KARNATAKA NEERAVARI NIGAM LTD
Karnataka Integrated and Sustainable Water Resources Management Investment Program ADB LOAN No. 3172-IND
VIJAYANAGARA CHANNELS FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT Volume 3a: Poverty and Social Assessment
Project Management Unit, KISWRMIP
Project Support Consultant SMEC International Pty. Ltd. Australia in association with SMEC (India) Pvt. Ltd.
June 2018 DOCUMENTS/REPORT CONTROL FORM
Report Name VNC Feasibility Study Report – Vol 3a: Poverty and Social Assessment
Karnataka Integrated and Sustainable Water Resources Management Project Name Investment Program- Consultancy Services for Project Support Consultant (PSC)
Project Number 5061164
Report for Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd (KNNL)
REVISION HISTORY
Revision Approved for Date Prepared by Reviewed by # Issue by
1 9 August 2017 Dr K. Balachandra Kurup SM / JMR SM/ MA
2 7 May 2018 Dr K. Balachandra Kurup Dr Srinivas Mudrakartha SM/ MA
3 30 June 2018 Dr K. Balachandra Kurup Dr Srinivas Mudrakartha SM/ MA
ISSUE REGISTER
Distribution List Date Issued Number of Copies 30 June 2018 KNNL 10 30 June 2018 SMEC Staff 30 June 2018 Associate 1 30 June 2018 Office Library (Shimoga) 1 30 June 2018 SMEC Project File 1
SMEC COMPANY DETAILS
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VNC Feasibility Study Report Volume 3a: Poverty and Social Assessment
CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 1 I. INTRODUCTION ...... 5 1.1 Objectives of PSA ...... 6 1.2 Methodology Adopted ...... 6 II. FIELD VISITS AND PUBLIC CONSULTATION ...... 8 2.1 Public/stakeholder consultation ...... 8 2.2 Problem Matrix ...... 9 2.3 Hampi World heritage and related issues ...... 10 2.4 Priority Ranking ...... 10 2.5 Economic Survey-Project Districts ...... 13 2.6 Poverty reduction programmes ...... 13 2.7 Role of SHGs in poverty reduction programmes ...... 14 III. WATER USERS COOPERATIVE SOCIETY ...... 16 3.1 Need for grassroot level institutions ...... 16 3.2 WUCS in VNC Project Areas ...... 16 3.3 Current status of WUCS and Strengthening ...... 18 3.4 Affordability and Willingness to Pay ...... 19 IV. SOCIAL SAFEGUARD ...... 20 4.1 Involuntary resettlement ...... 20 4.2 Indigenous population ...... 21 V. SOCIO- ECONOMIC PROFILE ...... 24 5.1 Demographic characterestics ...... 24 5.2 Sex ratio ...... 24 5.3 Literacy ...... 24 5.4 Major occupation ...... 24 5.5 Major crops ...... 25 5.6 Drinking water supply ...... 27 5.7 Sanitation ...... 28 VI. SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK ...... 29 6.1 Strategy for Implementation of the Social Management Framework ...... 29 6.2 Role of Information, Education and Communication (IEC) ...... 30 6.3 Empowerment ...... 31 VII. GENDER ACTION PLAN (GAP) ...... 33 7.1 KNNL gender policy towards women ...... 33 7.2 Cultural stereotypes ...... 36 VIII. MONITORING AND REVIEW ...... 39 8.1 Monitoring indicators ...... 39 8.2 Qualitative indicators ...... 39 8.3 Quantitative indicators ...... 40 8.4 Social benefits ...... 41
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VNC Feasibility Study Report Volume 3a: Poverty and Social Assessment
TABLES
Table 1. Details of secondary information collected as part of the Social Management plan ...... 7 Table 2: Problems raised by WUCS/farmers during public consultation and FGDs...... 9 Table 3: Needs and priorities expressed by men and women ...... 10 Table 4 : Combined priority ranking ...... 12 Table 5: Distribution of SHGs and Representation of Indigenous Population ...... 14 Table 6. Distribution of WUCS under VNC ...... 17 Table 7. Sub-division-wise probable WUCS under VNC ...... 18 Table 8: Population distribution, literacy and SC/ST population in Project area ...... 26 Table 9: Distribution of workers classification in project taluks ...... 27 Table 10. Social Management Activity Schedule ...... 32 Table 11: Sex disaggregated data on technical and no technical staff in VNC project ...... 33 Table 12. Gender Action Plan ...... 38
FIGURES
Figure 1: Percentage distribution of Indigenous and Vulnerable Population ...... 22 Figure 2: SC & ST Male and Female Population ...... 22 Figure 3: Population and Literacy ...... 24 Figure 4: Distribution of Farmer categories taluk-wise ...... 27
ANNEXURES
Annexure 1: Details of channels and villages visited ...... 42 Annexure 2 : People contacted during the mission ...... 44
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VNC Feasibility Study Report Volume 3a: Poverty and Social Assessment
ABBREVIATIONS
ADB Asian Development Bank CADA Command Area Development Authority DPR Detailed Project Report EA Executing Agency FGD Focus Group Discussion GAP Gender Action Plan GoI Government of India GoK Government of Karnataka ICDS Integrated Child Development Scheme (Anganvadi) IEC Information, Education and Communication IPPF Indigenous Peoples Planning Framework IP Indigenous People IR Involuntary Resettlement IWRM Integrated Water Resource Management KISWRMIP Karnataka Integrated and Sustainable Water Resources Management Investment Program KMAY Karnataka Mahila Abhivrudhi Yojane KNNL Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Limited LARP Land Acquisition and Resettlement Plan MNREGA Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment NABARD National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development NGO Non-Governmental organization O&M Operation and Maintenance PIO Project Implementation Office PPTA Project Preparation Technical Assistance PSA Poverty and Social Assessment PSC Project Support Consultant RoW Right of Way SC Scheduled Caste SDDR Social Safeguard Due Diligence Report SHG Self Help Group ST Scheduled Tribes TLBC Tungabhadra Left Bank Canal TSP Tribal Sub Plan VFC Village Farm Club VNC Vijayanagara Channels WRD Water Resources Department WUA Water Users Association WUCS Water Users Co-operative Society
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VNC Feasibility Study Report Volume 3a: Poverty and Social Assessment EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Introduction Poverty is a multi-dimensional phenomenon with a package of economic, social, geographical, human, gender, and other deprivations. The diverse features of poverty have led to formulation of different strategies of poverty reduction. Interventions to reduce poverty need to take place at different levels and dimensions. Poverty reduction and social development through faster and more inclusive growth is the goals of both the Twelfth Five Year Plan and Niti Ayog’s 15-year vision document1. The poverty reduction and social strategy of the programme is aligned with the ADB’s Poverty and Social Analysis strategy (2012)2 and ADB 2020 Strategy3. Objectives of PSA As part of project preparation, a Poverty and Social Assessment (PSA)document has been prepared. The purpose of assessing the impact of poverty and social dimensions during project preparation is to provide information on: (i) the diverse links of the project to the country poverty reduction strategy; (ii) poverty targeting classification and its jurisdiction; (iii) key poverty and social issues of the potential beneficiaries, including impact channels and expected systematic changes; (iv) opportunities and constraints for beneficiaries, particularly poor and marginalized groups to benefit from project activities, and (v) prepare design measures to achieve inclusive development outcomes during implementation and allied components. The PSA should also address issues on gender, participation, social safeguards and other social risks such as human trafficking, challenges on implementing core labour standard, as well as communicable diseases. Methodology Adopted The following methodology has been adopted in addressing the various elements of the Poverty and Social Assessment as well as other related aspects: Detailed social assessment, settlement pattern, conditions of service road, crops cultivated etc. of each channel were carried out by transect walk and interacting with WUCS/farmers associations, KNNL and other officials; Social mapping of areas to understand the current situation of water and livelihood of people, especially the indigenous and vulnerable populations; Household survey to collect socio economic data from selected households especially from the underprivileged communities. The survey carried out among different strata of farmers based on their socio economic status; Examined and analyzed the secondary data and information from Panchayat, Population Census, District Handbook, studies and surveys conducted by various stake holders in the project area, and Public Consultation and Focus Group Discussions (FGD) among Water Users Cooperative Society (WUCS)/Farmers Associations, women groups, Agriculture Department, Panchayats, ICDS (Anganvadis), NGOs, elected representatives etc.
1 15-year vision document, National Institution for Transforming India (Niti Aayog), Government of India 2015. 2 Handbook on Poverty and Social Analysis, ADB, 2012. 3 Strategy 2020, The Long-term Strategic Framework of Asian Development Bank, ADB 2008.
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VNC Feasibility Study Report Volume 3a: Poverty and Social Assessment Public/Stakeholder Consultations Public Consultations were conducted in different localities by ethnicity, type of farmers and other locally specific characteristics. Poor, landless farmers and other vulnerable groups participated and expressed their opinions. In total, 258 men and 58 women participated in the consultations and the focus group discussions conducted in different localities. The communities were explained about the modernization works and the need for their active participation and community contribution for effective implementation of the project. The roles and responsibilities of WUCS and other stakeholders were also explained. Overall, those who participated in public consultation showed keen interest. They were confident about the merits of the project and its positive effect on enhancing the living standards of farmers. It is worthwhile to note that around 50 percent of the participants who attended the meeting and subsequent discussions were from the poor and the vulnerable groups. WUCS and Civil Society Organizations WUCS and farmers associations play a critical role in the implementation and management of irrigation facilities at grassroot levels. For sustainability of systems, it is considered important that WUCS and farmers associations should be involved in the identification (and design) of solutions and play a key role in the operation and maintenance of facilities developed. Along with WUCS, the Civil Society Organizations, and women groups (SHGs), allied departments will associate with implementation. KNNL is encouraging the use of such institutions in implementation of CAD packages and operation and management of such facilities. During the visits to the channels/villages, it was learnt that the farmers associations were formed several years ago in the Vijayanagara Channels area; only some are vibrant. Some of the farmers associations got converted as WUCS. During public consultations and FGDs, participants expressed their concern for sustainability of the channel system. All the consultation meetings revolved around affordability and willingness of WUCS/farmers to pay their share of contribution for on-farm development works (CAD works). As mentioned earlier, most of the WUCS in VNC subproject are in nascent stage; nevertheless, farmers showed their willingness to form/strengthen WUCS under the guidance of KNNL and CADA. People Below Poverty Line Economic survey of Karnataka 2015-164 reports that the percentage of people below poverty line is highest in Bellary and Raichur districts. Over the years, the state has made significant progress in poverty reduction. Although there has been a decline in the poverty ratio in the state, the regional disparity within the state still exists. The districts of Bellary (40.8%), Koppal (40.7%) and Raichur (37.7%) have the highest poverty levels, i.e., below poverty ratio is much higher than the poverty ratio at the state level. Historically, Self Help Groups (SHGs) and cooperative societies played an important role in improving livelihoods and living standards of the community, especially women groups in project villages. The SHG movement was not only about empowering women economically but also lead to social empowerment of women in rural areas. The SHGs have been
4 Economic survey of Karnataka 2015-16, Department of Planning, Programme Monitoring and Statistics, Govt. of Karnataka, March 2016
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VNC Feasibility Study Report Volume 3a: Poverty and Social Assessment instrumental in changing gender relationships for better in the society. Several poverty reduction programmed have been launched by the state government for the rural poor, comprising small and marginal farmers, landless laborers and rural artisans. Major Crops Agriculture is the main activity of the target population in the project villages. People primarily depend upon rainfall, irrigation tanks, wells and streams for irrigation. In Hoped Taluk and nearby villages farmers are predominantly depending on channel water for agriculture Farmers in Gangavathi Taluks are dependent mainly on Tungabhadra canal irrigation, while in Koppal and other taluks, farming is rain-dependent. In Gangavathi taluk, paddy is the prominent crop occupying 43.1% of the total sown area due to availability of irrigation facilities. In Hospet taluk and adjoining areas sugarcane, banana, paddy, jowar, bajra etc. are grown. Social Safeguard As part of Social safeguard and Due Diligence study, PSC multidisciplinary team visited all the 16 channels and interacted with farmers, WUCS and community. Public consultations and focus group discussions with local people as well as project implementation authorities were conducted at different points of time as part of the assessment. During the visit, line diagrams were used for identifying and assessing the condition of the service road and inspection path of each channel. After analyzing the information collected on land area, it is clear that the sub-project will not result in any permanent land acquisition. No family is required to be resettled. Very minor temporary impact will occur and proper steps have been taken to mitigate those impacts. Based on interactions with KNNL and CADA officials, field visits and public consultations, no major resettlement issues are foreseen under the project area. However, in a few villages, encroachments are affecting the smooth flow of water to the tail ends. This can be addressed by WUCS and other responsible authorities during the initial stages of implementation. The field assessment of a few channels and interactions with communities revealed that the right of way (RoW) for the canal system seems to be available. Since the sub-project will not require permanent acquisition of any land, residential houses or buildings and will not cause any adverse impact including physical displacement of any household. Therefore, it can be classified as Category “C” as per ADB safeguard policy5. Lining work of the channels, and work on other structures are planned based on the concept of implementing the physical works involving no land acquisition and resettlement (LAR) impact. The sub-project thereby was classified as Category “C” as per ADB safeguards policy. Preparation of a Land Acquisition and Resettlement Plan (LARP) therefore was not necessary to be in place. However, during implementation of the infrastructure works, the sub-project requires compliance with ADB’s safeguards requirements on involuntary resettlement (IR), adhering to Indian laws and policies to make sure that the project followed all safeguard requirements and no one is disadvantaged in the process of development. It is concluded from the due diligence study that the proposed infrastructure improvements will lead to irrigation water usage efficiency which has been recognized by the farmers as a
5 ADB Policy Paper,Safeguard Policy Statement, June 2009
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VNC Feasibility Study Report Volume 3a: Poverty and Social Assessment key issue during FGD. Further, there will be no issues of land acquisition and resettlement related to these subprojects. All facilities will be built on vacant government land. Due to project interventions, there will be no loss of income for any person or of any assets, either privately owned or publicly owned. On the contrary, the project design ensures enhanced agrarian incomes. The due diligence study confirms that no adverse social impacts are associated in accordance with ADB Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009 on Involuntary Resettlement. Social Management Framework The project has an implementation plan which incorporates all physical and non-physical components, but needs to develop a feasible and pragmatic operational methodology and implementation strategy for community based activities. Community involvement is a function of the level of awareness in the community. An active public awareness program will be mounted at Panchayat and community level to ensure that stakeholders are well informed about the project’s objectives, roles and responsibilities and activities to ensure that the scope and procedures for the public works component are fully understood. In this connection Information, Education and Communication (IEC) has an important role in social management framework. The significance and approach of IEC for WUCS, communities and other project partners are that they be fully informed about the project and be prepared for their respective roles. To ensure this, the roles and responsibilities of project partners/facilitators need to be identified in respect of resources to be mobilized, action plans to be prepared, implementation strategy to be used, monitoring plan, and operation, maintenance and payments (community contribution) to follow. To support this information requirement, a clear and suitably detailed implementation methodology and strategy will be developed and incorporated in the planning and implementation stages. Specific IEC sessions are required for each stage to ensure continuity of information flow. Gender Strategy Government of Karnataka’s Vision 2020 aims at enhancing opportunities for and empower women across economic, social and political spheres. Correcting gender disparities in wages and employment remains a major challenge. The State has made explicit policy announcements for women empowerment, including commitments to: (i) achieve 50 percent participation of women in local decision-making; (ii) increased home ownership by low- income women, and (iii) increasing women’s access to public sector employment through 30 percent reservations for recruitment in all government jobs. Gender disparity prevails in the wage rate for men and women. The daily wages for women in the agricultural sector in VNC varies from INR150 to 200, and for men from INR 250 to 350 Opportunities for women in agriculture are witnessing a reducing trend due to mechanization in the sector. This was corroborated by womenfolk in Mohammed Nagar; as a result, women now travel longer distances to find job opportunities. As per the Karnataka Cooperative Societies Amendment Bill 2016, Water Users Cooperative Society (WUCS) consists of 12 members as Directors plus 1 nominee of KNNL. The composition is as follows:
Women farmers-2
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VNC Feasibility Study Report Volume 3a: Poverty and Social Assessment Schedule Caste (SC) category-1 Scheduled Tribe (ST) category-1 Other Backward Caste (OBC)-2 General category-6 (1 should be from the tail-ends) To strengthen and streamline women’s participation in WUCS, the following strategies are proposed:
Introduce awards for WUCS having the mandatory 30 per cent; Ensure women representation from tail, middle and head regions of the channels; President of the WUCS should preferably be from the tail-end; In the case of WUCS where there is exists a large population of farmers from SC/ST and other vulnerable groups, there should be proportionate representation in the Board of Directors. Sub-committees should be formed for every 30-40 shareholders including women as mandated for identifying issues and bottlenecks, and for addressing them. Similarly, this group should also play their role in mobilising water tariff to increase collection and thereby WUCS institutional functioning. Social Benefits Project interventions are expected to lead to increased agricultural opportunities and crop diversification thereby enhancing agrarian returns and improvement in livelihood standards, for both men and women across the project areas. The programme is also expected to enhance participation of the landless, tail-end farmers and socially disadvantaged groups resulting in their mainstreaming. Women would also have their daily water needs for domestic use, livestock, sanitation and hygiene purposes met in view of their increased role in strategic decision making. On the whole, the project shall provide a platform for promoting inclusive and gender focused water resources development and irrigation management.
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VNC Feasibility Study Report Volume 3a: Poverty and Social Assessment I. INTRODUCTION 1. The core objective of the Karnataka Integrated and Sustainable Water Resources Management Investment Program (KISWRMIP) funded by Asian Development Bank, is to facilitate efficient participatory management of the increasingly scarce water resources in the selected water scarce river basins in the State of Karnataka in India. The Program aims to establish and strengthen State and basin level institutions adopting the principles of integrated water resources management (IWRM) in the Tungabhadra sub-basin (of the Krishna basin), inter alia. The poverty reduction and social strategy of the programme is aligned with the ADB’s Poverty and Social Analysis strategy (2012)6, ADB 2020 Strategy7 and GOI’s policy (12th Five-year plan8 and Niti Ayog’s 15-year vision document9) on promoting inclusive growth and poverty reduction through strengthening rural infrastructure and services, including integrated water resources management, improvement in irrigated agriculture and community participation. The current programme focuses on adopting pro-poor and gender inclusive mechanism within the overall programme design. 2. The programme intends to improve equitable distribution of irrigation water to the tail- end farmers, the landless, poor and vulnerable groups. Besides, the programme will have positive impact on women and socially excluded groups by: (i) strengthened grassroots level institutions; (ii) improved irrigation infrastructure and practices; (iii) improved and equitable access to water by small, marginal and landless farmers; (iv) enhanced farm income; (v) enhanced off farm livelihood opportunities; (vi) sustainable and innovative irrigation and agricultural practices, including drip and micro-irrigation and crop diversification; (vii) strengthened water resources and environmental management; (viii) social inclusion and in water governance and (ix) awareness generation, community mobilization and participatory irrigation management. 3. Many poverty reduction programmes have been launched by the national/state governments for the rural poor, including small and marginal farmers, landless labourers and rural artisans. Important ongoing programmes include Integrated Rural Development, Indira Awaas Yojana, Jawahar Rozgar Yojana, Prime Minister Rozgar Yojana, Antyodaya Anna Yojana, Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana, and Stree Shakthi project.10 These programmes support and encourage below poverty line families (especially women) for taking up self-employment ventures in agriculture, horticulture and animal husbandry in the primary sector, weaving and handicrafts in the secondary sector, and service and business activities in the tertiary sector. Unfortunately, most marginalised households are not aware of the various government- initiated poverty alleviation programmes/schemes, their entitlements & benefits. This is an opportunity for the project to work with such institutions, especially the wide network of SHGs and cooperative societies for undertaking appropriate livelihood initiatives to minimize poverty levels.
6 Handbook on Poverty and Social Analysis, ADB, 2012 7 Strategy 2020, The Long-term Strategic Framework of Asian Development Bank, ADB 2008 8 An Approach Paper 12th Five year Plan, Planning Commission, Government of India, October 2011 9 15 year vision document, National Institution for Transforming India (Niti Aayog), Government of India 2015 10 Department of Women and Child Development,Government of Karnataka, 2014-15
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VNC Feasibility Study Report Volume 3a: Poverty and Social Assessment 1.1 Objectives of PSA 4. As part of project preparation, a Poverty and Social Assessment (PSA) document has been prepared. The purpose of assessing the impact of poverty and social dimensions during project preparation is to provide information on the (i) diverse links of the project to the country poverty reduction strategy; (ii) poverty targeting classification and its jurisdiction; (iii) key poverty and social issues of the potential beneficiaries, including impact channels and expected systematic changes; (iv) opportunities and constraints for beneficiaries, particularly poor and marginalized groups to benefit from project activities; and (v) prepare design measures to achieve inclusive development outcomes during implementation. and allied components. The PSA should also address issues on gender, participation, social safeguards and other social risks such as human trafficking, challenges on implementing core labour standard, as well as communicable diseases. 1.2 Methodology Adopted 5. The following methodology has been adopted in addressing the various elements of the Poverty and Social Assessment as well as other related aspects: Detailed social assessment, settlement pattern, conditions of service road, crops cultivated etc. of each canal were carried out by transect walk and interacting with WUCS/farmers associations, KNNL and other officials; Social mapping of areas to understand the current situation of water and livelihood of people, especially the indigenous and vulnerable populations; Household survey to collect socio economic data from selected households especially from the underprivileged communities. The survey carried out among different strata of farmers based on their socio economic status; Examined and analyzed the secondary data and information from Panchayat, Population Census, District Handbook, studies and surveys conducted by various stake holders in the project area (Table 1), and Public Consultation and Focus Group Discussions (FGD) among WUCS/Farmers Associations, women groups, Agriculture Department, Panchayats, ICDS (Anganwadis), NGOs, elected representatives etc. 6. For assessment, public consultation and focus group discussions villages were selected among the localities as given below: Location specific
Head region Middle Tail-end Ethnicity
SC/ST Population OBC General Type of farmers
Landless Small landholders
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VNC Feasibility Study Report Volume 3a: Poverty and Social Assessment
Medium landholders Large landholders 7. The social screening was based on both primary and secondary data collected during field visits and discussions conducted with people residing in the subproject area. A multi-disciplinary team visited project villages in and around the Vijayanagara Channels (VNC) for undertaking the tasks outlined above. PSC team visited 31 villages in the command coming under Bellary, Koppal and Raichur districts. The details of channels and villages visited are given in Annexure -1. 8. All the channels have their own diversion structures on the river. Many of them are interlinked. Some villages have more than one channel passing through them (e.g., Raya, Basavanna, Bella, Hosur, Ramasagara, and Kampli). As a result, water scarcity is pre-empted in any of the channel command areas even during peak summer period. However, majority of the channel bunds are in poor condition and are filled with water hyacinth, plastics and waste water (including sewerage) especially the areas near to the cities so much so that they provide unreliable supply to the tail-ends. Such areas include Gangavathi, Hulugi, Turtha, and Kampli channel areas. Table 1. Details of secondary information collected as part of the Social Management plan Item Key components Source
General information Population, households, age-sex Information gathered from from Panchayat / distribution, ethnicity, area under secondary data and using a WUCS cultivation, major crops, infrastructure Performa on socio economic facilities etc. profile Household & Social Family composition, socio economic Information gathered through information status, ethnicity, education, household checklist and focus occupation, land holding & crop group discussions pattern, drinking water, sanitation facilities, Ongoing poverty Types of both central and state Secondary data, discussion with alleviation government supported programmes, panchayat and other elected programmes including MGNREGA, other representatives, district programmes supported by NABARD handbook, progress reports of and other agencies. rural development and Panchayati raj departments Gender aspects Types of activities carried out by men Information collected during and women, especially in agriculture FGD and informal discussion and irrigation, wage structure, with women groups and men participation in meetings, decision making, land ownership etc..
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VNC Feasibility Study Report Volume 3a: Poverty and Social Assessment II. FIELD VISITS AND PUBLIC CONSULTATION 2.1 Public/stakeholder consultation 9. PSC team carried out public consultations in different localities by ethnicity, type of farmers and other locally specific characteristics. Poor, landless and other vulnerable groups participated, and freely expressed their opinions. In total, 258 men and 58 women participated (Photo 2). The team explained about the proposed modernization works on channels and the criticality of their active participation and community contribution for success of the project. The meetings also discussed the roles and responsibilities of WUCS and other stakeholders. There were mixed reactions from the participants. Villages which participated in the PPTA study during 2013 expressed their dissatisfaction about the prolonged delay in the commencement of the project. Farmers from the tail-ends in particular were very anxious about the commencement of the project while some others were skeptical. These assessments enable the implementing authorities to put in place suitable institutional, organizational and project-specific mechanisms to ensure success of the project. Careful project design including the soft components such as IEC and capacity building would bring about greater social inclusion and participation from all segments of the community in all stages of the project. 10. It is interesting to note that around 50 percent of the participants who attended the meetings and subsequent discussions were from the poor and the vulnerable groups.
Photo 1: Public consultation at Basavapura chaired by GP President Mrs. Renukamma Kattigi
Photo 2: Focus Group Discussion with women and farmers
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VNC Feasibility Study Report Volume 3a: Poverty and Social Assessment 2.2 Problem Matrix 11. Table 2 provides a matrix of problems given by participants during focus group discussions and public consultation. It is interesting to note that the problem perception varies as per the location of the village-in the head, middle or tail reaches. Table 2: Problems raised by WUCS/farmers during public consultation and FGDs Problem 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Fund constraints for O& M x x x x x x x x x x Water availability, especially at x x x x x x x tail ends Lack of support from KNNL & x x x x x x x x x x CADA Poor attendance & cooperation in x x x x x x meetings Lack of coordination between departments (KNNL, CADA, x x x x x x x agriculture, Panchayat etc.) No consultation with WUCS/farmers on DPR and x x x x x x x x x x other works Closure of TLBC in December leads to water shortage for x x x x irrigation Unlined channel posing problems x x x of mud and weeds Regeneration of canal water due x x x x x x x x x to high pollution Hampi heritage and related x x issues 1. Anegundi, 2. Shivapura, 3. Hulugi, 4. Mohammed Nagar, 5. Gangavathi, 6. Siruguppa, 7. Nagenahalli, 8. Hosur, 9. Ramasagara, 10 Bichal. 12. The following key points follow from the matrix: i. During the consultation processes, WUCS and farmers hoped that they could have been more involved and consulted during the preparation of the DPR. This could avoid inaccuracies such as the missing out of 6 distributaries from the DPR in Shivapura and Gangavathi. ii. The participants also expressed the need for more interaction and support from KNNL and CADA for the WUCS and farmers associations. They also felt that there should be more effective post training monitoring by CADA. iii. Similarly, attendance in WUCS meetings called by CADA is generally poor, more so by women members. Water being of equal interest to all, factors such as political influence and caste dominance have not so far distorted the operation and maintenance of the channels. iv. Fund constraints for regular O&M has come out as a major problem. Reportedly, farmers themselves carried out maintenance related activities to a certain extent such as jungle clearance, removal of weeds and desilting.
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VNC Feasibility Study Report Volume 3a: Poverty and Social Assessment a. Participants also pointed out that coordination between concerned departments needs further strengthening for achieving the project objectives. b. Farmers also strongly felt that the closure of TLBC should be moved to May as was practiced previously from the current practice of 21 days in December which is causing reduction in crop yields and failure of crops due to water shortage during peak period of cultivation. v. Unlined canal posed problems of erratic and inadequate supply of water due to excessive siltation, weed and spread of crop diseases. Lack of drainage facility leads to the leakages and wastage of water. vi. Quality of water is seriously affected due to disposal of wastes and waste water from industries and sewerage and septic tanks (Photo 3). Molasses and chemicals from factories are disposed into the channels without any treatment. Children generally take bath in the channels, while women use channel water for cleaning plates and other domestic purposes. 2.3 Hampi World heritage and related issues 13. Restrictions on the usage of construction materials and digging the land has affected the poor and the lower middle-class families since they are not familiar with the restrictions accompanying a heritage tag. This has resulted in the construction of toilets in houses and in public places.
Photo 3: Contamination of water source due to wastewater and plastics 2.4 Priority Ranking 14. Table 3 shows the priority ranking by both men and women for nine of the sectors listed by them.
Table 3: Needs and priorities expressed by men and women
Village Priority
Husbandry
Date
S. No. S.
Remarks
Improved
Sanitation Education
Agriculture
HealthCare
Technology
Employment
Roadbridge &
Drinking Water
Animal Waterfor Irrigation
Priority 1 16 1 - Emminur Men Priority 2
May
- Priority 3
2 24 Belagodahala Men Priority 1
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VNC Feasibility Study Report Volume 3a: Poverty and Social Assessment
Village Priority
Husbandry
Date
S. No. S.
Remarks
Improved
Sanitation Education
Agriculture
HealthCare
Technology
Employment
Roadbridge &
Drinking Water
Animal Waterfor Irrigation Priority 2 Priority 3 Priority 1 3 Kampli Men Priority 2 Priority 3 Priority 1 Men Priority 2 Priority 3 4 Ramasagara Priority 1 Wome Priority 2 n Priority 3 Priority 1 5 Kamalapur Men Priority 2 Priority 3
- Priority 1
6 May Anegundi Men Priority 2
16 -
25 Priority 3 Shivapura Priority 1 Hulugi 7 Men Kampasagar Priority 2
Bandiharlapur Priority 3 16 - Upper & lower Priority 1
May
- Gangavathi Men Priority 2
26 Priority 3 8 Priority 1 Wome Priority 2 n Priority 3 Priority 1 9 Siruguppa Men Priority 2 Priority 3 Priority 1
10 Deshnur Men Priority 2 16 - Priority 3
May
- Priority 1
11 27 Men Priority 2 Mohammadnag Priority 3 ar Priority 1 Wome 12 Priority 2 n
Priority 3
-
- Priority 1
13 16 Nagenahalli Men 28
May Priority 2
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VNC Feasibility Study Report Volume 3a: Poverty and Social Assessment
Village Priority
Husbandry
Date
S. No. S.
Remarks
Improved
Sanitation Education
Agriculture
HealthCare
Technology
Employment
Roadbridge &
Drinking Water
Animal Waterfor Irrigation Priority 3 Priority 1 14 Narasapura Men Priority 2
Priority 3 Priority 1 15 Hosuru Men Priority 2 Priority 3 Total 4 3 10 13 11 10 2 3 1 15. The following are some of the key aspects emerging from priority ranking: 16. A total of 14 men participated in the FGD and 72 percent of them expressed water for irrigation as Priority 1 followed by drinking water and sanitation. Among women group 40 percent chose health as priority 1 followed by drinking water, sanitation and employment. 57 percent of men expressed roads and bridges as priority 2 followed by drinking water, sanitation and employment. Among the women group they have given equal importance to employment and sanitation followed by health care. 17. 35.7 percent of men graded sanitation and health care as priority 3 followed by improved agricultural technology, roads & bridges and education. Among the women group 40 percent graded sanitation and animal husbandry as priority 3 category followed by water for irrigation. Table 4 gives a combined priority ranking matrix. Table 4 : Combined priority ranking Priority 1 Priority 2 Priority 3 Priority need Total Men Women Men Women Men Women Water for Irrigation 10 2 1 13
Drinking Water 2 1 1 4
Employment 1 2 3
Roads & Bridges 1 8 1 10
Sanitation 1 1 2 5 2 11
Health Care 2 2 1 5 10
Animal Husbandry 2 2
Improved Agriculture 1 2 3 Technology Education 1 1
Total 14 5 14 5 14 5 53
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VNC Feasibility Study Report Volume 3a: Poverty and Social Assessment 2.5 Economic Survey-Project Districts 18. The Economic Survey of Karnataka 2015-1611 reports that the percentage of people below poverty line is highest in Bellary and Raichur districts. Over the years, the state has made significant progress in poverty reduction. Although there has been a decline in the poverty ratio in the state, regional disparities within the state still exist. The district of Bellary (40.8%), Koppal (40.7%) and Raichur (37.7%) have high poverty levels. Put differently, the below poverty line ratio is higher than the state poverty ratio. 19. Contrary to this, the civil supplies department of Govt. of Karnataka12 has come up with different criteria for issuing ration cards to the below poverty line category. 2.6 Poverty reduction programmes 20. Several poverty reduction programmes have been launched by the state government for the poor, comprising small and marginal farmers, landless labour and rural artisans. These include Integrated Rural Development, Indira Awaas Yojana, Jawahar Rozgar Yojana, Prime Minister Rozgar Yojana, Antyodaya Anna Yojana, Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana, Stree Shakthi project etc. The core objective of these programmes are to support and encourage below poverty line families to take up self-employment enterprises in agriculture, horticulture and animal husbandry in the primary sector, weaving and handicrafts in the secondary sector, and service and business activities in the tertiary sector. Unfortunately, most marginalised households are not aware of the various government-initiated poverty alleviation programmes/schemes, their entitlements & benefits. However, the situation in the proposed project areas are encouraging due to the presence of wide network of SHGs and cooperative societies. Women Focused Schemes 21. Government of Karnataka has launched a number of programmes and schemes for women’s welfare and development over the years. Bhagya Lakshmi, Kishori Shakthi Yojane, Stree Shakthi, Balasanjivini, Sabala are some of the schemes that have contributed to the socio-economic development of women and children. The State has made explicit policy commitment on women’s empowerment, including specifics related to: 50 percent participation of women in local decision making; Increased home ownership by low- income women, and Increasing women’s access to public sector employment through 30 percent reservation in all government jobs. 22. Karnataka is the first state in the country to introduce “Karnataka Mahila Abhivrudhi Yojane’ (KMAY)’ scheme for empowerment of women. The scheme earmarks one-third of the resources for women in individual beneficiary-oriented and labour intensive schemes of various departments. During 2015-16, 239 schemes were involved in the Yojane across Central, State and Districts sectors. Allocation towards KMAY for the current financial year is INR 1,75543.50 million of which one-third allocation for women
11 Economic Survey of Karnataka 2015-16, Department of Planning, Programme Monitoring and Statistics, Govt. of Karnataka, March 2016 12 Food and Civil Supplies and Consumer affairs department, Govt. of Karnataka- Talukwise report on active ration cards, 2016;
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VNC Feasibility Study Report Volume 3a: Poverty and Social Assessment works out to INR 60,899.50 million. An amount of INR 29,042.60 million was spent up to December 2015. 2.7 Role of SHGs in poverty reduction programmes 23. Historically Self Help Group (SHGs) and cooperative societies played an important role in improving the livelihood and living standards of the community, especially the women groups in project district/taluks. Women members from Indigenous population are actively associated in the SHGs. The social impact of the SHGs has been instrumental in bringing about a healthy balance in gender relationships. Under the SHG umbrella, a variety of programmes such as savings and credit, income generation through community banking, linking SHGs with banks for individual/community based schemes, and women empowerment and development are being carried out. 24. In Hospet and Siruguppa taluks, 1433 SHGs are functioning with 22,677 are women. Out of this, 5242 (23.1%) belong to SC and 4606 (20.3%) to ST categories. In Koppal and Gangavathi taluks alone, 1605 SHGs are functioning, of which 27,560 members are women. Out of this, 7103 (25.8%) are from SC and 4699 (17.1%) are from ST communities. Besides, 48 young women groups and 391 youth groups are functioning in the district. Among the cooperative societies, 91 are working on agricultural sector, 133 in milk producers cooperative societies, and 133 in other sectors13 (Table 6). In Manvi taluk alone, 1100 SHGs in place consisting of 14,325 women (2546 SC, 2225 ST and 9554 other category). The Stree Sakthi programme anchored by the Department of Women and Child Development play a vibrant role in gender empowerment through livelihood activities including savings and credit programmes. Table 5: Distribution of SHGs and Representation of Indigenous Population Total No. No. of No. of Young Other women Youth District Taluka of SC ST women’s women (all groups SHGs women women groups categories) Bellary Hospet 715 2790 2684 6345 11819 NA NA Koppal Koppal 725 2683 1609 NA 4321 29 179 Koppal Gangavathi 880 4420 3090 NA 7529 19 212 Bellary Siruguppa 780 2452 1922 7484 11858 NA NA Manvi (for Raichur Bichal 1100 2546 2225 9554 19325 NA NA channel) Total 4200 14,891 11,530 23,383 54,852 48 391 Source: Annual report, Department of Women and Child Development, Government of Karnataka, 2014-15 25. During a visit to Ramasagara, Anegundi, Siruguppa, Deshnur villages, the PSC team observed that farmers were involved in fishing as their supplementary livelihood. In Siruguppa alone, 2175 families (full time) and 6760 families (part time) are involved in fishing sector. In Manvi taluk, 72 families are involved in fishing sector full time and 121 families part time. Livestock is also an equally important livelihood next to agriculture in the project villages. Under the tribal sub-plan, financial support has been provided to inland fisheries (mainly to indigenous population) for procuring non-motorized boats, provision of motor cycles for transportation and marketing of fish. Fish production
13 Department of Women and Child Development,Government of Karnataka, 2014-15
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VNC Feasibility Study Report Volume 3a: Poverty and Social Assessment centers, taluk level nurseries and construction of fish ponds in waterlogged, saline areas and alkaline soils are being planned in selected localities. The concept of integrated farming should be adopted in IWRM for providing increased opportunity for livelihood projects in the fishing and animal husbandry sectors as well.
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VNC Feasibility Study Report Volume 3a: Poverty and Social Assessment III. WATER USERS COOPERATIVE SOCIETY 3.1 Need for grassroot level institutions 26. In most of the water resources projects, the department usually determines the design, technology, service level and mode of scheme operation, typically based on government rules/norms and procedures. The community is usually not a partner in the planning process. For sustainability of the scheme interventions and outcomes, it is critical that WUCS and farmers associations need to be involved in the identification (and design) of solutions as they are also expected to play a key role in the operation and maintenance of assets created. 27. Building partnerships is the most challenging aspect of community development and empowerment programmes. For integrated sector programmes, some key partnership features include: Partnership between community, WUCS/Local Government and implementing agency(s); Fully active community participation both within communities and between each community and the project; Well-defined roles and responsibilities, commitments and inputs for each partner organization; Integration of key project components; Flexible choice and development of service levels by all partners; Felt needs of communities identified through PRA; PRA findings of each community to be used appropriately in community planning and implementation; Members and staff of all partner organizations to be trained in community organization, community management, team building, monitoring etc.; WUCS/farmers associations to be given intensive training on team building, group dynamics, community organization and management, improved agricultural practices including improved/modern irrigation practices, conflict resolution among WUCS members, basic financial management and monitoring; For all partners, necessary sense of responsibility towards the project should be created/developed, with particular focus on communities residing in the locality; Sharing of knowledge and skills between partners including exposure visits between partners; Joint partnership decisions, and Community needs to be involved in progress and performance monitoring (functionality monitoring) of implementation and subsequent follow up activities. 3.2 WUCS in VNC Project Areas 28. Forming/strengthening of Water Users Cooperative Societies is one of the key components of the Tranche 2 VNC Modernization project. Some of the WUCS were formed more than 10 years ago; however, they are not very active since not much support has been provided by the department. Traditionally, farmers organizations were formed as a solution to conflict resolution in the context of water sharing or due to the
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VNC Feasibility Study Report Volume 3a: Poverty and Social Assessment strong and generous leadership that existed in the villages. In the other cases, catalysts were involved in mobilizing the farmers into groups/associations/WUCS. Table 6. Distribution of WUCS under VNC No. of WUCS No. of WUCS District Taluk (Inception Remarks (as per CADA*) Report of SMEC) Koppal Koppal 08 02 WUCS are not provided Koppal Gangavathi 75 05 the much needed support or guidance for Bellary Siruguppa 42 03 enabling/empowering them Bellary Hospet 20 17 to undertake the tasks envisaged. This is a critical Bellary Kampli NA 03 institutional issue common Raichur Bichal 146 01 across WRM projects. (Manvi) Total 291 31 * Source: CADA, Munirabad. May include some WUCS from TBP area.
29. According to CADA Munirabad Annual Report 2014-1514, 616 WUCS are registered in Tungabhadra project area out of which 448 have entered into MOU with KNNL. There is no clear information/data about the number of WUCS in VNC area in the report. Hence, at an average of 350 hectares per WUCS, the number of WUCS in VNC works out to 32. Say 30 for the purpose of the VNC project. 30. Similarly, CADA Munirabad office is also not able to provide details on disaggregated sex and caste data of WUCS in VNC. PSC as part of social mapping will collect data from all the WUCS on disaggregated sex data of both members and board of directors, and based on this prepare a plan to achieve the desired targets. 31. As per the revised Guidelines of Govt. of India, one-time functional grant of INR 1080/ha is sanctioned for each WUCS that have entered into MOU with KNNL (INR540/ ha as GoI Share and INR 540/ha as State Govt. Share). 32. Currently, most of the WUCS are not active, and hence, there is a need to provide continuous handholding support not only to make them vibrant but also for building their capacities for efficient and sustainable irrigation system management. The last audit report (2015-16) of CADA advised that the interest amount from WUCS accounts should not be used for operational expenses, including payment of honorarium to Secretaries. The honorarium to secretary is to be paid from the WUCS share of water collection charges.
14 Annual Report, 2014-15, Command Area Development Authority, Munirabad, Karnataka. Data about WUCS in the report is comprehensive for Tungabhadra project. Individual data for VNC and Tungabhadra Left Bank Canal are not given. Hence, number of WUCS in VNC is unclear.
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VNC Feasibility Study Report Volume 3a: Poverty and Social Assessment Table 7. Sub-division-wise probable WUCS under VNC No. of S. Command Name of the Channel WUCS No. Area (ha) Proposed15 1 Basavanna 1240 3 2 Raya 2226 6 3 Bella 600 2 4 Kalaghatta 237 1 5 Turtha 931 3 6 Ramasagara 673 2 7 Kampli 620 2 8 Belagodahalla 210 1 Oddarahatti S Division (Left Bank) 9 Anegundi 789 216 10 Shivapura 403 1 11 Hulugi 265 1 12 Upper Gangavathi 775 2 13 Lower Gangavathi 667 1 Siruguppa S Division (Right Bank) 14 Siruguppa 764 2 15 Deshnur 478 1 Gillesugur Sub Division (Left Bank) 16 Bichal 276 1 Total 11154 31 3.3 Current status of WUCS and Strengthening 33. During the field visits to the channels/villages, PSC team observed that farmers associations in the Vijayanagara Channels were formed more than a decade ago, and only a few are functional. Some farmer associations have re-registered themselves as WUCS. During public consultations and FGD, participants expressed their concerns about the sustainability of the channel system. The channels are more than 400 years old and have been subjected to deferred maintenance leading to slippage of embankment, siltation and severe profile changes. Farmers expressed that there should be support from department for desilting the channels on regular basis. Since not much support was forthcoming from the authorities, some WUCS/farmers have been mobilizing resources from among themselves and carrying out certain minimal O&M tasks, including desilting to make sure that water does not get blocked completely at any point. In a few villages, panchayat has agreed to link MGNREGA funds for O&M especially to meet the labour component. 34. As per the Karnataka Cooperative Societies Amendment Bill 2016, Water Users Cooperative Society (WUCS) should consists of 12 members as Directors plus 1 nominee of KNNL. The composition is as follows: i. Women farmers – 2;
15 Each WUCS generally has culturable command area in the ranging of 300–400 ha; hence a CAD package considers an average of 350 ha. 16 Balance command area is assigned to the existing WUCS.
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VNC Feasibility Study Report Volume 3a: Poverty and Social Assessment ii. Schedule Caste(SC) category – 1; iii. Scheduled Tribe (ST) category – 1; iv. Other Backward Caste (OBC) – 2; v. General category-6 (1 should be from the tail-end areas), and vi. Ex-officio member- Section officer, KNNL. 35. In order to strengthen and streamline the activities of WUCS, following strategies are proposed: Community mobilization techniques including focus group discussions shall be employed to increase shareholders in each of the WUCS, carry out project awareness programmes and inform of social benefits that accrue from the project. This is in addition to the WUCS strengthening activities included in the PSC 2 ToR; Dovetail with various departments such as Women and Child, Social Justice, Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Fisheries etc. to draw government schemes; Introduce awards for best performing WUCS; this has to be announced while forming the WUCS; Increase participation of women members from 2 to 3 with representation from tail, middle and head reaches of each canal; Financial provision towards honorarium to the Secretary and for meeting the routine expenses including stationery; The President of the WUCS should preferably be from the tail-end area; Vice President should be a woman Director; If the farmers from the SC/ST and other vulnerable groups are large, the Board of WUCS should incorporate more members from that category; For strengthening the participation and involvement of women in WUCS activities, women sub-committees shall be established as a strategy to building confidence and leading to action; Women sub-committees should be formed to cover 30-40 farmers each for identifying and addressing issues and challenges in their jurisdiction. Similarly, this group should play an important role in mobilizing more women farmers as members of WUCS as well as mobilization of water tariff. 36. During the FGD and other interactions, majority of the farmers shared that they are involving their women folk for land clearing, weeding, transplanting and harvesting activities. Women members in Mohammed Nagar (Shivapura channel) felt that their role has been minimized in the recent years due to the advent of mechanization in the farming sector and as such they need to travel longer distances to find jobs. 3.4 Affordability and Willingness to Pay 37. In all consultation meetings, discussions were held on affordability and willingness of WUCS/farmers to pay contribution towards the cost of on-farm development works (CAD works). As mentioned earlier, WUCS organizations in VNC project areas is still in infancy stage; nevertheless, farmers showed willingness to form WUCS under the guidance of KNNL and CADA. As they contribute to CAD works, farmers expect improved irrigation service with VNC modernization.
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VNC Feasibility Study Report Volume 3a: Poverty and Social Assessment IV. SOCIAL SAFEGUARD 4.1 Involuntary resettlement 38. Provision of public facilities or infrastructure often requires the exercise of legal powers by the state under the principle of eminent domain for acquisition of private property, leading to involuntary displacement of people, depriving them of their land, livelihood and shelter; restricting their access to traditional resource base, and uprooting them from their socio-cultural environment. 39. Based on interactions with KNNL and CADA officials, observational field visits and public consultations, no major resettlement issues are foreseen in the project area. However, in a few villages, encroachments are affecting equitable distribution of water, especially at the tail ends. This can be addressed by WUCS and other authorities during the initial stage of implementation. The field assessment of all 16 channels and interactions with communities revealed that the right-of-way (RoW) for the channel system seems to be available, with the exception of certain short distances. 40. As part of Social Safeguard assessment, the PSC multidisciplinary team visited all the 16 channels and interacted with the community members and farmers. Public consultations and focus group discussions with local communities and project implementation authorities were held at different points of time as part of the assessment. During the visit, line diagrams were used to spot existing conditions of service road and inspection path of each channel. After reviewing the information on land area, it is clear that the VNC project shall not result in any permanent land acquisition. No family is required to be resettled. Very minor temporary impact will occur and proper steps need to be taken to mitigate those impacts. Although the project areas are inhabited by different ethnic groups, no significant differences in cultural and socio- economic identity among the different language groups, no specific adverse impacts are anticipated to warrant separate indigenous peoples’ plans. Since the project will not require permanent acquisition of any land, residential houses or buildings, or will not cause any impact involving physical displacement of any household and hence it can be classified as Category “C” as per ADB safeguard policy. 41. Lining work of the canal and other structures is planned based on the concept of implementing the physical works involving no land acquisition and resettlement (LAR) impact. The sub-project thereby was classified as Category “C” project as per ADB safeguards policy. Preparation of a Land Acquisition and Resettlement Plan (LARP) therefore was not necessary to be in place. However, during implementation of the infrastructure works, the sub-project requires compliance with ADB’s safeguards requirements on involuntary resettlement (IR), adhering to Indian laws and policies to make sure that the project followed all safeguard requirements and no one is disadvantaged in the process of development in both IR and IP aspects. As per ADB SPS “the involuntary resettlement safeguards covers physical displacement (relocation, loss of residential land or loss of shelter) and economic displacement (loss of land, assets, access to assets, income sources, or means of livelihoods) as a result of: (i) involuntary acquisition of land, or (ii) involuntary restrictions on land use or access to legally designated parks and protected areas. It covers them whether such losses and involuntary restrictions are full or partial, permanent or temporary”. The Social
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VNC Feasibility Study Report Volume 3a: Poverty and Social Assessment Safeguard and Due Diligence report (SDDR) is formulated to assess that the safeguard plans are adequately covered under the subprojects impacts and mitigation measures. The report presents the findings from the study conducted in the area where the afore mentioned infrastructure works are planned to take place. 42. It is concluded from the due diligence study that the proposed infrastructure improvements will lead to efficient irrigation water use as recognized by farmers during FGD. Further, there will be no issues of land acquisition and resettlement related to these subprojects. All facilities will be built on vacant government land. Due to project intervention, there will be no loss of income for any person or of any assets, either privately owned or publicly owned. On the contrary, the project design ensures enhanced agrarian incomes. The due diligence study17 by PSC confirms that no adverse social impacts are associated in accordance with ADB Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009 on Involuntary Resettlement. 4.2 Indigenous population 43. According to the ADB the Indigenous Peoples safeguard, the term Indigenous Peoples is used in a generic sense to refer to a distinct, vulnerable, social and cultural group possessing the following characteristics in varying degrees: (i) self-identification as members of a distinct indigenous cultural group and recognition of this identity by others; (ii) collective attachment to geographically distinct habitats or ancestral territories in the project area and to the natural resources in these habitats and territories; (iii) customary cultural, economic, social, or political institutions that are separate from those of the dominant society and culture; and (iv) a distinct language, often different from the official language of the country or region. 44. In the context of India, Scheduled Tribe’s (STs) should trigger the Indigenous Peoples safeguard, under Article 342 of the Constitution of India, the following characteristics are used to define: (i) tribes’ primitive traits, (ii) distinctive culture, (iii) shyness with public at large, (iv) geographical isolation, and (v) social and economic backwardness. 45. A desk-based review of the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order (Amendment) Act 2003 highlights that In Karnataka, there are 50 scheduled tribe communities. The project area consists of concentration of indigenous population and the major tribes located in the project areas are: Nayaka, Naikda, Cholivala Nayaka, Kapadia Nayaka, Mota Nayaka, Nana Nayaka, Naik, Nayak18, Beda, Bedar, Valmiki, Chodhara, Kanda Kapus (in Bellary and Raichur districts), Gamit, Gamta, Gavit, Mavchi, Padvi, Valvi, Dubla, Talavia, Halpati (in Koppal district). 46. Bichal/Manvi consists of highest indigenous population of around 25.8% and Koppal is lowest (13.2%). Siruguppa consists around 20%, Hospet (20%) and Gangavathi 16.5%. Among the SC population (vulnerable) Hospet is highest (29.3%) and Koppal is lowest (19.3%), followed by Siruguppa (21.4%), Gangavathi (20.7%) and Manvi/Bichal (16%). (Fig: 1)
17 Social Safeguard Due Diligence Report, August 2017 and April 2018 carried out by PSC (SMEC). 18 Ordered that the following Notification No. BC 12016/34/76 SCT-V, Dated: 27th July 1977 of the Government of India (Ministry of Home Affairs) be published in the Karnataka Gazettee for general information. Department of Social Welfare, Government of Karnataka
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VNC Feasibility Study Report Volume 3a: Poverty and Social Assessment
Percentage Distribution of Indigenous and Vulnerable population in Project Villages 35.0
30.0
25.0 20.0 15.0
10.0 Population in % in Population 5.0 0.0 Hospet Koppal Gangavathi Siruguppa Manvi SC Population % 29.2 19.3 20.7 22.7 22.0 ST Population % 20.0 13.2 16.6 20.1 25.8
Figure 1: Percentage distribution of Indigenous and Vulnerable Population 47. A number of villages are situated in remote areas inhabited by indigenous populations who have distinct lifestyle, language, and culture. Besides, they adopt secluded living, far away from usual developmental streams, and do not enjoy the same social and economic benefits as the general population.
Taluk wise SC & ST Population 51.0 50.5 50.0 49.5 49.0 48.5 Hospet Koppal Gangavathi Siruguppa Manvi SC Population Male 49.9 50.2 49.5 49.5 49.6 SC Population Female 50.1 49.8 50.5 50.5 50.4 ST Population Male 49.6 50.5 49.8 49.7 49.3 ST Population Female 50.4 49.5 50.2 50.3 50.7
Figure 2: SC & ST Male and Female Population 48. While the presence of ST are noted within the project area, PSC consultation meetings highlight that marginalized groups in the social and economic hierarchy are the ones excluded primarily due to lack of ability to stand up and speak for themselves. It is worth mentioning here that many women elected representatives (as Presidents of Gram Panchayat) are silent spectators in meetings; their husbands tend to play a lead role in communicating and performing women elected representative’s duties. 49. During consultations, it was also found that there is no uniqueness with regard to the economic status, livelihood systems or cultural practices among the ST villages as compared to other communities. ST members identify with the other communities and uses the same education, health, religious and community facilities. Public consultations
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VNC Feasibility Study Report Volume 3a: Poverty and Social Assessment also suggest that ST households no not speak a separate dialect or language at home but speak local language or the regional languages prevalent in the localities in which they live. They are also working as government employees and their spouses are involved in cultivation and agriculture along with other community members. 50. The Indigenous Peoples safeguards are triggered if a project directly or indirectly affects the dignity, human rights, livelihood systems, or culture of Indigenous Peoples or affects the territories or natural or cultural resources that Indigenous Peoples own, use, occupy, or claim as an ancestral domain or asset. The PSA concludes that the ADB IR safeguard is not triggered in Trance 2, as indigenous peoples (as per ADB’s definition) are not present.
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VNC Feasibility Study Report Volume 3a: Poverty and Social Assessment V. SOCIO- ECONOMIC PROFILE 5.1 Demographic Characteristics 51. The population of the project area is generally scattered over the rural belt, and a vast majority hail from the rural sector. The rural and traditional character of the population has been the hallmark of villages coming under the project. 5.2 Sex ratio 52. Hospet has a total population of 188965 out of which 50.1% is male and 49.9% females19. Koppal, Gangavathi, Siruguppa and Manvi20 too have an almost similar sex ratio. Among all the taluks, Manvi taluk has the highest sex ratio (1013) followed by Hospet (1006), Siruguppa (1005), Gangavathi (1003) and Koppal taluk (979)21. 5.3 Literacy 53. Literacy rate among male category in Hospet is 58.5% and female 41.5%. The corresponding figures for Koppal are 58.7 and 41.3, Gangavathi 57.1 (Male) and 42.9 (female) respectively. In Siruguppa, female literacy is lowest at 38.7 compared to all the other places.
Taluk Wise Population & Literacy 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 Hospet Koppal Gangavathi Siruguppa Manvi Population Male 50.1 50.4 49.9 49.9 49.6 Population Female 49.9 49.6 50.1 50.1 50.4 Literacy Male 58.5 58.7 57.1 61.3 59.9 Literacy Female 41.5 41.3 42.9 38.7 40.1
Figure 3: Population and Literacy 5.4 Major occupation 54. In Koppal and Gangavathi, out of total workers, 24.1% are cultivators, 42.8% are agricultural labourers, 29.8% are other workers; 3.2% are involved in household level activities22. It is worth noting that women comprise 21% of cultivators and 60% agricultural labourers whereas men comprise 79% cultivators and 40% agricultural labourers. In Manvi, 26.9% are cultivators, 53.9% agricultural labourers, 17.5% other workers while 1.7% are involved in household level activities. Overall, there is a decline
19 Population Census, 2011, Government of India 20 District Hand book Bellary, 2014-15, Directorate of Economic and Statistics, Government of Karnataka 21 Human Development Report 2014, Raichur District Panchayat, Government of Karnataka 22 Population Census, 2011,Governent of India
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VNC Feasibility Study Report Volume 3a: Poverty and Social Assessment in the percentage of workers engaged in agricultural activities; this needs to be closely examined to understand the magnitude of the problem23(Table 9). 5.5 Major crops 55. Agriculture is the main activity of the target population in the project villages. People generally depend upon rainfall, irrigation tanks, wells and streams for irrigation. In Hospet Taluk and nearby villages, farmers predominantly rely on canal water for agriculture. Farmers in Gangavathi Taluk are dependent mainly on Tungabhadra canal water supply, while in Koppal and other taluks they depend upon rainfall, tanks and wells. In Gangavathi taluk, paddy is the prominent crop occupying 43.1% of total sown area due to availability of irrigation facilities. In Hospet taluk and adjoining areas Sugarcane, Banana, Paddy, Jowar, Bajra etc. are grown. Sugarcane is grown in 80% of Shivapura, Nagenahalli villages. In some parts of Koppal and Raichur districts cotton is also grown. The important pulse crops grown are Bengal gram, Tur dal and Groundnut. Sunflower, etc. are the non-food crops grown. In Siruguppa and Deshnur in Bellary district, Paddy is the main crop cultivated and they grow only one crop per season. In Raichur and Manvi taluks, crops grown under rain fed cultivation are jowar, cotton, groundnut, chilly, wheat and pulses. Crops grown under irrigation are paddy, sugarcane, maize, wheat, chilly, cotton, pulses, onions, and banana.
23 Agricultural Census 2010-11 Report on Operational Holdings in Karnataka, Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Bangalore.
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VNC Feasibility Study Report Volume 3a: Poverty and Social Assessment
Table 8: Population distribution, literacy and SC/ST population in Project area
Population Literacy SC Population ST Population District Taluk Wise Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Bellary Hospet 94673 94292 188965 55639 39527 95166 27600 27668 55268 18749 19042 37791 Koppal Koppal 582958 573258 1156216 382270 268731 651001 111858 111077 222935 76987 75576 152563 Koppal Gangavathi 172397 172866 345263 109179 81994 191173 35381 36058 71439 28543 28745 57288 Bellary Siruguppa 94949 95439 190388 49522 31216 80738 21391 21853 43244 18977 19223 38200 Raichur Manvi/Bichal 160902 163303 324205 87594 58539 146133 35343 35893 71236 41226 42449 83675 Total 1105879 1099158 2205037 684204 480007 1164211 231573 232549 464122 184482 185035 369517 Source : 2011 Population Census Report, Govt. of India
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VNC Feasibility Study Report Volume 3a: Poverty and Social Assessment
5.6 Drinking water supply 56. Households having access to multiple sources of water use a safe source for drinking, and any source for washing purposes. Major problems reported during the PSC visit to VNC field villages include: (a) unreliable water supply, duration and quantity supplied; (b) problems of water pressure and quality; (c) defunct water supply network in some localities; (d) lack of access or less secure access to alternative sources during water shortage periods, and (e) problems of water contamination (mud mixed water). 57. Scarcity of water is not an issue in any of the villages visited but quality problems reported in a few villages. In Raichur and Manvi taluks are having severe drinking water problems. Water quality is poor mainly because of low rainfall. Extensive channel irrigation and use of chemicals and pesticides in agriculture have not only affected surface water but also groundwater. Groundwater in Raichur district contains excess fluoride; arsenic contamination is quite severe in Manvi taluk with more than half of the population exposed to it. Table 9: Distribution of workers classification in project taluks Agricultural Household Taluk Wise Cultivators Other workers Total workers labourers activities Total Details Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Hospet 14842 6129 16749 19364 749 398 16053 4881 48393 30772 79165 Koppal 113228 36282 76992 97727 6405 3408 75789 24712 272414 162129 434543
Gangavathi 31051 9261 28219 30731 1475 869 23473 7594 84218 48455 132673
Siruguppa 21203 11854 23324 29986 472 279 7462 2948 52461 45067 97528 Manvi 166086 59795 114057 141916 6019 3538 60550 23432 346712 228681 575393 Source: Census 2011, Govt. of India
70000 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 Hospet Koppal Gangavathi Siruguppa Manvi Marginal 19302 13649 28002 17297 25484 Farmers Small 8999 15899 18421 11236 23135 Farmers Medium 5690 15276 57417 13688 65081 farmers
Figure 4: Distribution of Farmer Categories taluk-wise Note: Marginal Farmer: < 1 hectare; Small Farmer: 1 to 2 hectares; Medium Farmer: 2 to 10 hectares.
Source: Agricultural Census 2010-11 Report on Operational Holdings in Karnataka, Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Bangalore.
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5.7 Sanitation 58. Access to safe water and sanitation, good health and literacy are some of the crucial factors other than income. Good health is determined by the degree of cleanliness and sanitation in an area which, in turn, depends upon the level of literacy and awareness among the population. Inadequate sanitation facilities lead to practice of open defecation in and around channel premises, blocking of roadside drains due to disposal of solid waste, mainly agro-wastes and plastics. The household sanitation coverage ranges from 20% to 60% in the villages visited, and Manvi reported the lowest coverage of around 20%24. In fact, sanitation and hygiene are the most neglected aspects across project villages (Photo 4).
24 Human Development Report 2014, Raichur District Panchayat, Government of Karnataka
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VI. SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK 59. The project has an implementation plan which incorporates physical and non-physical components, but needs to develop a feasible and pragmatic operational methodology and implementation strategy for community-based activities. Community involvement always depends upon the level of awareness in the community. It is a challenging task to bring about positive change in people’s behavior and practice with regard to effective water use, value of water, environmental conditions and related issues. 60. An active public awareness program will be launched at Panchayat, channel and community level to ensure that stakeholders are well informed about the project’s objectives, roles and responsibilities of various stakeholders and activities, and to ensure that the scope and procedures for public works components are fully understood. A governance and anti-corruption program will also be established at the community level to minimize governance risks and protect beneficiaries. 61. For vulnerable households, the social impact is expected to be highly positive due to increased livelihood opportunities and increase in crop production. No negative impacts are foreseen. As explained above, villages in and around Vijayanagara channels have a wide network of agricultural, milk and other cooperative societies. Experience of these societies can be harnessed in moulding the existing WUCS and creating new ones where ever necessary. 62. As explained in the social safeguard due diligence report, the project does not require involuntary resettlement or involves indigenous people. The project will also result in valuable environmental and social benefits. Immediate benefits include: improved irrigation water distribution; reduced seepage losses from the main canals and distributaries, reduced over-supply of irrigation water, reduced waterlogging, salinization and water losses. Further, longer-term benefits include: a lower water table, lower risk of salinization, and less stagnant water in the villages and fewer consequent health problems. 63. To realize the above benefits, it is essential that the functioning and capability of existing community institutions such as WUCS, farmers associations, SHGs, etc. have to be examined and gaps identified for making these institutions vibrant and participate in the project interventions. 6.1 Strategy for Implementation of the Social Management Framework 64. Community participation and management plays a prominent role in effective implementation and is a determining factor for the success and operational sustainability of an IWRM project. In this connection, consultation with local farmers/community is a necessary prerequisite to ensure their cooperation and endorsement for IWRM projects. Here, WUCS, farmers associations and other grassroots level institutions have a pivotal role. In most water resources projects to date, the governments and donor agencies have usually determined the design, technology, service level and mode of scheme operation, as per government rules/norms and procedures. Since, it is designed without much participation of the community, it becomes difficult to have the views and opinions of the community, farmers or WUCS to have their concerns addressed adequately and effectively.
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65. For sustainability of systems, it is considered important that WUCS and farmers associations are involved in the identification (and design) of solutions and their role in the operation and maintenance of facilities developed. 66. In the inception phase, it is of paramount importance to analyze the extant conditions, review of reports and conduct consultations with various stakeholders to understand the poverty dimensions and their training needs. Hence, to address all the above concerns, the project will conduct consultation meetings with WUCS and other grass root level agencies to address poverty reduction and gender dimensions. There will be close involvement of various PSC specialists such as the PIM specialist, Agricultural specialist, Water Institutions Specialist and Communications specialist to plan and implement appropriate training activities based on the local requirement. 67. The project shall also carry out community mobilization to ensure their participation in physical implementation of construction activities appropriately. Sometimes, the community shall have a monitoring role while in other cases, it will have an implementation role. This shall be applicable across all project activities such as irrigation, agriculture, livestock, fisheries, drinking water, basic sanitation and infrastructure. There is a lot of opportunity for involvement with community contracting and monitoring of civil works. The use and maintenance of assets created shall be the responsibility of WUCS or farmers associations and they will be trained in that direction. The type of works which can be entrusted to the WUCS shall be identified in consultation with them. 68. The organization and implementation of this work is best supervised by WUCS with guidance from support staff employed by PSC/PIO. This will involve their planning, organization and arranging implementation works, promotional initiatives, concurrent monitoring and follow up on completion of work. 6.2 Role of Information, Education and Communication 69. The significance and approach of IEC should be such that the WUCS, communities and other project partners are fully informed about the project and be prepared for their respective roles. To ensure this, the role and responsibilities of project partners/facilitators shall be identified in respect of resources to be mobilized, action plans to be prepared, the implementation strategy to be used, monitoring required and operation, maintenance and payments (community contribution) to follow. Towards this, a clear and suitably detailed implementation methodology and strategy will be developed and incorporated in the planning and implementation stage. Specific IEC sessions are required in each stage to ensure continuity of information flow. It is also advisable that project strategies and requirements be adapted to the circumstances and needs of command area/village, rather than following a routine IEC approach for all villages. 70. There is a need to create awareness on the objectives, activities, roles and responsibilities of different stakeholders and the expected benefits. The IEC component shall be institutionalized during planning and establishment of the project. Each partner agency and organization need to understand the different project components, design, cost sharing principles, and monitoring requirements. As a follow-on activity, the IEC component needs to be introduced to the project communities and households and also
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to local schools and other village level institutions. The ultimate objective of IEC is to establish community demand for improvements, awareness among project partners of their roles and responsibilities and effective working relationships. This will lead to a good understanding of the requirements for effective programme implementation and conflict resolution at community level. 6.3 Empowerment
Empowerment means vesting people with knowledge and skills to make needed changes; Having the ability to act individually and collectively; Empowerment should be the major objective of Information, Education and Communication initiatives; Need assessment – expressing opinions, desired improvements and priorities; Planning – formulating objectives and setting goals; Mobilizing – raising awareness about needs including mobilizing resources; Training – participation in formal and informal training activities to enhance communication, maintenance and financial management skills; Implementing – engaging in management of activities, community contribution, construction, O & M etc.; Concurrent monitoring and assessment–day to day monitoring and appraisal of work done, quality assurance, modifications required. 71. This should be done under two main categories: (a) training of trainers (government functionaries, staff of support organizations and social workers from the community), and (b) training those directly and indirectly benefiting from the programme including local community representatives. Training is an integral part of Information, Education and Communication (IEC) with both occurring concurrently. 72. In addition to appropriate formal training for project partners, it is important to assess the need for and provide refresher training to all partners. Similarly, post-training evaluation is necessary to determine the effectiveness of training and as necessary, adapt the training programme. Only with effective training can community participation, management, gender and other project objectives be fully realized within the planned time frames.
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Table 10. Social Management Activity Schedule
Activities Responsibility Time schedule H1Y1 H2Y1 H1Y2 H2Y2 H1Y3 H2Y3 H1Y4 H2Y4 Initiall community/farmers/ WUCS PIO/PSC Year 1 meeting PSC field level Social mapping Year 1 Support staff Appointment of support team PIO/PSC Year 1 Orientation & Training PSC/PIO Year 1 Assessment by support staff on PSC/PIO Year 1 WUCS Review and assess other social development programmes Support staff/WUCS Year 1 ongoing Work closely with panchayats and identify potential livelihood WUCS/Support staff Year 1 -3 programmes to collaborate Training Need assessment PIO/PSC Year 1 and 2 Prepare training modules and PSC/PIO/ Year 1 and 2 calendar Arrange Exposure visits to see PIO/PSC Year 1-2 similar activities Need assessment and develop Support staff/WUCS Year 1 community action plan Prepare O & M plans WUCS Year 1 and 2 Organise capacity building and WUCS/Support Throughout the project training on regular intervals staff/PSC duration Plan to undertake community PIO/PSC Year 2 to 4 contracting Functionality monitoring of WUCS Year 2 to 4 system operation Benefit monitoring - assessment PSC Year 3 onwards Compilation of reports, progress Field support Throughout the project reports, case studies etc. teams/PSC 73. Through programme planning and design, the following activities need to be shared with farmers to provide the basis for participatory implementation of the project components and the subsequent operational management of facilities (and services) by the village community: . Introduction of the IWRM modernization programme and it’s integrated approach to the community; . List the main physical and non-physical components of the programme; . Roles and responsibilities of stakeholders; . Undertake social mapping ; . Collect social and physical information of general relevance to the programme; . Identify WUCS/farmers associations and the nature of their activities; . Formation and Strengthening of WUCS; Specifically identify existing water distribution systems and availability for tail-end users; . Agreement on the social aspects of the design for water distribution improvements; . Establish responsibility for cost of operation and maintenance of all facilities; . Confirm village community and WUCS acceptance of project components, and . Prepare a detailed project/community implementation plan for each village;
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VII. GENDER ACTION PLAN 74. The Gender Action Plan (GAP) is still a relatively new approach in Karnataka especially in the water resources and infrastructure sector. Implications of this are two-fold: on one hand, working in a fairly unprecedented way undoubtedly presents a challenge and includes the need for more awareness and capacity building along the way. On the other, this presents a major opportunity for the IWRM project to set a good practice standard in the sector. 75. The Project is proposed to be classified as Category II: Effective Gender Mainstreaming, (EGM) following ADB’s gender categorization of projects25 (ADB’s Policy on Gender and Development 1998 and ADB’s Gender Mainstreaming Criteria Guidelines26; 2010). The gender strategy under this program is expected to mainstream gender in the context of participatory irrigation management. 7.1 KNNL gender policy towards women 76. Presently, KNNL does not have a stated gender policy. However, as part of the project, KNNL desires to gradually appoint more women officers to make women composition from the present 18.6% to 30% by 2020. KNNL also desires to introduce/strengthen other aspects of the gender policy which will be examined as part of the gender action plan. 77. The Table 11 illustrates the Sex disaggregated data on technical and no technical staff list in VNC project. Table 11: Sex disaggregated data on technical and no technical staff in VNC project Name of office Male Female Total Office of the Chief Engineer 27 06 33 Superintending Engineers office 15 03 18 Divisional office and below 41 10 51 Total 83 (81.4) 19 (18.6) 102 (100.0) Source: Office of the Chief Engineer, KNNL ICZ, Munirabad, May 2018 78. The present sex disaggregated data reveals that 18.6% of the staff are women and they represent the grade A, B, C and D. Out of this 1 female staff on A grade (Senior official level), 1 staff on B grade, 5 on C level and 12 are on D grade (peons and sweepers). 79. Government of Karnataka’s Vision 2020 aims at enhancing opportunities for women and empower them across economic, social and political spheres. Correcting gender disparities in wages and employment remains a major challenge the government wishes to address. The state has made explicit policy commitments to women and women’s empowerment, including commitments to: (i) 50 percent participation of women in local decision-making; (ii) increased home ownership by low-income women, and (iii) increasing women’s access to public sector employment through 30 percent reservations in all government jobs. 80. Besides, the Government of Karnataka/KNNL has introduced other schemes for providing facilities for women and few are listed below:
25 ADB’s Policy on Gender and Development 1998; 26 ADB’s Gender Mainstreaming Criteria Guidelines, 2010
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81. Maternity Benefits Act 1961: The provisions of the Maternity Benefits Act, 1961 were brought into effect to regulate employment of women employees in certain establishments for the period before and after child birth aiming at providing maternity and certain other benefits to such women employees. 82. Entitlement to maternity benefit: A woman employee who is either employed directly or through agency/ contractor and has actually worked in the establishment located in the State of Karnataka for a period of at least 80 days during the 12 months immediately preceding the date of her expected delivery is entitled to receive maternity benefit under the Act. 83. Creches for children of working mothers: The scheme provides day care services for children in the age group 0-3 years. Services include health care, supplementary nutrition, and free facilities for children to sleep, immunization, play and recreation. Assistance is provided through District panchayats to Mahila Mandals and voluntary organizations to start creches for children of working women who are engaged in agriculture and other occupations in rural areas. 84. The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal Act 2013: This Act to provide protection against sexual harassment of women at workplace and for the prevention and redressal of complaints of sexual harassment and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. 85. Protection against sexual harassment and the right to work with dignity are universally recognized human rights by international conventions and instruments such as Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women, which has been ratified on the 25 June, 1993 by the Government of India and the State governments. This act is expedient to make provisions for giving effect to the said Convention for protection of women against sexual harassment at workplace. 86. The scope for raising the level of women’s participation in decision–making and project management processes will also be strengthened. In addition, a GAP has been designed to ensure that women, vulnerable and landless households are mainstreamed within the overall program design and have equitable access to the project’s resources and benefits. The GAP also provides specific actions and responsibilities to ensure full participation of women in project activities. 87. The GAP plan envisages strengthening women’s participation in grassroots governance and leadership with a planned 30 percent women’s representation in the executive board by 2018. It will also focus on expanding women’s knowledge of improved crop diversification and management, on‐ farm water management, and O&M and systems management. It also enables women to gain easier access to water for agricultural and non–agricultural, domestic use, and health and hygiene purposes. The mainstreaming activities in off–farm income generating activities will also be pursued as also promoting women’s participation in grassroots decision–making and governance, in particular, the WUCS. Capacity development programs focusing on project management and monitoring will be conducted for women staff of relevant government counterparts. 88. IWRM and agricultural practices are particularly concerned with gender issues because of the predominant role of women in agriculture. If there is no scope for women to voice
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their views and concerns and are integrated into programme and facility designs, it is unlikely that it will earn their commitment, while the probability of functional failure will be high. Experience shows that when women actively incorporate changes into the pattern of their daily lives, they pass these changes on to other family members, thus increasing the sustainability of the programme. To achieve this, active support (and involvement) of men needs to be sought and ensured. 89. Gender mainstreaming is a process for improving the relevance of development agendas to benefit both women and men equally. The division of labour and responsibilities (who does what work), social attitudes, and unequal access to resources all contribute to a situation where policies and programmes have a different impact on women and men, (for example, education initiatives and poverty reduction strategies). Furthermore, these differences and inequalities influence how women and men participate and respond to new initiatives. 90. Raichur district has very low share of workers engaged in non-agricultural work, especially of women workers. Only Raichur taluk reports a higher share of female workers working in non-agriculture. It is as low as 12 percent in Deva Durga and 13 percent in Manvi taluks. In Sindhanur and Lingsugur taluks, the percentage of female workers employed in non-agricultural work is substantially lower at 19 percent and 22 percent, respectively. Non-agricultural employment is available extensively in advanced taluks and that too predominantly for males. 91. In terms of capabilities, literacy attainments reflect an important aspect of gender development. Raichur district has lower literacy than the state level for the overall as well as female population. Female literacy is substantially lower, and lower than that of males. Even as late as in 2011, less than half of the female population was literate with a literacy rate of 48.7 percent, which is very low compared to the state average at 68 percent and district’s own male literacy at 70 percent. Thus, the gender gap in literacy was about 21 percent, with gender gap in rural areas being 24 percent, which is 50 percent higher than in urban areas at 16 percent. 92. Sex ratio, defined as the number of females per 1000 males in a society, is one of the basic measures of gender parity. Raichur district has better sex ratio compared to the state. It was exactly 1000 in 2011 and the district is among the very few which could achieve this distinction. 93. Women and men use and access water, land and ecosystem resources in different ways. When these differences are properly understood, actions can be targeted towards those who have real influence in the issues addressed. For example, men and women both contribute to the problem of water security or water crisis. Major land use changes, and large-scale logging activities and wood use are often linked with wealthy men or corporations; minor land changes and local logging are usually done by middle class or poor rural men and women; and wood collection, where trees are seldom chopped, is normally conducted by poor women worldwide. In order to prove effective, actions designed to curtail deforestation should take into account these differences.
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7.2 Cultural stereotypes 94. Many gender stereotypes exist around water and its uses. Some of the most common misconceptions are listed below:
Some Common Cultural Stereotypes Farmers are male. While the proportion and the role of women change from place to place, 70% of farmers worldwide constitute women. Nonetheless, women neither own 70% of the land, nor have access to 70% of agricultural water. Fishers are male. Women and men divide functions in fishing. In many cases, women collect shrimp and shellfish near the coast, while men catch fish using boats, nets and other devices. In Freshwater fisheries, predominantly men are involved in catching. And women involvement is substantial in drying, processing, making and repairing nets and fishing. Men do the work while women care for the family. This misconception neglects the role of men as fathers who may also contribute domestic labour and have a fundamental task as behaviour models. Children learn how to use water according to both the mothers’ and the father’s examples, and the father’s influence grows when boys and girls are older. Men do all the heavy work, and women help with he lighter tasks. In general, men are physically stronger than women. Nevertheless, women do the lion share of drudgery work, whilst men take over these tasks, only when mechanized.
95. During implementation of this project, three strategies are proposed to be developed: (a) Identify women leaders and train them to carry out specific tasks that may be socially accepted; (b) Gradually build-up a network of women leaders and train them to voice their concerns in day to day implementation; (c) Propose and design information dissemination methods that can be easily delivered to women. 96. The self-help groups existing in the project area provide an excellent platform to involve women both as recipients of services and service providers. In other experiences it has been found that women’s groups function much better if they can be offered a combined package of functional literacy, livelihood, agriculture and a nutrition programme package. Providing women with full information on the project organization, roles and responsibilities of various stakeholders, role of WUCS and other related institutions and its functions; Encouraging and training women to become leaders or representatives of WUCS; Discussing with women groups their interests and incorporating their needs in concrete action plans; Raising the awareness of CADA and other government officials and extension engineers towards incorporating women's and small farmers' views into increasing the efficiency of the irrigation system; Evaluating the impact of women's involvement on the efficiency of the system, and Due to the critical need for involving women in the water sector, proclaim a separate Act. 97. Agriculture is the prime subsistence and economic activity in IWRM projects. It accounts for by far the largest proportion of water used. Especially in rural areas agriculture determines to a large extent in what way water is managed at community and household level and plays an important role in the division of water related tasks, means
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and responsibilities of men, women and children. In many rural societies men and women take on different tasks from a young age onwards. Analysis of the gender division of labour found that men dominate land preparation and irrigation activities, whilst women tend to be responsible for transplanting, weeding and harvesting. However, in several villages visited the role of women has been changing or limiting due to modern farming methods. 98. A notable feature here is the importance given to the role of agriculture and irrigation. Gender disparity is very much prevailing in the project villages. The daily wages for women varies from INR 150 to 200 and for men from INR 250 to 350 in the agricultural sector in VNC. The opportunities for women in agriculture is also reducing due to mechanization in the sector. The women community in Mohammed Nagar expressed that their livelihood opportunities reduced due to the mechanization in the farming sector and as a result they need to travel to longer distances for finding jobs. Even though women are members in WUCS their participation in the meetings are rather limited. Another issue is that women’s opinions are not to be recorded, because they are often not present in meetings or are not confident to speak up (particularly if their husbands are around). Majority of the farmers expressed that they are involving their women folk for land clearing, weeding, transplanting and harvesting. It is worthwhile to note here that in the milk cooperative societies women play dynamic role in the overall management of the society. This is mainly due to the training, orientation and exposure they have received from their projects. 99. Gender-disaggregated quantitative data are not easily available from local government sources but must often be collected separately for a program or project, which can be costly and time consuming. In the project villages there is low female participation in water users’ organizations despite high involvement of women in irrigated agriculture and decision making. In most cases, low female participation is also in conflict with official policy statements, which almost always claim that the involvement of all farmers or water users is the ultimate objective. Because of their high domestic and productive workloads, the opportunity cost of time to attend meetings and do other work for the organizations is different (and often higher) for women than for men. 100. Important in this respect is that it is not as easy for women to transfer some of their responsibilities to their husbands, as it is for men to leave some of their tasks to their wives. Timing and location of meetings may also impose a higher cost on women than on men. 101. The most commonly cited major obstacles to women participating and benefiting from development activities include (i) the lack of participation by women in planning meetings while project identification/planning; (ii) poorly conducted need analysis (iii) the lack of baseline data on key gender differences relevant to the specific project; (iv) the failure to address gender issues in project objectives. 102. Therefore, to address all these issues, the gender strategy shall include formation of women sub committees as a key approach. Drawing from Gondi experience, women sub-committees shall be formed of not only women title-holders but also those who have the farmland in their husbands’ names. Policy advocacy to permit spouse as a member in the women sub-committee is being pursued. Details of the composition of
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the sub-committees, scope of activities, representation of all social groups, including differently abled women, roles and responsibilities, and the mandate of such sub committees shall be detailed in the gender strategy to be evolved. PSC shall also leverage the high SHG presence in the project area to work with the sub-committees. Over a period of time when the membership becomes common, possibility of merging the SHG and women sub-committees will also be explored. Table 12. Gender Action Plan Responsibil Time Activity Indicators/Targets ity Schedule Output 1. State and Basin Institutions Strengthened for IWRM Develop the At least 600 WRD staff (of which 200 are women staff) WRD/PMU/P Year 2 capacities of are certified in IWRM (2018 baseline: 150 staff are IOs WRD staff certified of which 40 are women) including women in IWRM Output 2. Irrigation system infrastructure and management modernized Build awareness 31 sensitization workshops focusing on gender equality PMU/PIOs Year 2– of women’s equal and social inclusion (GESI) approaches and women’s 3 rights and role and participation in water resources management participation in and farm/off farm livelihood activities conducted for all water resources WUCS in the VNC subproject area (T: 31 workshops management and conducted with at least 30% women’s participation) livelihood At least 30% of WUCS management board members are PMU/PIOs Year 1– improvement women (T: M– 150; F–50) 2 Improve the 5 gender sensitization workshops provided to WRD and WRD/PMU/P Year 1– knowledge of KNNL staff on GESI concepts and in the design and IOs 2 relevant implementation of water resources management, government irrigation and agriculture programs for vulnerable departments on populations, including women (T: F–30; M–70) GESI approaches in agriculture, irrigation and water resources management Output 3: Program and management systems operational Monitor progress Project management information system with gender PMU/PIOs Year 1– of gender and indicators 4 socially inclusive Sex–disaggregated data collected, analyzed and PMU/PIOs Year 1-4 focused activities reported in quarterly progress reports and safeguard in water monitoring reports resources management
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VNC Feasibility Study Report Volume 3a: Poverty and Social Assessment VIII. MONITORING AND REVIEW 103. Monitoring and review of the programme and its components has to be an integral part of planning and implementation. Learnings from this could be used for preparing future proposals. The main objective of monitoring and review are to explore: a) Whether the implementation of various components is progressing as planned; b) Whether they are producing the expected result; c) If not, what problems are being encountered in implementation; d) What steps can be taken to overcome them; e) Taking adequate measures to implement these steps. 104. Monitoring has to be done individually and collectively. Concurrent monitoring needs to be carried out by the respective WUCS with the support of Field support teams. Since the activity plan specifies responsibility for each individual, he/ she should periodically ask himself/herself how he/she will discharge responsibilities. Monitoring & reviewing should not be a fault finding exercise. Based on monitoring & review, activity plan can be modified to the extent needed. In addition to monitoring and review, the programme has to be evaluated on sample survey basis at least once a year. The evaluation will deal with not only the immediate objectives, but also with intermediate and ultimate objectives. It will also evaluate the inputs, and processing of inputs. 8.1 Monitoring indicators 105. While undertaking monitoring, both qualitative and quantitative indicators should be used together. In recent thinking, qualitative methods have assumed greater importance as they focus on empowerment and participation. 8.2 Qualitative indicators
Level of participation of both male and female in local water resource management institutions in particular WUCS and Federation/Councils; Level of understanding and implementation of water efficiency measures by both male and female; Level of understanding and implementation of measures to safeguard the levels of local water quality; Level of income generated from activities for both male and female controlled crops; The percentage of marginalized groups and in particular women who actively engage in local water management institutions; Numbers of planning meetings held with local stakeholders and topics discussed; Attendance by local stakeholders at identification and planning meetings by sex, socioeconomic grouping, age and ethnicity; Levels of contribution/participation by local stakeholders at identification and planning meetings. Do women/men benefit from the programme in the same way? To what extent did women actively participate in the meeting? To what extent did women contribute to the meeting outcomes?
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Do women and men perceive that women are becoming more empowered? Why? Do women perceive that they now have greater self-respect? Why? How does this relate to men's perceptions? Do women/men perceive that they now have greater economic autonomy? Why? Have gender relations of women/men in the target group changed as a result of the programme? Have gender gaps been reduced? Are changes taking place in the way in which decisions are made in the household, and what is the perceived impact of this? Do women make decisions independently of men in their household? What sort of decisions are made independently? How often O & M activities are being carried out? Who support the activities? 8.3 Quantitative indicators
Age and sex wise distribution of farmers; Age and sex wise distribution of WUCS members; Number of planning meetings (or Gram Sabha) held with local stakeholders; Number of WUCS meetings held; No. of meetings attended by women members; Number of WUCS members; Number of women as shareholders; Number of women in WUCS; Women working in agriculture; Women, leading farm for husband; Number of coordination meetings held with Panchayats and other stakeholders in year 2015; Number of people attended meetings by departments/stakeholders; Number of women attended meetings; Number of WUCS Federation/ Council and Committee members; Number of women WUCS Council and Committee members; Number of grievances from water users in 2015 (pre-project year); Number of grievances from women water users in 2015 (pre-project year); Number of women associated with local cooperatives; Number of women members of Milk Cooperatives; No. of livelihood units such as -Areca nut plate and allied products; No. of male and female unemployed; No. of people below poverty line; No. of women below poverty line; Number of female panchayat members; Women holding senior legislative and managerial positions in the locality; No. of women involved in agricultural activities; No. of women involved in marketing agricultural products; No. of men involved in agricultural activities;
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No. of men involved in marketing agricultural products; Daily Wages of women; Daily wages of Men; Daily Working hours by women other than household jobs; Daily Working hours of men; No. of hours spent by women in household job; No. of hours spent by men in household job; Amount used from MNREGA funds for O&M during 2015. 8.4 Social benefits 106. The project interventions will lead to increased agricultural opportunities and diversification of crops to improve income and livelihood standards, benefiting both men and women across the project areas. The programme is expected to mainstream gender within the irrigation management by strengthening landless, tail end farmers and the socially disadvantaged communities. This will fulfil strategic requirements of the socially excluded and women in the context of water management, besides meeting their daily water needs for domestic use, livestock and hygiene purpose. On the whole the project will provide a platform for promoting inclusive and gender focused water resources development and irrigation management.
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Annexure 1 Details of canals and villages visited, and public consultations held S. Command Name of Canal Villages covered Remarks No. Area in Ha RIGHT BANK 01. Raya i. Hosur This canal passes -27.74 Km ii. Gudiobalapura through 17 villages. iii. Kalaghatta Out of this the assessment and public iv. Hospet consultations were v. Narsapura held in 7 villages. vi. Hosakote
vii. Danapura Public consultation and viii. Nagenahalli 2226 FGD were held in 4 ix. Kaddirampura villages x. Malapanagudi xi. Mudlapura Visited in July and November 2016 xii. Amaravathi xiii. Belagodu xiv. Kamalapura xv. Chithawadgi xvi. Singanathanahalli xvii. Kallirampura 2. Basavanna i. Hosakote This canal also passes -16.5 Km ii. Hosur more or less the same iii. Amaravathi villages mentioned above
iv. Hospet v. Ananthsayanagudi 1240 Visited in July and November 2016 vi. Mudlapura vii. Malapanagudi viii. Kamalapura ix. Nagenahalli x. Kariganur 03. Bella i. Narasapura 600 This canal also passes -5.5 Km more or less the same ii. Hosur villages mentioned above Visited in November 2016 04. Kalaghatta i. Kalaghatta 237 Visited in November 2016 -7.02 Km ii. Dhanapura 05. Turtha i. Venkatapura Visited in July and -18.69 Km ii. Bukkasagar November 2016 iii. Kaddirampur 931 iv. Hampi v. Krishnapura vi. Nimapura 06. Ramasagara i. Ramasagar Public Consultation and -15.5 Km ii. Kampli 673 FGD conducted in two villages iii. Muddapur Visited in July and November 2016
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VNC Feasibility Study Report Volume 3a: Poverty and Social Assessment
S. Command Name of Canal Villages covered Remarks No. Area in Ha 07. Kampli i. Ramasagar Public Consultation and -23.55Km ii. Kampli FGD conducted in one iii. Aralihalli 620 village
iv. Belagoduhal Visited in July and v. Sanapuram December 2016 08. Belagodahala i. Belagodhalla 210 Visited in December 2016 -11.22 Km ii. Kampli 09. Siruguppa iii. Kenchanagudda 1344 Public Consultation held at -10.85 Km iv. Siruguppa KNNL office for both canals 10. Deshnur 815 Visited in July and i. Deshnur December 2016 -9.03 Km LEFT BANK 11. Hulugi i. Hulgi 419 Visited in July and -10.69 Km December 2016, interacted ii. Shivapura with, KNNL, Panchayat and farmers 12. Shivapura iii. Atthivatti Public Consultation and -6.54 Km iv. Shivpura 717 FGD held for two villages v. Mohammad Nagar Interactions with KNNL, Panchayat and farmers vi. Narayanapura Visited in July and Dec 2016 13. Anegundi i. Virpapurgaddi Public Consultation and -19.44 Km ii. Hanumanahalli 1359 FGD held for two villages iii. Chikkrampura Visited in July and December 2016 iv. Anegundi 14. Upper i. Vipra Public Consultation and Gangavathi ii. Hirejanthkal FGD held for two villages -9.00 Km iii. Hosalli 1363 Visited in July and December 2016 iv. Nagenahalli v. Chikkajanthkal vi. Achalapur 15. Lower i. Vipra Visited in July and Gangavathi ii. Naganahalli December 2016 -9.54 Km iii. Chikkajanthkal 1141 iv. Ayodhya v. Danapur vi. Achalapur 16. Bichal i. Rajolli Visited and interacted -14.50 Km ii. Jukuru with farmers in July 276 and December 2016. iii. Katakanuru Kotigudda village was iv. Kotigudda submerged due to flooding few years v. Hanumapura back and people were shifted to vi. Bichal Hanumanpura
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VNC Feasibility Study Report Volume 3a: Poverty and Social Assessment
Annexure 2 People contacted during the mission connected to Social Assessment S. People contacted Name Designation Mobile No. No. 1 KNNL Mallikarjun Gunge CE Munirabad 9480842005 Bhoja Naik SE Munirabad 9611467907 Shakare Gowda CE in charge, Munirabad 9632393263 Nagabhushan EE Munirabad 9448442911 Ramesh Y EE Oddartti 9071170431 Jankar AEE Munirabad 9481565386 Yallappa AE Munirabad 9986287620 Purushotham AE Munirabad 9448035731 Vishwanath AE Gangavathi 8970588753 B H M Manjunath AEE Gangavathi 9880333410 Vijay Prasad K R JE Siruguppa 7760291456 D Nagendra Prasad FDA Siruguppa 9886698117 2 CADA Rajappa Administrator 9945521608 Assistant Registrar of Co- 9036366535 Tippeswamy operative Societies. 3 Punchayat / Lalitha Rani Ex-ZP Member & Chairman 9611123209 Municipality State Handi Craft Nigam Ex-Municipal Councillor 9901672112 S Muddukumar Siruguppa K Suresh Babu Vice President Shivapura 9008177799 Usman Sab GP Member Shivapura 9986938391 Renukamma Kattigi GP President Bandi Harlapura Dharmanna GP President Hausain Basha GP Member Halebandi Harlapur 7829786857 B Ramanna GP Member Halebandi Harlapur 9620471609 Emunurappa GP Member Halebandi Harlapur 9538361982 Y Ramesh TP Member Halebandi Harlapur TP ex-President Halebandi 9241565917 Devanna Mekali Harlapur Raghavendra GP Bill Collector Anegundi 9480349995 H Manjunath Gowda GP Member Anegundi 9482404591 Anjana Devi GP Member Anegundi 9481936713 B Chandra Shekar Ex-GP Member Nagenahalli 9482059125 D Channappa GP President, Nagenahalli 9449204098 Mathramma GP President, Mohammed agar ZP Member, Gangavathi 4 WUCS/Farmers Kashim Sab WUCS President Emminur 9902350425 Association Adivega Swamy WUCS Secretary Emminur 9916063376
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VNC Feasibility Study Report Volume 3a: Poverty and Social Assessment
S. People contacted Name Designation Mobile No. No. Kumarappa WUCS Directory Emminur 9916063376 P Mallikarjun WUCS President Siruguppa 9448632939 G. Viswanatha Raju WUCS President Shivapura 9242804598 Janardhan WUCS President Hulugi K Ramarao WUCS Director Shivapura 9845155116 WUCS Secretary Bandi 9741035692 Kashyya Swamy Harlapur Alam Hussain WUCS Director Bandi Harlapur 9743792820 Eluru Ramakrishna WUCS President Anegundi 9448632767 K Mehaboob 9448977249 Hussain WUCS Director Anegundi K S Sudarshan 9481042434 Varma WUCS Director Anegundi J Pampapathi Society Member 9916724138 Jyothi Swasahaya Sangha 9739977336 T M Manjula Anganavadi Teacher 9986266450
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