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The New Nebula in LDN 1415 – a Cry from the Cradle of a Low-Luminosity Source

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The New Nebula in LDN 1415 – a Cry from the Cradle of a Low-Luminosity Source A&A 463, 621–626 (2007) Astronomy DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361:20065433 & c ESO 2007 Astrophysics The new nebula in LDN 1415 – A cry from the cradle of a low-luminosity source B. Stecklum1,S.Y.Melnikov1,2, and H. Meusinger1 1 Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg, Sternwarte 5, 07778 Tautenburg, Germany e-mail: [email protected] 2 Ulugh Beg Astronomical Institute, Academy of Science of Uzbekistan, Astronomical str. 33, Tashkent 700051, Uzbekistan Received 13 April 2006 / Accepted 8 November 2006 ABSTRACT Aims. A survey for candidate Herbig-Haro objects was performed to search for evidence of star formation in Galactic dark clouds Methods. For this aim true colour images were created from blue, red, and infrared DSS2 plates and inspected. Follow-up I-band, Hα,and[Sii] CCD imaging as well as long-slit spectroscopy using the Tautenburg 2-m telescope was carried out to verify candidate objects. Results. In the case of LDN 1415, the presence of a Herbig-Haro flow could be revealed which is henceforth named HH 892. In addition, an arcuate nebula was found which is barely seen on the DSS2 infrared plate (epoch 1996) and not detected in archival Kiso Schmidt data (epoch 2001). Thus, this nebula must have brightened by about 3.8 mag in recent years. Conclusions. The nebula is associated with IRAS 04376+5413. The 2MASS images show a red counterpart of the IRAS source, designated as L1415-IRS. Its morphology resembles that of a bipolar young object. The luminosity of this source integrated from 0.9 µmto60µm in the low state amounts to 0.13 L for an assumed distance of 170 pc. Thus it seems to be a young very-low mass star or it might even be of substellar mass. The current brightness increase of the nebula is caused by a FUor- or EXor-like outburst as indicated by the presence of a P Cygni profile of the Hα line. L1415-IRS is by far the least luminous member of the sparse sample of FUor and EXor objects. Key words. stars: formation – stars: low-mass, brown dwarfs – stars: pre-main sequence – stars: variables: general – ISM: Herbig-Haro objects – ISM: jets and outflows 1. Introduction 2. Data acquisition Herbig-Haro objects (HHOs) are a distinct tracer of star forma- 2.1. Imaging tion which allow identification of young stellar objects (YSOs) Blue, red, and infrared images were retrieved from the while they are still deeply embedded (Reipurth & Bally 2001). STScI DSS2 server and combined to a true-colour image. A survey for candidate HHOs associated with dark clouds was Archival images taken with the KISO Schmidt telescope on performed based on DSS2 plates utilising the fact that the fil- 2001 January 22th were secured from the SMOKA archive α ter transmission of the R filter almost peaks at H and the (Baba et al. 2002). J-, H-, and Ks-band images from the Two ii λλ [S ] 6717, 6731 lines. Thus, in a true colour image based Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS, Skrutskie et al. 2006) were on blue, red, and infrared DSS2 plates, candidate HHOs show used for comparison with the optical images. The SCANPI tool up since their colours, dominated by the emission lines, are was used to extract the mid- and far-infrared fluxes of the IRAS ff very much di erent from those of stars. While the general re- source. For this purpose, only IRAS scans within a cross-scan sults of this survey will be presented elsewhere, attention is be- distance of less than 0.5 from the position of the infrared source ing paid here to the particularly interesting case of LDN 1415 found on the 2MASS images were chosen. According to the (Lynds 1962), an hitherto non-studied dark cloud. The cloud of SCANPI documentation, the peak flux of the fitted PSF template opacity class 3 covers about 200 and consists of three sub- is considered to be representative in the case of weak sources. clouds. The only IRAS point source associated with LDN 1415 + CCD images of LDN 1415 were taken on 2006 April 2 and is IRAS 04376 5413, situated in the southern subcloud. The 5th with the 2k × 2k prime focus camera at the 2-m telescope identification of a candidate HHO in the DSS2 survey led to of the Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg (TLS, diameter follow-up CCD imaging and spectroscopy. The results of these of the Schmidt corrector plate 1.34 m). The instrument offers a observations, together with findings based on archival data, is field of view of 42 × 42 at the pixel scale of 1. 235. On the first the subject of the present paper. A brief summary of the results night, I,Hα,and[Sii] filters were used. Because of deteriorat- was given by Stecklum (2006). ing weather conditions only the first [S ii] image turned out to be useful. The integration times amount to 180 s for the broad- band and 1200 s for the narrow-band exposures. The FWHM of Based on observations performed at the Thüringer the stellar images on the final Hα frame amounts to 3. 2 × 2. 8 ◦ Landessternwarte Tautenburg. (position angle of major axis 71 ). On the second night, deeper Article published by EDP Sciences and available at http://www.aanda.org or http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20065433 622 B. Stecklum et al.: The new nebula in LDN 1415 – A cry from the cradle of a low-luminosity source images were obtained using V, I,andz filters with an integra- tion time of 900 s each. Generally, two exposures were acquired per filter to allow for the reliable removal of cosmic ray events. Further broad-band imaging was obtained on 2006 April 23. The standard stars SA104-338 and SA101-415 (Landolt 1992) were observed for photometric calibration. Based on their measure- ments secondary standards were established within 10 of the position of IRAS 04376+5413, using an inner aperture radius of 6. 2 and a sky annulus of [1.5, 2] times this size. In order to monitor the brightness of the source, R-andI-band imaging was performed on 2006 Aug. 29, Sep. 29, and Oct. 16. The images were flat-fielded with dome flats and astrometrically calibrated using the USNO-A2.0 catalogue (Monet et al. 1998). 2.2. Long-slit spectroscopy Long-slit spectroscopy of the HH flow and the nebula were ob- tained on 2006 Sep. 21 and Sep. 25 using the Nasmyth spec- trograph at the 2-m telescope of the TLS equipped with a 2800 × 800 pixel SITe CCD. Slit widths of 2 and 1 were applied which, together with the V100 grism, led to a res- olution of R ∼ 2100 for the final spectra. The total inte- gration time amounts to 8.4 ks. The wavelength calibration is based on night-sky lines. For this purpose, a template spectrum was generated by convolving the Osterbrock Sky Spectrum1 (www.nvao.org/NVAO/download/Osterbrock.html)tothe Fig. 1. High-contrast display of the continuum-subtracted Hα image. observed resolution. The dispersion curve was derived by The light contours delineate continuum-subtracted [S ii] emission while stretching the wavelength scale using a second order polynomial the dark contours represent the I-band image. The HHOs are labeled. HH 892A is located at the reference position [0,0]. HH 892B is situ- to make the template spectrum match the observed one in the ated at [−8 , −87 ]. The northern part of the new nebula at [0 , −30 ] least-squares sense for the wavelength region from 6200 Å to is visible in Hα too. 6950 Å. The zero point of this calibration was checked using the sky spectrum as input and tied to the [O i] 6533 Å line which is a strong unblended sky line close to Hα. The accuracy of the radial velocity is of the order of 10 km s−1. The slit position angle (PA) of the Nasmyth spectrograph depends on declination. By chance, the declination of the target led to a slit PA which allowed us to observe the HH flow and the nebula simultaneously. 3. Results 3.1. The Herbig-Haro flow On the DSS2 true-colour image of LDN 1415, a HHO candidate close to IRAS 04376+5413 was identified. Subsequent Hα and [S ii] imaging confirmed the presence of the emission line ob- ject which has no counterpart in the broad-band CCD images nor in 2MASS. The HHO was assigned No. 892 in the catalogue Fig. 2. Spectrum of HH 892A. The identified lines are labeled. The hor- of Reipurth (Reipurth 1999). Figure 1 shows the continuum- izontal line marks the 3σ detection limit. subtracted Hα image, based on an intensity scaling of the deep I-band image that yielded a good cancellation of the neighbour- ing red stars. The remaining stellar images are those of less red- HH flow. Henceforth the northern HHO will be called HH 892A dened foreground stars. The HHO is marginally resolved, with and the southern HH 892B. an FWHM of 4. 4 × 3. 2 (position angle 53◦), and associated with The red DSS2 plate on which the HH 892A was spotted first faint wiggly structure to the north. The less sensitive [S ii]image was taken on 1990 October 26th. The comparison of the cen- shows the HHO at the 5σ level. About 1.5 south of the HHO, a troid positions of both images yields an upper limit for its annual comma-shaped emission feature can be seen which is too faint to proper motion of 0.
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