DOCSLIB.ORG

Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) in Sanggou Bay, China’ OPENPEN ACCESSCCESS INTRODUCTION Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) in Sanggou Bay, China

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) in Sanggou Bay, China’ OPENPEN ACCESSCCESS INTRODUCTION Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) in Sanggou Bay, China Vol. 8: 201–205, 2016 AQUACULTURE ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS Published April 19 doi: 10.3354/aei00179 Aquacult Environ Interact Contribution to the Theme Section ‘Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) in Sanggou Bay, China’ OPENPEN ACCESSCCESS INTRODUCTION Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) in Sanggou Bay, China Jianguang Fang1,2,*, Jing Zhang3, Tian Xiao4,5, Daji Huang6, Sumei Liu7,8 1Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, 266071 Qingdao, PR China 2Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 266237 Qingdao, PR China 3State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, 200062 Shanghai, PR China 4Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology & Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 266071 Qingdao, PR China 5Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 266237 Qingdao, PR China 6State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, 310012 Hangzhou, PR China 7Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ocean University of China/ Qingdao Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, 266100 Qingdao, PR China 8Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 266237 Qingdao, PR China ABSTRACT: Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) involves the farming of species from different trophic positions or nutritional levels in the same system. In China, IMTA has been prac- ticed for many decades, with dozens of species farmed in close proximity to each other at the scale of whole coastal bays. Articles in this Theme Section present results from the MoST-China Project on ‘Sustainability of Marine Ecosystem Production under Multi-stressors and Adaptive Manage- ment’ (2011−2015). This project sought to understand the interactions between biogeochemical cycles and ecosystem function in the IMTA system of Sanggou Bay, China, which produces a total of >240 000 t of seafood each year from >30 species in approximately 100 km2 of production space. Results include measurements of carbon, nitrogen flow and trophic relationships among cultured species; impacts of IMTA on benthic nutrient fluxes, reduced inorganic sulfur in sediments, distri- bution of dissolved inorganic selenium, and nutrient cycling; distribution and seasonal variation of picoplankton; and a model for kelp growth. Combined, the articles enable a complex understand- ing of the dynamics between IMTA and the environment in one of the most important coastal aquaculture production systems in the world. KEY WORDS: Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture · Sanggou Bay · Biogenic elements · Ecological aquaculture Introduction ment.org). Marine aquaculture is increasingly seen as an alternative to fishing to provide a growing human In the ‘Millennium Ecosystem Assessments’ of the population with high-quality protein. Aquaculture of United Nations, climate, water, food, and health were high value species (e.g. fish in cages) relies on external identified as critical issues that need to be considered food supplies and has a negative impact on water qual- in adaptive ecosystem-based management plans to ity. Culture of seaweeds, which can reduce nutrient sustain human well-being (www.millenniumassess- loadings to the environment from fish aquaculture, has © The authors 2016. Open Access under Creative Commons by *Corresponding author: [email protected] Attribution Licence. Use, distribution and reproduction are un - restricted. Authors and original publication must be credited. Publisher: Inter-Research · www.int-res.com 202 Aquacult Environ Interact 8: 201–205, 2016 not been attractive in many countries as algal products 163 km2 bay area are used for aquaculture, pro - typically have a low value. However, combining differ- ducing >240 000 t of seafood per year (China Bay ent species in aquaculture systems could provide more Records Compiling Committee 1991, Liu et al. 2014). profit and have concomitant ecological benefits. More than 30 important aquaculture species, includ- In 2011, the Ministry of Science and Technology ing kelp, scallops, oysters, abalone and sea cucum- (MoST) of China launched a 5 yr research project on bers, are grown using various culturing methods ‘Sustainability of marine ecosystem production under such as long-lines, cages, bottom sowing and multi-stressors and adaptive management’ (MEco- enhancement, pools in the intertidal zone, and tidal PAM; MoST Grant No. 2011CB409800). The project flat culture (Zhang et al. 2007). addressed the following questions: (1) What are the The concept of IMTA was coined in 2004 and refers impacts of multi-stressors on biogeochemical cycles to the incorporation of species from different trophic in coastal ecosystems? (2) How do ecosystem func- positions or nutritional levels in the same system tions in the hypoxic zone of the East China Sea (Chopin & Robinson 2004). However, IMTA has been respond to multi-stressors? (3) What adaptive strate- successfully practiced in Sanggou Bay since the late gies are possible for coastal aquaculture systems with 1980s (Fang et al. 1996). There are several IMTA multi-stressors? modes in Sanggou Bay (Fig. 2), with benefits at the Implementation of MEcoPAM’s research strategy ecosystem level. For instance, co-culture of abalone involved investigations off the Shandong Peninsula and kelp provides combined benefits of a food source of North China, particularly in aquaculture areas of and waste reduction: abalone feed on kelp, and the Sanggou Bay (Fig. 1). Field observations, microcosm kelp takes up nutrients released from the abalone experiments and modeling studies analyzed the (Tang et al. 2013). Co-culture of finfish, bivalves and combined effects of fish-catch, aquaculture, and kelp links organisms from different trophic levels so enhancement activities on the structure and function that the algae absorb nutrients released from finfish of the coastal ecosystem, as well as responses of the and bivalves, and bivalves feed on suspended fecal ecosystem to multiple stressors. The goal was to particles from the fish. Since kelp and Gracilaria develop adaptive management strategies for sustain- lemaneiformis are cultured from December to May able aquaculture systems. and from June to November, respectively, nutrients are absorbed by the algae throughout the year. These examples of multi-trophic culture maximize Aquaculture in Sanggou Bay the utilization of space by aquaculture as they com- bine culture techniques in the pelagic and benthic Sanggou Bay is located on the eastern tip of Shan- zones. Implementation of IMTA in Sanggou Bay has dong Peninsula, China and is well known in the field improved economic benefits, maintained environ- of marine aquaculture, especially in integrated multi- mental quality, created new jobs, and led to culture trophic aquaculture (IMTA). Overall, >100 km2 of the technique innovations (Fang & Zhang 2015). 40° 37.15° N N Bohai 38° 37.1° 36° China Yellow Sea 37.05° Fish cage area Seaweed area 34° Scallop area Oyster area 118° E 120° 122° 124° Integrated culture area 37° 122.4°E 122.45° 122.5° 122.55° 122.6° Fig. 1. Aquaculture areas in Sanggou Bay, Shandong Province, China Fang et al.: Introduction to Theme Section IMTA in Sanggou Bay 203 A Abalone: Abalone: kelp consumption NH4 and CO2 excretion Kelp: Kelp: new tissue growth absorption of NH4 and CO2 Nutrients in water B Finfish: Finfish: Feed consumption of DO NH4 and CO2 excretion Finfish: faeces and Phytoplankton: Kelp: residual feed absorption of NH4 and CO2 absorption of NH4 and CO2 Bivalves: Kelp: consumption produce DO C Nutrients (in water) Seaweed: absorption of NH4 and CO2 Phytoplankton: Abalone: absorption of NH4 and CO2 seaweed consumption Clam: new tissue growth Detritus (faeces and sediment particle organic materials) Sea cucumber: detritus consumption Fig. 2. Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) modes in Sanggou Bay, China, modified from Tang et al. (2013). (A) Long- line culture of abalone and kelp, (B) long-line culture of finfish, bivalve and kelp, and (C) benthic culture of abalone, sea cucumber, clam and seaweed. DO: dissolved oxygen 204 Aquacult Environ Interact 8: 201–205, 2016 Moreover, the implementation of IMTA can in - selenium content in biological species and sources of crease the beneficial functions of an ecosystem. For dissolved inorganic selenium entering Sanggou Bay. instance, cage-culture of fish produces wastes in the They discovered that the main source of dissolved form of uneaten feed, which induces the release of inorganic selenium was water exchange with the greenhouse gases into the atmosphere (i.e. a CO2 Yellow Sea, whereas the most important sink was the source). Fish farming in combination with seaweed intensive and widespread seaweed and bivalve culture can turn the system into a CO2 sink through aquaculture, which removed 53% of incoming sele- photosynthesis and uptake of nutrients (Tang et al. nium from bay waters. 2011). Brown tide, caused by picoplankton, is a serious environmental problem in the world (Gastrich & Wazniak 2002, Nuzzi & Waters 2004, Zhang et al. Studies included in this Theme Section 2012). Zhao et al. (2016) observed different patterns of picoplankton abundance and biomass, and ana- During
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture Systems: a Solution for Sustainability
    Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture systems: A solution for sustainability Kapil S. Sukhdhane1, V. Kripa2, Divu, D.1, Vinay Kumar Vase1 and Suresh Kumar Mojjada1 1. Veraval Regional Center of ICAR - Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Bhidia plot, Veraval, Gujarat 362269, India; 2. ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Ernakulam North, P.O., Cochin 682018, India. Marine aquaculture is increasingly seen as an alternative organic and inorganic) when cultivated alongside fed fi sh to fi shing to provide a growing human population with species (Chopin et al. 2001; Neori et al. 2004; Troell et al. high-quality protein. Capture fi sheries output is falling short of 2003). world demand, and annual consumption of seafood has been rising and doubled over the last three decades (FAO, 2000). Fed aquaculture species (e.g. fi nfi sh/shrimps) are combined, Aquaculture production has surpassed supplies from capture in the appropriate proportions, with organic extractive fi sheries and contributed around 51% to global fi sh production aquaculture species (e.g. suspension feeders/deposit in 2014. Over the past three decades aquaculture production feeders/herbivorous fi sh) and inorganic extractive aquaculture increased from 6.2 million tonnes in 1983 to 73.8 million species (e.g. seaweeds), for a balanced ecosystem manage- tonnes in 2014 (FAO, 2016). This achievement was possible ment approach that takes into consideration site specifi city, mainly because of the commercialisation of farm produced operational limits, and food safety guidelines and regulations. aquatic animals such as shrimp, salmon, bivalves, tilapia The integrated in IMTA refers to the more intensive cultivation and catfi sh.
    [Show full text]
  • Aquaponics Division of Agriculture RESOURCES April 2015
    Alaska Department of Fact Sheet NATURAL Aquaponics Division of Agriculture RESOURCES April 2015 What is Aquaponics? a manner that allows it to be certified, check with the organic Aquaponics is a food production system that links hydroponic certification agency prior to constructing the system. crop production with aquaculture (fish farming). Unlike open- water aquaculture, aquaponics generally operates on land, BE AWARE – Aquaponics is regulated in Alaska and results in production of a food crop. Aquaponics is not a To ensure that your aquaponics system is legal, check with new concept; crops and fish have been grown together for the Alaska Department of Fish & Game. Growing fish for many centuries. However, aquaponics systems are becoming human consumption (including by aquaponic methods) is very popular due to their efficiency, high productivity, and NOT legal in the State of Alaska, and the importation and minimal impact to the environment. transport of most live fish in the state is prohibited without a permit. Fish that are strictly ornamental (such as goldfish) and How Does Aquaponics Work? not raised for human consumption or sport fishing purposes Aquaponics takes advantage of the fact that plants can thrive in the nutrient-rich water from fish ponds. Plants and may be imported into the state and used in a closed system, associated microbes convert byproducts such as ammonia but they may not be reared in or released into the waters of and CO2 to beneficial products such as nitrate and oxygen, the state. Fish wastes and wastewater from ornamental fish in a semi-closed system. may also not be released to the waters of the state.
    [Show full text]
  • (IMTA) with Seaweed and Salmon
    Seafood sustainability: Optimization of Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) NUTRITIOUS, SAFE AND SUSTAINABLE SEAFOOD with seaweed and salmon FOR CONSUMERS OF TOMORROW © Grethe Adoff SUMMARY Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) is an environmentally sustainable farming method whereby seafood species at different trophic levels are co-cultured in such a way that waste from one species can be recycled as nutrients for species at a lower trophic level. This study demonstrated a successful IMTA system for seaweed and salmon in commercial scale trials. The systems were tested at three different sites on the west coast of Norway, with varying environmental conditions, exposure levels, and technical setup. Results show improved growth of seaweed near salmon farms, although large variations in seaweed growth were observed between sites. The trials clearly demonstrated the benefits of IMTA, namely better utilisation of aquaculture sites, higher diversity of production with higher yields, and potential reduction of the environmental impact of fish farming. KNOWLEDGE NEED IMTA is acknowledged as a promising solution for the sustainable development of aquaculture, however IMTA with salmon and seaweed at a commercial scale is still in the early development phase. There is a need for improved knowledge, production protocols and technical solutions to validate IMTA as an economically viable method for producers. This requires extensive Research and Development on the commercial production of seaweed alongside fish species. This will include ensuring mutual benefit, assessing ecological and socio-economic issues, including knowledge of the entire value chain, growth fluctuations, and measure to balance upscaled salmon production with seaweed production. This study focused on the natural growth season of seaweed in Norway from October to May when the © Grethe Adoff impact of the salmon is at its lowest.
    [Show full text]
  • Industrial Ocean Fish Farming
    Industrial Ocean Fish Farming quaculture is one of the fastest growing food production sectors. More A than half of seafood consumed globally is now farmed, and aquaculture recently surpassed global beef production.1 Unfortunately, one of the most prevalent forms of marine aquaculture is fraught with environmental and social havoc. What is Industrial Ocean Fish Farming? Industrial Ocean Fish Farming – sometimes referred to as open ocean or offshore aquaculture – is the mass breeding, rearing, and harvesting of seafood in areas of the ocean that are beyond coastal influence. Mainstream, industrial offshore aquaculture practices are essentially underwater factory farms with devastating environmental and socio-economic impacts. The most popular (and most risky) method of industrial ocean fish farming occurs in underwater net pens, pods, and Photo by NOAA National Ocean Service cages. The raising of finfish, such as salmon and yellowtail, in these difficult-to-manage atmospheres is most problematic because the nets and cages allow for free and unregulated exchange between the farmed fish and the surrounding ocean environment. As detailed below, this open exchange allows for fish escapes and spills, heightened threats to native wildlife, and the introduction of non-native pests and diseases, among numerous other harms. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration currently considers industrial ocean fish farming as a fishing activity under the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, 16 U.S.C. § 1801 et seq. Simply because fish are removed from the industrial farm’s nets at time of harvest does not mean the activity is the same as fishing. Indeed, these activities are farming – just as a chicken or pig is raised for human consumption on a land-based farm – and should be regulated as such.
    [Show full text]
  • U.S. Aquaculture Ensuring a Safe, Sustainable Source of Seafood For
    Introduction: David Cline, USAS President Elect Introduction: David Cline, USAS President Elect U.S. Farm-Raised Finfish and Shellfish 101 Linda ODierno Outreach Specialist National Aquaculture Association AQUACULTURE (fish farming) Production of aquatic animals and plants under controlled conditions for all or part of the life cycle What is Produced? • Food -both finfish & shellfish • Plants-food, ornamentals, remediation • Baitfish & sportfish • Wildlife restoration • Companion animals • Biological controls • Medical research • Amphibians & reptiles Ponds Catfish, tilapia, red drum, hybrid striped bass Tanks Raceways Net pens IMTA Open Ocean Shellfish Aquaculture The most commonly farmed fish in the world is: • Carp • Atlantic salmon • Catfish • Trout • tilapia Common species Atlantic Salmon Hybrid Striped Bass Rainbow Trout Catfish Tilapia Red Drum tilapia Other species Cod Sturgeon Tuna Cobia Atlantic Halibut Barramundi Olympia Eastern Oyster Pacific Oyster Kumamoto European Flat Sustainability 1. Wise use of natural resources 2. Maintain environmental integrity 3. Food Security 4. Social 5. Economic U.S. Regulations cover: • Water quality • Wetlands protection • Wastewater treatment • Water supply • Non-native species • Fish health programs • Food safety • Human Rights “Consistent with overall sustainability goals, farm-raised finfish (e.g., salmon and trout) is more sustainable than terrestrial animal production (e.g., beef and pork) in terms of GHG emissions and land/water use.” Antibiotics and Hormones .No growth or production
    [Show full text]
  • Aquaculture Alternatives in Arkansas
    Aquaculture/Fisheries FSA9055 Aquaculture Alternatives in Arkansas Nathan Stone Aquaculture, the farming of season. Prior to entering commercial Extension Fisheries aquatic animals and plants, is a form farming, consider if you have the of agriculture. Many people are temperament, skills, management Specialist looking at various aquaculture enter­ ability, financial resources and time prises as a way to start a new busi­ required to run a fish farm. If you George Selden ness or provide food for their families. are not interested or suited to the Extension Aquaculture Arkansas is a prime location for the task and still wish to pursue fish Specialist development of aquaculture farms. farming, you will have to pay to hire Industry infrastructure, such as a manager. SRAC 0441 is a fact sheet feed mills, aquaculture supply houses, on the realities of aquaculture and is Anita M. Kelly financial institutions and equipment an excellent resource for people think­ Extension Fish Health manufacturers, is available in ing of beginning an aquaculture busi­ Specialist Arkansas or adjacent states and ness. It points out the potential for supports existing producers. In con­ catastrophic disasters such as oxygen sidering an aquaculture business depletions and disease, emphasizes venture, there are a number of impor­ the importance of marketing and tant decisions to be made. This fact discusses the risks and benefits of sheet is intended to assist potential fish farming. producers by outlining critical ques­ tions and briefly describing the vari­ Financing and Marketing ous alternative species and culture systems. The Southern Regional It is critical to develop a business Aquaculture Center (SRAC) provides plan before beginning an aquaculture online access to over 150 fact sheets operation.
    [Show full text]
  • Aquaponics System
    Aquaponics System Aquaponics is an integrated fish and plant production technology, essentially comprising of two sub-systems, viz., ‘Aquaculture’ and ‘Hydroponics’. The underlying principle is to efficiently utilize water to produce two crops rather than one and to partition and share nutrient resources between fish and plants. This farming system is commonly used in resource limited and urban areas to raise both fish and vegetable in an integrated system. Aquaponics involves culture of horticulture plants along with fishes. Many plants are suitable for aquaponics systems, though which ones work for a specific system depends on the maturity and stocking density of the fish. Green leafy vegetables with low to medium nutrient requirements are well adapted to aquaponics systems, including capsicum, tomatoes, lettuce, cabbage, lettuce, basil, spinach, chives, herbs, and watercress. It is basically a Recirculation Culture System, wherein fish are fed with quality floating pellet feed and waste generated from fish are pumped into bio-filter troughs having horticulture plants, the flow rate of water is to be adjusted with the help of the timer. The fishes and plants grown in aquaponics system are totally organic. Even though the initial investment of the system is high, the recurring cost is less and gives reasonable returns. This system is having the advantage of using less water, lesser area of land, waste renewal, less labour, etc. Plants and animals in an Aquaponic System have a symbiotic relationship with each other. The fish excreta provide nutrients for the plants, while the plants clean the water, creating a suitable environment for the fish to grow.
    [Show full text]
  • Shrimp Aquaculture & Olive Production - Sustainable Integration
    SHRIMP AQUACULTURE & OLIVE PRODUCTION - SUSTAINABLE INTEGRATION By Dennis McIntosh1*, Kevin Fitzsimmons1, Jose Aguilar2 and Craig Collins2 1 University of Arizona, Environmental Research Lab 2601 E. Airport Dr. Tucson, Arizona 85706 2 Wood Brothers' Farm Gila Bend, Arizona *Phone: (520) 626-3318 *Fax: (520) 573-0852 *E-mail: [email protected] Introduction The efficient utilization of resources, be it man power, fertilizer, water or even light and heat, has long been the aim of agriculture. Countless agricultural methods have been developed and perfected over the years to maximize production. Innovations such as greenhouses and genetic engineering have enabled agriculture to be successful even in areas where it might not otherwise be possible. Prior to the widespread use of commercial farming, the integration of various aspects of farm production was commonplace (Fernando and Halwart 2000). Today, as consumers and producers alike become more environmentally conscience, we are seeing a renewed interest in more efficient and better utilization of resources. By integrating aquaculture production into traditional agriculture, the impact of farming on already limited water resources (Prinsloo and Schoonbee 1993; Ingram et al. 2000) and the reliance on chemical fertilizers can be reduced (Fernando and Halwart 2000). Various methods have been proposed over the years to merge the farming of aquatic animals with field crops and/or terrestrial animals (Prinsloo and Schoonbee 1987; Ruddle and Zhong 1988; Fernando and Halwart 2000). To date, much effort has gone into small-scale (subsistence level) sustainable production of plants and animals (Lightfoot et al. 1993; Gupta et al. 1997), with one common approach being the use of agriculture wastes (manures and plant wastes for example) as a fertilizer for fish ponds, effectively converting unusable proteins into a usable commodity (Prinsloo and Schoonbee 1987; Prinsloo and Schoonbee 1993).
    [Show full text]
  • Farming the Oceans: Opportunities and Regulatory Challenges for U.S
    Reason Foundation Policy Brief April Farming the Oceans: Opportunities and Regulatory Challenges for U.S. Marine Aquaculture Development by Arthur R. Wardle Project Director: Julian Morris Reason Foundation Reason Foundation’s mission is to advance a free society by developing, apply- ing and promoting libertarian principles, including individual liberty, free markets and the rule of law. We use journalism and public policy research to influence the frameworks and actions of policymakers, journalists and opinion leaders. Reason Foundation’s nonpartisan public policy research promotes choice, competition and a dynamic market economy as the foundation for human dignity and progress. Reason produces rigorous, peer-reviewed research and directly engages the policy process, seeking strategies that emphasize coopera- tion, flexibility, local knowledge and results. Through practical and innova- tive approaches to complex problems, Reason seeks to change the way people think about issues, and promote policies that allow and encourage individuals and voluntary institutions to flourish. Reason Foundation is a tax-exempt research and education organization as defined under IRS code 501(c)(3). Reason Foundation is supported by voluntary contributions from individuals, foundations and corporations. The views are those of the author, not necessarily those of Reason Foundation or its trustees. Front and back artwork: © Koon Hong Kang | Dreamstime.com All other images: © Dreamstime.com Copyright © , Reason Foundation. All rights reserved. Reason Foundation Farming the Oceans: Opportunities and Regulatory Challenges for U.S. Marine Aquaculture Development by Arthur R. Wardle Project Director: Julian Morris Executive Summary In many parts of the world, including the United States, overfishing has depleted wild fish stocks.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution of Integrated Open Aquaculture Systemsin
    sustainability Article Evolution of Integrated Open Aquaculture Systems in Hungary: Results from a Case Study József Popp 1,László Váradi 2, Emese Békefi 3, András Péteri 3, Gerg˝oGyalog 3, Zoltán Lakner 4 and Judit Oláh 5,* ID 1 Faculty of Economics and Business, Institute of Sectoral Economics and Methodology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; [email protected] 2 Hungarian Aquaculture and Fisheries Inter-Branch Organisation (MA-HAL), Ballagi Mór u. 8, 1118 Budapest, Hungary; [email protected] 3 Research Institute for Fisheries and Aquaculture (NARIC HAKI), National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, 8 Anna-liget, 5540 Szarvas, Hungary; bekefi[email protected] (E.B.); [email protected] (A.P.); [email protected] (G.G.) 4 Szent István University, Faculty of Food Science, 1118 Budapest, Hungary; [email protected] 5 Faculty of Economics and Business, Institute of Applied Informatics and Logistics, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +36-202-869-085 Received: 20 December 2017; Accepted: 9 January 2018; Published: 12 January 2018 Abstract: This article presents the history of integrated farming in aquaculture through a Hungarian case study. The development of Hungarian integrated aquaculture is aligned with global trends. In the previous millennium, the utilization of the nutrients introduced into the system was the main aspect of the integration. In Hungary, technologies that integrated fish production with growing crops and animal husbandry appeared, including for example: large-scale fish-cum-rice production; fish-cum-duck production; and integrated pig-fish farming which were introduced in the second half of the 20th century.
    [Show full text]
  • Extensive Or Intensive Fish Farming?
    Analysis Sub-Saharan Africa Extensive or intensive fish farming? The debate continues on whether to recommend intensive or extensive fish farming to farmers in sub-Saharan Africa xtensive fish farming usually refers growing food crops, and then by to fish farming conducted in diversifying the farmer’s activities over a Emedium- to large-sized ponds or range of agriculture and non-agriculture water bodies; the fish production relies ventures in pursuit of his income merely on the natural productivity of the generating strategies. The rationale water which is only slightly or moderately behind this is to manage risk (ex ante) and enhanced. Externally supplied inputs are to cope with loss (ex post). limited; costs are kept low; capital investment is restricted; the quantity of The strategies devised will have to take fish produced per unit area is low. In brief, into account his assets (resources, human the control over the production factors is capital, know-how) and his investment kept low. The return on labour is high. capacities. To carry out his strategies and best achieve his objectives, enabling Intensive fish farming, on the other hand, market conditions need to be present. implies that the quantity of fish produced These are essentially a market system for per unit of rearing area is great. To agricultural and non-agricultural factors intensify the culture, production factors, and products. For instance, food or labour such as feed, quality of water and quality scarcities can alter performance of the of stocked fingerlings, are controlled to markets and prevent the farmer from improve the production conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Resource Management Final Report Analysis and Review of Policy, Decision Making and Politics Regarding Finfish Aquaculture in Alaska
    ANALYSIS AND REVIEW OF POLICY, DECISION MAKING AND POLITICS REGARDING FINFISH AQUACULTURE IN ALASKA by BRENT C. PAINE MARINE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT FINAL REPORT ANALYSIS AND REVIEW OF POLICY, DECISION MAKING AND POLITICS REGARDING FINFISH AQUACULTURE IN ALASKA by BRENT CONRAD PAINE Submitted To Marine Resource Management Program College of Oceanography Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon 97331 1991 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Commencement Winter, 1991 Internship: Alaska Finfish Farming Task Force TABLE OF CONTENTS Section 1. OVERVIEW 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Statement of Problem 2 1.3 Objectives and methods 3 Section 2. REVIEW OF WORLD AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT 4 2.1 Global Trends 4 2.2 World Commercial Salmon Fishery Production 7 2.3 Historical Background of Salmon Farmings Growth 11 2.3.1 Norway 14 2.3.2 Scotland 18 2.3.3 Canada 21 2.3.3.1 British Columbia 22 2.3.3.2 New Brunswick 23 2.3.3.3 Salmon Aquaculture Policy in British Columbia 25 2.3.4 Chile 27 2.3.5 Washington State 28 2.3.6 Finfish Aquaculture Policy in the United States 31 2.4 Market Impacts Due to Increased Production of Farmed Salmon 33 Section 3. FINFISH FARMING IN ALASKA 38 3.1 Introduction 38 3.2 History of Events in Alaska 39 3.3 Legislative Review and Action 42 3.4 Major Issues Presented in the Finfish Farming Debate 48 3.5.1 Disease and Genetic Concerns 48 3.5.2 Environmental Impacts 53 3.5.3 Site Conflicts and Aesthetic Issues 55 3.5.4 Market Concerns 58 3.5 The Alaska Finfish Farming Task Force 59 Section 4.
    [Show full text]