e.g. neem based and bio-pesticides  If pest is present in strips or isolated patches, whole field should not be sprayed

Relevance of IPM practices are more important in vegetable and fruit crops because of their unique mode of consumption by human being. Pesticides which are generally highly toxic and are known to have toxic residual effects could not be recommended off hand. To get more profit, farmers do not wait until waiting periods of pesticides and harvest the crop to market the same. This leads to pesticides poisoning, chronic effects, in some cases even deaths. Thus, we have to be more careful and cautious in applying pest control practices in field crops.

9.6 Agricultural Extension and Communications

Agricultural Extension is an informal educational process directed toward the rural population. This process offers advice and information to help them solve their problems. Agricultural Extension also aims to increase the efficiency of the family farm, increase production and generally increase the standard of living of the farm family.

The objective of Agricultural Extension is to change farmers' outlook towards their difficulties. Agricultural Extension is concerned not just with physical and economic achievements but also with the development of the rural people themselves. Therefore interface is established with rural people to help them to gain a clearer insight into their problems and also to decide how to overcome these problems.

Agricultural Extension is a process of working with rural people in order to improve their livelihoods. This involves helping farmers to improve the productivity of their agriculture and also developing their abilities to direct their own future development.

Appendix A Page | 10 Although farmers already have a lot of knowledge about their environment and their farming system, agricultural extension can bring them other knowledge and information which they do not have. For example, knowledge about the cause of the damage to a particular crop, the general principles of pest control, or the ways in which manure and compost are broken down to provide plant nutrients etc.

The application of such knowledge often means that the farmer has to acquire new skills of various kinds: for example, technical skills to operate unfamiliar equipment, organizational skills to manage a group project, the skill to assess the economic aspects of technical advice given, or farm management skills for keeping records and allocating the use of farm resources and equipment.

The transfer of knowledge and skills to farmers and their families is an important extension activity and the extensionist must prepare himself thoroughly. He must find out which skills or areas of knowledge are lacking among the farmers in his area, and then arrange suitable learning experiences through which the farmers can acquire them.

As well as knowledge, information and technical advice, farmers also need some form of organization, both to represent their interests and to give them a means for taking collective action. Extension, therefore, should be concerned with helping to set up, structure and develop organizations of local farmers. This should be a joint venture and any such organization should only be set up in consultation with the farmers. In the future, these organizations will make it easier for extension services to work with local farmers, and will also serve as a channel for disseminating information and knowledge.

Different types of learning are involved in extension. Before a group of farmers can decide to try out a new practice, they must first learn of its existence. They may then have to learn some new skills. Five stages can be identified in the process of accepting new ideas.

 Awareness - A farmer learns of the existence of the idea but knows little about it.  Interest -The farmer develops interest in the idea and seeks more information about it, from either a friend or the extensionist.  Evaluation - How the idea affects the farmer must now be considered. How will it be of benefit, what are the difficulties or disadvantages of this new idea, the farmer may seek further information or go to a demonstration or meeting, and then decide whether or not to try out the new idea.  Trial - Very often, farmers decide to try the idea on a small scale, for example, they may decide to put manure or fertilizer on a small part of one field and compare the result with the rest of the field, to do this they seek advice on how and when to apply fertilizer or manure.  Adoption -If the farmers are convinced by the trial, they accept the idea fully and it becomes part of their customary way of farming.

Education is not a process of filling empty minds with knowledge. Farmers already have a lot of knowledge about their environment and about their farming system; they would not be able to survive if they did not. Agricultural Extension must build on the knowledge that already exists.

Appendix A Page | 11 An extensionist, therefore, needs to learn as well as to train. He must learn what farmers already know about agriculture: for example, how they describe and explain things that happen on their farms and what they know already about improved farming methods.

The project area farmers are to be communicated through:

 Individual methods of extension (One to one informal contact)  Group methods of extension (Small group meetings)  Mass method of extension (Large group meetings)

Figure 1: Methods of Extension & Communication

The tools to be used for communication:

 Reply paid Letters  Telephone calls  Whiteboards  Posters  Flip charts  Flannel graphs  Audio-visual aids  Demonstrations  Field Visits  Exposure visits  Follow-up 9.7 Research and Demonstration

The status of project area in terms of cropping pattern is almost similar to that of Shimoga District as envisaged in Table1 aforementioned. The major crops sharing percentage in land is as per following Table 2 in which it is apparent that the Paddy is sharing the maximum land in a year as compared to other crops. Maximum share in land when compared with the contribution in production gives a different scenario, Arecanut is ahead of all the crops which is evident in Table 3.

Appendix A Page | 12 Table2: Major Crops Share in Land (Percentage) Shimoga (2012-13)

Rank Crop Share in Land (%) 1 Paddy 44.71 2 Maize 25.21 3 Arecanut (R) 17.21 4 Banana 2.19 5 Coconut 2.08 6 Dry Ginger 1.98 7 Sugarcane 1.43 8 Mango 1.29 9 Cashewnut (R) 0.52 10 Sunflower 0.50 11 Ragi 0.39 12 Cotton 0.36 13 Black Pepper 0.35 14 Green Gram 0.29 15 Groundnut 0.25 16 Red Gram 0.24 17 Sapota 0.18 18 Cowpea 0.17 19 Jowar 0.14 20 Cardamom 0.11 21 Dry Chillies 0.11 22 Tomato 0.05 23 Turmeric 0.04 24 Castor 0.04 25 Horse Gram 0.03 26 Black Gram 0.03 27 Bengal Gram 0.02 28 Papaya 0.02 29 Avare 0.01 30 Beans 0.01 31 Brinjal 0.01 32 Sesamum 0.01 33 Safflower 0.01 34 Tobacco 0.01 35 Cabbage 0.00 36 Guava 0.00 37 Nigerseed 0.00 38 Lemon 0.00 39 Linseed 0.00 40 Corindar 0.00 Overall 100.00

Table3: Major Crops Contribution in Production (Percentage) Shimoga (2012-13)

Appendix A Page | 13 Contribution in Production Rank Crop (%) 1 Arecanut (R) 25.45 2 Paddy 23.56 3 Sugarcane 21.65 4 Maize 14.04 5 Dry Ginger 5.15 6 Banana 4.88 7 Coconut 2.17 8 Mango 1.89 9 Cotton 0.17 10 Black Pepper 0.16 11 Sapota 0.15 12 Tomato 0.15 13 Sunflower 0.12 14 Papaya 0.11 15 Ragi 0.08 16 Turmeric 0.05 17 Jowar 0.04 18 Dry Chillies 0.02 19 Red Gram 0.02 20 Cashewnut (R) 0.02 21 Groundnut 0.02 22 Brinjal 0.02 23 Cabbage 0.01 24 Beans 0.01 25 Green Gram 0.01 26 Cowpea 0.01 27 Guava 0.00 28 Castor 0.00 29 Cardamom 0.00 30 Black Gram 0.00 31 Bengal Gram 0.00 32 Horse Gram 0.00 33 Lemon 0.00 34 Avare 0.00 35 Safflower 0.00 36 Tobacco 0.00 37 Sesamum 0.00 38 Nigerseed 0.00 39 Linseed 0.00 40 Corindar 0.00 Overall 100.00

Considering the above pattern, rankings and observations it is possible to enhance the production of Paddy adopting by improved package of practices and latest technologies which not only produces more but consumes less water. System of Rice Intensification (SRI) is the technique which has proven its worth at several places. Similarly the appropriate crop rotations which are beneficial without compromising the production need to be considered so that the soils of the project area remain healthy.

Appendix A Page | 14 Currently, the Gondhi Project Area network has 9 Water Users Cooperative Societies (WUCS) in Gondhi RBC and one in Gondhi LBC. However, earlier, there were only 8 WUCS in RBC as detailed in Figure 2. This WUCS covered relatively a larger command area and a long canal reaches, and as a result, difficult to manage. For this reason, Koppa Doddakere WUCS has been divided into two WUCS as Koppa Doddakere and Holehonnuru, as given in Table 4.

Figure 2: Gondhi Project Area Network

The project area having 10 Water Users Cooperative Societies (WUCS) with command area as per Table 4.

Table 4: Details of WUCS in Gondhi

Appendix A Page | 15 No WUCS details 1 DODDAGOPPENAHALLI WUCS under LBC Chainage From 0-14.50Km on LBC No. of Distributaries Nil No. of PO/DPO/FC’s 20 Total Command Area (CCA) 212.0 Hectares Total Length of FC’s in Km 6.32 Kms 2 BARANDUR WUCS under RBC Chainage From 0-18 Km on RBC No. of Distributaries Nil No. of PO/DPO/FC’s 47 Total Command Area (CCA) 614.0 Hectares Total Length of FC’s in Km 21.10 Kms 3 SEEGEBAGI WUCS under RBC Chainage From 18-24 Kms on RBC No. of Distributaries 2 (D1 & D2) No. of PO/DPO/FC’s 30 Total Command Area (CCA) 368.50 Hectares Total Length of FC’s in Km 10.41 Kms 4 BABAHALLI WUCS under RBC Chainage From 24-28.80 Km on RBC No. of Distributaries 4 (D3-D6) No. of PO/DPO/FC’s 35 Total Command Area (CCA) 593.40 Hectares Total Length of FC’s in Km 19.35 Kms 5 KAGEKODAMAGGE WUCS under RBC Chainage From 28.80 to 33.70 Km on RBC No. of Distributaries 2 (D7 & D8) No. of PO/DPO/FC’s 22 Total Command Area (CCA) 322.90 Hectares Total Length of FC’s in Km 9.14 Kms 6 THALLIKATTE WUCS under RBC Chainage From 33.70 to 40 Kms on RBC No. of Distributaries 2 (D9 & D10) No. of PO/DPO/FC’s 22 Total Command Area (CCA) 372.80 Hectares Total Length of FC’s in Km 12.01 Kms 7 NAGATHIBELAGALU WUCS under RBC Chainage From 40 to 44.20 Km on RBC No. of Distributaries 1 (D10A) No. of PO/DPO/FC’s 20 Total Command Area (CCA) 334.90 Hectares Total Length of FC’s in Km 7.63 Kms 8 DASARA KALLAHALLI WUCS under RBC Chainage From 44.20 to 55.30 Km on RBC No. of Distributaries 4 (D12 to D15) No. of PO/DPO/FC’s 22 Total Command Area (CCA) 506.60 Hectares Total Length of FC’s in Km 12.31 Kms 9 KOPPA DODDAKERE WUCS under RBC

Appendix A Page | 16 No WUCS details Chainage From 55.30 TO 72.50 Km on RBC No. of Distributaries 1 (D16) No. of PO/DPO/FC’s 34 Total Command Area (CCA) 799.60 Hectares Total Length of FC’s in Km 13.72 Kms 10 HOLEHONNURU WUCS under RBC Chainage From 72.5 TO 74.50 Km on RBC No. of Distributaries 1 (D17) No. of PO/DPO/FC’s 3 Total Command Area (CCA) 136 Hectares Total Length of FC’s in Km About 3.72 Kms

Proposed Demonstrations

01. System of Rice Intensification 02. Improved Package of Practices of Pulses 03. Improved Package of Practices of Oil Seeds 04. Micro Irrigation Systems 05. Green Manuring

Demonstrations are to be conducted by the selected farmers under the guidance of CADA with advisory of SMEC, How, When, Where, How Many and cost sharing are to be decided along with CADA and respective WUCS.

Proposed Convergence

01. Integrated Farming System 02. Fisheries 03. Poultry 04. Goatry 05. Duckry 06. Large Scale Micro Irrigation Systems 07. Vegetables 08. Orchards 09. Spices

Convergences are to be conducted by the selected farmers under the guidance of CADA in coordination with respective Departments with advisory of SMEC, How, When, Where, How Many and cost sharing are to be decided along with CADA, concerned Departments and respective WUCS.

Appendix A Page | 17 Appendix B: Social Management Framework (SMF) and Gender Action Plan (GAP) for Tranche 2 Subprojects

SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK AND GENDER PLAN IN TRANCHE 2 DRAFT (WORK IN PROGRESS)

Contents 1) Background ...... 2 2) Objectives ...... 2 3) Methodology ...... 2 4) Field assessment and Public Consultation ...... 4 5) Stakeholder Consultation ...... 5 5.1. Problems raised by farmers in Public Consultation & FGDs ...... 7 6) Existing scenario ...... 9 7) Poverty alleviation programmes ...... 10 8) Indigenous Population ...... 11 9) Major occupation ...... 12 10) Key Priorities expressed by both Men and Women ...... 15 11) Water Users Cooperative Society (WUCS)/Farmers Associations: ...... 19 12) Social Management framework and Plan ...... 20 13) Gender framework and plan ...... 23

Appendix B P a g e | 1

SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK AND GENDER PLAN IN TRANCHE 2

1) Background The Asian Development Bank’s (ADB) Safeguard policy prescribes social and gender dimensions while implementing an Integrated Water Resources Management Project for the benefit of the target population. Here public consultations and their active involvement in every stage of the planning, implementation, and concurrent monitoring of the project. “The safeguard policies require that (i) impacts are identified and assessed early in the project cycle; (ii) plans to avoid, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for the potential adverse impacts are developed and implemented; and (iii) affected people are informed and consulted during project preparation and implementation”.

The programme intends to improve equity of distribution of water to the people residing in the tail end mainly small and medium farmers, landless farmers and the poor and the vulnerable women. Besides the programme will have positive impact on the women and socially excluded groups by (i) strengthened grassroots institutions; (ii) improved irrigation infrastructure and practices; (iii) improved and equitable access to water by small, marginal and landless farmers; (iv) improved farm incomes; (v) enhanced off farm livelihood opportunities (vi) sustainable and innovative irrigation and agricultural practices, including drip and micro irrigation and crop diversification; (vii) strengthened water resources and environmental management; (viii) social inclusion and in water governance and decision–making processes and (ix) awareness generation, community mobilization and participatory irrigation management The field Assesment Team: Dr. K Balachandra Kurup, Deepak Kumar G N, Naveen Kumar S P

In order to adopt the principles of safeguard policy in Tranche 2 project areas following strategies followed.

2) Objectives  Understand the project locations, different stakeholders associated with the project and understand their perceptions on social and gender dimension in the project- especially who is doing what? What are the corrective measures to be adopted for improving the situation?  Examine the level of participation of both male and females in local water resource management institutions in particular WUCS and Federation/Councils  Review and analyse level of understanding and implementation of water efficiency measures, safeguard measures on water quality etc..  Understand the Coordination mechanisms WRD, CADA and other related organization involved in Irrigation and agriculture/horticulture sectors.

3) Methodology

 Review, examine and analyse the secondary data and information from Panchayat, Population Census, District Handbook, studies and surveys conducted by various stake holders in the project area.  Social mapping of the areas to understand current situation of people, especially the indigenous population  Household survey to collect socio economic data from selected households especially from the underprivileged communities. The survey carried out among different strata of farmers based on their socio economic status.  Public Consultation and Focus Group Discussions (FGD) among WUCS/Farmers Associations, women groups, Agriculture Department, Panchayats, ICDS (Anganwadis), NGOs, elected representatives etc. Public Consultations

Appendix B P a g e | 2

 Transect walk and observations, Informal discussions

For assessment, public consultation and focus group discussions villages are selected among the localities as given below: Location specific  Head  Middle head  Tail ends Ethnicity  SC/ST Population  OBC  General Type of farmers  Landless  Small landholders  Medium land holders  Large landholders

Section Key components covered Remarks General information from Population, households, Information gathered from Panchayat/WUCS age-sex distribution, secondary data and using Ethnicity, area under a Performa on socio cultivation, major crops, economic profile infrastructure facilities etc. Household & Social Family composition, socio Information gathered information economic status, Ethnicity, through household Education, occupation, checklist and focus group Land Holding & crop discussions pattern, drinking water, sanitation facilities, Ongoing poverty alleviation Types of both central and Secondary data, programmes state government supported discussion with panchayat programmes, including and other elected MGNREGA, other representatives, district programmes supported by handbook, progress NABARD and other reports of rural agencies. development and panchayati raj departments Gender aspects Type of activities carried out Information collected by men and women, during FGD and informal especially in agriculture and discussion with women irrigation, wage structure, groups and men participation in meetings, decision making, land ownership etc..

Appendix B P a g e | 3

4) Field assessment and Public Consultation A multi-disciplinary team visited project villages in and around the VNC from May 22 to 28, 2016 to undertake the task outlined above. Out of the 16 canals 14 canals visited and interacted with community members are farmers residing in 17 villages and the details are given in Table 1. Table 1: Community consultation # Name of Canal Villages covered Command Remarks Area in Ha RIGHT BANK 01. RAYA-27.74Km 1.Hosur 17 villages are part of 2.Gudiobalapura this canal. Out of this 3.Kalaghatta the assessment and 4.Hospet public consultations 5.Narsapura were held in 7 villages. 6.Hosakote 7.Danapura Public consultation and 8.Nagenahalli 2226 FGD were held in 4 9.Kaddirampura villages 10.Malapanagudi 11.Mudlapura 12.Amaravathi 13.Belagodu 14.Kamalapura 15.Chithawadgi 16.Singanathanahalli 17.Kallirampura 2. BASAVANNA- 1.Hosakote This canal also passes 16.5Km 2.Hosur more or less the same 3.Amaravathi villages mentioned 4.Hospet above 5.Ananthsayanagudi 1240 6.Mudlapura 7.Malapanagudi 8.Kamalapura 9.Nagenahalli 10.Kariganur 03. BELLA-5.5Km 1.Narasapura 600 2.Hosur 04. KALAGHATTA- 1.Kalaghatta 237 7.02Km 2.Dhanapura 05. TURTHA-18.69Km 1.Venkatapura 2.Bukkasagar 3.Kaddirampur 931 4.Hampi 5.Krishnapura 6.Nimapura 06. RAMASAGAR- 1.Ramasagar Public Consultation 15.5Km 2.Kampli 673 and FGD conducted in 3.Muddapur one village 07. KAMPLI-23.55Km 1.Ramsagar 2.Kampli 3.Aralihalli 620 4.Belagoduhal 5.Sanapuram Appendix B P a g e | 4

# Name of Canal Villages covered Command Remarks Area in Ha 08. BELAGODHALLA- 1.Belagodhalla 210 11.22Km 2.Kampli 09. SIRUGUPPA- 1.Kenchanagudda 1344 Public Consultation 10.85Km 2.Siruguppa held at KNNL office for 10. DESHNUR-9.03Km 1.Deshnur 815 both canals LEFT BANK 11. HULGI-10.69Km 1.Hulgi 419 2.Shivpura 12. SHIVPURA-6.54Km 1.Atthivatti Public Consultation 2.Shivpura 717 and FGD held for two 3.Mohammad Nagar villages 4.Narayanapura 13. ANEGUNDI- 1.Virpapurgaddi Public Consultation 19.44Km 2.Hanumanahalli 1359 and FGD held for two 3.Chikkrampura villages 4.Anegundi 14. UPPER 1.Vipra Public Consultation GANGAVATHI- 2.Hirejanthkal and FGD held for two 9.00Km 3.Hosalli 1363 villages 4.Nagenahalli 5.Chikkajanthkal 6.Achalapur 15. LOWER 1.Vipra GANGAVATHI- 2.Naganahalli 9.54Km 3.Chikkajanthkal 1141 4.Ayodhya 5.Danapur 6.Achalapur 16. BICHAL-14.50Km 1.Rajolli Not visited due to 2.Katakanuru paucity of time 3.Kotigudda 276 4.Hanumapura 5.Bichal

The existing canals have their own diversion structures on the river and many of the canals are interlinked. In some villages more than one canals are passing through (eg…Raya, Basavanna, Turtha, Bella, Hosur, Ramsagar, Kampli) and as a result water scarcity is not noticed during the peak summer period. However, majority of the canals are in poor conditions and provide unreliable supply of water to the tail ends and are filled with water hyacinth and waste water (including sewerage) especially the areas near to the cities.

5) Stakeholder Consultation Public consultation is a process in which public get freedom to express their own view over the project. Public consultation is vital in early stage of project which helps strengthening preventive measures to ensure social sustainability and preserving public interest by taking in account their anticipated questions and introducing measures for mitigating the same. Public consultation involved focus group discussion, informal discussions, case studies etc. The people residing along the project activity areas were consulted during site visits and due discussion were made for soliciting their opinion on several aspects of the project.

Appendix B P a g e | 5

Photo1: Public Consulation meeting held at Basvpura chaired by GP President Mrs. Renukamma Kattigi

Public Consultations and Focus Group discussions were conducted in different localities by ethnicity, type of farmers and other locally specific characteristics. In total 258 men and 58 women participated in Public consultation and focus group discussions. The communities were explained about the modernization work of canals and their active participation in the effective implementation of the project. The roles and responsibilities of WUCS and other stakeholders also explained. Among the participants there were mixed reactions and the villages participated in the PPTA study in 2013 expressed their dissatisfaction about the delay in the approval process for implementing the project. The communities residing in the tail ends were enquired anxiously about the starting of the project and others were rather sceptical about the delays. Overall the people participated in public consultation seen quite interested and confident about the project as they are well aware about merits because of commissioning of this project in respect of enhancing living standards of public.

Appendix B P a g e | 6

Photo 2: Focus Group Discussion with Women & Farmers

5.1. Problems raised by farmers in Public Consultation & FGDs During the public consultation and focus group discussions the participants expressed about their dissatisfaction and concern about the unresolved issues connected for the canal system. The problems raised by them are given below. Table 2: Problems raised by WUCS/farmers in Public Consultation & FGDs Problems Raised during 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Public Consultations Fund constraints for O& M x x x x x x x x x Water availability, x x x x x x especially tail ends Lack of support from x x x x x x x x x KNNL & CADA Poor attendance & x x x x x cooperation in meetings Lack of coordination between departments (KNNL, CADA, x x x x x x agriculture, Panchayat etc) No consultation with WUCS/farmers on DPR x x x x x x x x x and other works Closure of TLBC in December leads to water x x x x shortage for irrigation Regeneration of canal x x x x x x x water due to high pollution Hampi heritage and x x related issues

1. Anegundi, 2. Shivapura, 3. Hulgi, 4. Mohammed nagar, 5. Gangavati, 6. Siruguppa, 7. Nagenahalli, 8. Hosuru, 9. Ramasagar Appendix B P a g e | 7

Lack of support from KNNL & CADA: Neither KNNL or CADA provides any support or guidance to the WUCS or farmers association. Similarly, no systematic training for the strengthening the activities of WUCS. Over emphasis has been given on the collection of user charges. Poor attendance & cooperation in meetings: In WUCS meetings the participation is low and members are not actively participating due to lack of orientation and exposure to understand the scope and activities to be performed by WUCS. Water being of equal interest to all, factors such as political influence and caste dominance has not so far distorted the operation of the maintenance activity. Water availability: Water availability to the tail end farmers considered as a problem due to water hyacinth in several localities. In adequate or no consultation with WUCS/farmers on DPR and other works: It was reported that no consultation took place with the WUCS or farmers while preparing the DPR and no endorsement has been given by the WUCS. In Shivpura and Gangavati the farmers expressed that 6 distributaries are not included in the DPR and this have to be examined.

Fund constraints for O& M: In all the places it was mentioned that fund constraints for regular O & M is a major problem. Resources are mobilised from farmers for jungle cutting, removal of weeds and desilting. It appears that KNNL is not allocating any funds for O & M due to the modernization programmes. The KNNL allocation for 2015-16 was approximately 100 lakhs for silt removal and labour charges for the entire VNC. Lack of coordination between departments (KNNL, CADA, Agriculture, Panchayat etc): The Sector is multidisciplinary, its proper understanding gets interrupted by the implementers and users who mostly are guided by short term interests rather than dealing with the problem holistically. In the IWRM project Panchayats have not been involved or consulted with panchayats. Similarly, the case with agriculture and allied departments. If proper coordination funds could be mobilised for strengthening the irrigation and farming activities. Closure of TLBC in December: The closure of TLBC for 21 days in December affecting the yield due to water scarcity. Earlier farmers were growing two crops per year and now restricted to one due to water availability. The participanst requested to shift the closure dates to May as it was planned earlier. Regeneration of canal water due to high pollution: The quality of water seriously affected due to disposal of wastes and waste water from industries and sewerage and septic tanks. During the field visit it was noticed that children are bathing in canal water, women are using canal water for cleaning plates and other domestic purposes.

Appendix B P a g e | 8

Photo 3: Contamination due to Waste Water and Plastics Hampi heritage and related issues: The restrictions on the usage of building materials, digging has affected the poor and lower middle class families and since they are not familiar with the restrictions imposed on the heritage tag. This has resulted in the construction of public toilets and even building household toilet also.

6) Existing scenario During the visits to the canals/villages it was noticed that the famers associations are vibrant in the Vijay Nagar Canal areas and few of them have converted in to WUCS. In the public consultation meetings in several localities the participants expressed several issues and concern for the sustainability of the canal system. One of the major concern raised was about their requests for supporting Jungle cutting and desilting on a regular basis. This was not considered by the authorities and as a result WUCS/farmers mobilising resources and undertaking the seasonal O & M tasks. Community have been carrying out regular operation and maintenance work. In few localities with the support of NAREGA funds are being utised for meeting labour charges while desilting. A notable feature is the importance given to the role of agriculture and irrigation. Even though women are members in WUCS their participation in the meetings are rather limited. However, in the milk cooperative societies the women play dynamic role in overall management of the society. This is mainly due to the training, orientation and exposure they have received from their projects. Some of the WUCS memebers are part of this society. Another issue is that women’s opinions are not be recorded, because they are often not present in meetings or are not confident to speak up (particularly if their husbands are around). Majority of the farmers expressed that they are involving their women folk for land clearing, weeding, transplanting and harvesting. The women community in Mohammed Nagar (Shivpura canal area) expressed that their role has been changed to due to the mechanisation in the farming sector and as a result they need to travel to longer distances for finding jobs. The daily wages for women varies from Rs.120 to 150 and men to Rs.200 to 250 in the agricultural sector in VNC. The opportunities for women in agriculture is reducing due to mechanisation of the sector. Drinking Water Supply Households indicating multiple sources of water use both the sources for drinking and washing purposes and there is no selective use of different sources. Key Issues; (a) Unreliable water Appendix B P a g e | 9 supply in terms of supply, duration and quantity supplied; (b) Problems of water pressure and quality; (c) Defunct water supply network in some localities; (d)Lack of access or less secure access to alternate sources during water shortage periods; (e) Problems of water contamination (mud mixed water). Scarcity of water is not noticed in the villages visited but the quality of water is a major problem raised in few villages. Sanitation Key Issues Inadequate sanitation facilities leading to the practice of open defecation in and around canal premises, blocking of roadside/storm drains due to disposal of solid waste mainly agro wastes and plastics. The coverage of household sanitation ranges from 40% to 60% in the villages visited.

Photo 4: Open defacation issue around canal premises

7) Poverty alleviation programmes Most marginalised households are not aware of the various government-initiated poverty alleviation programmes/ schemes, their entitlements & benefits. However, the situation in the proposed project areas are encouraging due to the wide network of SHGs and cooperative societies.

Role of Cooperative societies in poverty alleviation programmes Historically Self Help Group (SHGs) and cooperative societies played an important role in improving the livelihood and living standards of the community, especially the women groups in project villages. The involvement of women members from Indigenous population is actively associated in SHGs. Under the SHG umbrella varieties of programmes such as Savings and credit activities, Income generation activities through community banking, linking SHGs with banks to take up individual/community based activities, and discussing the issues related to women empowerment and development.

In Koppal and Gangavati taluks alone 1605 SHGs are functioning, of which 27560 members are from women community. Out of this, 7103 (25.8%)e from SC community and 4699 (17.1%) from Appendix B P a g e | 10

ST community. Besides 48 young women groups and 391 youth groups also functioning in the district. In the cooperative societies 91 are working on agricultural co-societies, 133 in milk producer’s co-societies and 133 in other societies to get services of cooperative societies in order to improve their livelihood. The Stree Sakthi programme is supporting the milk cooperatives and similar type of women empowerment programmes.

Table 3: Distribution of SHGs and representation of indigenous population No. of No. of SC No. of ST Total women Young Youth Taluka SHGs women in women in in all women groups SHG SHG categories groups Gangavati 880 4420 3090 15249 19 212 Koppal 725 2683 1609 12311 29 179 Total 1605 7103 4699 27560 48 391

In the villages in and around Siruguppa canal (Bellary district) 780 SHG groups are functioning which consists of 11858 women members. Out of this 4374 (36.9%) are from the indigenous population (SC 2452 and ST 1922). Besides 7484 women represented from other communities. In the villages visited (especially in Ramasagara, Anegundi, Siruguppa, Deshnur) it was noticed that farmers are involved in fishing as their livelihood. In Siruguppa alone 2175 families (fulltime) and 6760 families (part time) involved in Fisheries. Livestock also equally important livelihood next to agriculture in the project villages. Under the tribal sub plan financial support have been provided to inland fisheries for procuring non-motorised boats, provision of motor cycles for transportation and marketing of fish. Fish production centres, taluk level nurseries and construction of fish ponds in water logged, saline areas and alkaline soils are being planned in selected localities. The concept of integrated farming should be adopted in IWRM for providing increased opportunity for livelihood projects.

8) Indigenous Population The project area consists of substantial indigenous population. Siruguppa consists around 40% (SC 21.4 and 18.6 ST population) and Koppal is lowest with 32.5% (SC 19.2 and ST 13,2) (see details below).

Percentage distribution of Indigenous population in Project Villages

25 20.5 21.4 20.6 19.2 18.6 20 16.4 15.9 15 13.2 10 Population in % in Population 5 0 KOPPAL GANGAVATHI SIRUGUPPA BICHAL SC 19.24 20.54 21.4 15.9 ST 13.24 16.48 18.6 20.6

Appendix B P a g e | 11

9) Major occupation In Koppal and Gangavati out of total workers 24.1% are cultivators, 42.8% are agricultural labourers, 29.8% are other workers and 3.2% involved in household level activities. It is worthile to note that 21% of cultivators and 60% agricultural labourers are from women category and correspondingly 79% are cultivators and 40% are agricultural labourers. See Table 4 for details.

Appendix B P a g e | 12

Table 4: Distribution of workers classification in selected project areas Agricultural Household Cultivators Other workers Total workers Locality Total labourers Total activities Total Total Total Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Koppal 27318 8362 35680 19990 35837 55817 3501 2677 6178 33977 9318 43295 84786 56194 140980 Gangavati 33051 7545 40596 33565 45929 79494 2516 1555 4071 40377 10611 50988 109509 65640 175149 Total 60369 15907 76276 53555 81766 135311 6017 4232 10249 74354 19929 94283 194295 121834 316129

Irrigated Area: The total irrigated area out of the net area sown is 118291ha. (31%) out of these 37568ha (32%) is covered by canals, 174ha (0.14%) by tanks, 79747ha. (67.4%) by bore wells, 562ha (0.5%). by lift irrigation and 240ha (0.2%). is covered by other sources.

Appendix B P a g e | 13

Major Crops: Agriculture is the main resources of the target population of VNC. People are basically depending on rainfall, irrigation tanks, wells, streams for irrigation. Agriculture in Gangavati taluk is dependant mainly on Tungabhadra canal irrigation, while in Koppal and other taluks is depending mainly rainfall, tanks wells etc. Gangavati taluk paddy is the prominent crop occupying 43.14% of total sown area due to availability of irrigation facilities. In Siruguppa and Deshnur in Bellary district, paddy is the main crop cultivated and they grow only one crop per season. Based on the rapid assessment and public consultation major crops grown in the project areas are: Paddy, Sugar cane, Banana, jowar, bajra, maize, and wheat. Sugar cane is grown in 80% of Shivpura, Nagenahalli villages. In some parts of Koppal and Raichur districts cotton also grown. The important pulses crops grown are Bengal gram and tur dal. Groundnut, sunflower, etc. are the non-food crops are also grown. Land holdings: In Koppal district there are 18946 farmers who are holding the 28839ha of land, out of which 7319 (39%) are marginal farmers who own 4314 ha. (15%) of the land, small farmers are 7349 (39%) who own 10607ha (37%) of land, there are semi medium 3444 holders owning 31%, there are 785 medium farmers owning 4312ha. (15%) of land, and there are only 49 (0.25%) large farmers who own 625ha (2.16%) of land.

80000

70000

60000

50000

40000

30000

20000

10000

0 Hospet Koppal Gangavathi Siruguppa Manvi Marginal 19302 66901 28002 17297 25484 Farmers Small 8999 75113 18421 11236 23135 Farmers Medium 5690 73860 57417 13688 65081 farmers

Distribution of Farmers in Project Area

Appendix B P a g e | 14

10) Key Priorities expressed by both Men and Women During the FGD we have requested the farmers and women members to express their needs and priority separately and listed out 9 sectors and explained to the group. Some women expressed that their men folk will provide the responses. The topics given are listed below.

Appendix B P a g e | 15

Table 5: Needs and Priorities expressed by Men and women

VILLAGE PRIORITY

& BRIDGE &

# DATE Water Drinking Employment Road Irrigation for Water Sanitation Care Health Husbandry Animal Agriculture Improved Technology Education Remarks Priority 1 1 EMMINUR Priority 2 Priority 3 Priority 1 2 BELAGODHAL MEN Priority 2 Priority 3 Priority 1

3 KAMPLI MEN Priority 2 Priority 3 Priority 1 MEN

24 May 2016 24 May Priority 2 Priority 3 4 RAMASAGAR Priority 1 WOMEN Priority 2 Priority 3 Priority 1 5 KAMALAPUR MEN Priority 2 Priority 3

y

6 25 ANEGUUNDI20 16 MEN

Ma Priority 1 Appendix B P a g e | 16

VILLAGE PRIORITY

& BRIDGE &

# DATE Water Drinking Employment Road Irrigation for Water Sanitation Care Health Husbandry Animal Agriculture Improved Technology Education Remarks Priority 2 Priority 3 SHIVAPURA Priority 1 HULGI 7 MEN Priority 2 KAMPASAGAR BANDIHARLAPUR Priority 3 Priority 1 MEN Priority 2 UPPER & LOWER Priority 3 8 26 May 2016 26 May GANGAVATHI Priority 1 Women Priority 2 Priority 3 Priority 1 9 SIRUGUPPA MEN Priority 2

Priority 3 Priority 1 10 DESHNUR MEN Priority 2 Priority 3 27 May 2016 27 May Priority 1 11 MOHAMMADNAGAR MEN Priority 2 Priority 3

Appendix B P a g e | 17

VILLAGE PRIORITY

& BRIDGE &

# DATE Water Drinking Employment Road Irrigation for Water Sanitation Care Health Husbandry Animal Agriculture Improved Technology Education Remarks Priority 1 12 WOMEN Priority 2 Priority 3 Priority 1 13 NAGENAHALLI MEN Priority 2

Priority 3 Priority 1 14 NARASAPURA MEN Priority 2 Priority 3 28 May 2016 28 May Priority 1 15 HOSURU MEN Priority 2 Priority 3 Total 4 3 10 13 11 10 2 3 1

Appendix B P a g e | 18

Priority 1 Priority 2 Priority 3 Total Priority Needs of People Men Women Men Women Men Women Drinking Water 2 1 1 4 Employment 1 2 3 Roads & Bridges 1 8 1 10 Water for Irrigation 10 2 1 13 Sanitation 1 1 2 5 2 11 Health Care 2 2 1 5 10 Animal Husbandry 2 2 Improved Agriculture Technology 1 2 3 Education 1 1 Total 14 5 14 5 14 5 53

Out of the 14 men group participated in FGD they prioritised water for irrigation is the highest priority 1 (71.4%) followed by drinking water and sanitation. Among the women group in priority 1 they have graded health care (40%) as the highest priority followed by drinking water, sanitation and employment. In Priority 2 category 57% men expressed roads and birdges as the highest priority followed by drinking water, sanitation and employment. Among the women group they have given equal importance to employment and sanitation followed by health care. In priority 3, the men group graded sanitation and health care (35.7% each) as the highest priority followed by improved agricultural technology, roads &bridges and education. Among the women group sanitation and animal husbandry (40% each) as the highest importance in prirorityh 3 category followed by water for irrigation.

11) Water Users Cooperative Society (WUCS)/Farmers Associations: Water Users Cooperative Societies (WUCS) are established or planned to established as part of the modernization of irrigation infrastructure in the IWRM project. In some of the localities WUCS were formed more than 10 years ago and it was reported that they have not been given necessary back up support to perform their envisaged duties. Traditionally the farmers organisations were formed due to either the conflicts aroused over water sharing or strong and generous leadership that exist in the villages. In the other models catalysts were involved to mobilise the farmers. According to the CADA Annual report 2014-15, around 160 WUCS are formed in VNC but in reality majority of them are non-functional. Table 6: Distribution of WUCS under VNC No. of Probable no of WUCS Location WUCS based on Remarks based on inception report CADA* Koppal 08 15 The WUCS are not been given any support or Gangavati 75 07 guidance for enabling them to undertake the Siruguppa 42 02 tasks envisaged. This is a critical institutional Bichal NA 01 issue facing in the IWRM projects. Total 125 25# * may be some WUCS of TBC might have included in this list # total shown 26 in some other reports WUCS have not met the expectations and there is need for continuing support and handholding from the government if the irrigation system needs to be run efficiently and in a sustainable manner. It was also reported that due to the non availability of the Secretary none of the WUCS Appendix B P a g e | 19 are functioning properly and this has affected the equitable distribution of water to the farmers. In the last audit report it has been advised that the interest rates in WUCS account should not be permitted to use for WUCS expenses and paying honorarium to the Secretaries. There is also confusion among CADA, Farmers association and others on the Low level canal society formed in 2001 to improve the water distribution for tail end farmers in the Tungabhadra right bank system. In CADA reports these societies are being entered as WUCS.

12) Social Management framework and Plan This project has an implementation concept and structure which incorporates all physical and non-physical components but needs to be develop a feasible and pragmatic operational methodology and implementation strategy for community based activities. Community involvement always depends upon the level of awareness within the community. It is a formidable task to bring about positive change in people’s behavior and practice with regard to effective water use, value of water, environmental conditions and related issues. The active participatory involvement of beneficiaries does indeed slow down physical implementation, but experience shows that this is only in the beginning. An active public awareness program will be mounted at Panchayat, canal and community level to ensure that stakeholders are well informed about the project’s objectives and activities, and to ensure that the scope and procedures for the public works component are fully understood. A governance and anti-corruption program will also be established at community level to minimize governance risks and protect beneficiaries. Public agencies affected by the project will benefit from the impetus to reform and a more sustainable policy and institutional framework for water resource management. No negative impacts are foreseen, although there may be resistance to some elements of reform due to the differing interests of these groups in the process and outcome of reform. A strong emphasis on stakeholder consultation and consensus building will be used to minimize these tensions, for both project design and project implementation. For vulnerable households, the social impact will be highly positive due to the employment created and the increase in crop production, with no negative impacts foreseen. As explained above the villages and in and around Vijayanagar canals have wide network of agricultural, milk and other type of cooperatives. The experience of these societies can play a pivotal role in moulding the existing WUCS and the new ones to be established. The project does not require involuntary resettlement or involve indigenous people. The project will also bring valuable environmental and social benefits. Immediate benefits include: improved irrigation distribution; reduced seepage losses from the main canals, reduced over-supply of irrigation water, educed water logging, salinization and water losses; Further, longer-term benefits include: a lower water table, lower risk of salinization, and less stagnant water in the villages with fewer consequent health problems. The biggest problem realized during the rapid assessment and consultation process the project needs a new direction. In order to address this the functioning and capability of existing community institutions such as WUCS, WUAs, SHGs, VFGs etc have to be examined and identify the gaps for making these institutions vibrant for facilitating the implementation.

Strategy for enforcing social management framework Community participation and management plays a prominent role in the effective implementation and is the primary deciding factor for the success and operational sustainability of IWRM. Consultation with local farmers/community is a necessary prerequisite to get their cooperation and endorsement for IWRM projects. Here WUCS, WUAs or other grassroots level institutions play a pivotal role. In most water resources projects to date, the governments and donor agencies have usually determined the design, technology, service level and mode of scheme operation,

Appendix B P a g e | 20 typically working to government rules/norms and procedures. How can the community or WUCS can provide any input in a project which was conceived without appropriate consultation process or dialogue? Although the IWRM was conceived as an integrated project, in reality, the role of the community in the planning and management of the proposed water distribution in villages are rather limited. The experience, views and perceptions of farmers and other communities have not been adequately sought or considered other than in a recent review in few selected areas. For the sustainability of systems, it is considered important that WUCS and WUS be involved in the identification (and design) of solutions and play a key role in the operation and maintenance of facilities constructed. In the inception phase it is paramount importance to analyse the present situation, review of reports and consultation with various stakeholders and understand the poverty dimensions and training activities outlined in various documents. Consultation meetings will be organized with WUCS, WUAs and other grass root level functionaries. This will enable to understand the activities especially for addressing the poverty reduction and gender dimensions. Work with Agricultural specialist, WID, Communication specialist and plan appropriate training activities based on the local requirement. Community organisation for physical implementation of construction activities requires participatory approaches through WUCS and farmer’s association. This needs to be an integrated process linking with irrigation, agriculture, livestock, fisheries, drinking water, basic sanitation, infrastructure etc. There is much more opportunity for involvement with community contracting and monitoring of civil works. The use and maintenance of shared community installations need to be the responsibility of WUCS or farmer’s associations. The type of works which can be entrusted to the WUCS needs to be identified in consultation with them. The organisation and implementation of this work is best supervised by WUCS with guidance from supported staff employed by PSC/PIO. This will involve their planning, organisation and arranging implementation work, promotional initiatives, concurrent monitoring and follow up on completion of work. Role of Information Education and Communication (IEC): Information, Education and Communication (IEC) play an important role in an integrated programme. The significance and approach of IEC for WUCS/WUAs, communities and other project partners are that they be fully informed about the project and be prepared for their respective roles. To ensure this, the role and responsibilities of project partners/facilitators need to be identified in respect of resources to be mobilised, action plans to be prepared, the implementation strategy to be used, monitoring required and operation, maintenance and payments to follow. To support this information requirement, a clear and suitably detailed implementation methodology and strategy will be developed and incorporated in the planning and implementation stage. Specific IEC sessions are required for each stage to ensure a continuity of information flow. This must be flexible and adapt to the willingness, commitment and interest of people associated with the programme. It is also advisable that project strategies and requirements be adapted to the circumstances and needs of command area/village, rather than automatically following a stereo-type IEC approach for all villages. There is a need to create awareness on the objectives, activities, roles and responsibilities of different stakeholders and the expected benefits. Empowerment: (a) Empowerment means vesting the people with knowledge and skills to make needed changes;(b) Having the ability to act individually and collectively;(c) Empowerment should be the major objective of IEC activities. Planning and management for Community Participation training requires suitable resource persons to be identified. It is advisable to do this under two main categories: (a) training of trainers (mostly government functionaries, the staff of support organisations and selected social workers from the community) and (b) training those directly and indirectly benefiting from the programme

Appendix B P a g e | 21 including local community representatives. Training is an integral part of Information Education and Communication (IEC) with both occurring concurrently. Additional to appropriate formal training for project partners, it is important to assess the need for and provide refresher training for all partners. Similarly, post-training evaluation is necessary to determine the effectiveness of training and as necessary, adapt the training programme. Only with effective training can CPM and Gender and other project objectives be fully realised within planned time frames. Table 7: Social management activity schedule

Activities Responsibility Time schedule Initial community/farmers meeting PIO/PSC First quarter year 1 Social mapping PSC field level First quarter year 1 Support staff Appointment of support team PIO/PSC First quarter year 1 Orientation & Training PSC/PIO First quarter year 1 Assessment by support staff on WUCS PSC/PIO First quarter year 1 Review and assess other cooperative Support staff/WUCS First quarter year 1 programmes ongoing Work closely with panchayats and identify WUCS/Support staff Year 1 -3 potential livelihood programmes to collaborate Arrange Exposure visits to see similar activities PIO/PSC Year 1-2 Need assessment and develop community Support staff/WUCS Year 1 action plan Prepare O & M plans WUCS Year 1 and 2 Training Need assessment PIO/PSC Year 1 and 2 Organise capacity building and training on WUCS/Support Throughout the regular intervals staff/PSC project duration Prepare training modules and calendar PSC/PIO/ Year 1 and 2 Plan to undertake community contracting PIO/PSC Year 2 and 3 Functionality monitoring of system operation WUCS Year 2 and 3 Benefit monitoring PSC Year 3 onwards Compilation of reports, case studies, progress Field support Throughout the reports teams/PSC project

Through the sequence of programme planning and design, the following activities need to be shared with farmers to provide the basis for participatory implementation of project components and the subsequent operational management of facilities (and services) by the village community:

 introduction of the IWRM modernization programme and it’s integrated approach to the community;  list the main physical and non-physical components of the programme;  roles and responsibilities of stakeholders;  undertake social mapping with and in the community;  collect social and physical information of general relevance to the programme;  identify WUCS/farmer’s association and the nature of their activities;  specifically identify existing water distribution systems and availability at tail end users; Appendix B P a g e | 22

 agreement on the social aspects of the design for water distribution improvements;  establish responsibilities for and costs of operation and maintenance of all facilities;  confirm village community and WUCS acceptance of project components;  prepare a detailed Project/Community Implementation Plan for each village;  Agree on a timetable of activities starting with establishment of the WUCS

13) Gender framework and plan Social and Gender action plan is still a relatively new approach in India especially in the water and infrastructure sector. The implications of this are twofold: on one hand, working in a fairly unprecedented way undoubtedly presents a challenge and includes the need for more awareness and capacity building along the way. On the other, this presents a major opportunity for the IWRM project to set a good practice standard in the sector and in the country. IWRM and agricultural practices are particularly concerned with gender issues because women are the ones predominantly involved. If the views and concerns of community women are not expressed and integrated into programme and facility designs, it is unlikely that it will earn their commitment and the probability of functional failure will be high. Experience shows that when women actively incorporate changes into the pattern of their daily lives, they pass these changes on to other family members, thus increasing the sustainability of the programme. To achieve this, the active support (and involvement) of community men needs to be sought. Gender mainstreaming is a strategy for making women's as well as men's concerns and experiences an integral dimension of the design, implementation, monitoring, operation & maintenance, including policies and programmes in all political, economic and societal spheres, so that women and men can benefit equally and inequality is not perpetuated. "Mainstreaming a gender perspective is the process of assessing the implications for women and men of any planned action… in any area and at all levels. It is a strategy for making the concerns and experiences of women as well as of men an integral part of the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programmes in all political, economic and societal spheres, so that women and men benefit equally, and inequality is not perpetuated. The ultimate goal of mainstreaming is to achieve gender equality." The assumption that, “both women and men will benefit equally” is false. The division of labour and responsibilities (who does what work), social attitudes, and unequal access to resources all contribute to a situation where policies and programmes have a different impact on women and men, (for example, education initiatives and poverty reduction strategies). Furthermore, these differences and inequalities influence how women and men participate in and respond to new initiatives. A Gender approach in IWRM: There are three elements in an approach to gender and IWRM. Each of these elements supports both project efficiency and a concern for gender equality: 1) every initiative, programmes and analysis should take steps to understand the differences and relations among and between women and men in each specific context (Gender Analysis). This should be done in a participatory fashion and both men and women should be involved; 2) all initiatives should incorporate women’s and men’s prospective, needs and interests to reduce gender inequalities; 3) participatory approach that facilitate the equitable participation of women and men, particularly at decision-making levels should be used. The importance of involving women as well as men in water resources management is not only to improve women’s situation, but, also essential element for effective development, utilization and management of water resources. There is an increasing urgency in the need to mainstream a gender perspective at the overall water resources level because of the new emerging international perspectives on water resources. However, it is not an easy task to mainstream a gender perspective into the framework Appendix B P a g e | 23 of commonly accepted international principles relating to IWRM characterized with the following key points:  water should be treated as an economic, social and environmental good;  water policies should focus on the management of water and not just on the provision of water:  governments should facilitate and enable the sustainable development of water resource including a regulatory framework;  water resources should be managed at the lowest appropriate level; and  there should be recognition that women play a centred role in the provision, management and safeguarding water. What needs to be done is each of the principles in terms of the socio cultural aspects including gender. Equally, understanding the links between gender equality issues and water resources management to develop awareness, commitment and capacity for integrating gender perspectives into water resources management.

In this project during the implementation, three strategies are proposed to be developed: (a) Identify women leaders and train them to carry out specific tasks that may be socially accepted; (b) Gradually build-up a network of women leaders and train them to voice their concerns in day to day implementation; (c) Propose and design information dissemination methods that can be easily delivered to women. The self-help groups existing in the project area provide an excellent platform to involve women both as recipients of services and service providers. In other experiences it has been found that women’s groups function much better if they can be offered a combined package of functional literacy, livelihood, agriculture and a nutrition programme package.  Providing women with full information on the project organization, role and responsibilities various stakeholders, role of WUCS and other related institutions and its functions.  Encouraging and training women to become leaders or representatives of WUCS.  Discussing with women groups their interests and incorporating their needs in concrete action plans.  Raising the awareness of CADA and other government officials and extension engineers towards incorporating women's and small farmers' views into increasing the efficiency of the irrigation system.  Evaluating the impact of women's involvement on the efficiency of the system. Due to the vital importance of involving women in the water sector, a separate act Due to the vital importance of involving women in the water resources sector, a separate activity named "Enable Women leaders to fully participate in IWRM activities" will have to be initiated; several indicators were developed along with it in a way to measure its impact on the results. A notable feature is the importance given to the role of agriculture and irrigation. Even though women are members in WUCS their participation in the meetings are rather limited. However, in the milk cooperative societies the women play dynamic role in the overall management of the society. This is mainly due to the training, orientation and exposure they have received from their projects. Agriculture is the prime subsistence and economic activity in IWRM projects. It accounts for by far the largest proportion of water used. Especially in rural areas agriculture determines to a large extent in what way water is managed at community and household level and plays an important role in the division of water related tasks, means and responsibilities of men, women and children. In many rural societies men and women take on different tasks from a young age onwards. Analysis of the gender division of labour found that men dominate land preparation and irrigation activities, whilst women tend to be responsible for transplanting, weeding and harvesting. However, in several villages visited the role of women has been changing or limiting due to modern farming methods. They tend to adopt other type of manual labour. Another issue is that women’s opinions are not be recorded, because they are often not present in meetings or are not confident to speak up (particularly if their husbands are around). Majority of the farmers expressed that they are involving their women folk for land clearing, weeding, transplanting and harvesting. The women community in Mohammed Nagar expressed that their Appendix B P a g e | 24 livelihood opportunities reduced due to the mechanisation in the farming sector and as a result they need to travel to longer distances for finding jobs.

Gender-disaggregated quantitative data are not easily available from local government sources but must often be collected separately for a program or project, which can be costly and time consuming. _ If gender has not been considered at the program design stage, it may be forgotten during implementation. Inclusion of gender-sensitive indicators in the logical framework or results framework is vital. Program implementers may consider that national women’s unions or other groups that advocate on behalf of women are “taking care of the women’s issues,” even at the local level, so there is no need to monitor gender. In the project villages there is low female participation in water users’ organizations despite high involvement of women in irrigated agriculture and decision making. In most cases, low female participation is also in conflict with official policy statements, which almost always claim that the involvement of all farmers or water users is the ultimate objective. Because of their high domestic and productive workloads, the opportunity cost of time to attend meetings and do other work for the organizations is different (and often higher) for women than for men.

Important in this respect is that it is not as easy for women to transfer some of their responsibilities to their husbands, as it is for men to leave some of their tasks to their wives. Timing and location of meetings may also impose a higher cost on women than on men.

The most commonly cited. . . major obstacles to women participating and benefiting from development activities include (i) the lack of participation by women in planning meetings while project identification/planning; (ii) poorly conducted needs analyses; (iii) the lack of baseline data on key gender differences relevant to the specific project; (iv) the failure to address gender issues in project objectives;

Monitoring and Review Monitoring and review of the programme and its components has to be an integral part of planning and implementation. The learning from this could be used for preparing future proposals. The main objective of monitoring and review are to find: (a) Whether the implementation of various components is progressing as planned. (b) Whether they are producing the expected result. © If not, what problems are being encountered in implementation. (d) What steps can be taken to overcome them. (e) Taking adequate measures to implement these steps.

Monitoring has to be done individually and collectively. Concurrent monitoring needs to be carried out by the respective WUCS with the support of Field support teams. Since the activity plan specifies responsibility for each individual, he/ she should periodically ask himself/herself how he/she will discharge responsibilities. Monitoring & reviewing should not be a fault finding exercise. Based on monitoring & review, activity plan can be modified to the extent needed. In addition to monitoring and review, the programme has to be evaluated on sample survey basis at least once a year. The evaluation will deal with not only the immediate objectives, but also with intermediate and ultimate objectives. It will also evaluate the inputs, and processing of inputs.

Social Benefits The project interventions will lead to increased agricultural opportunities and diversification of crops to improve income and livelihood standards, benefiting both men and women across the project areas. The programme is expected to mainstream gender within the irrigation management by strengthening landless, tail end farmers and the socially disadvantaged communities. This will fulfil strategic requirements of the socially excluded and women in the context of water management, besides meeting their daily water needs for domestic use, livestock and hygiene purpose. On the whole the project will provide a platform for promoting inclusive and gender focused water resources development and irrigation management. Appendix B P a g e | 25

Table 9: Gander Action Plan

GENDER ACTION PLAN TRANCHE- 2

Objectives Activities Responsibility Time frame Improve the knowledge 3 training workshops propose to be PIO/PSC May- of relevant Govt. conducted for women/men staff of key June departments on GESI departments focusing on Gender 2017 aproaches in concepts and in the design and agriculture, irrigation implementation of water resources and water resources management, irrigation and agricultural management programmes for vulnerable groups

Build awareness of 1. At least 30% of WUCS management PIO/PSC Year women’s equal rights board members are women 1-2 and participation in water resources management 2. 9 sensitization workshop focusing and livelihood on gender equality and social programmes inclusion approaches and women’s role and participation in water resources management alternate livelihood activities carried out by Year WUCS members 2-3

3. 2 training on social leadership development, decision making and promotion of women’s participation in WUCS for women directors

Year 3 Develop and implement 20 training programmes focused on PIM PIO/PSC Year training modules for conducted in Tranche 1 areas resulting 2-4 increased women’s in the increased access to water for participation in irrigation cropping and domestic use especially management and value by tail end, small and marginal and added livelihood women farmers/households activities 50 women’s and men groups/cooperatives strengthened and training and marketing support provided to micro enterprises and livelihood clusters

Year 2-4 Develop the capacities of 6 certified training programme focused PIO/PSC Year 2 WRD staff including on IWRM conducted for 240 WRD staff women in IWRM (40% women staff)

Appendix B P a g e | 26

GENDER ACTION PLAN TRANCHE- 2

Objectives Activities Responsibility Time frame Monitor progress of Project management information PIO/PSC Year gender and socially system with gender indicators 1-4 inclusive focused activities in water resources management Sex disaggregated data collected, PIO/PSC Year analysed and key findings disseminated 4-5 to address implementation gaps

Anegundi

45 Men & 2 Women Partisipated in the discussion at Anegundi

Shivapur

29 Men and 1 Women Participated in the discussion at Shivapur Siruguppa

13 Men Participated in the discussion at Siruguppa

Appendix B P a g e | 27

Gangavathi

24 Men and 1 Women Participated in the discussion at Gangavathi

Mohammadnagar

34 Men & 9 Women Participated in the discussion at Mohammadnagar

Nagenahalli

21 Men & 28 Women Participated in the discussion at Nagenahalli

Appendix B P a g e | 28

Hosuru

10 Men & 3 Women Participated in the discussion at Hosuru

Appendix B P a g e | 29

ANNEXURE-1: SCHEDULE OF VISIT

Date Places Visited

KNNL Munirabad 23.05.2016 CADA Munirabad Discussion with Farmars Associaltion Emminur Belagodhal 24.05.2016 Kampli Ramasagar Kamalapur 25.05.2016 Anegundi Shivapura 26.05.2016 Upper Gangavathi Lower Gangavathi Siruguppa Deshnur 27.05.2016 Kenchangudda Mohammad Nagar 28.05.2016 Nagenahalli Narasapura Hosuru

Appendix B P a g e | 30

ANNEXURE-2 : People Contacted During the field trip

# Organisation Name Designation 1 KNNL Mallikarjun CE Munirabad Bhoja Naik SE Munirabad Nagabhushan EE Munirabad Jankar AEE Munirabad Yallappa AE Munirabad Vishwanath AE Gangavathi B H M Manjunath AEE Gangavathi Vijay Prasad K R JE Siruguppa D Nagendra Prasad FDA Siruguppa

Rajappa Administrator 2 CADA Tippeswamy LDO Agriculture 3 Punchayat / Municipality Lalitha Rani X ZP Member & Chairman S Muddukumar XState Municipal Handi councillorCraft Nigam Siruguppa K Suresh Babu Vice President Shivapura Usman Sab GP Member Shivapura Renukamma Kattigi GP President Bandi Harlapura Dharmanna GP President Hausain Basha GP Member Halebandi Harlapur B Ramanna GP Member Halebandi Harlapur Emunurappa GP Member Halebandi Harlapur Y Ramesh TP Member Halebandi Harlapur Devanna Mekali TP X President Halebandi Raghavendra GPHarlapur Bill Collector Anegundi H Manjunath Gowda GP Member Anegundi Anjana Devi GP Member Anegundi B Chandra Shekar X GP Member Nagenahalli D Channappa GP President, Nagenahalli Mathramma GP President, Mohammed nagar

4 WUCS/Farmers Kashim Sab WUCS President Emminur Association Adivega Swamy WUCS Secretary Emminur Kumarappa WUCS Directory Emminur P Mallikarjun WUCS President Siruguppa K Ramarao WUCS Director Shivapura Kashyya Swamy WUCS Secretary Bandi Harlapur Alam Hussain WUCS Director Bandi Harlapur Elluru Ramakrishna WUCS President Anegundi K Mehaboob Hussain WUCS Director Anegundi K S Sudarshan Varma WUCS Director Anegundi J Pampapathi Society Member Jyothi Swa Sahaya Sangha T M Manjulla Anganavadi Teacher

5 other Category people Place Name Emminur Appendix B P a g e | 31

# Organisation Name Designation Budamma Yashwanth Reddy B Mawlasab Balesabh Jadyappa Jadyapppa Dharmanna K Parashuram B Venkatesh K Tippaya Jagnappa B Sidayya Maryappa Bhimappa Viresh Gowa B Renukananda H Rangappa Belgodhal Y Malappa Virupanna K Basayya Y Lokaraj Srinivas Y Mallikarjun Hulugappa Amareshwar Basavaraj KAMPLI Alli Nagaraj P Khaja T Faqruddin B Veeresh M Appajirao Talur Kadhar Sadh Wahab sab U Hanumanthappa K Timmappa A Nagappa M Rajendrappa Kamareddy Chandrashekar Kalidh Kittayappa Ramasagara Men H Shivashankara Gowda H V Nagaraj T Niranjan H Channabasavanagowda K M VinayakShastry

Appendix B P a g e | 32

# Organisation Name Designation K Krishna J Pampapathy B Narayanppa D Chandrappa B Mallikarjuna S Chandrappa Akkimahabaleshaswamy R Basavanagowda P A Basavaraj D Kantaraja Basavaraj M Veereshappa G Manjunath K Rudrappa K M Basaiah Swamy B Sannanagappa B Nagappa V Mallikarjuna Gowda K Prakash B Doddanagowda Ramasagar Women Jyothi Shashikala B Manjula T Nagarathana T M manjula Kamalapura D Praveen Kumar K Nagaraj M Nagaiah B Venkappa M G Jogayya A NarayanSingh J Nagarajshetty D Abdul Khadar A Siddeshwar Anegundi A P Kupparaju K Mehaboob Husen sab wucs EraishDirector M Nani M Siddappa A Basavaraja M Pakeerapa K Srinivas Reddy K Mallikarjun K S Sudarshan Varma C P Narenadra madva Varma

Appendix B P a g e | 33

# Organisation Name Designation Mallikarjuna Gowda B G Venkatesha Gowda Y Ramesh Pradeep Kumar Jayaraj K Venkatesh K Ramesh Ellur Rama Krishna WUCS KPresident Venkatesh Gadadur D P Krishna Swamy Raghavendra A GP bill collector M C Chandrashekar Reddy P Ragavendra Raj A Ningappa Hanumanahalli K Nagaraj Hanumanahalli A Sathyanarayan Bhogesha B Chandrashekar S V Ramappa S Shamarao Hunenjarao Mallikarjuna H M Husensabh H Manjunath Gowda GP Member Chandra Shekar Srinivas K Nageswar rao G Sathyanarayana G Suryanarayana T Venkateshalu Y Ramesh Ajaneya Abigar Chandra Shekar Yamunappa Shivapura K Rama Rao K Suresh Babu M Srinivas Rao Usman Sabh Hanumanthappa Channappa Gowda Shivaprasad Hale Bandi Harlapur Husain Basha C H Vasanth Rao B Ramanna M Venkatesh Rao Prabhakar

Appendix B P a g e | 34

# Organisation Name Designation S V Patil P Padmanab Kashayya Swamy Pakkirappa K M Sudhakar Emunurappa Y Ramesh Alam Husain Firoz Khan Devanna Mekali Bhashasab goreval G Vishwanath Raju Dharmanna Upper and Lower Gangavathi Ragavendra Shetty T M Prashanth Sudarshan Varma Alisabu Amruthappa Bashashab G Vishwanath Prakash Halappa Shivashankar naik Ragavendra rao Parashuram Durugappa R mallappa Hanumesh Devanna Pampapathi T Mariyappa Annaji Yammurappa B Basavaraj Mukkanna B Venkanna Siruguppa K Pampanna S Muddukumar G Shivappa N K Sukumar P Mallikarjun S Basavaraj $$$@@#$@#$# P D Venkobanna ChalaSwamyShivabasu Channapa gowda K Ramarao

Appendix B P a g e | 35

# Organisation Name Designation Dehnur D Ramanna K Amareshwara K Hanumesh MOHAMMAD NAGAR Women Seetha bai Matrama Shantabai Yamunabai Hampibai Siddamma Hemalibai Hamumava Tippava MOHAMMAD NAGAR Men Sudarshan Varma Rooplanaik Hasanalisab Usmansab Makbulsab Shankarnaik Ghajanadanayya Sahil Yankappa Irappa Hanumappa Saleem Hanumappa Saleem Halappa Nagaraja Shankarappa Mallanayaka Yamanuru Venkoba Hanumantha Bhiny Arjun naik Nagaraja Gangamma Sai Ravi Manjunath Saddamhussen Salim sab Yogesh Kumar Sunil Parashurama

Appendix B P a g e | 36

# Organisation Name Designation Nursab Nagenahalli Village Men Linganna K Pampathi B Venkatesh K Somashekar Tullurappa S Chandrashekarappa M Channappa Kumar gowda K Manjunatha Gowda M Yakub C Ibrahim sabh Ravishankar P B Bashasabu S Kalakappa D Chandrashekara D Nagaraj C Hasham B Chandrashekar P Nagabhushana gouda K Shivaprakash Gowda D Channappa Prresident G P Nagenahalli Village Women Basamma Rabiya Umadevi Danamma Kotramma Gangamma Shabreen begam Rajiya Parvathi Sabiya Begam Grijamma Seetha Kasim B Ningamma Sikhan B K Ramath Sunilamma Jathan B Nagarathana Jayyava Anandamma Kantemma Buddamma Hanumamma

Appendix B P a g e | 37

# Organisation Name Designation Hambamma Pavitra Shivagangamma Jalajakshamma

Appendix B P a g e | 38

Appendix C: Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of Tranche 2 Subprojects

Environmental Assessment Document (Work in Progress)

INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION (IEE)

For

DRAFT FEASIBILITY REPORT

MODERNIZATION OF VIJAYANAGARA CHANNEL SYSTEM PROJECT

July 2016

ABBREVIATIONS ADB - Asian Development Bank ASI - Archaeological Survey of India CPCB – Central Pollution Control Board EA - Executing Agency EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment EMP - Environmental Management Plan GoI - Government of India GoK - Government of Karnataka HWHAMA - Hampi World Heritage Area Management Authority IA - Implementing Agency IEE - Initial Environmental Examination IUCN - International Union for Conservation of Nature KNNL - Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Limited KSPCB - Karnataka State Pollution Control Board MFF - Multi-tranche Financing Facility MoEFCC - Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change NP - National Park OM - Operations Manual PA - Protected area PIU - Project Implementation Unit PMU - Project Management Unit PSC - Project Support Consultants PUC - Pollution under Control REA - Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist SEIAA - State Environment Impact Assessment Authority SPCB - State Pollution Control Board SPM - Suspended Particulate Matter SPS - Safeguard Policy Statement UNESCO - United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation WALMI - Water and Land Management Institute WLS - Wildlife Sanctuary

Appendix C P a g e | ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... iv 1.1 Project Background ...... 1 1.2 Purpose of the IEE ...... 1 1.3 Extent of the IEE ...... 2 1.3.1 ADB Policy ...... 2 1.3.2 National Law ...... 2 1.3.3 Review and Approval Procedure ...... 8 1.4 Scope of Study ...... 8 1.5 Report Structure...... 8 2.1 Components of the Project ...... 9 2.2 Need of the Project ...... 10 2.3 Project Category ...... 11 2.4 Project Location and Layout ...... 11 3. DESCRIPTION OF THE EXISTING ENVIRONMENT ...... 12 3.1 Physical Environment ...... 12 4. POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES...... 18

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1. Background: Vijaynagar Channel (VNC) System is a run-of-the-river irrigation channel system built during the Vijayanagara Dynasty about 400 years back. Originally consisting of 19 channels, one channel serves the irrigation needs of the neighbouring state, Andhra Pradesh. Amongst the 18 channels that serves the command area in Karnataka, the Bennur Channel is in ruins and Koregal Channel command is supplied water from the Tungabhadra Left Bank Channel. The VNC was constructed in the Tungabhadra basin in the reach starting from the Tungabhadra reservoir in Koppal District. Within Karnataka, the VNC system is spread over 3 districts namely Bellary, Raichur and Koppal. The Geographical area lies between latitude 14° 30' to 16° 34' N and Longitude 75° 40' to 77° 35' E and a portion of the VNC passess through the UNESCO Heritage area of Hampi. It is proposed to modernize the 16 channels of the VNC system located within the Karnataka border (excluding Bennur and Koregal Channels) in order to improve water use efficiency in the Cultarable Command Area (CCA) of 11,154 hectares. Along with the modernization works, it is proposed to take up installation of flow measurement and telemetry, command area development works, strengthening asset management and main system Operation & Maintenance (O&M) and institutional strengthening and capacity building 1 . This Initial Environmental Examination(IEE) has been taken up to assess environmental issues arising from the various components of modernization activities. Also,for all identified adverse impacts mitigation measures have been suggested and an Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan has been prepared. This IEE document also contains environmental budget for the mitigation measures and environmental monitoring.

2. Executing and Implementing Agencies. Government of Karnataka vide order No.WRD 64 MB1 2011 dated 07-02-2012 established the Advanced Centre for Integrated Water Resources Management (ACIWRM) under the Water Resource Department, Government of Karnataka and will be the implementing agency. The Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Limited (KNNL)is the executing agency for this project2.

3. Categorisation. The project categorisation has been carried out as per the ADB Safeguard Policy Statement 2009. As per this, ''Modernization of the Vijaynagar Channel System” is classified as Environmental Category B because no significant impacts are envisioned. Accordingly, Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) has been prepared as part of the Feasibility Report. The IEE is based on the ADB Environmental Assessment Guidelines 2003 and its updates provided in the publication ADB Environmental Safeguards Good Practices Sourcebook 2010 Further, the IEE is based on the relevant Indian environmental regulations. Also, the IEE is based on a careful review of the Detailed Project Report, field visits; secondary data collected to characterize the environment; stakeholder consultations; and identification of potential impacts. An Environmental Management Plan (EMP) outlining the specific environmental measures to be

1 Detailed Project Report on “Modernization of Vijaynagara Channels in Tungabhadra Project” by Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Limited, Government of Karnataka. 2 Note for the consideration of the Advisory Committee, Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India.

Appendix C P a g e | iv adhered to during implementation of the project has been prepared. This is to ensure tha the project will conform to all Government regulations, policies and standards.

4. Project Scope. The feasibility scope includes the various components of the Vijaynagar Channel System modernization being carried out under the KSIWRMIP.

5. Description of Baseline Environment. The Vijaynagar Channels for which the modernization project is implemented passes through three districts of the state of Karnataka viz., Bellary, Koppal and Raichur. While there is no existence of any National Park, Wild Life Park, Bird sanctuary, or Notified wet land within a distance of 10 km from the project canals, the Daroji Bear Sanctuary and the Otter Conservation Reserve is located at about 25 kms from the project canal locations. The modernization of canals do not pose any threats to these sanctuaries. Approximately, 22 kms of the canal length passing through the UNESCO Hampi Heritage Site and the plan of action for canal modernization within the heritage area has to be approved by the Hampi World Heritage Area Development Authority. The secondary data on ambient air quality in the project area indicates that air quality is well within stipulated limits in respect of SO2 and NOx, and particulate matter concentration (PM10). The averge annual rainfall iin the districts of Bellary, Koppal and Raichur are 611mm, 572mm and 376mm as against a state average of 1355mm. The surface water quality conforms to Class C iie., suitable for drinking subsequent to treatment and disinfection. In Bellary District, the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon groundwater levels occurs in the range of 1.72 - 19.48m bgl (average 4.77m) and 1.22 – 17.61m bgl (average 3.47m). In Koppal District, the pre-monsoon groundwater levels occurs at 4.50 - 16.5m bgl and post-monsoon groundwater levels occurs at 1.15 – 16.24m bgl. In Raichur District, the pre-monsoon groundwater levels occurs at 0.65 – 10.7m bgl and post-monsoon groundwater levels occurs at 0.05 – 11m bgl.. However, the groundwater use in the tail-end reaches of the canal is high indicating non-availabiity of adequate suface irrigation. The ground water has high concentrations of nitrate indicating ingress of excess fertilizers into the groundwater. The districts of Bellary, Koppal and Raichur are covered by reddish sandy soil, light green loamy soil and reddish brown soil. While the general soil quality is good, a portion of the soils of the the agricultural lands located at the head-end of the canals have become saline due in intense agriculture coupled with excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides. The noise levels are within permissible limits as majority of the project areas are located in a rural environment. The predominant land use in the project areas is agriculture. The three districts experiences temperature in the range of 14.10 C in winter and 40.40 C in summer season. While the state of Karnataka is categorized as moderate to low seismic risk zone, the project districts fall under Zone II (Low Damage Risk zone MSK VI). The biological environment covers flora and fauna. Over 7 species of fish are recorded to have been present in the Tungabhadra river basin. There are no endangered category animals or birds present in the project area. The flora in the project areas can be characterized as upland thorn and scrub. According to the 2011 census, the population of the three districts viz., Bellary, Koppal and Raichur was 2.45, 1.39 and 1.93 million, respectively with a decadal growth at about 15.6%. The sex ratio in Bellary, Koppal and Raichur is 983, 986 and 1000 females, respectively, which is higher in comparison to the state sex-ratio of 973 females for every 1000 males.

6. Environmental Impacts and Environmental Management. The assessment found that area of impacts will be local in nature and covers mostly in project areas, because the proposed project will involve only modernization of existing system. Most the environmental impacts occur only during the construction period and the mitigation measures can be easily implemented as part of the construction works. However, the environmental management plan and monitoring plan

Appendix C P a g e | v would need to be strictly implemented, including those measures suggested for works within the Hampi Heritage Area. The community consultation revealed that the affected population are willing to accept the negative impacts during construction to achieve the goal of improving the VNC system thereby boosting the agricultural productivity and the farmers’ income levels. The established grievance redress mechanism is provided, in case any complaint from affected people need to be resolved.

7. The environmental impacts of the project are not significant and the project is placed at a Category B level, as per the ADB's Safeguards Policy Statement. The specific measures stated in the EMP will address all adverse environmental impacts due to the project. A detailed monitoring plan prepared as part of this IEE will further mitigate negative environmental impacts during implementation.

8. Potential negative impacts were identified in relation to design, construction, operation and maintenance of the VNC system. No environmental impacts were identified as being due to the project design and location. The project shall move the region towards path of sustainable development as it aims at conserving water resources. The EMP has been proposed as part of this IEE for adverse impacts identified during modernization and O&M phases. This EMP includes (i) mitigation measures for adverse environmental impacts during implementation, (ii) environmental monitoring program, and the responsible entities for mitigation, monitoring, and reporting; (iii) public consultation and information disclosure; (iv) EMP budget; and ( v) grievance redress mechanism. Mitigation measures have been developed to reduce all negative impacts to acceptable levels.

9. A positive impact is anticipated in terms of employment opportunity for many skilled, semi- skilled and un-skilled personnel during project implementation.

10. Consultation, Disclosure and Grievance Redress. Public consultations were carried out during the preparation of the project and IEE. On-going consultations will occur throughout the project implementation period. A grievance redress mechanism is described within the IEE to ensure any public grievances are addressed quickly.

11. Monitoring and Reporting. It is expected that project will be implemented by the Project Management Unit PMU) to be established within the KNNL. This PMU will be assisted by a Project Support Consultant (PSC).The PMU and PSC will be responsible for EMP implementation. The PMC will submit quarterly, semi annual and annual monitoring reports to the PMU. The PMU will consolidate the these reports and will send it to the ADB.

12. Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations. The major findings include the fact that approximately, 22 kms of the canal length passing through the UNESCO Hampi Heritage Site and the plan of action for canal modernization within the heritage area has to be approved by the Hampi World Heritage Area Development Authority. The potential impacts that are associated with design, development, construction and operation of the canals can be implemented through incorporation of suggested mitigation measures and procedurs. Based on the findings of the IEE, there are no significant impacts and the classification of the subproject as Category “B” is confirmed.

Appendix C P a g e | vi

Initial Environmental Examination Modernization of the Vijaynagar Channel System Project

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project Background

The Karnataka Integrated and Sustainable Water Resources Management Investment Program (KISWRMIP) is proposed to be implemented with the assistance of Asian Development Bank (ADB). The program aims to enhance security of water resources through modernisation of existing irrigation projects/schemes, improved water resources management in the selected river basins and other associated infrastructure activities. KISWRMIP is a multi-tranche financing facility (MFF) program and proposed to be executed in a period of seven years from 2014 to 2020 in two Tranches with the aim of modernization of irrigation infrastructure on three irrigation subprojects within the Tungabhadra (K-8) sub-basin. Tranche-1 envisages modernization of Gondi irrigation system whereas Tranche-2 envisages modernization of Vijaynagara and Tungabhadra Left Bank canal systems and all associated infrastructure including flow measurement & Telemetry System supply and installation, strengthening asset management and main system operation and maintenance (O&M) and capacity building of WUCS (Water User Cooperative Societies).

The Modernization of the Vijayanagara Channel Project is one of the components under Tranche- 2 and consists of modernisation of Vijayanagara channels and the associated infrastructure.

The Vijayanagara Channel system is spread over 3 districts, namely, Bellary, Raichur and Koppal. Originally, Vijayanagara Channels are the run-of-the river irrigation channels and are historically important serving the irrigation needs of the local population. They have been built during Vijayanagara dynasty about 400 years back. In all, there are 19 Channels taking off from Tungabhadra river of which 18 are in Karnataka and one is in Andhra Pradesh. Of these 18 Channels, Bennur channel is in ruins and Koregal channel command is supplied water from Tungabhadra Left Bank Channel. In view of this, presently, Vijayanagara Channel system comprises of 16 Channels having CCA of 11,154 ha. The present condition of these channels is not good.

The system has been in operation over the last 400 years. The reconnaissance survey has revealed that the channels are lined with size stone masonry partly and have since lost their shape over the years. The bed of the channels has scoured in some reaches and is silted up heavily in some reaches. Heavy weed growth is noticed in and around the channels. Some of the structures are in dilapidated condition which requires to be rehabilitated to make them functional. Due to heavy seepage and transmission losses, water is not able to reach in tail areas. The complete system is therefore in urgent need of modernisation.

The Detailed Project Report has been completed and this Feasibility Report is being prepared to meet the requirements of the Tranche 2 funding. As part of the Feasibility Report, the Initiation Environmental Examination (IEE) is being performed. The IEE is being carried out as per the ADB Safeguard Policy Statement 2009 and Indian environmental regulations.

1.2 Purpose of the IEE

The implementation of the modernization of the Vijayanagar Channel System project shall result in environmental impacts during the construction phase of the project. The project itself shall help the local farming community improve agricultural productivity while carrying out water conservaton measures. This IEE assesses the environmental impacts due to the proposed project and specifies measures towards addressing the impacts. The IEE was based on a review of project

Appendix C P a g e | 1 components and reports; field visits, and secondary data to characterize the environment and identify potential impacts; and interviews and discussions with stakeholders. This IEE provides mitigation measures for impacts related to location and design, construction, operation, and maintenance. An EMP outlining the specific environmental measures to be adhered to during implementation and operation of the project has been prepared.

1.3 Extent of the IEE

Indian laws and ADB policy require that the environmental impacts of development projects are identified and assessed as part of the planning and design process, and that action is taken to reduce those impacts to acceptable levels. This is done through the environmental assessment process, which has become an integral part of lending operations and project development and implementation worldwide. The realm of environmental regulations and mandatory requirements for the proposed sub-project is shown in Table 1.1.

1.3.1 ADB Policy

All projects implemented by the ADB are to be in compliance with the ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS, 2009). This requires the consideration of environmental issues in all aspects of the Bank’s operations, and the requirements for Environmental Assessment as described in its Operations Manual (OM). The SPS states that ADB requires environmental assessment of all project loans, program loans, sector loans, sector development program loans, financial intermediation loans and private sector investment operations. The nature of the assessment required for a project depends on the significance of its environmental impacts, which are related to the type and location of the project, the sensitivity, scale, nature and magnitude of its potential impacts, and the availability of cost effective mitigation measures. Projects are screened for their expected environmental impacts and are assigned to one of the following categories: a. Category A: Projects that could have significant environmental impacts. An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is required. b. Category B: Projects that could have some adverse environmental impacts, but of less significance than those in category A. An Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) is required to determine whether significant impacts warranting an EIA are likely. If an EIA is not needed, the IEE is regarded as the final environmental assessment report. 1.3.2 National Law

The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification, 2006 (and its subsequent amendments till date) by the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC), Government of India (GoI) specifies the mandatory environmental clearance requirements. All projects/ activities are broadly categorized into Category A and Category B for the mandatory environmental clearance requirements, based on the spatial extent of potential impacts and potential impacts on human health and natural and man-made resources. Projects included as Category A in the Schedule require prior environmental clearance from the Central Government where as projects included as Category B in the Schedule require prior environmental clearance from the State Environment Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA). Any project specified in Category B will be treated as Category A, if located in whole or in part within 10 km from the boundary of (i) Protected Areas notified under the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972, (ii) critically polluted areas as notified by the Central Pollution Control Board from time to time, (iii) notified eco-sensitive areas, and (iv) inter-State boundaries and international boundaries. The proposed sub project is screened through Environmental Regulatory Compliance as shown in Table 1.1 below.

Appendix C P a g e | 2

Table 1.1: Indian Environmental Regulatory Compliance

Regulations Applicability of Acts/Guidelines Compliance Criteria

Water (Prevention This Act provides for Prevention & Control KNNL needs to obtain and Control of of Water Pollution by abating discharge of Authorisation and Consent Pollution) Act, 1974, untreated trade and domestic effluents by to Establish (CTE) and Amendment 1988 industries and local bodies; maintaining or Consent to Operate ( and thereafter restoring of wholesomeness of water in CTO) under this Act. from river, streams and ground water. Water Karnataka State Pollution Act also provides penalties for Control Board. contraventions of the provisions of the Act.

Water (Prevention This Act empowered the State Pollution Covered under the CTE and Control of Control Boards (SPCB) to collect cess on and CTO issued by the Pollution) Cess the basis of water consumed by persons KSPCB. Act, 1977, carrying on certain industries and by local Amendments 1992 authorities, with a view to augment the and 2003. resources of the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and the SPCB for the prevention and control of water pollution, constituted under the Water Act.

Air (Prevention and This Act provides for Prevention & Control Covered under the CTE Control of Pollution) of Air Pollution from the industrial plants and CTO issued by the Act, 1981 and to improve the quality of air. It KSPCB empowers the SPCB to lay down standards in consultation with the CPCB having regard to the standards for quality of the air laid down by the CPCB, standards for emission of air pollutants into the atmosphere from industrial plants and automobiles or for the discharge of any air pollutant into the atmosphere from any other source whatsoever other than ship or an aircraft.

Environment This is an umbrella Act related to the protection and improvement of (Protection) Act, environment and the prevention of hazards to the human beings, other 1986 and rules / living creatures, plant and property. The Act provides for laying down notifications framed standards for the quality of environment in its various aspects, standards under it for emission or discharge of environmental pollutants from various sources whatsoever, having regard to the quality and composition of the emission or discharge of environmental pollutants from point sources.

Rules under EPA, 1986

Hazardous Waste This Rule ensures safe storage, transport, Not applicable to the (Management, treatment and disposal of various project Handling, Trans- categories of industrial hazardous wastes

Appendix C P a g e | 3

Regulations Applicability of Acts/Guidelines Compliance Criteria boundary specifically mentioned in the Rules. One of Movement) Rules, the main features of this Rule is that the 2008 occupier of the activities generating hazardous wastes or handling the hazardous wastes becomes legally responsible for taking all practical steps to ensure that such wastes are properly handled, labeled, stored and disposed off without any adverse impact on the environment. This Rule also regulates the import and export of hazardous waste.

Manufacture, This Rule provides the SPCBs and certain Not applicable to the Storage and Import other Government Departments with project. of Hazardous necessary powers that hazardous Chemical Rules chemicals covered in the Rules (above (2000) threshold limits) are imported, stored, transported and/or used in an environmentally safe manner. This rule provides legal provisions for safe handling of various hazardous chemicals with an overall objective to minimize the possibility of chemical accidents by taking adequate on-site and off-site measures.

Bio-Medical Waste This Rule provides for safe handling, Not applicable to the (Management and collection, storage, transportation, project. Handling) Rules, treatment and disposal of Bio-medical 1998; Amendment Waste generated during the diagnosis, 2003 treatment or immunization of human beings or animals or in research activity or in the production or testing of biological and including categories mentioned in Schedule to the Rules.

Plastic Waste This Rule provides for regulating the Not applicable to the (Management and manufacture of carry bags, stocking, project Handling) Rules, distribution, sale, use of carry bags and 2011 sachets, regulation of manufacturers & recyclers. The Rule provides for Plastic Waste Management. The Rule has also fixed the responsibility of producer or manufacture of plastic carry bags and multi-layered plastic pouches or packages for the environmentally sound management of the product until the end of its life. Municipal Authorities are vested with the responsibility of enforcement of

Appendix C P a g e | 4

Regulations Applicability of Acts/Guidelines Compliance Criteria

the provisions of this Rule while the SPCB role is related to issue of authorization to manufacturers, recyclers and disposal.

Municipal Solid This Rule places responsibility on the Not applicable for the Waste municipal authority within their jurisdiction project (Management and for the implementation of the provisions of Handling) Rules, this Rule, and for any infrastructure 2000 development for collection, storage, segregation, transportation, processing and disposal of municipal solid waste. The District Magistrate or Deputy Commissioner of concerned district is responsible for enforcement of the provisions of this Rule. The role of SPCB is to grant authorization for the setting-up of land fill facilities and to monitor the ground water, ambient air, leachate and compost quality.

Noise Pollution This Rule provides for abatement of noise Monitoring to be done (Regulation and pollution from the sources like industrial during construction phase Control) Rules, activity, construction activity, generator of the project. 2000 and sets, loud speakers, public address Amendment 2002 systems, music systems, vehicular horns, and 2006 and fire crackers other mechanical devices which have deleterious effects on human health and the psychological well being of the people. This Rule regulates and restricts the use of loud speakers/public address system. The authority for enforcement is District Magistrate, Police Commissioner, or any other officer not below the rank of the Deputy Superintendent of Police.

Batteries This Rule provides for abatement of noise Not applicable for the (Management and pollution from the sources like industrial project Handling) Rules, activity, construction activity, generator 2001; Amendment sets, loud speakers, public address 2010 systems, music systems, vehicular horns, and fire crackers other mechanical devices which have deleterious effects on human health and the psychological well being of the people. This Rule regulates and restricts the use of loud speakers/public address system. The authority for enforcement is District

Appendix C P a g e | 5

Regulations Applicability of Acts/Guidelines Compliance Criteria

Magistrate, Police Commissioner, or any other officer not below the rank of the Deputy Superintendent of Police.

Rules for This Rule empowers the MOEF to Not applicable for this manufacture, use, regulate the activities involving license to project import, export and manufacture, import and export of micro storage of organism and genetically modified Hazardous micro- organisms. For the implementation at the organism, state level, State Bio-technology genetically Committee and District level Bio- engineered technology Committee have been set-up. organisms or cells, 1989, Rules

E-Waste These Rules shall apply to every Not applicable for this (Management and producer, consumer or bulk consumer project Handling) Rules, involved in the manufacture, sale, 2011 purchase and processing of electrical and electronic equipment or components, collection centre, dismantler and recycler of e-waste.

Environmental The EIA Notification 2006 is the Project categorization is Impact Assessment replacement of the 1994 Notification. done as per this (EIA) Notification, Activities covered under this Notification notification and 2006 are grouped as Category A & B. Category accordingly the ‘A’ requires environmental clearance from environmental clearing the MoEFCC, GOI; Category ‘B’ needs process is decided upon. environmental clearance from the State Level EIA Authority. Environmental clearance is mandatory for scheduled activities for new projects or for expansion or modernization or change in product mix in existing projects.

As per this Notification, the environmental clearing process are carried out in four stages viz.,

· Stage (1) Screening (Only for Category ‘B’ projects and activities)

· Stage (2) Scoping

· Stage (3) Public Consultation

· Stage (4) Appraisal

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Regulations Applicability of Acts/Guidelines Compliance Criteria

The Wildlife This act provides for protection and Two notified protected areas Conservation Act, management of Protected Areas. ie., Daroji Bear Sanctuary 1972, amended in and the Otter Conservation 2003 and 2006, Reserve are located in the Bellary District. However, these areas are located beyond the 10km radius and does not require any additional clearance to be obtained from the Department of Forests, Government of Karnataka or the MoEFCC, Government of India Hence, this regulation is not applicable as the project.

Forest This act provides guidelines for This is not applicable as (Conservation) conservation of forests and diversion of no forest areas are utilised Act, 1980 forest land for non-forest use and for implementing the requires project proponents to obtain various components of the clearance prior to use of such forest project. areas for project activities.

Central Water The Authority to approve all the KNNL has to obtain NOC Commission technical aspects of the canal from the Central Water modernization project Commission.

UNESCO Heritage As portion of the canal passess through KNNL has to objtain NOC Site the UNESCO certified Hampi Heritage from the Hampi World Area, additional requirments emerge. Heritage Area Management Authority for works carried out within the heritage area

Table 1 indicates that the Modernization of Vijaynagara Channel Project requires the project to undergo a environmental screening process, and require prior environmental clearance from the State Level EIA Authority.

The ADB guidelines, stipulate addressing environmental concerns, if any, of a proposed activity in the initial stages of project preparation. For this, the ADB Guidelines categorize the proposed components into categories (A, B or C) to determine the level of environmental assessment required to address the potential impacts. The Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) checklist method was followed as per ADB requirement to assess the potential impacts of the project in the planning phase. The REA checklist is attached as Attachment 1 to this report. The sub-project has been categorized as B. Accordingly; this IEE is prepared to address the potential impacts, in line with the recommended IEE content and structure for Category B projects. The IEE was based

Appendix C P a g e | 7 mainly on secondary sources of information and field reconnaissance surveys. Stakeholder consultation was an integral part of the IEE. An Environmental Monitoring Plan outlining the specific environmental measures to be adhered to during implementation of the project has been prepared.

1.3.3 Review and Approval Procedure

For Category B projects, the Draft Environmental Status report is reviewed by ADB’s Regional Department sector division and Environment and Social Safeguards Division, and by the Executing Agency, and additional comments may be sought from project affected people and other stakeholders. All comments are incorporated in preparing the final documents, which are reviewed by the Executing Agency and the national environmental protection agency. The EA then officially submits the IEE report to ADB for consideration by the Board of Directors. Completed report is made available worldwide by ADB, via the depository library system and the ADB website.

1.4 Scope of Study

This is the IEE report for the project viz.' Modernization of the Vijaynagar Channel System Project”. It discusses the generic environmental impacts and mitigation measures relating to the location, design, construction and operation of physical works proposed under this project.

1.5 Report Structure

The IEE has been structured as per ADB's Environmental Assessment Guidelines (2003), and the Government of India’s Environmental Impact Assessment Notification (2006). This IEE contains eight sections: (1) Introduction; (2) Description of Project Components; (3) Description of the Environment; (4) Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation measures; (5) Institutional Requirements and Environmental Monitoring Plan; (6) Public Consultation and Information Disclosure; (7) Findings and Recommendations; and (8) Conclusions.

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2. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT COMPONENTS

2.1 Components of the Project

The components of the Modernization of Vijayanagara Channels Project include modernization of the Vijayanagara channels including distributaries and associated structures, installation of flow measurement and telemetry, Command Area Development (CAD) works, strengthening asset management and main system Operation & Maintenance (O&M), capacity building of Water User Cooperative Societies (WUCS) and Agricultural Training and strengthening of Nigams and CAD Authority.

This VNC system comprises 16 canals, most of which were originally constructed during the Vijayanagara Empire about 400 years ago. Most of the canals have their own diversion structures on the river and many of the canals are interlinked. The total command area is reported as 11,154 ha (but has probably been reduced by urbanisation) with command areas of individual canals ranging between 210ha and 2,220 ha. The Figure 2.1 below shows the location of the canals:

Figure 2.1: Vijayanagara upstream channels (Source PPTA 2013) The details of each of the canals is provided in the Table 2.1 below:

Table 2.1: Details of the VNC

No. Name of the Channel Area (ha) Kamalapura Subdivision (Right Bank) 1 Basavanna 1240.00 2 Raya 2226.00 3 Bella 600.00

Appendix C P a g e | 9

No. Name of the Channel Area (ha) 4 Kalaghatta 237.00 5 Turtha 931.00 6 Ramasagara 673.00 7 Kampli 620.00 8 Belagondahala 210.00 Vaddarahatti Subdivision (Left Bank) 9 Anegundi 789.15 10 Shivapur 403.48 11 Hulagi 265.07 12 Upper Gangavathi 774.53 13 Lower Gangavathi 666.91 Siruguppa Subdivision (Right Bank) 14 Siruguppa 764.00 15 Deshnur 477.91 Manvi Subdivision (Left Bank) 16 Bichal 276.00 Total 11154.05

2.2 Need of the Project

The Vijayanagara Channel system is spread over 3 districts, namely, Bellary, Raichur and Koppal. Originally, Vijayanagara Channels are the run-of-the river irrigation channels and are historically important serving the irrigation needs of the local population. They have been built during Vijayanagara dynasty about 400 years back and have been in operation since then. The detailed survey and analysis has revealed that the channels are lined with size stone masonry partly and have since lost their shape over the years. The bed of the channels has scoured in some reaches and is silted up heavily in some reaches. Heavy weed growth is noticed in and around the channels. Some of the structures are in dilapidated condition which requires to be rehabilitated to make them functional. Due to heavy seepage and transmission losses, water is not able to reach in tail areas.

The detailed survey and analysis has revealed that the VNC performs far below its expectations and the reasons attributed to are as follows:

c. The overall efficiency of the VNC system may be between 30-50% decreasing the overall crop yields and water-use efficiency; d. Inequity in the pattern of water distribution is common, causing excess water at the head- reach of the canals and inadequate quantity at the tail end. e. In certain regions, the environmental problems such as water logging and salinity has developed and hinders the improvement of agricultural productivity in the area.

Appendix C P a g e | 10

f. The unreliable water supply does NOT motivate the farmers to organize themselves to take over managerial responsibilities including the O&M of the tertiary distribution network. And they are reluctant to pay water charges when the service is poor. g. The operational problems with many projects are aggravated when maintenance activities are deferred because of inadequate recurrent funds. The lack of maintenance has resulted in a rapid deterioration of public investments, including failure of canal lining and malfunctioning of control structures. h. There is unanimous agreement on the need to improve operations of irrigation systems throughout the world in order to increase productivity. The management solutions that are frequently recommended include improved water resources management, better coordination between agriculture and irrigation agencies, training, higher water charges and farmer participation. Based on the prevailing conditions, the agricultural productivity of the area served by VNC have been on the decrease. Moreover, because of the leakages in the system the productive use of the available water is not being accomplished. Further, under the KSIWRMIP, it is proposed to establish Water User Cooperative Societies (WUCS) to cover all the users in the VNC command area. Hence, in addition to the canal modernization, the capacity building of the WUCS is of utmost necessity in order to make the investment sustainable over long periods of time. As such, the objective of the Modernization of the VNC System are for achieving improved crop yields, improved irrigation efficiency, reduced O&M costs, improved recovery of O&M costs, improved financial sustainability, increase in cooperation between government agencies and the user community and last but not the least reduction of environment degradation.

2.3 Project Category

This is a canal modernization project, and as explained in the earlier chapter has been classified as Category B, because it is not expected to have major negative environmental impacts. Under ADB procedures, such projects require an IEE to identify and mitigate the impacts, and to determine whether further study or a more detailed EIA may be required. The environmental screening has revealed that the project areas are located about 25kms from the notified areas such as Daroji Bear Sanctuary and Otter Conservation Reservce and do not fall within the limits of Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) notified critically polluted areas. The EIA Notification 2006 of Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC), New Delhi also categorises canal rehabilitation project under category 'B'. Hence the project is a category 'B' both as per local environmental regulations as well as ADB Safeguard Policy Statement 2009.

2.4 Project Location and Layout

All the project components of Modernization of Vijayanagar Channel Project are planned to be located within three districts viz., Bellary, Koppal and Raichur districts of the state of Karnataka. A portion of the project passes through the Hampi World Heritage Area which is a notified UNESCO heritage area. The location of the project areas are shown on the Google map provided in the Annexure.

Appendix C P a g e | 11

Initial Environmental Examination Modernization of the Vijaynagar Channel System Project

3. DESCRIPTION OF THE EXISTING ENVIRONMENT

In this section baseline environmental baseline for different environmental components has been described. This baseline will help to predict post implementation impacts and in ascertaining the impacts of the project during construction and operational phases of the project.

3.1 Physical Environment

Ambient Air Quality: The ambient air quality is an issue during construction of the project on account of vehicular movements and equipment use resulting in emissions that can have an impact on the local ambient air quality. The current levels of air pollutants in the three districts i.e., Bellary, Koppal and Raichur where is the project has not been monitored regularly either by the Karnataka State Pollution Control Board nor under the National Ambient Air Qualtiy Standards Program of the Government of India. However,JSW Steel Complex located in Hospet carries out both continuous and manual air monitoring at certain locations near their facility. Continuous monitoring is carried out in 4 locations while manual monitoring is carried out in 10 locations. The results of the Half-Yearly Report 2013- 14 are provided in the following Table 3.1: Table 3.1: Ambient Air Quality at certain locations in Bellary and Koppal District

3 3 3 3 Sl. Location PM10 in µg/m PM2.5 in µg/m SO2 in µg/m NO2 in µg/m No. 12-13 13-14 12-13 13-14 12-13 13-14 12-13 13-14 Continuous Monitoring Locations 1 Vidhyanagar 63 51 20 21 14 15 13 37 2 SHT 142 132 55 51 16 9 30 58 3 Vaddu 135 208 50 47 7 7 36 14 4 10 MT Gate 181 161 92 36 9 13 13 62 Manual Monitoring Locations 1 Sultanpura 129 124 16 64 12 5 14 13 2 Talur 93 79 12 57 15 3 14 9 3 Vaddu 159 96 16 60 14 8 18 13 4 Gadiganur 145 87 21 63 10 8 12 15 5 Basapura 136 91 37 57 12 9 13 15 6 Kurekuppa 86 89 8 60 10 11 12 15 7 Kudithini 43 77 12 65 24 5 22 19 8 Karadidhama 25 68 4 45 8 2 9 10 9 Hampi 109 55 14 36 12 3 14 10 10 Toranagallu 127 116 Na 77 4 7 5 17 Source: Report by JSW Steel Complex, Hospet

These values, if compared with National Ambient Air Quality standards, are well within limits in respect of all the parameters PM10, PM2.5, SO2 and NOx. The air emissions at the time of construction shall be lower than the permissible limits at a majority of the construction locations identified fro the project activity. However, higher emissions could occur at those canal locations that are within the city / town limits.

28. Water Resources: Water resources constitute mainly surface and groundwater, with rainfall being the basic source. The mean annual rainfall in the state is 1355mm with more than 73% of it received from the southwest monsoon. Annual rainfall variations across agro-climatic zones in the state are too wide, ranging from 585mm in the northern dry zone to 3893mm in the coastal zones. There are seven water systems in the state of Karnataka viz., Cauvery, Krishna, Godavari, West flowing rivers, North Pennar, South Pennar and Palar. And, VNC is part of the Krishna Basin. In

Appendix C P a g e | 12

Bellary District, the annual normal rainfall is 611mm (1996 – 2005), In Koppal District, the annual normal rainfall is 572mm. In Raichur District, the annual normal rainfall is 376mm.The estimated yield of the Krishna Basin is provided in the Table 3.2 below:

Table 3.2: Estimated yield of water from Krishna River Basin

Catchment Area Economically Available Utilisation Km2 Share TMC/a Share TMC/a Share 113,271 59.1% 969.44 27.9% 1156.00 68.4%

29. Groundwater utilisation for irrigation has grown over the last couple of decades. The groundwater availability in the three districts where the VNC system is located is provided in the Table 3.3 below:

Table 3.3: Groundwater Availability in the three districts where VNC is located

District Annual Recharge (HAM/a) Natural Net Water Monsoon Season Non-Monsoon Total Discharge Availability Season HAM/a HAM/a Rainfall Other Rainfall Other Bellary 27,547 17,745 7,618 12,700 65,610 2,135 63,476 Koppal 20,252 25,028 3,676 23,070 72,025 1,876 70,149 Raichur 21,247 20,754 3,941 21,940 67,883 1,525 66,358

30. In Bellary District, the major water bearing formations include shallow aquifers of alluvium along the stream courses upto to 10m and weathered zones of gneisses. Granites occur between the depths 9 to 25m bgl. Deeper aquifers of jointed and fractured gneisses, granites ans Schists occur between the depths of 30 and 197 m bgl. The pre-monsoon groundwater levels occurs at 1.72 - 19.48m bgl (average 4.77m) and post-monsoon groundwater levels occurs at 1.22 – 17.61m bgl (average 3.47m). In Koppal District, the major water bearing formations include weathered and fractured Granites, Gneisses and Schists. The pre-monsoon groundwater levels occurs at 4.50 - 16.5m bgl and post-monsoon groundwater levels occurs at 1.15 – 16.24m bgl. In Raichur District, the major water bearing formations include weathered /fractured Granitic Gneiss. The pre- monsoon groundwater levels occurs at 0.65 – 10.7m bgl and post-monsoon groundwater levels occurs at 0.05 – 11m bgl.

31. A portion of the irrigation water demand is also met from lakes and tanks. The relative contribution of the tanks in the irrigation potential has declined over the years owing to development of the surface water irrigation. However, these tanks do provide supplementary irrigation demand especially during periods of low-releases from the storage reservoirs. And, siltation of tanks from lack of maintenance in addition to encroachment of tanks located closer to the urban areas has impacted agricultural productivity in a portion of the command area irrigated by the VNC system.

32. While agriculture constitute over 90% of water demand in the Krishna Basin, there is a rapidly growing water demand in other sectors. This has led to the perception that supply will be increasingly constrained. Additionally, inefficiency in water management is inflating the demand, resulting in inequitable distribution and under-utilisaton of the irrigation potential. Unauthorised use of irrigation water in excess of allotments, particularly in the head reach and illegal pumping from canals are depriving farmers of their due share at the tail-end areas. This has led to leaching of salts towards the ground surface because of excess water use in the upper-reachers and

Appendix C P a g e | 13 increased exploitation of groundwater in tail-end areas of the basin. And, the depletion of the groundwater table is further accentuated because of highly subsidised power for the agricultural sector. Hence, it is impressive that the modernization project focuses on improving water productivity – that is crop yield per drop of water.

33. The environmental concerns pertaining to water resources centre around water resource management, specifically relating to both quantity and quality issues. Among the core environmental concerns, the key issues include conservation of existing water resources and prevention of further degradation and depletion. The related issues include the rejuvenation of degraded traditional surface water bodies, enhancing the availability of water through water harvesting structures and recharge of groundwater. More important is the judicious and economic use of both surface and groundwater for agricultural, industrial and domestic purposes. Irrigation constitutes over 93.2% of the surface and groundwater in the Krishna Basin. Hence, it is laudable that the objective of the Modernization of the VNC Project is to achieve water use efficiency of the Vijayanagar Channel System while improving agricultural productivity.

34. Surface water bodies, particularly rivers and lakes, are highly polluted with increasing pollution load from agricultural discharge, industrial effluents and domestic waste. The report on “Status of river water quality in Karnataka over a decade 2005 – 2015” prepared by the Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB) shows that there was a change in the environmental quality of Tunga, Bhadra and Tungabhadra rivers especially in the stretches that are closer to major factories and towns. This implies that rivers are the common dumping sources for untreated effluent release from various industries and municipal sewage. In fact, Hairhar Polyfibres Private Limited is one of the few industries in the state that are allowed to discharge the treated effluents directly on to the river. However, the Tungabhadra river water quality downstream of the treated discharges of effluent from Harihar Polyfibers Private Limited, conforms to Class C (ie., suitable as a drinking water source after conventional treatment followed by disinfection). Mining industries involved in large scale mining of iron ore and other minerals have also inflicted water pollution through discharging tailings in Bellary District. The major land use in the Krishna Basin is agriculture. Hence, a large quantity of agriculture related pollutants such as fertilizers and pesticides makes its way into the surface waters, as well.

35. Ground water quality data has also been obtained from Central Pollution Control Board and shows that the groundwater has presence of certain chemical constitutents that is more than the permissible limit. In Bellary District, the Nitrate and Chloride contents are found more in few pockets in Hospet, Sirguppa and parts of Hadagali, and south of Kudlugi taluks. This is due to intensive irrigational activities in the command area especially in Hospet and in Siruguppa taluks where farmers use maximum Nitrogen, Phosphate and sulphate fertilisers. It is observed Nitrate concentrations are beyond 100 ppm in the range of 106 to 380 ppm and the average Nitrate concentration is 144.33 ppm. In Koppal District, the concentrations of Floruide, Nitrates and Total Dissolved Solids is more than the permissible limits in a few pockets. This is especially true near the town of Gangavathi where the town effluent enters the canal system as well as leaches into the groundwater affecting its quality. In Raichur District, higher amount of flouride and electro- conductivity values are observed.

36. Soil Quality: The districts of Bellary, Koppal and Raichur are covered by reddish sandy soil, light green loamy soil and reddish brown soil. Quality is of importance as this has a direct

Appendix C P a g e | 14 impact on achieving the project objective of improved agricultural productivity. Soil in a portion of the the agricultural lands located at the head-end of the canals have become saline due in intense agriculture coupled with excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides. No other soil quality data are available for the the three districts.

37. Noise Levels: The project area is located in a rural environment. The noise levels are within permissible limits.

38. Land Use: The predominant land use in the project area is agricultural. The following Table 3.4 provides the existing landuse in each of the three districts.

Table 3.4: Land use pattern in Bellary, Koppal and Raichur Districts

Particulars Bellary Koppal Raichur Total Geographical Area 813,196 552,495 835,843 Forest 97,017 29,451 18,167 Non-agricultural 68,657 39,003 20,563 Barren Land 53,477 16,627 20,084 Cultivable Waste Land 24,839 2,568 10,712 Permanent Pasture 5,472 14,675 198,116 Trees and Grover 3,606 210 13,684 Current Fallow Land 95,234 69,420 169,352 Other Fallow Land 28,827 0 49,785 Net Area Sown 436,067 380,541 513,680 More than once area sown 133,585 127,254 166,215 Total Cropped Area 583,616 429,124 664,274

39. Meteorological Conditions: The climate of Bellary district is quite moderate and shows dryness in major part of the year and a hot summer from March to May months when mean maximum temperatures ranges from 23.2°C to 40.4°C. June to September is the southwest monsoon period when the temperature is 19.7°C to 35.1°C, October and November is the post- monsoon season with clear bright weather with the mean daily temperature ranging from 14.4°C to 31.1°C. During December to February, weather remains dry and comparatively cool. Relative humidity ranges from 48 to 74% in the morning and in the evening it ranges from 27% to 61%. Bellary district receives rainfall from southwest monsoon from June to September and northeast monsoon from October to December. Overall on an average, there are 43 normal rainy days and normal rainfall in the district is 611mm.

40. Koppal district experiences a semi-arid type climate characterised by hot summer and low rainfall. It is cool and pleasant during major part of the year except during the summer months of March to middle of June. The coldest period is December to January with minimum temperatures at 16°C and maximum reaching 45°C during hot summer district. The annual normal rain fall is 572 mm and normally rain commences from June and continues upto November. Heavy rainfall during the months of September and October, with normal average rain days of 40 in a year.

41. The climate of Raichur district can be termed as mild to severe, with mild winters and hot summers. December is the coldest month with mean daily minimum of 17. 7°C, while May is the hottest month with mean daily maximum temperature of 39.8°C. The day temperature in May often touches 45°C. Relative humidity of over 75% is common during monsoon period. Wind speeds exceeding 15km/h are common during the months of June and July. The recorded annual potential evaporation is around 1950 mm with May registering over 220 mm and December around 120mm. The normal annual rainfall of the district is 621mm. The annual number of the rainy days is about

Appendix C P a g e | 15

49 days. Nearly 67% of the rain is received during the southwest monsoon period (June- Sept) and the northeast monsoon contributes about 24%, during the post monsoon period.

42. Seismicity: As per the Revised Earthquake Hazard Mapping, 22.13% of the total geographical area of the state of Karnataka is under Moderate earthquake damage risk zone and remaining area of the state is under low damage risk zone. The state has reported more than 500 earthquake tremors in the last three decades with most of them having low magnitude. It is found that the weak zones around the northern Karnataka bordering Maharashtra could cause heavy damages in future. The areas of southern part of Karnataka are also not free from frequent tremors. The Karnataka state is categorized as moderate to low seismic risk zone. The Districts of Bellary, Koppal and Raichur fall under Zone II( Low Damage Risk zone MSK VI).

3.2 Biological Environment

43. The biological environment covers flora and fauna. The canals are located close to habitation area. Hence, fauna is domesticated. While there is no existence of any National Park, Wild Life Park, Bird sanctuary, or Notified wet land within a distance of 10 km from the project canals, the Daroji Bear Sanctuary and the Otter Conservation Reserve is located at about 25 kms from the project canal locations. The modernization of canals do not pose any threats to these sanctuaries and does not impact the project categorization as “B” as the Daroji Bear Sanctuary and Otter Conservation Reserve are located at distances that are far beyond the distance that would trigger the re-classification of the project as “A”. The re-classification to”A” would have resulted in the project going through a complete EIA clearing process instead of an IEE at the present time.

44. In addition to Otters, over 7 orders of fish species are recorded3 in the Tungabhadra river basin and details are provided in the Table 3.5 overleaf:

Table 3.5: Fish species recorded in the Tungabhadra river basin:

Order Family Classification / Species Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Barilius Barna Barilius Backeri B. Bendilisis B. Canarensis Catla Catla Chela Untrachi Cirrhinus cirrhosa C Fulungee C. Mrigala C. reba Ctenopharygdon idella Cyprinus Carpio Danio aquippinatus D. devario D malabaricus Garra gotyla stenorynchus Hypophthalmichthys Labeo angra molitrix L. bata L. Calbasu L. fimbriatus L. porcellus L. potail L. rohita

3 Gangadhara Gowda et.at., “Fish Biodiversity of Tunga, Bhadra and Tungabhadra Rivers of Karnataka, India”, Research Journal of Animal, Veterinary and Fishery Sciences, Vol. 3(10), 1-16 December (2015).

Appendix C P a g e | 16

Order Family Classification / Species P. amphibious P. chola P. fasciatus P. filamentosus Puntius jerdoni Puntius melanostigma P. pulchellus P. Sahyadrensis P. Sarana P. Sophore P. ticto P. vittatus Rasbora rasbora R. daniconius Salmostoma boopis Tor putitora Siluriformes Bagridae Aorichthys aor A Seenghals Mystus armatus Mystus cavasius M. gulio M. Krishnesis Rita gogra R Pavimentata Clariidae Clarius batrachus C garipinus Siluridae Ompak bimaculatus O. pabo Wallago attu Pangasidae Pangasius pangasius Belonoformes Belonidae Xenentodon cancila Hemiramphidae Hyporhampus xanthopterus Cyprinodontiformes Cyprinodontidae Aplocheilus lineatus Synbranchiformes Mastacembelidae Mastacembelus armatus Perciformes Ambassidae Paraambassis ranga Channidae Channa punctatus C marulius C. striatus Chichlidae Etroplus maculatus Oreochromis mossambica Gobiidae Glossogobius giuris giuris Ostiglossiformes Notopteridae Notoptorus notopturus

45. Fauna: The study of faunal aspects revealed the presence of mega animals and birds. The animals that have been recorded to be present in the project area include mongoose, snakes, jungle cats, wild pig, hare, frogs, rat snake, water snakes, green snakes and lizards. The birds that have been found to be present in the project area include paddy bird, kites, sparrow, parakeets, coot, quail, cuckoo, water fowl, kingfisher, jungle dove, crow, pond heron and egrets. There are no endangered category animals or birds present in the project area.

46. Flora: There are no endangered category animals or birds present in the project area. The flora in the project areas can be characterized as upland thorn and scrub. Several parts of Bellary, Koppal and Raichur districts have armed trees with tiny leaflets. Some remaining patches of these forests are made-up of Acacia, Albizia and Hardwickia. (Jali, Bilwara, ennemara being local names). The Maidan is dotted with numerous irrigation tanks usually supporting an interesting aquatic Jlora.

Appendix C P a g e | 17

Initial Environmental Examination Modernization of the Vijaynagar Channel System Project

4. POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

4.1 Summary of Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

47. A growing sensitivity towards addressing environmental impacts will be needed if the increasing utilization of the natural resources towards irrigated food production, land reclamation, irrigation system maintenance/rehabilitation and flood protection, is to be sustainable into the future. Generally, small farmers who tend to be the most dependent upon the environment and direct use of natural resources are the most affected when the environment is degraded or their access to natural resources is limited or denied. In addition to rehabilitation/maintenance of existing systems in an environmentally-friendly manner, there is need to educate the farmers, field functionaries and villagers to use the water, fertilizers and pesticides in optimum quantum to safeguard the environment.

48. The environmental impacts of canal modernization works is expected to occur during construction and operation phases. The potential impacts of project related activities can be broadly categorized under:  Construction Phase;  Impacts arising from Location;  Operation Phase.

The impacts were analyzed based on the following:

49. Methodology: Preliminary screening was done by ADB using the Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) form. Based on this assessment, this project is categorized as a “B” project. Scoping checklists were used to identify the potential environmental stressors and the receptors that may be subject to an impact.

50. In addition to the use of checklists, the Consultant added potential impacts based on site investigations and assessments. The level significance (small, moderate, or major) of the potential impacts was assessed on the basis of the checklists and of the onsite assessment.

51. Environmental Benefits Associated with the Project: The Project has the potential for considerable positive environmental impacts in the VNC area. The cleaning and shaping of canals will result in restoration of canal capacity and a reduction in water losses improving water availability.

52. The Project will support the strengthening of the water resources management through installation of a modern control and communication system, capacity building and improved Operation and Maintenance procedures, the strengthening of Water Users Cooperative Societies (WUCS) and development of a Sustainable Integrated Water Resources Management Model. The improved water resources management component would optimize the use of the available water resources in the Tungabhadra Basin and will result in more water available while adhering to the abstractions as per Krishna Water Tribunal award.

18

53. The rehabilitation of on-farm infrastructure will improve the water management at farm level and this will reduce wastage of water and drainage requirements. The use of WUCS to perform the CAD works will improve the capacity of the community-based organizations to carry out O&M in a sustainable manner. Additionally, the extension services provided to the WUCS members in terms of water management and agricultural practices will conserve water, improve soil management and introduce sustainable cropping practices.

54. Potential Environmental Impacts Related to Project Location: The Project will rehabilitate existing systems for irrigation water supply. As the overall system capacity will be kept unchanged, this will not require new land acquisition or resettlement. Hence, no significant potential socio-economic impacts are expected because of project location.

55. However, a portion of the project is located within the UNESCO Heritage Area of Hampi and this portion of canal rehabilitation has to be carried in accordance with the internationally- accepted processes adopted for such areas especially in regard to maintaining existing canal designs, materials utilized and construction and operational procedures adopted.

56. In addition, a portion of the project is located close to urban centres and the canals are subjected to inflow of untreated wastewaters and dumping of solid wastes into the canals. This is primarily found in Hospet and Gangavathi Towns. Further, the spread of uncontrolled urbanization, has also led to encroachment of surface water bodies such as irrigation tanks and lakes that had earlier acted as supplementary water sources to meet the water demand in the command areas.

Proposed Mitigation Measures

57. The proposed measures to mitigate the potential impacts to acceptable levels include: (i) Mitigation measures that conform to Best National and International Practices and as per the requirements of Central Water Commission and Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change, Government of India; (ii) The monitoring measures to evaluate the effectiveness of the mitigation measures; (iii) Identification of roles and responsibilities for both carrying out the mitigation measures and monitoring the implementation of the mitigation measure; (iv) The cost of implementation of the mitigation measures and monitoring protocols.

58. Activities and responsibilities are identified for the project phases of Pre-Construction, Construction and Operation Phases. A matrix of the EMMP is given in Table…. All mitigation and monitoring measures proposed are those commonly proposed for the range of potential impacts assessed.

4.2 Physical and Ecological Environments

59. The VNC which was established about 400 years ago, and the scheme abstracts water from the Krishna Basin to irrigate over 11,154 hectares in the command area.

60. Water Flow: The Project will rehabilitate the canals without changing the designed hydraulic capacity. However, with reduction in seepage losses, the quantity of water that will be drawn from the Tungabhadra River after the project completion shall decrease, as well.

61. Water Quality: With respect to water quality, no negative impacts are expected once the canal modernization is completed. In fact, the introduction of measures for adoption of sustainable agriculture systems will, on in the long term, improve the quality of the return flows. Improved water

Appendix C P a g e | 19 management in the project area resulting in reduction of water abstractions, and reduction in salt load concentrations in the river.

62. Bear Sanctuary and Otter Conservation Reserve: The project activities shall not impact the Daroji Bear Sanctuary and the Otter Conservation Reserve located at approximately 25 kms from certain canal sections that are undergoing rehabilitation. However, in the long term, measures adopted for sustainable agriculture including reduction in the use of fertilizers and pesticides shall greatly improve the quality of the agricultural return flows thereby positively impacting the quality of water that is accessible to wild life.

63. Hampi Heritage Area: Certain canal sections pass through the Hampi Heritage Area that has secured a UNESCO Heritage tag and the modernization activities need to be managed such that it protects the Outstanding Universal Value of the Heritage Area. As such, the decisions taken for the wider sustainable economic benefits that the canal modernization project is expected to generate, should be compatible with the well-being of the heritage place. Moreover, the capacity of the stakeholders that are involved in implementing the canal modernization project should be built in such a manner that it manages to meet the needs of the local people, permits continuing compatible land uses while understanding that structures in heritage areas inevitably involves making decisions about what change is, or is not, acceptable.

64. Proximity to Urban Centres: Certain canal sections pass through urban centres such as Hospet and Gangavathi towns. The untreated wastewaters are discharged directly into the canals thereby affecting the quality of water. Also, the open canals are used as dumping areas for solid wastes resulting in closing of the canals at various stretches. Moreover, the increased urbanization is resulting in changes in land use and in certain cases the surface water bodies within the towns are encroached upon. Earlier, these surface water bodies used to act as supplementary sources of water for the VNC command area. Hence, it is necessary to manage the urbanization in a way it does not impact the water availability for the VNC command area in terms of both quantity and quality. Towards this, the Project Implementation Agency has to directly work with the urban stakeholders such as the Municipality and other state / district level planning agencies and ensure that actions are taken to mitigate the environmental impacts arising from increasing urbanization.

65. Human and Economic Development and Quality of Life: There is a need to plan for Worker Health and Safety and Community Safety Plan to be developed and implemented.

4.3 Mitigation Measures during Pre-Construction

66. The pre-construction phase includes checking the design requirements and ensuring that the EMP conditions are incorporated into the bid and contract documents. This will be done by the Implementation Agency. During this phase, it should be ensured that the required costs are included into the overall project budget.

67. It is also necessary to ensure incorporation of Health and Safety requirements into the bidding and contract documents. Basic staff facilities need to be provided at all construction locations including but not limited to; a staff changing area, a place to take meals and relax, washrooms and proper toilets that are connected to an acceptable effluent disposal system. Portable chemical toilets, shall be available at work sites, wherever necessary.

68. During bid evaluation, the strengths of the Contractor to carry out construction activities as per the proposed Environmental, Health and Safety Standards should be checked and verified.

Appendix C P a g e | 20

4.4 Impact during Construction and Mitigation Measures

69. The following construction related activities/ issues have to be dealt with during the construction phase:

(i) Tree Removal; (ii) Desilting; (iii) Borrow Area Rehabilitation; (iv) Removal and disposal of debris; (v) Storage and handling of materials; (vi) Transport of machinery, equipment and material; (vii) Noise from construction activities; (viii) Work in proximity of protected areas; (ix) Dust and vibration; (x) Worker Health and Safety; (xi) Solid and liquid waste management; (xii) Rehabilitation and closing of construction sites.

70. Tree Removal: The tree count and the identification of tree species along the canal section that is required to be rehabilitated should be carried out by the selected Contractor prior to starting the construction activities. If trees need to be removed, the Contractor should seek approval from the Karnataka Forest Department. Following any removal of trees, the contractor will arrange for trees of identical species to be planted elsewhere in the construction site area as directed by the Forest Department and approval of the Project Implementation Agency.

71. Desilting: Desilting of the canals is one of the main activities taken up under the canal modernization project. Both the desilting activity and the desilting material itself should be managed such that there is minimal impact on the environment. In this regard, it should be noted that the desilted material should not impact either the surface water bodies or land. Because of the critical nature of the de-siltation activity and management of the desilting material, the details of the issues involved and the mitigation measure to be adopted is provided in a tabular form in Table 4.1 below:

Table 4.1: Deslting – Environmental Impact and Mitigation Measures

No. Issue and their impact Mitigation measures

1. Dispersing of desilted material in  The desilted matter should be disposed in a nearby fields and adjoining areas – timely manner to the identified disposal sites, The obvious result is spreading of thick so that that dispersion can be avoided. layer of fine silt material onto the  In case the desilted material can’t be surrounding. This surrounding include – transported due to non-availability of a plants, trees, adjoining fields, habitations, suitable disposal space, it should be decided water sources (may be pond, lake etc.). in-advance, whether this matter can be used for (i) strengthening of bank or (ii) formation

Appendix C P a g e | 21

No. Issue and their impact Mitigation measures

This would potentially hamper the of embankments. If the material is going to process of photosynthesis in plants and be used for this purpose, then it should be ultimately leads to inhibited growth used in a timely manner, so that detrimental pattern among the plants and trees. effects of the desilted matter can be minimized. Additionally, the spreading of the silt materials to any adjoining surface water sources shall affect its utilization by the local community. 2. Destruction of farms and crops – Consultation with farmers or in other words, working in a collaborative mode is key to The path way to reach the disposal site minimize the environmental impacts arising may go through farmland and thus from the current activities. In order to identify causing disruption to farms and crops. It the pragmatic and acceptable solutions, also leads to disruption of local roads and discussions with the local community is transport networks. essential.  Priority should be given for identifying suitable disposal sites near to the desilting areas.  In case the path to reach the disposal site goes through the farmland, then concerned farmer should be consulted and a consensus should be arrived at to achieve to identify the tentative pathway to reach the disposal site. 3. Noise Impacts –  In order to keep the noise level within It is generally assumed that all the permissible limits, the proper maintenance of desilting work will be carried out during tools and machinery is necessary. It should be ensured that unnecessary vibrations and day time, Hence, noise impacts shall be limited to day-time. However, at all times, sounds should be minimized the work should be carried out by taking  The fitting of appropriate safety screens on the necessary precautions to limit the machines and the type of protective clothing noise levels to permissible limits. which should be ensured so that noise pollution and unnecessary exposure to machinery (which often causes disturbance in usual activities of the villagers) can be avoided.  All workers should be provided with safety gear so that the noise does not impact their well-being.

4. Disruption of daily life routine –  The demarcation of parking and other Although it is regarded that the current construction/desilting activities needs to be activities will serve the local farming ensured in such a way that the impact on community in a significant way, but there usual movement of traffic and people should will be certain short-term problems for the be minimized. local community. One of them is

Appendix C P a g e | 22

No. Issue and their impact Mitigation measures

disruption in the daily life routine resulting  Vehicles or machinery not is current use from blocking of the thoroughfare and should be parked far from the usual hindrances in their movement. Another pathways to avoid disruption of traffic associated problem is related to traffic. movement. The usual traffic will get disrupted due to parking of giant machines, trucks and trailers

5. Wastes of machinery or vehicles –  It should be ensured by the executing entity The leftover/used/discarded oil and/or that, the machines and vehicles (for the purpose of silt transportation) should be greases could cause environmental pollution, may be properly serviced and well-maintained. These should be handled by expert staff. (i) water pollution – if the waste goes to canals/water-bodies/other water  Any leftover/used/discarded oil and/or sources; greases should not be allowed to be disposed at the site but taken to a recycling (ii) soil pollution – if the waste remain center. left onto the soil surface

6. Management of workforce &  Brief orientation to unskilled labourers should workplace – be done every day, so that they can take In case where the desilting is to be done care of indicated measures on environment by labourers, their skill levels to carry out and personal safety. the necessary work should be improved.  Provide basic infrastructure (including This could include imparting skills on shelter, water supply and appropriate places basic guidelines like – keeping intact the for washing and nature calls) to the outside- original canal section while doing labourers and other workers so that they live desilting or other maintenance related under hygienic conditions. activities.  The executing entity has to ensure that, once the desilting or other maintenance activities are over, the land acquired for building the temporary structures (mainly for the purpose of developing shelter and other infrastructure) should be restored to its original position to the extent possible.

72. Disposal of silt: In absence of a comprehensive silt disposal plan, there could be overall environmental degradation in that particular area. Key impacts caused by the improper disposal of desilted material – 1. It may cause loss of vegetation from the banks of canals and adjoining areas. 2. In case if high wind blows, the whole vicinity will be covered by a fine layer of silt. 3. It may lead to disruption in movement of machines and trucks (carrying silt and other material). The Table 4.2 below provides the key aspects to be considered during the disposal of silt:

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Table 4.2 – Silt Disposal – Environmental Impact and Mitigation Measures No. Issue and their impact Mitigation measures

1. Lack of uniformity in silt deposition  Close supervision should be kept to ensure onto the banks of canals, leads to proper disposal of desilted material at pre- weakening of banks – decided place, as per the plan. Improper disposal of silt may leads to  Deposition of silt on the banks (where it has weakening of banks, as the quantum of been pre-decided) should be done in silt deposited will not be consistent and presence of experienced person (may be thus leads to lack of uniformity on the departmental entity or as the case may be), track/path of the canal, hence thereby so that in a scenario where the labour is not leading to weakening of banks at some much aware about repercussion of their places. negligence can be checked (from doing so).  After the completion of desilting work in an area, it should be ensured that the area gets restored to its original shape; in addition to this no excess machinery should be kept.

2. Spillage of silt onto the nearby  Efforts should be made to ensure avoidance farmland – of spillage of desilted material while The spillage of desilted material also transportation. creates problem for the nearby  In any case the desilted material should not farmlands, settlements (near the work- be allowed to remain unattended. It should site, if any) and adjoining areas. either be transported to pre-decided site for its disposal or else it should be properly dressed if getting used for reinforcing the bunds and canal embankments.  Sometimes the moisture content in the desilted matter is significant enough to cause dripping while getting transported from site to the disposal place, it should be ensured that the carrying space of the vehicle (meant for transportation of desilted material) is leak- proof.  While transportation, the desilted matter should be covered, so that the spilling and flying of matter can be minimized.  Overloading should be avoided, so that spillage can be reduced.

3. Treatment at farmer’s field  the quantum of desilted material received by In general the silt is fertile in nature and the farmer for his field should not be too farmers love to have the desilted material much, that it significantly raises the ground into their fields. But there are many level of field issues that needs to be dealt with, for  the desilted matter should be evenly spread instance – into the field to obtain a symmetry

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No. Issue and their impact Mitigation measures

 it is bound to raise the ground level  in order to avoid flying of silt, a possible of that area measure is its proper mixture with the native soil so that it gain weight and remain in that  silt is lighter in weight so it will cause area dust problem during high surface winds, 4. Treatment at disposal site One of the key and preferred treatments is development of vegetative cover. In other The disposed-off desilted material if left words, some species of bushes and dense unattended may cause soil and water plants should be grown to reduce the impact of pollution, in addition to this it may also high surface winds and rainfall (which may cause severe SPM (Suspended cause soil erosion). It is highly essential and Particulate Matter) problem as the fine should be grown onto the surface area of soil gets dispersed in the vicinity, disposal site to avoid contamination and especially during the period of high dispersion of desilted matter into the nearby surface wind and forms a layer of cover existing natural resources (namely – soil and over existing resources. water) of that area. This treatment also doesn’t involve much capital, so it should be promoted.

5. Degradation/pollution to local water- It should be ensured that, in any case the local bodies – water-body or the area near to such water-body is not identified as disposal site. Identification of In absence of comprehensive disposal such water bodies can be done by referring to plan or if the compliance is poor, the local current/old village maps. In addition to this, an water-bodies may become prone to get appraisal exercise can also be undertaken in severely affected by desilted material. consultation with the villagers, as they are good knowledge source of that area.

6. Improper disposal of desilted material Provisions should be clear in the contract document so that there is no possibility of back- Improper disposal may lead to local track by the contractor on this aspect. In environmental hazards. In absence of addition to this, penalty for non-compliance adequate measures/provisions for proper should also be ensured. disposal, the native villagers will also get affected.

73. Borrow Area Rehabilitation: Borrowing an area during construction towards strengthening of structures/banks of the canals is a common occurrence. It is important to take effective measures to curb the environmental impacts arising from such borrow area activities. Listed below are certain measures which should be addressed:

Table 4.3: Borrow Area Rehabilitation – Impacts and Mitigation Measures

No. Issue and their impact Mitigation measures

1. In an event when the borrowed area is Proper disposal of left over material after not compensated from environment point construction/other-maintenance-related-activity of view, it may cause soil degradation has to be ensured, the patch of area borrowed

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No. Issue and their impact Mitigation measures

and removal of all floral and faunal should be appropriately compensated from species of that area, if any. environment point of view. Surplus excavated material should be used for construction in fill, or be disposed off at suitable places. These places of dumping should be provided with a vegetative cover

2. Loss of vegetation may also leads to The loss of vegetation is another issue which needs to be dealt with, so that impact can be (i) soil erosion minimized in this aspect. The executing entities can be directed to ensure growth of vegetation (ii) stagnation of water leading to vector in certain patch as a return for the destruction it proliferation and thereby causing has done to some other area in the name of diseases related to mosquitoes or other “Borrow Area”. biting flees etc. At this juncture, one needs to understand the significance of the ‘vegetative – cover’. The vegetative cover allows the native floral and faunal species to grow and propagate. It also hampers removal of top layer of earth i.e. soil (which is generally productive in nature) either by wind or rainfall/run-off water.

3. In general the green trees are property of Removal of vegetation and cutting of trees forests department, so if they are not should be done judiciously and limited to taken into confidence before any cutting minimum possible extent. It is advised that activity, then it could bring unnecessary cutting of any such tree (if highly essential) confrontation with the forest authorities. should be done in consultation with the forest authorities.

4. Massive scale grubbing provides Clearing and grubbing should not expose large exposure to top surface of earth, which is area at any time, to prevent soil erosion. In not healthy for that particular area, as this general also, Vegetation cover should be may lead to soil erosion or stagnation of established on all cut/fill slopes. water. Eroded area should be promptly treated and protective measures like turfing should be considered.

74. When excavation is carried out and excavated materials are to be stockpiled alongside the excavated trench, effective wind and water erosion prevention measures must be taken. The area should be rehabilitated and landscaped to ensure that the area drains correctly. Quarrying of fine and coarse material is only to be done through licensed quarry operators.

75. Removal and disposal of debris: To the extent possible all waste material is to be re- used or recycled. Anything that cannot be recycled will need to be taken to the existing landfill sites operated and / or approved by the state agencies. If no state operated / approved landfill sites are not available, permission should be obtained from the district authorities to identify unused

Appendix C P a g e | 26 wastelands that could be utilized to dispose the construction debris. Upon disposal, appropriate cover and landscaping should be carried out to ensure that the area drains properly. However, all care should be taken to ensure that the disposal of regulated wastes is not carried out in such temporary disposal sites.

76. Storage and Handling of Materials: Construction material and POL storage areas and equipment maintenance areas must be identified and developed. Fuel and oil will need to be stored in dedicated areas in sealed tanks with a concrete base at least 20m away from a water course or other sensitive area. Vehicles and machinery are not to be re-fueled near water courses. Trained personnel should be available at the site to prevent spills and for adopting appropriate procedures for cleaning up accidental spills, if any. All waste oil, oil and fuel filters are to be collected and disposed of in accordance with best industry practices. Upon closure of the site, all contaminated soil is to be excavated, removed and replaced with fresh topsoil.

77. Transportation of Material and Equipment: Movement of trucks to carry material along access roads to the project areas will be via a low-traffic density paved roads. However, precautions are recommended for transport of material/equipment to eliminate any potential adverse impacts. If contractor’s vehicles are likely to cause any congestion to local traffic flow and block to public roads, contractors shall select alternative routes for their trucks based on the truck load, dividing the load if necessary to prevent damages to local roads and bridges. The Contractor shall be responsible for damages to local roads and bridges. All the vehicles shall observe the speed limits, be maintained in good operating condition and always transport material under cover. Contractor shall avoid peak hours on roads with moderate to high traffic.

78. Noise from Construction Activities: Project sites are at least 150 m away from the nearest settlement and therefore equipment that generates noise will not be an inconvenience to people. However, noise will be a particular issue for workers who may be operating the equipment. Workers and operators of noisy equipment will be provided with ear protection while noise suppressors on construction equipment are to be maintained to the manufacturer’s specifications.

79. Work in proximity of protected areas: The VNC canal is at about 25km from two protected areas ie., the Daroji Bear Sanctuary and Otter Conservation Reserve. When near protected areas, it is necessary to time activities, both on a daily and a seasonal basis, in order to avoid disrupting animal or bird migrations, breeding, or nesting. The workers should be made aware of the precautions to be taken while working in these protected areas.

80. Dust and Vibration: Excavation and construction work may create dust in the workplace from construction operations and from vehicles carrying material. However, the overall impact will be minor on paved roads, but the application of dust control best construction practices by the contractor will control any problem. When the contractor’s work aggravates dusty working conditions, the contractor will need to control dust by spraying water on the susceptible areas. The contractor will also be required to maintain a record of dust control spraying.

81. Worker Health and Safety: The contractor will be required to provide a safe working environment, personal protective equipment, a person trained in first-aid and a fully supplied first- aid kit at all construction activity sites. The contractor will be required to induct all workers to the construction area with a briefing session on workplace hazards and worker safety. A contingency plan must be developed by the contractor for handling major emergencies. The contractor is to keep a record of accidents and time lost from accidents.

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82. Solid and Liquid Waste Management: Civil work contracts will ensure that the technical operations are carried out according to the standard instructions for the appropriate disposal of waste, minimization of nuisances during construction, and proper after-care of the construction sites. Various quantities of solid and liquid waste will be generated from the construction sites. The Project will ensure that contractors for civil works also comply with national safety and hygiene requirements for domestic wastewater and solid waste, which will be included in the contract documents for civil works. Manifest should be maintained at all times for all disposal activities. If worker facilities are constructed the contractor will need to provide facilities to collect liquid wastes. These must be disposed in an acceptable place that will be approved by the state agencies. No waste is to be dumped in any water body. However, it is important that all waste is disposed according to the recommendations of the Karnataka State Pollution Control Board.

83. Rehabilitation and Closing of Construction Sites: The contractor will be responsible for cleaning up and disposing of all waste materials and rehabilitating (landscaping) all construction sites and work areas so that these can be returned as close as possible to their previous state. This includes the stabilization and landscaping of all of the construction sites. Any borrow pits that were operated by the contractor are to be reshaped and closed. Any contaminated soil must be removed from fuel and oil storage areas. A record including photographs / videos of all activities should be maintained for review at any point of time.

84. Excavation Materials: Canal cleaning requires excavation of important amounts of sediment from the VNC canals. Where there is not enough space along the canal to deposit the excavated materials, the material will be transported and deposited further away on unproductive lands after taking the necessary permission from the local authorities. If private land is utilized for the purpose, a written approval from the land owner should be obtained for all such disposal. Records should be maintained at all times for review. The specific location will be determined by the Contractor prior to starting work on a particular canal section. The impacts of the construction activities are considered not significant, provided the excavated soil is properly disposed of on the unproductive wastelands. All construction sites should be properly cleaned up, levelled and re- planted if required.

85. Canal Protection: According to the existing government instructions, irrigation canals should be flanked with by buffer strips alongside where intensive agriculture, using fertilizers and pesticides, is not allowed. These strips would serve to provide space for inspection roads (the inner buffer zone), to protect the canal against infiltration of polluted water from nearby agricultural fields, and contribute to the general amenity of the environment through the establishment of vegetative strips (the outer buffer zone), The width of these strips depends on the capacity of the canals and should be as per Government regulations. The right-of-way should be accessible to the irrigation agency at all times. In some places, along the canals, farmers have illegally encroached the buffer strips to cultivate crops. Through consultations with farmers, the buffer zones should be restored, where required, and maintained according to the regulations.

4.5 Impact due to Proximity to Heritage Areas and Mitigation Measures

86. Hampi, the capital of Vijayanagara Kingdom during its reign over the region, figures in the UNESCO’s World Heritage List. The inscription of a property on the World Heritage List signifies that the World Heritage Committee has deemed that the site has cultural and natural values that can be considered Outstanding Universal Value. While the VNC system is a 400-year old canal system, a portion of the canal system passes through the Hampi Heritage Area. This imposes

Appendix C P a g e | 28 additional management demand on the Government and other entities to secure high standards of protection and to comply with the requirements of the World Heritage processes. Of late, the heritage sector has undergone a shift from simple physical protection of the heritage area / monument to a more layered approach to management that takes into account social, economic and environmental concerns. The recent heritage management practices acknowledge the fact that heritage places cannot be protected in isolation or as museum pieces, isolated from natural and man-made disasters or from land-use planning considerations. Nor can they be separated from development activities, isolated from social changes that are occurring, or separated from the concerns of the communities. This is especially true in Hampi where the heritage area is interspersed with large rural sites that are privately owned and is farmed for crops that are fed from the VNC system. Hence, the portion of the VNC that passes through the heritage area should be rehabilitated in a holistic manner that meets the socio-economic and environmental parameters of the UNESCO guidelines. The UNESCO Operational Guidelines indicate a range of types of attribute 4 which conveys “Outstanding Universal Value” which include the form and design; materials and substance; use and function and traditions, techniques and management systems. For the VNC modernization, it is important to address the range of types of attribute during the rehabilitation process. These include but not limited to the following aspects:

 Planning and Design;  Construction Aspects;  Stakeholder Consultation.

87. Planning and Design: The DPR was reviewed to look into the planning and design of the canal modernization project. It has been noted that the form and design of the original canal has been retained and no design changes have been proposed especially in the canal stretch within the Hampi Heritage Area. The proposals for canal modernization include desilting the canals, strengthening the canal banks while retaining the existing form and design. Additionally, the DPR preserves the continuing landscape5 that symbolize the region. However, it is important to identify the canal section within the broader Hampi Heritage Area so that the selected Contractor is aware of the area within which the rehabilitation work shall be subjected to additional requirements as per the UNESCO Operational Guidelines.

88. Construction Aspects: The UNESCO Operational Guidelines emphasize on the fact that the components of cultural heritage should, in addition, be restored wherever appropriate, to their former use and any work done on the heritage site should aim at preserving its traditional appearance, and protecting it from any new construction or remodeling which might impair the relations of mass or colour between it and its surroundings. Hence, the construction materials selected for the strengthening the canals should be such that it integrates with the surroundings and does not negatively impact the heritage status of the area. Additionally, possible harmful effects of the adopted construction methodologies on the monuments within the heritage area should be avoided. Measures should be designed to counter the effects of shocks and vibrations

4 Attribute are aspects of a property which are associated with or express the Outstanding Universal Value. Attributes can be tangible or intangible. 5 Continuing landscape is one which retains an active social role in contemporary society closely associated with the traditional way of life and exhibits significant material evidence of its evolution over time.

Appendix C P a g e | 29 caused by blasting, machines and vehicle movements. Measures should also be taken to prevent pollution of the heritage area during construction and thereafter during the operational period.

89. Stakeholder Consultation: Of late, because of the broad scope of heritage, more players or stakeholders are involved in its management. This is all the more true in Hampi as it is a diffused heritage property, in which the ownership is much more widely spread. The monuments including the canals are publicly owned, however, the large rural sites that are located within the heritage area are farmed for crops and livestock. Moreover, the local communities depend on the Hampi Heritage Area for their livelihood. Hence, it is important to deal with a wide range of stakeholders, both private and public, to develop and implement an agreed upon canal modernization plan. The baseline situation, mapping of damages, methods of rehabilitation and the catalogue of measures to be taken for maintaining the “heritage” status should be delineated in the plan. Additionally, the type of documentation and monitoring of the canal modernization plan should be outlined. Hence, the canal modernization plan should be drafted after involving all the competent authorities, agencies responsible for conserving the UNESCO World Heritage Site and the local community. The agencies responsible for conserving the UNESCO World Heritage Area include the Archaeological Survey of India and the Hampi World Heritage Area Management Authority. The approvals from these agencies should be obtained prior to starting work at the Heritage Area.

4.6 Impact due to Proximity to Urban Areas

90. Certain sections of the VNC system passes through the urban areas such as Hospet Town and Gangavathi Town. Along these stretches, the residents discharge untreated wastewaters and dump solid waste directly into the canals. Such actions not only pollute the canal water but also act as perfect breeding ground for mosquitoes thereby threatening the health of the community, as well. Hence, in such areas, it is important for the implementing agency to work with the Local Municipal Authorities and delineate a plan of action to prevent the canal stretches being used as a conduit for discharging wastewaters and for dumping solid wastes.

4.7 Impact due to Operation and Mitigation Areas

91. During operation, the main issues will be: (i) monitoring water abstractions; (ii) monitoring water quality; (iii) desilting of canals periodically, and (iv) ensuring environmental-friendly agricultural practices in the command area.

92. Monitor Water Abstractions: Operational procedures following canal modernization are likely to be improved. Additionally, improvements in operation efficiencies are expected from installation of telemetry devices and flow meters which allow better monitoring and control of water delivery. Also, once the main canals are cleaned and lined, infiltration losses during operation will be reduced substantially. Canal deformation and erosion, now occurring in various places, will be reduced considerably once the rehabilitated system is in operation. A monitoring program for water flows should be implemented during the operation. In addition to the main canal sections, water conservation is expected to occur because of the techniques that the farmers adopt including but not limited to (i) land levelling so that water is better spread over the land and less water is needed; (ii) better application rates, which are adjusted to the growing periods of the crops, and (iii) mulching of soils to reduce evaporation from the soil and enhance water holding capacity of soils. Hence, both the implementing agency and WUCS should monitor the water abstractions so that the objective of the project is achieved in the long-term.

93. Monitor Water Quality: Water quality gives an excellent indication of the suitability of the canal water for agricultural purposes. Considering the various potential point and non-point

Appendix C P a g e | 30 sources of pollution, it is important to monitor the quality of water on a regular basis. The canal water samples should be collected at regular intervals and analysis performed through the use of recognized analytical laboratories. The WUCS could carry out this activity at periodic intervals. The results should be shared with the CADA and KNNL so that appropriate action can be initiated by the implementing agency in case of deterioration in water quality.

94. Desilting of Drains: The canal gets silted up and the silt has to be removed at regular intervals in order to maintain the hydraulic capacity of the canals. The WUCS should carry out the desilting work and the desilted material should be either disposed-off on farmers land (with prior permission) or at an approved site in an environment-friendly manner. Under no circumstances should the silt material be left on the banks of the canal or disposed-off on banks of lakes or rivers thereby impacting the surface water bodies.

95. Ensuring environment-friendly agricultural practices: Agricultural practices these days are rely on the use of fertilizers and pesticides to increase productivity. To grow properly, plants need nutrients (nitrogen, potassium, calcium, zinc, magnesium, iron, manganese, etc.) which normally can be found in the soil. However, fertilizers are needed to overcome any of the shortfall in the soil nutrients and achieve the desired plant growth. Hence, the farmers in the command area should have tests carried out to determine the soil health. Accordingly, appropriate amount of fertilizers should be utilized to create balanced medium for sustained plant health. Utilizing excess fertilizers to promote rapid plant growth should be avoided. In fact, rapidly growing plants are weak and without an adequate root system. The excess quantity of fertilizers also increases run-off and contaminate water bodies. Similarly, the use of pesticides has become the most common approach to pest control. Majority of the pesticides do kill their target pests but they also kill beneficial organisms living in the soil, such as pollinators and pest-predators and pose health risks to wildlife. Using pesticides also reduces insect populations that are important food source for birds and other wildlife. The best way to minimize the migration of toxic chemicals into the natural environment is to reduce or eliminate pesticide use. The farmers in the region should be trained in the use of fertilizers and pesticides and the WUCS and CADA should have a program to monitor the application of latest knowledge on environment-friendly agricultural practices by the farmers.

4.8 Description of Planned Mitigation Measures

96. Screening of environmental impacts is based on the magnitude and duration of the impact. Table 4.4 provides the potential environmental impacts and the mitigation measures to be adopted in addition to identifying the institution responsible to carryout the measures. The environmental impacts will be in the entire project life cycle.

Table 4.4: Environmental Impacts and Planned Mitigation Measures

No. Potential Duration / Magnitude Proposed Mitigation Institutional Environmental Extent Measures Responsibility Issues 1 Mitigation Measures during Pre-Construction Phase 1.1 Lack of Permanent Major The design shall KNNL, WUCS sufficient include provisions for planning to ensuring effective assure long- maintenance and

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No. Potential Duration / Magnitude Proposed Mitigation Institutional Environmental Extent Measures Responsibility Issues term protection of the sustainability of assets created so as the to ensure long-term improvements sustainability, and ensure especially in regard to protection of defining and the assets preparing WUCS for created. carrying out its role in O&M of the assets. 1.2 Implementation Planning Major The EMP should be Contractor, of the EMP incorporated as part KNNL of the contract bid documents so that the Contractor selected has the knowledge, capability and the experience necessary to implement the EMP during the period of the project. 1.3 Implementaiton Planning Major The Health and Contractor, of the Health Safety requirements KNNL and Safety should be requirements incorporated as part of the contract bid documents so that the Contractor selected has the knowledge, capability and the experience necessary to implement the health and safety requirements as part of the EMP during the period of the project. 1.4 Implementation Planning Major The bid documents Contractor, of work in should incorporate HWHAMA, ASI, Heritage Areas the necessary KNNL conditions to select a contractor who has the knowledge, capability and experience to implement canal

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No. Potential Duration / Magnitude Proposed Mitigation Institutional Environmental Extent Measures Responsibility Issues rehabilitation projects in Heritage Areas. 2 Impact during Construction and Mitigation Measures 2.1 Construction Temporary Moderate Construction camp Contractor Camps - will be located away Location, from settlements as Selection, far as possible and Design and be provided with Layout basic amenities including access to potable water supply and adequate sanitation facilities. Heritage areas should not be used for creating construction camp facilities. 2.2 Drinking water Temporary Major Sufficient supply of Contractor availability at cold potable water to construction be provided and camp and maintained. If the workers' camp drinking water is obtained from an intermittent public water supply then storage tanks will be provided. 2.3 Site clearance Temporary Moderate The commencement Contractor, activities, of site clearance Karnataka including tree activities will be Forest Department removal undertaken with due permission from the local authorities. Additionally, the trees to be removed should be identified and necessary permission should be obtained from the Karnataka Forest Department prior to start of the activities. All areas used for temporary construction operations will be subject to complete

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No. Potential Duration / Magnitude Proposed Mitigation Institutional Environmental Extent Measures Responsibility Issues restoration to their former condition with appropriate rehabilitation procedures. Pre construction photographs will be taken for all temporary sites to be acquired for completion of construction. 2.4 Desilting of Permanent Major Desilting of canals Contractor canals should be carried out such that only the silt is removed and the natural canal sections are not damaged. The temporary storage of desilted material should be such that there is no negative impact on either adjacent lands or surface water courses. It should also be ensured that the silt does not retrace its way into the canals, as well. 2.5 Silt Disposal Permanent Major The silt disposal Contractor should be carried out on lands whose use for the purupose is either approved by the land owner (in case of private lands) or the government (in case of public land). In either case, silt disposal should be carried out in a manner that it does not negatively impact the adjancent lands and surface and groundwater sources.

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No. Potential Duration / Magnitude Proposed Mitigation Institutional Environmental Extent Measures Responsibility Issues 2.6 Borrow Area Permanent Moderate Adequate safe Contractor Rehabilitation precautions will be ensured during transportation of earth from borrow areas (especially for access road) to the construction sites. Vehicles transporting the material will be covered to prevent spillage. The borrow pits will be identified and consent of owner will be obtained. The Contractor should also submit borrow area redevelopment plan to the Implementation Agency for approval and supervision during borrowing. 2.7 Sourcing of Temporary Moderate Adequate precautions Contractor, RMC should be taken to KSPCB, Gram ensure that there are Panchayat no negative impacts through location of Ready-Mix-Concrete Plants near construction sites. Appropriate approvals should be obtained from state or local authorities to establish a RMC facility near the construction sites. 2.8 Soil and Water Temporary Moderate The fuel storage and Contractor, Pollution due to vehicle cleaning area KSPCB fuel and will be stationed such lubricants, that water discharge construction does not drain into waste any water body. Soil and water pollution parameters will be monitored as per

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No. Potential Duration / Magnitude Proposed Mitigation Institutional Environmental Extent Measures Responsibility Issues monitoring plan. At construction camp, vehicle washing ramps will be constructed and an oil water separator pit will be provided at ramp area. All the vehicles maintenance will be done at workshop in city only. The discarded fuel and lubricants will be stored in the drums and these will be sold to recyclers authorised by the State Pollution Control Board. 2.9 Generation of Temporary Moderate The contractor will Contractor dust take every precaution to reduce the levels of dust at construction sites. Water sprinkling will be carried out on haul roads. All earthworks to be protected/ covered in a manner to minimize dust generation. 2.10 Emission from Temporary Moderate Vehicles, equipment Contractor Construction and machinery used Vehicles, for construction will Equipment and conform to the Machinery relevant Standard and will be regularly maintained to ensure that pollution emission levels comply with the relevant requirements. 2.11 Noise Pollution Temporary Moderate Noise limits for Contractor construction equipment used in this project will not

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No. Potential Duration / Magnitude Proposed Mitigation Institutional Environmental Extent Measures Responsibility Issues exceed 75 dB (A). There shall be regular monitoring for noise at camp and construction sites. Also, the monitoring of noise levels at the RMC plant should be carried out on a regular basis. 2.12 Material Temporary Moderate Workers employed on Contractor Handling at Site mixing cement, lime mortars, concrete etc., will be provided with protective footwear and protective goggles. Workers, who are engaged in welding works, will be provided with welder’s protective eye-shields. Workers engaged in stone breaking activities will be provided with protective goggles and clothing. The use of any toxic chemical will be strictly in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. The Implementing Agency shall be given at least 6 working days' notice of the proposed use of any chemical. A register of all toxic chemicals used at the site will be kept and maintained up to date by the Contractor. 2.13 Disposal of Temporary Moderate Safe disposal of the Contractor, Construction construction waste KSPCB

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No. Potential Duration / Magnitude Proposed Mitigation Institutional Environmental Extent Measures Responsibility Issues Waste / Debris will be ensured in the / Cut Material pre-identified disposal locations. In no case, any construction waste will be disposed off around the project site indiscriminately and cause impact to either soil or water or any other environmental media. 2.14 Safety Temporary Moderate Adequate safety Contractor Measures measures for workers During during handling of Construction materials at site will be taken up. The contractor has to comply with all regulations for the safety of workers, including complete use of PPEs. Precaution will be taken to prevent danger of the workers from fire, etc. First aid treatment will be made available for all injuries likely to be sustained during the course of work. The Contractor will conform to all instructions on maintaining health and safety of the workers and their family members. 2.15 Clearing of Temporary Major Contractor to prepare Contractor, Construction of site restoration plans KNNL Camps and for approval by the Restoration implementing agency. The plan is to be implemented by the contractor prior to demobilization.

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No. Potential Duration / Magnitude Proposed Mitigation Institutional Environmental Extent Measures Responsibility Issues On completion of the works, all temporary structures will be cleared away, waste disposed off at pre- identified locations approved by the concerned agency, excreta or other disposal pits or trenches filled in and effectively sealed off and the site left clean and tidy, at the Contractor’s expense, to the entire satisfaction of the implementing agency. 3 Impact and Mitigation Measures due to proximity to Heritage Areas 3.1 Planning and Permanent Major Planning and Design KNNL, ASI and Design of the canal HWHAMA modernization project should be taken up in such a manner that the Form and Design of the original canal sections are not affected in the stretch within the Hampi Heritage Area. 3.2 Stakeholder Temporary Major The planning, design KNNL Consultation and construction asepcts of the canal modernization project should be discussed with all the stakeholders including but not limited to the Archeaological Survey of India, Hampi World Heritage Area Management Authority, Local Panchayats and NGOs in the region so that the various

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No. Potential Duration / Magnitude Proposed Mitigation Institutional Environmental Extent Measures Responsibility Issues activities envisaged under the canal modernization project has the consensus amongst all the stakeholders. Also, approval should be obtained from the appropriate authorities. 3.3 Construction Temporary Major All mitigation Contractor, Aspects measures related to KNNL, ASI and construction impacts HWHAMA listed out in the earlier section of this table should be adhered to. In addition, it should be ensured that no blasting should be taken up in the heritage area. Further, no construction technologies that causes noises, virbration and impacts the heritage area should be utilised. Additoinally, the dust deposition on the heritage area should be avoided during the construction period. The construction material selected should be such that it does not impair the mass or colour between it and the materials utilised should be aimed at preserving its traditional appearance and should integrate with

Appendix C P a g e | 40

No. Potential Duration / Magnitude Proposed Mitigation Institutional Environmental Extent Measures Responsibility Issues the heritage area surroundings. 4 Impact and Mitigation Measures due to proximity to urban areas 4.1 Controlling Permanent Major The implementing KNNL, Hospet canal water agency should Municipal quality continuously work Corporation, with the municipalities Gangavathi Gangavathi and Town Municipal Hospet in particular to Authority, ensure that the KSPCB untreated wastewaters and solid waste from the urban areas are not discharged directly into the canals thereby impacting the canal water quality. 5 Impact and Mitigation Measures during Operations 5.1 Water Permanent Major The project has a KNNL, WUCS Abstractions water conservation and CADA objective. As such, it is necessary to monitor the water abstractions from the canal so that the impact of the project can be monitored on a continuous basis. 5.2 Water Quality Permanent Major Periodic water quality KNNL, WUCS monitoring is and CADA suggested to ensure that the point and non-point pollutant discharges do not impact the water quality either in the canal or the surface water bodies to which the canal ultimately would discharge into. 5.3 Desilting of Permanent Major The desilting of the Contractor, Drains drains should be CADA, KNNL done periodically in and WUCS order to maintain the hydraulic capacity of

Appendix C P a g e | 41

No. Potential Duration / Magnitude Proposed Mitigation Institutional Environmental Extent Measures Responsibility Issues the canals. The silt should be disposed in an environment- friendly manner as mentioned under impact and mitigation measures of construction activities. 5.4 Controlling non- Permanent Major The non-point WUCS, CADA, point pollutant pollution discharges Agricultural discharges primarily nutrients Department and pesticides from the agricultural fields can be prevented through skilled application of these materials on the farm lands. Appropriate training and capacity building activities should be carried out in the command areas so that the farmers are trained to utilize the fertilizers and pesticides in an optimum manner.

Appendix C P a g e | 42

Appendix D: Review Study of Gondhi Civil Contractor’s EMP

PROJECT NAME: PROJECT SUPPORT CONSULTANCY SERVICES FOR KNNL TASK: REVIEW OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN SUBMITTED BY THE RPP INFRA PROJECTS LIMITED FOR THE WORKS ON MODERNIZATION OF THE LBC AND RBC WORKS OF GONDHI ANICUT IN BHADRAVATHI TALUK IN SHIMOGA DISTRICT, KARNATAKA REVIEW PERIOD: 06 – 11 JUNE 2016 REVIEWED BY: SRINATH ANEKAL, ENV Specialist, PSC

The EMP was submitted by the selected contractor on 23 May 2016. The same was shared with the PSC on 03 June 2016. Following the major review comments on the same: 1. The EMP identifies the major environmental issues, mitigation actions and agencies responsible for addressing the issues. And, these are in-line with the EMP presented in the PPTA. However, the EMP submitted by the Contractor does not detail the Plan of Actions that the Contractor shall implement in order to ensure that the mitigation actions are adhered to and the environmental issues are addressed adequately. Table 1 provided at the end identifies the environmental issues for which the Contractor has to spell out the plan of action in the EMP prepared by the Contractor.

2. The Contractor provides an Organizational Chart but does not identify the specific person who is responsible for implementation of the EMP.

3. All baseline measurements of Noise should be provided to the PMU immediately and prior to the start of the construction activities.

4. All baseline status of the sites identified for quarries and borrow pits should be provided to the PMU immediately and prior to the start of the relevant activity.

5. All baseline status of the Tree Survey and the identification of the trees to be cut should be provided to the PMU immediately and prior to the start of the construction activity.

Appendix D Page | 1 Table 1 – List of safeguard monitoring to be covered in the Contractor’s EMP

Environmental Issue Mitigation Action to be implemented Contractor’s identified in the Responsibility PPTA for which the Contractor is responsible for

Water Logging or Identify and manage quarries such that they Need to spell out Aquifer degradation cause minimum damage, if any to surface the plan of action due to project and groundwater systems and ensure that in Contractor’s activities during quarrying there is minimum, if any, EMP. damage to aquifers and surface water systems.

Cutting of Trees Requires Contractor to consult with the Need to spell out Forest Department to select the appropriate the plan of action species and carry out the necessary in Contractor’s plantation activities. EMP

Reduction in habitat Scheduling of work to be done to ensure Need to spell out for local flora and minimise human-animal conflict by the plan of action fauna identifying possible animal corridors and in Contractor’s taking up appropriate mitigation actions. EMP.

Damage to Implementation of a plan of action to ensure Need to spell out Infrastructure that all infrastructure are maintained in their the plan of action original state. in Contractor’s EMP. Workers / Labour Implementation of a plan of action for Need to spell out Camps and facilities ensuring good living conditions for the the plan of action workers / labourers working at the project in Contractor’s site. EMP. Conflict with labour Implementation of a Stakeholder Need to spell out camp for resources Consultation Plan for avoiding conflict the plan of action between migrant labour and local in Contractor’s populations. EMP.

Chance finding of Implementation of a plan of action for Need to spell out archaeological sites dealing with situation arising out of chance the plan of action finding of archaeological sites in Contractor’s EMP.

Pollution from Implementation of a plan of action to reduce Need to spell out Construction activities pollution from construction activities. the plan of action in Contractor’s EMP.

Accidents and Health Implementation of a plan of action to Need to spell out concerns of local eliminate accidents and address health the plan of action population concerns of local population arising from in Contractor’s construction activities including migrant EMP. labour.

Compaction of soil / Rehabilitation Plan for restoring the Need to spell out soil erosion for access construction / quarry sites after work the plan of action to various sites and

Appendix D Page | 2 Environmental Issue Mitigation Action to be implemented Contractor’s identified in the Responsibility PPTA for which the Contractor is responsible for quarries such as completion should be developed and in Contractor’s metal quarries for adhered to. EMP. aggregate, murram quarries and sand mining areas

Impact on local Construction activity to be scheduled such Need to spell out fisheries and fish that the impact on local fisheries and fish the plan of the spawning and aquatic spawning is minimized action in fauna Contractor’s EMP.

Disturbance to local Construction activity to be scheduled such Need to spell out population that there is minimum disturbance to local the plan of action population in Contractor’s EMP.

Reduced access to Construction activity and movement of Need to spell out sites for local vehicles to be scheduled such that there is the plan of action population, minimum disturbance to the movement of in Contractor’s construction sites or local population EMP. material procurement sites.

Sand Mining and Contractor to ensure that excess sand Need to spell out possible change in mining is not done and should rehabilitate the plan of action river course and river sand mining area after work is completed in Contractor’s scouring EMP.

Water logging from Contractor to implement proper site Need to spell out poor site planning and planning and management to prevent water the plan of action management logging in Contractor’s EMP

Erosion due to sand Contractor to implement a plan of action to Need to spell out and murram mining prevent erosion. the plan of action and material in Contractor’s procurement methods EMP

Disturbance to wild Contractor to schedule activities and Need to spell out life species due to prevent disturbance to wild life activities the plan of action construction and in Contractor’s material procurement EMP activities.

Occupational safety Contractor to take up adequate measure to Need to spell out and health hazards ensure occupational safety and prevent the plan of action health hazards. in Contractor’s EMP

Appendix D Page | 3 Appendix E: WUCS Roadmap

Road Map for WUCS Development (Work in Progress)

Appendix E P a g e | 1

1. Goal The Project Goal is for self-sustainable improved water management, enhanced livelihoods and reduced burden on the State exchequer outcomes resulting from effective participation of WUCS. 2. Objective The Project Objective is to enhanced water use efficiency, improved agriculture productivity and sustainable operation and maintenance of irrigation system. 3. Outputs  Improved internal administration of WUCS  Equitable distribution of water  Agriculture Business  Regular O&M 4. Impact Judicious use of water and agriculture as a profitable enterprise

WUCS Institutional Strengthening Strategy The WUCS Institutional Strengthening Strategy is planned in four phases with specific tasks and stipulated time frame for each phase. These four phase envisage capacity building of WUCS on various fronts like organizational building and engagement in planning, executing modernization and irrigation management.

Operational Details WUCS institutional strengthening Strategy The WUCS institutional strengthening strategy is planned in four phases with specific tasks and stipulated time frame for each phase. These four phase envisage capacity building of WUCS on various fronts like organisational building and engagement in planning, executing modernisation and irrigation management. Phase 1 Mobilisation As a first step, i.e. Prior to implementation plan, it is felt essential that the policies concerning participatory irrigation management in Karnataka needs to be reviewed to understand the provisions and actual practice in the field. PIM Policy in Karnataka Karnataka adopted participatory irrigation management (PIM) through amending its Irrigation Act of 1965 in the year 2000 empowering water users in command area to participate formally in irrigation management through water users’ cooperative societies (WUCS). These WUCS are formed at primary level (350 to 500 ha), distributary level federations at secondary level and Project Level Federations. Professional Support Consultant Team based on interaction with the PMU and PIO officials and extended discussions with Bhadra Command Area Development Authorities and representatives of WUCS in Gondhi undertake to facilitate review of Karnataka Irrigation Act of 1965 and its subsequent amendment, The Karnataka Cooperative Societies Act of 1959 as amended in 2012 and The Karnataka Command Area Act of 1980. The team also intends to carry out similar interaction with Directorate, CADA, Bengaluru to arrive at much larger understanding of provisions in PIM policy in Karnataka (as shown in enclosed work plan).

Appendix E P a g e | 2 Establishing and registering WUCS for the Gondhi Left Bank command area

CADAs have well established process of forming and registering WUCS. Following the same process the WUCS will be established and registered in those areas where they have not yet been formed by the concerned CADAs. The process will commence with awareness generation activity in the WUCS area carried out by the SST. This will include awareness on objective for forming a WUCS, its functions and the benefits to its members under the Irrigation Act. During the awareness campaign the farmers will also be informed about the project, its objectives and benefits they will accrue from it. The SST will mobilize and motivate the farmers to become WUCS member by paying up their share capital contribution. After the awareness and mobilization campaign the CADA cooperation staff will initiate the process of forming and registering the WUCS.

Information dissemination throughout project target area As a first step in Awareness Campaign, the information dissemination throughout project area would be undertaken using different methods and approaches including wall writing, wall painting, posters, pamphlets and village level meetings with the support of WUCS. Mobile Technology via SMS and WhatsApp utilisation will be explored and used extensively if found effective. The documentaries will be prepared on various topics of irrigation and development including agriculture, etc., and telecasted through local cable operators repeatedly at regular intervals, which is cheaper and effective way of reaching people these days with televisions become part of most households in rural areas as well.

Preparation of water awareness materials including modernisation under IWRM approach in Kannada Awareness materials emphasizing on various aspects of irrigation management including modernisation of irrigation project on the principles of IWRM shall be prepared and distributed to water users and other stakeholders extensively in the workshops and meetings. The awareness materials prepared during the field preparatory activity under Water Financing Partnership by Asian Development Bank will be revised according to the present status of the KISWRMP project. The enclosed awareness materials in Kannada language are approved by the Government of Karnataka and include: 1) Importance of water 2) Modernisation 3) Role of Stakeholders in Irrigation Management 4) About Gondhi Sub Project 5) Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) 6) Tungabhadra Sub Basin 7) Participatory Irrigation Management 8) Gender and Development 9) Benchmarking in Irrigation Project.

In the due course based on the situational analysis more such awareness materials shall be prepared. Preparation for folk play (Bayalu Nataka) Folk play popularly called as Bayalu Nataka locally is one of the efficient means of mass communication method which penetrates social messages in this case water resources

Appendix E P a g e | 3 development in to minds of people which stays for longer period of time. The PSC would develop concept note emphasizing on judicious use of water, risks of deferred maintenance, uses of timely payment of water charges, conjunctive use of water, crop intensification and diversification, participatory resources management, WUCS as multipurpose organisation, soil quality and micro nutrients, agri business and marketing, etc,. Enactment of open theatre play The civil society organisation well experienced in open theatre play with effective folk artists would be roped in to carry out these bayalu nataka at the convenient place and time which enables farmers to attend. The feasibility of open theatre play to be played in each WUCS or cluster of WUCs will be assessed before finalisation of number of plays in both left and right bank of Gondhi sub project.

Materials on sub project and sub basin in Kannada The knowledge pertaining to sub project including source of water, extent of command area, different structures, crop pattern, soil type, agriculture productivity, etc., are some of the basic and fundamental knowledge that farmers/water users and other concerned stakeholder be very well aware. This helps water users’ cooperative societies in participating efficiently in water release and closure calendar, plan and indent crop water requirement considering overall water availability at sub project and in turn lead to sustainable participatory irrigation management. At next level, representatives of WUCS and other stakeholders including different departments directly engaged in water resources development need to be knowledgeable on sub basin particulars. The federation of WUCs at sub project and sub basin helps further effective planning in terms of water allocation for various sectors like irrigation, rural drinking water, urban drinking water supply, industries, etc. The experience show that the lack of information is the root cause for water conflicts among and different water sectors. The information related to sub project and sub basin shall be obtained from concerned departments and drafted and submitted to PIO and PMU for suggestion and comments before finalisation. The same will be translated into Kannada and distributed to farmers and other stakeholders. Village consultation meetings Farmers/water users will be consulted extensively on water resources management including agriculture aspects. The intervention programs shall be designed after due diligence to consultation process. The trained Support Service Team would carry out the village consultation meetings regularly as part of their routine community mobilisation work. Main System Walkthrough/Feedback Survey As part of awareness campaign and also participatory design preparation for CADWM activities walk through survey will be carried out. This helps in identifying the areas of important and immediate concerns of farmers in irrigation system. The key responsible persons like PIO/PSC, SST and WUCS will walk on the canal identifying the problematic areas and will draw solutions for the same. Similarly, walk through exercise will be carried out at tertiary level of canal network or below sluice level where farmers undertake CADWM activities.

Training Designs Preparation of WUCS Benchmark Formats The PSC assist PMU and PIO to understand the status of WUCS (quality and quantity), project performance in terms of water use efficiency, agriculture scenario, livelihoods and design and implementation of CADWM activities with empirical evidence. PSC has prepared benchmark format to elicit information from the various stakeholders.

Appendix E P a g e | 4 Benchmark Survey The benchmark survey will be carried out through SSTs with the help of WUCS in Gondhi Sub Project covering 9 WUCS on Gondhi Right Bank Canal and 1 WUCS in Gondhi Left Bank Canal yet to be formed. The primary data shall be elicited from interaction with the representatives of WUCS and secondary data from concerned department and WUCS records. Preparation of training modules and methods PSC will review the training modules and methods that are being adopted by Regional Institute of Cooperative Management (RICM), Water and Land Management Institute (WALMI), CADAs, Krishi Vigyan Kendras, (KVKs) on WUCS roles and responsibilities, cooperative rules and regulations, water management, etc. to prepare comprehensive training module and methods. The training modules shall be prepared in simple language easily understandable to farmers using pictorial on WUCS roles and responsibilities as per the provisions made in Karnataka Irrigation Act 1965, Karnataka Command Area Act and Karnataka Cooperative Acts and the subsequent amendments, rules and regulations and the contents in Memorandum of Understanding over water management and handing over the system to WUCS.

Irrigation Management (Irrigation Specialist) Water Management in different cropping system (Agriculture and Irrigation Specialist) SRI Paddy, Farm Mechanisations and field visit (Agriculture Specialist a) SRI (Paddy) method of cultivation b) Farm mechanization c) Exposure visits

Improved Cropping Systems (Agriculture Specialist) a) Crop Intensification Soil Testing and its importance b) INPM, Bio Pesticides and Bio-Fertilisers c) Organic Farming

WUCS as multi-purpose organization The sustainability of WUCS depends on various factors like engaging in efficient water management, collection of water charges and regular operation and maintenance and also as service provider in terms of crop water technical inputs, etc. It is worth mentioning that CADA has made provision for WUCS to construct godown to store agri produce to address the price fluctuations issue especially arecanut which goes as low as Rupees 20,000 per quintal to Rupees 70,000 per quintal in the same year.

In addition, WUCS could also serve farmers in getting regular soil and water testing and provide information of various government scheme for farmers on agriculture and improved irrigation system like drip and sprinkler. In the due course, PSC would various other options available and feasible for WUCS to emerge as vibrant and farmer friendly organization. Thus, there is high potential for the WUCS to emerge as multi-purpose organization.

Community Mobilisation

Establishing and registering a WUCS for the Gondhi Left Bank command area

CADAs have well established process of forming and registering WUCS. Following the same process the WUCS will be established and registered in those areas where they have not yet been formed by the concerned CADAs. The process will commence with awareness generation

Appendix E P a g e | 5 activity in the WUCS area carried out by the SST. This will include awareness on objective for forming a WUCS, its functions and the benefits to its members under the Irrigation Act.

During the awareness campaign the farmers will also be informed about the project, its objectives and benefits they will accrue from it. The SST will mobilize and motivate the farmers to become WUCS member by paying up their share capital contribution. After the awareness and mobilization campaign the CADA cooperation staff will initiate the process of forming and registering the WUCS.

Creating awareness among farmers about the role and function of WUCS

To create awareness among farmers about the role and function of WUCS, the WUCS managing committee with support of the SST will hold village meetings (during evenings) in which they will hold discussions with the members and non-members on the roles and responsibilities of WUCS as per the provisions of the Karnataka Irrigation Act, 1965 and Karnataka CADA Act, 1980. The meeting will also hold discussions on the internal administration procedures of the WUCS as per the provisions of the Karnataka Cooperatives Societies Act, 1959. The relevant sections of these Acts will be distributed among the farmers in Kannada language. The discussions will focus on the benefits to farmers on becoming WUCS members and the longer range vision and objectives of farmer managed irrigation programme being promoted by the government.

During the meeting folk art forms like folk songs and folk theatre may be used to create awareness. The PMU will identify some Bheedhi Nataka Groups (folk / street theatre group) in the subproject area and work with it to develop these folk songs and theatre for performance. Other awareness generation methods such as wall writing slogans, posters, leaflets and banners in Kannada language may be developed by the PMU for use in the subproject villages.

Creating awareness on project objectives and activities

There will also be a need to create awareness on project objectives and activities among the WUCS members, the expected benefits and their role in it to motivate the farmers to actively participate in the project through their WUCS. Similar awareness generation methods as described in the section above will be used for this purpose. The PMU will prepare the awareness generation material like posters, leaflets, etc. which will be used by the SST in village meetings with farmers. It is expected that by this means information about the project will be disseminated to all the farmers and an understanding of the project components and activities will grow among them.

Mobilizing non-member farmers to become members of their WUCS

Following the awareness generation meetings it is expected that the still non-member farmers will start getting motivated to become members. The WUCS Secretary along with the SST will follow up by meeting these farmers in groups and individually answering their queries and apprehensions and get them to become members. The membership procedure will be as per the provision in the Karnataka Cooperatives Societies Act, 1959. It is anticipated that increasing the membership of the WUCS to the proposed 90% of the farmers will take time and the effort will need to continue into the subsequent phases but during the mobilization phase effort to make at least 51% farmers’ members of WUCS will be achieved.

Training WUCS office bearers on WUCS administration

The internal administration of WUCS is governed by the clauses of the Karnataka Cooperative Societies Act, 1959. Currently, the CADAs are providing training to the WUCS office bearers (managing committee members and secretary) on administration of WUCS through the Regional

Appendix E P a g e | 6 Institute for Cooperative Management, Bengaluru. RICM has developed a detailed training module/programme on this and has experienced faculty imparting the training. The PMU will make arrangement with the RICM to provide this training to the office bearers of all project WUCS.

Post training the SST will assist the WUCS office bearers in updating the WUCS record and bring the administration of the WUCS to current status. Henceforth, the WUCS office bearers will be responsible to maintain all WUCS records up to date.

Establishing WUCS Office and equipping WUCS with updated information / records

The WUCS will be supported to establish an office in a convenient place which is easily accessible to all members without any social or legal restriction. The office place should also be such selected that change in office bearers do not require for a change in location of the office. The WUCS Secretary would set up his working office here and conduct all WUCS administration work from this premises including maintaining all WUCS records and conducting WUCS managing committee meetings. The minimum information and records to be maintained by the WUCS are: i. WUCS registration records – WUCS Bylaws, registration certificate, membership list, WUCS map1 ii. Meeting records - meeting notice file, general body minutes register, managing committee meeting register iii. Communication records – letter head, letter file, inward and outward register iv. Accounts records - PAN, TIN, cash book, ledger book, receipt book, asset register, accounts register, annual audit report, bank book v. Water management records – MOU, minor canal and CAD system design layout map, O&M works register, gauge register with calibration chart for the measuring points, water charges register, annual action plans, participatory bench marking records

The SST will assist the WUCS Secretary to set up these records. Some of these records such as the WUCS and minor canal and CAD system design layout maps will have to be prepared and supplied by the PMU, while the other records registers and files will have to be created by the WUCS itself. Some WUCS may already have few of these records, which the SST will assist the WUCS Secretary to update to current status. Other records will be freshly created by the WUCS Secretary assisted by the SST. The WUCS will require a bank account into which project funds may be transferred to pay for activities being executed by them. Those WUCS that already have a bank account; it will be used for the purpose. But for those WUCS that do not yet have a bank account, the SST will assist the WUCS managing committee to open a bank account in a local nationalized or cooperative bank with the President and the Secretary as joint operators. SST will also assist WUCS to obtain PAN (Permanent Account Number) and TIN (Tax Identification Network Number) registration from the Income Tax Department as they are required by the WUCS to carry out contractual works. Additionally, all WUCS will be provided with Kannada language copies of the Karnataka Cooperative Societies Act, 1959 and Rules, Karnataka Irrigation Act, 1965 and Rules, Karnataka CADA Act, 1980 and rules and a compendium of government orders relevant to WUCS functioning. By the end of the mobilization phase it is proposed that the office of the WUCS will be established along with their updated records.

1 WUCS map based on digitized cadastral map will be prepared by the PMU with assistance of KNNL / CADA and supplied to the WUCS. Appendix E P a g e | 7 Discussing and signing of MOU between all WUCS and KNNL

Once the WUCS have achieved the required membership level of 51% of farmers the process of signing the MOU will be started. A MOU with all required information including the bulk water allocation, volumetric water rates, etc. will be prepared by the concerned Executive Engineer (KNNL) will be drafted and given to the concerned WUCS. The KNNL staff / SST will discuss in detail the MOU with the WUCS general body to explain all the clauses of the MOU and address all their queries. Based on the discussion an agreement will be arrived on the MOU including the bulk water allocation, volumetric water rates, etc. After this the MOU will be signed between the WUCS and the KNNL.

Participatory bench marking of WUCS

Before commencing implementation of project activities related to system modernization, CAD works and agriculture development it is proposed to bench mark the WUCS on its current level of functioning related to internal administration and irrigation management to create a baseline. The bench marking will be carried in a general body meeting of the WUCS using a participatory process. The PMU will identify the bench marking indicators and the tool for bench marking based on a quantified participatory assessment approach in consultation with the WUCS. The bench marking tool will be a Quantified Participatory Assessment chart designed such that WUCS can make objective self-assessment of its current performance standards based on the identified indicators. The SST will train and assist the WUCS in carrying out the bench marking exercise. The first bench marking result will be the base line performance level of the WUCS. The bench marking exercise will be repeated at regular intervals (annually or semi-annually to the end of the tranche period and afterwards) to assess the change in the performance level of the WUCS. Comparative analysis of the bench marking results will provide understanding of improvements achieved and gaps still in the level of performance of the WUCS and lead to remedial action for the WUCS action plan. By the end of the mobilization phase all WUCS will have a working office, updated records, trained office bearers and agreed and signed complete MOUs with the KNNL.

Management Information System of Project (Kannada and English)

Farmers and other stake holders who are direct and indirect beneficiaries of the project need to be well informed about the sub project, sub basin and basin level information. One of the reasons for poor performance of irrigation project is the lack of information/knowledge among users over their own irrigation system. A systematic documentation and maintenance of information is very helpful in all respects to the concerned departments. The necessary formats for data management shall be prepared accordingly. Thus, management of information system shall be taken up through systematic documentation and digitizing the relevant data. a) Project Information related to Gondhi irrigation project level information shall be compiled and maintained by PIO and made available to the users both in Kannada and English. b) Canal Network Experience show that most farmers and system managers needs to be well equipped with the information on canal network which includes cross section of the canals at various levels, design discharge, size of the POs/sluices, different structures in sub project like aqueduct, syphons, super passage, etc. shall be maintained.

c) Organisational structure of KNNL/CADA/WUCS Agriculture Profile

The management of information system includes organizational structure of KNNL at various level i.e. sub project, circle, zone and central office. Similarly, it is equally

Appendix E P a g e | 8 important to have the organization structure of CADA and WUCS. Further, the agricultural profile of sub project and sub basin shall constitute central position in the MIS. This will be made available to the WUCS which plays crucial role in agriculture planning at the micro level.

MIS of WUC (Kannada and English)

a) Area under each WUCS b) Ayacutdar lists under each WUCS c) Representatives of WUCS d) Map e) Water rate/charges under each WUCS f) Water allocation to each of WUCS g) Canal network under each WUCS h) Others

Records/Book Keeping The success of any institutions do equally depend on the systematic administration adopted and practiced. During the process of capacity building each WUCS would be trained by hand on experience on the essential records including ayacutdar list, cash book, map, inward and outward, audit report, Governing Body and General Body meeting minutes, CADWM works, water rates, water charges collection, crop pattern, etc.,

Performance indicators and Participatory Situation Analysis Charts in Kannada These two charts help WUCS to carry out self-review of their performance and reflects as report card. These charts include performance on organization, water management, demand and collection, governing and general body meetings, etc.

Materials on Measuring Devices in Kannada and English There is a wide spread misconception about the measuring devices, in other words the measuring devices are seen as impediment in water flow. In several irrigation projects it is found that the measuring devices are tampered due to poor understanding of the benefits of measuring devices. Hence, materials on different types of measuring devices and advantages of it encompassing the relevance of it in terms of volumetric supply, water rate and charges assessment, the responsibility of WUCS in protecting such structures and devices. Standing wave flume, cut throat flume, telemetry/Doppler system, etc will be simplified and made in Kannada.

Compendium of Government Orders related to irrigation and WUCS in Kannada All Government Orders related to irrigation and WUCS shall be compiled and made available with KNNL, CADA and WUCS.

Flood Management Guidelines In order to prevent disasters during floods, an exclusive flood management guidelines shall be prepared and made in Kannada. People living in flood zone areas i.e. flood core, buffer and periphery area in sub projects will be informed about the guidelines.

Appendix E P a g e | 9 Ground water mapping and Conjunctive Use KISWRMP being implemented under IWRM principles, it is imperative that the ground water resources mapping is undertaken to understand the water table in the command area to promote conjunctive use of water. This helps water resources beneath to be utilized thereby reducing pressure on surface water. Thus, ground water mapping will be carried and information shall be made available to all the concerned including WUCS.

Identification of CAD works As per the KISWRMP project design which is based on the current practice of engaging WUCS to carry out CAD works is yet another step in promoting participatory management of structures at tertiary level i.e. below out let level. This helps in maintaining quality and quantity work and enables WUCS to manage in subsequent years post modernization. Hence, the CAD works are entrusted to WUCS with an agreement on works specified. During the process, the following methods and approaches shall be adopted a) Walkthrough survey on canals to identify works

Representatives of WUCS along with SST and PIO members shall carry out walk through survey on canals to identify works that needs to be taken up by WUCS

b) Prioritization of works and approve in GB meeting

During the walkthrough survey, there could be number of works identified, it may not be possible to take up all during one closures, hence strategic and meticulous prioritization shall be taken up that enables consistent completion of CAD works.

c) Preparation of estimates

Estimates shall be prepared as per the standard scheduled rate with the 10 % contribution of WUCS.

Social audit boards Social audit is one of the effective means of empowering the community to take stock of the quality and quantity work carried out by the respective agency, in this case WUCS. This helps improve the transparency and accountability thereby enabling good governance. In this people are actually informed about the work undertaken by the WUCS. These social audit boards will be written in strategic location in villages in respective WUCS.

Construction of CAD works with standard designs WUCS will be engaged to carry out CAD WM works, the technical capability of WUCS in carrying out these works needs to be enhanced to minimize the wastage, quality and quantity of work. Thus, it is imperative that the WUCS officers shall be trained on sustainable quality and quantity of construction works, Identification and prioritization of works through participatory walk through survey, preparation for works during pre-closure and closure, facilitate identification of materials, carrying out construction of CAD works by WUCS, recording of Measurement book and most importantly financial management.

Formation of Main System WUCS Federation Awareness to be created on the probable formation of WUCS at main system level and the activities to be initiated once all the WUCS reach level of MOU.

Appendix E P a g e | 10 WUCS in Tranche 2 Subprojects Karnataka adopted participatory irrigation management in 2000 through amending its Irrigation Act of 1965. The formation of WUCS is the task of CADA in coordination with WRD and is formed under Karnataka Cooperative Act. It is reported that the State has formed 2633 WUCS covering area of 1350062.93 ha. The Vijayanagara Channels have 2 WUCS and there is a potential to form total of about 25 WUCS. At the outset, the CADA Munirabad, with all its limitation of man power, financial, advanced methods and approaches is carrying out formation and strengthening of WUCS. Moreover, VNC has been exhibiting poor water management, gap in the agriculture productivity by about 30 %, providing ample scope for institutional linkages between WRD/KNNL and CADA, Agriculture Department and WUCS. As a result, the WUCS have not been able to have ‘hands on experience’ and engage constructively in water management. Thus, there is a potential to revitalize the existing WUCS and form new WUCS to derive anticipated benefits in terms of improved water use efficiency, crop productivity, regular operation and maintenance, self-sustainable WUCS and improved livelihoods of the farmers. Vijayanagar Channels have been incorporated under KISWRMIP project for which detailed project report has been prepared. Based on the available information, a feasibility report needs to be prepared encompassing various activities like analysis of social, environmental, agriculture, irrigation channel networks, hydraulics and institutional aspects including WUCS formation and strengthening. The formation of WUCS is essential component both under Karnataka Irrigation Act as amended in 2000 and KISWRMIP project. Due to limited time frame to prepare feasibility report, it was resolved during the Second PSC Review Meeting held at PMU Bangalore to delineate the area of WUCS under each VNC to facilitate the stakeholder’s consultation process. However, during the PPTA of KISWRMIP project, indicative pattern of WUCS formation is envisaged, which could be basis for furtherance of the related activities.

Table 1: Sub Division Wise Vijayanagara Channels with Command Area

# Name of the Channel Command Area (in ha)

Kamalapura Sub Division (Right Bank) 1 Basavanna Channel 1240.00 2 Raya Channel 2226.00 3 Bella Channel 600.00 4 Kalaghatta Channel 237.00 5 Turtha Channel 931.00 6 Rama Sagara Channel 673.00 7 Kampli Channel 620.00 8 Belagondahala Channel 210.00 Siruguppa Sub Division (Right Bank) 9 Siruguppa Channel 764.00 10 Deshnur Channel 477.91 Vaddarahatti Sub Division (Left Bank) 11 Anegundi Channel 789.15 12 Shivapur Channel 403.48

Appendix E P a g e | 11 # Name of the Channel Command Area (in ha)

13 Hulagi Channel 265.07 14 Upper Gangavathi Channel 774.53 15 Lower Gangavathi Channel 666.91 Manvi Sub Division (Left Bank) 16 Bichal Channel 276.00 Total 11154.05

Table 2: Village list of Vijayanagara Channel

# Name of the Channel # Name of the village

1 Kampli channel 1 Rama Sagar 2 Kampli 3 Arali halli 4 Belagoduhal 5 Sanapura

2 Turtha channel 6 Venkatapura 7 Bukkasagara 8 Kaddi Rampura 9 Hampi 10 Krishnapura 11 Nimbapura

3 Basava kaluve 12 Hosakote 13 Hosur 14 Amaravathi 15 Hosapet 16 Ananthashayana gudi 17 Mudlapura 18 Malapana Gudi 19 Kamalapura 20 Nagena halli 21 kariganur 4 Raya Channel 22 Hosur 23 Gudi obala pura

Appendix E P a g e | 12 # Name of the Channel # Name of the village

24 Kala ghatta 25 Hospete 26 Narasa pura 27 Hosa kote 28 Dana pura 29 Nagena halli 30 Kaddi rampura 31 Malapana gudi 32 Mudlapura 33 Amaravathi 34 Belagodu 35 Kamalapura 36 Chithawadagi 37 Singa nathana halli 38 Kalli rampura

5 Bella Channel 39 Narasapura 40 Hosur

6 Kala ghatta 41 Kalaghatta 41 Dhanapura

7 Rama sagar Channel 43 Ramasagar 44 Kampli 45 muddapura

8 Belagodhal 46 Belagodhal 47 Kampli

9 Shivapura 48 Bandi Harala pura 78.24 49 Mahammed Nagara 577.18 50 Hatthi Matti 347.11 51 Narayana Pete 177.16

10 Hulagi 52 Hulagi 424.12 53 Shivapur 273.09

Appendix E P a g e | 13 # Name of the Channel # Name of the village

11 Anegundi 54 Rama pura 61.01 55 Anegundi 265.27 56 Ramdurga 282.04 57 Basavana durga 92.39 58 Singangund 221.16 59 Krishnapur 145.2 60 Sangapur 332.01 61 Rajapur 147.12 62 Virupapura gudda 56.01 63 Chickka rampura 211.16 64 Hanumana halli 209.14 65 Sannapura 46.37

12 Gangavathi Upper channel 66 Vipra 339.02 67 Hire Jantkal 692.24 68 Hosalli 499.32 69 Nagana halli 217.2 70 Chickka Jantkal 75.34 71 Achalapura 248.13

13 Gangavathi lower channel 72 Vipra 67.27 73 Nagana halli 99.38 74 Chickka Jantkal 788.37 75 Ayodhya 425.34 76 Danapur 221.08 77 Achalapura 4.24

14 Siraguppa 78 Siraguppa 1634.99 79 Kenchana gudda 131.94 80 Ibrahim pura 120.16

15 Deshanur 81 Deshanur 1180.00

Appendix E P a g e | 14 # Name of the Channel # Name of the village

16 Bichal 82 Bichala 83 Kataknur 84 Nirmal Hanumapur

Table 2: Sub Division Wise Probable WUCS under Vijayanagara Channel

Name of the Command Area WUCS Formed & No. of WUCS # Channel (ha) Area Proposed 2 Kamalapura Sub Division (Right Bank) 1 Basavanna 1240.00 3 2 Raya 2226.00 5 3 Bella 600.00 1 4 Kalaghatta 237.00 1 5 Turtha 931.00 2 6 Rama Sagara 673.00 1 7 Kampli 620.00 1 8 Belagondahala 210.00 1 Vaddarahatti S Division (Left Bank) 9 Anegundi 789.15 1 (522.36 ha) 13 10 Shivapur 403.48 1 11 Hulagi 265.07 1 12 Upper Gangavathi 774.53 2 13 Lower Gangavathi 666.91 1 Siruguppa S Division (Right Bank) 14 Siruguppa 764.00 1 (764 Ha) 1 15 Deshnur 477.91 1 Manvi Sub Division (Left Bank) 16 Bichal 276.00 1 Total 11154.05 25

2 This is based on the suggestion that WUCS be demarked on the average area for WUCS (350–500 ha) proposed by CADA and that in those channels with command area less than the WUCS average one WUCS still be formed instead of combining areas from more than one channel. 3 Assign the balance command area to the existing WUCS. Appendix E P a g e | 15

This note focus on basic steps that needs to be taken up for the formation of WUCS and revisit existing WUCS in Vijayanagara Channels. It is found that the offices of KNNL of Vijayanagar Channels have systematic documentation of hydraulic particulars, maps, irrigators list under each channel including crop area details. This helps area delineation of WUCS under VNC. 1. Maps

Maps like line diagram, tree diagram, and cadastral map of POs under each VNC along with hydraulic particulars. 2. Habitation List

List of villages List of ayacut details under each village Ayacutdars list

3. Crop Particulars

List containing crop details under each PO Crop Productivity

Step 1. PIO VNC meeting Conduct orientation meeting of PIO members in VNC on the proposed feasibility study encompassing various components like PIM, environment, social and gender, operation and maintenance. Step 2. Common understanding Arrive at common understanding on roles and responsibilities including time line of activities on conducting feasibility study. Step 3. Categorisation of data Categorization of above data be taken up for area delineation Step 4. Consultation Carry out consultation with the Ayacutdars on WUCS formation and their contribution to CADWM works.

Appendix E P a g e | 16